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Guo L, An T, Wan Z, Huang Z, Chong T. SERPINE1 and its co-expressed genes are associated with the progression of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Urol 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36959648 PMCID: PMC10037920 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-023-01217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma(ccRCC) is a frequently occurring malignant tumor of the urinary system. Despite extensive research, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of ccRCC remain largely unknown. METHODS We downloaded 5 ccRCC expression profiles from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and obtained the list of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Using String and Cytoscape tools, we determined the hub genes of ccRCC, and then analyzed their relationship with ccRCC patient survival. Ultimately, we identified SERPINE1 as a prognostic factor in ccRCC. Meanwhile, we confirmed the role of SERPINE1 in 786-O cells by cell transfection and in vitro experiments. RESULTS Our analysis yielded a total of 258 differentially expressed genes, comprising 105 down-regulated genes and 153 up-regulated genes. Survival analysis of SERPINE1 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) confirmed its association with the increase of tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, and tumor stage, as well as with shorter survival. Furthermore, we found that SERPINE1 expression levels were associated with CD8 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. Cell experiments showed that knockdown SERPINE1 expression could inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells. Among the co-expressed genes with the highest correlation, ITGA5, SLC2A3, SLC2A14, SHC1, CEBPB, and ADA were overexpressed and associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified hub genes that are strongly related to ccRCC, and highlights the potential utility of overexpressed SERPINE1 and its co-expressed genes could be used as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Guo
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian An
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Ziyan Wan
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhixin Huang
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tie Chong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 West Fifth Road, Xi'an, 710000, China.
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2
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Kosti A, Chiou J, Guardia GDA, Lei X, Balinda H, Landry T, Lu X, Qiao M, Gilbert A, Brenner A, Galante PAF, Tiziani S, Penalva LOF. ELF4 is a critical component of a miRNA-transcription factor network and is a bridge regulator of glioblastoma receptor signaling and lipid dynamics. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:459-470. [PMID: 35862252 PMCID: PMC10013642 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of neurogenic tumor suppressor microRNAs miR-124, miR-128, and miR-137 is associated with glioblastoma's undifferentiated state. Most of their impact comes via the repression of a network of oncogenic transcription factors. We conducted a high-throughput functional siRNA screen in glioblastoma cells and identify E74 like ETS transcription factor 4 (ELF4) as the leading contributor to oncogenic phenotypes. METHODS In vitro and in vivo assays were used to assess ELF4 impact on cancer phenotypes. We characterized ELF4's mechanism of action via genomic and lipidomic analyses. A MAPK reporter assay verified ELF4's impact on MAPK signaling, and qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to corroborate ELF4 regulatory role on most relevant target genes. RESULTS ELF4 knockdown resulted in significant proliferation delay and apoptosis in GBM cells and long-term growth delay and morphological changes in glioma stem cells (GSCs). Transcriptomic analyses revealed that ELF4 controls two interlinked pathways: 1) Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and 2) Lipid dynamics. ELF4 modulation directly affected receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling, as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity was dependent upon ELF4 levels. Furthermore, shotgun lipidomics revealed that ELF4 depletion disrupted several phospholipid classes, highlighting ELF4's importance in lipid homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS We found that ELF4 is critical for the GBM cell identity by controlling genes of two dependent pathways: RTK signaling (SRC, PTK2B, and TNK2) and lipid dynamics (LRP1, APOE, ABCA7, PLA2G6, and PITPNM2). Our data suggest that targeting these two pathways simultaneously may be therapeutically beneficial to GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kosti
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Chiou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | | | - Xiufen Lei
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Henriette Balinda
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA
| | - Tesha Landry
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA
| | - Xiyuan Lu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mei Qiao
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA
| | - Andrea Gilbert
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA
| | - Pedro A F Galante
- Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sirio-Libanes, São Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Bioquimica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefano Tiziani
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Luiz O F Penalva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas,USA.,Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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3
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Enhanced Expression of Plasminogen Activators and Inhibitor in the Healing of Tympanic Membrane Perforation in Rats. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2023; 24:159-170. [PMID: 36810718 PMCID: PMC10121974 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-023-00891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The significance of plasminogen activation during the tympanic membrane (TM) healing is known mainly from studies performed on knock-out mice. In the previous study, we reported activation of genes coding proteins of plasminogen activation and inhibition system in rat's TM perforation healing. The aim of the present study was the evaluation of protein products expressed by these genes and their tissue distribution using Western blotting and immunofluorescent method, respectively, during 10-day observation period after injury. Otomicroscopical and histological evaluation were employed to assess the healing process. The expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) were significantly upregulated in the proliferation phase, with subsequent gradual attenuation during remodeling phase of healing process, when keratinocyte migration was weakening. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) also showed the highest levels during the proliferation phase. The increase of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) expression was observed during the whole observation period, with the highest activity during the remodeling phase. Immunofluorescence of these proteins was present mainly in migrating epithelium. Our study found that plasminogen activation (uPA, uPAR, tPA) and inhibitory (PAI-1) molecules form a well-structured regulatory system of the epithelial migration that is critical to the healing of TM after its perforation.
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4
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Kai K, Moriyama M, Haque ASMR, Hattori T, Chinju A, Hu C, Kubota K, Miyahara Y, Kakizoe-Ishiguro N, Kawano S, Nakamura S. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Contributes to Differentiation of Monocyte-Derived Tumor-Associated Macrophages via PAI-1 and IL-8 Production. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9475. [PMID: 34502382 PMCID: PMC8430735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, as well as anti-tumor immune suppression. Recent studies have shown that tumors enhance the recruitment and differentiation of TAMs, but the detailed mechanisms have not been clarified. We thus examined the influence of cancer cells on the differentiation of monocytes to TAM subsets, including CD163+, CD204+, and CD206+ cells, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and a cytokine array. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of OSCC cells (HSC-2, SQUU-A, and SQUU-B cells) on the differentiation of purified CD14+ cells to TAM subsets. The localization patterns of CD163+, CD204+, and CD206+ in OSCC sections were quite different. The expression of CD206 on CD14+ cells was significantly increased after the co-culture with OSCC cell lines, while the expressions of CD163 and CD204 on CD14+ cells showed no change. High concentrations of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were detected in the conditioned medium of OSCC cell lines. PAI-1 and IL-8 stimulated CD14+ cells to express CD206. Moreover, there were positive correlations among the numbers of CD206+, PAI-1+, and IL-8+ cells in OSCC sections. These results suggest that PAI-1 and IL-8 produced by OSCC contribute to the differentiation of monocytes to CD206+ TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kai
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Masafumi Moriyama
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
- OBT Research Center, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - A. S. M. Rafiul Haque
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
- Department of Dental Anatomy, Udayan Dental College, House No: 1, Ward No: 7, Chondipur, GPO, Rajpara, Rajshahi 6000, Bangladesh
| | - Taichi Hattori
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Akira Chinju
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Chen Hu
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Keigo Kubota
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Dentistry and Orthodontics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan;
| | - Yuka Miyahara
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Noriko Kakizoe-Ishiguro
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Shintaro Kawano
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.K.); (A.S.M.R.H.); (T.H.); (A.C.); (C.H.); (Y.M.); (N.K.-I.); (S.K.); (S.N.)
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5
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Tgf-β1 transcriptionally promotes 90K expression: possible implications for cancer progression. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:86. [PMID: 33888686 PMCID: PMC8062489 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 90K protein, also known as Mac-2 BP or LGALS3BP, can activate the immune response in part by increasing major histocompatibility (MHC) class I levels. In studies on a non-immune cell model, the rat FRTL-5 cell line, we observed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, like γ-interferon (IFN), increased 90K levels, despite its immunosuppressive functions and the ability to decrease MHC class I. To explain this paradoxical result, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the TGF-β1 regulation of 90K expression with the aim to demonstrate that TGF-β1 utilizes different molecular pathways to regulate the two genes. We found that TGF-β1 was able to increase the binding of Upstream Stimulatory Factors, USF1 and USF2, to an E-box element, CANNTG, at -1926 to -1921 bp, upstream of the interferon response element (IRE) in the 90K promoter. Thyrotropin (TSH) suppressed constitutive and γ-IFN-induced 90K expression by decreasing USF binding to the E-box. TGF-β1 was able to overcome TSH suppression at the transcriptional level by increasing USF binding to the E-box. We suggest that the ability of TGF-β1 to increase 90K did not result in an increase in MHC class I because of a separate suppressive action of TGF-β1 directly on the MHC class I gene. We propose that the increased levels of 90K may play a role, rather than in immune response, in the context of the TGF-β1-induced changing of the cellular microenvironment that predisposes to cell motility and cancer progression. Consistently, analyzing the publicly available cancer patient data sets cBioPortal, we found that 90K expression directly correlated with TGF-β1 and USFs and that high levels of 90K were significantly associated with increased mortality in patients affected by different types of cancer.
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6
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Kato M, Abdollahi M, Tunduguru R, Tsark W, Chen Z, Wu X, Wang J, Chen ZB, Lin FM, Lanting L, Wang M, Huss J, Fueger PT, Chan D, Natarajan R. miR-379 deletion ameliorates features of diabetic kidney disease by enhancing adaptive mitophagy via FIS1. Commun Biol 2021; 4:30. [PMID: 33398021 PMCID: PMC7782535 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major complication of diabetes. Expression of members of the microRNA (miRNA) miR-379 cluster is increased in DKD. miR-379, the most upstream 5'-miRNA in the cluster, functions in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by targeting EDEM3. However, the in vivo functions of miR-379 remain unclear. We created miR-379 knockout (KO) mice using CRISPR-Cas9 nickase and dual guide RNA technique and characterized their phenotype in diabetes. We screened for miR-379 targets in renal mesangial cells from WT vs. miR-379KO mice using AGO2-immunopreciptation and CLASH (cross-linking, ligation, sequencing hybrids) and identified the redox protein thioredoxin and mitochondrial fission-1 protein. miR-379KO mice were protected from features of DKD as well as body weight loss associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, ER- and oxidative stress. These results reveal a role for miR-379 in DKD and metabolic processes via reducing adaptive mitophagy. Strategies targeting miR-379 could offer therapeutic options for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Kato
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Maryam Abdollahi
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Ragadeepthi Tunduguru
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Walter Tsark
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, Center for Comparative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Zhen Bouman Chen
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Feng-Mao Lin
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Linda Lanting
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Janice Huss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Patrick T Fueger
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
- Comprehensive Metabolic Phenotyping Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - David Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Rama Natarajan
- Department of Diabetes Complications and Metabolism, Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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Zhang Q, Lei L, Jing D. Knockdown of SERPINE1 reverses resistance of triple‑negative breast cancer to paclitaxel via suppression of VEGFA. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:1875-1884. [PMID: 33000256 PMCID: PMC7551184 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has a poor prognosis and a high number of visceral metastases. Serine protease inhibitor, clade E member 1 (SERPINE1) is a molecule involved in several human malignancies. However, it remains unknown if SERPINE1 plays a role in the development of taxane resistance in TNBC cells. In the present study, the role and mechanism of SERPINE1 in the development of paclitaxel (PTX) resistance in TNBC cells were investigated. A bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profiles in PTX‑resistant cells indicated that SERPINE1 was significantly associated with PTX resistance. Furthermore, the levels of SERPINE1 mRNA and protein were higher in PTX‑resistant cells with respect to those in PTX‑sensitive parent cells. Knockdown of SERPINE1 significantly inhibited cell survival and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. In addition, SERPINE1 silencing led to downregulation of the key angiogenetic vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Furthermore, suppression of SERPINE1 markedly attenuated tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, these findings indicated that SERPINE1 significantly contributed to the proliferation and apoptosis of TNBC cells by regulating VEGFA expression. The present study demonstrated SERPINE1 as an oncogene in PTX drug resistance of breast cancer, and revealed that it may serve as a possible target for treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Teaching and Research Section of Surgery, Xiangnan University Affiliated Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Xiangnan University Affiliated Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Di Jing
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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8
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NOTCH1 signaling in oral squamous cell carcinoma via a TEL2/SERPINE1 axis. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6791-6804. [PMID: 31827722 PMCID: PMC6887571 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the EGF-like ligand binding domain of NOTCH1 are a prominent feature of the mutational landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we investigated NOTCH1 mutations in keratinocyte lines derived from OSCC biopsies that had been subjected to whole exome sequencing. One line, SJG6, was found to have truncating mutations in both NOTCH1 alleles, resulting in loss of NOTCH1 expression. Overexpression of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD) in SJG6 cells promoted cell adhesion and differentiation, while suppressing proliferation, migration and clonal growth, consistent with the previously reported tumour suppressive function of NOTCH1 in OSCC. Comparative gene expression profiling identified SERPINE1 as being downregulated on NICD overexpression and predicted an interaction between SERPINE1 and genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, overexpression of NICD resulted in upregulation of ETV7/TEL2, which negatively regulates SERPINE1 expression. Knockdown of SERPINE1 phenocopied the effects of NICD overexpression in culture. Consistent with previous studies and our in vitro findings, there were inverse correlations between ETV7 and SERPINE1 expression and survival in OSCC primary tumours. Our results suggest that the tumour suppressive role of NOTCH1 in OSCC is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of SERPINE1 via ETV7.
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9
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Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Liu T, Du W, Zhu J, Liu Z, Huang JA. The canonical TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway is involved in PD-L1-induced primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer. Respir Res 2019; 20:164. [PMID: 31331328 PMCID: PMC6647099 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Approximately 30% of patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations have no response to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (primary resistance). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism involved in primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) plays important regulatory roles in intracellular functions and leads to acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in NSCLC. Here, we investigated the mechanistic role of PD-L1 in primary resistance to EGFR-TKIs in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells. Methods The expression levels of PD-L1 and the sensitivity to gefitinib in H1975, HCC827 and PC-9 cells were determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (qRT-PCR) and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, respectively. Molecular manipulations (silencing or overexpression) were performed to assess the effect of PD-L1 on sensitivity to gefitinib, and a mouse xenograft model was used for in vivo confirmation. Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to analyse the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. The effect of PD-L1 on migratory and invasive abilities was evaluated using the Transwell assay and mice tail intravenous injection. Results Higher expression of PD-L1 was related to less sensitivity to gefitinib in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cell lines. The overexpression or knockdown of PD-L1 presented diametrical sensitivity to gefitinib in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the overexpression of PD-L1 led to primary resistance to gefitinib through the induction of EMT, which was dependent on the upregulation of Smad3 phosphorylation. Moreover, in the mouse model, the knockdown of PD-L1 inhibited transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced cell metastasis in vivo. Conclusion PD-L1 contributes to primary resistance to EGFR-TKI in EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells, which may be mediated through the induction of EMT via the activation of the TGF-β/Smad canonical signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Wenwen Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jianjie Zhu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China.,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China.,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zeyi Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China. .,Suzhou Key Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Suzhou, 215006, China. .,Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
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10
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Le Faouder J, Gigante E, Léger T, Albuquerque M, Beaufrère A, Soubrane O, Dokmak S, Camadro J, Cros J, Paradis V. Proteomic Landscape of Cholangiocarcinomas Reveals Three Different Subgroups According to Their Localization and the Aspect of Non‐Tumor Liver. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 13:e1800128. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Le Faouder
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Elia Gigante
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology DepartmentSaint‐Antoine HospitalSorbonne University Paris F‐75012 France
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryJacques Monod InstituteUMR 7592Paris Diderot University CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité F‐75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Miguel Albuquerque
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Aurélie Beaufrère
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Olivier Soubrane
- Hepatobiliary Surgery DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Safi Dokmak
- Hepatobiliary Surgery DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Jean‐Michel Camadro
- Mass Spectrometry LaboratoryJacques Monod InstituteUMR 7592Paris Diderot University CNRS, Sorbonne Paris Cité F‐75205 Paris Cedex 13 France
| | - Jérôme Cros
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Paris Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris Cité CRI, UMR 1149, Inserm Clichy F‐92110 France
- Pathology DepartmentBeaujon Hospital Assistance Publique‐Hôpitaux de Paris Clichy F‐92110 France
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11
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FRA1 mediates the activation of keratinocytes: Implications for the development of psoriatic plaques. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3726-3734. [PMID: 30318470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the role of FRA1, a transcription factor from the AP-1 family, in the regulation of keratinocyte characteristics important for the development of psoriatic plaques. FRA1 is characterized by elevated expression in the skin of psoriasis patients, thus leading us to predict it to be one of the major regulators of keratinocyte phenotype during the development of psoriatic lesions. Pathway analysis of RNAseq data allowed us to identify FRA1-mediated signaling cascades leading to the manifestation of the most prominent skin characteristics of the disease: the development of inflammation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, activation of metalloproteases, and keratinocyte proliferation and migration. We have confirmed that FRA1-overexpressing keratinocytes produce elevated amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and active matrix metalloproteases, leading to the induction of the autoinflammatory loop and paracrine activation in neighbor cells. Therefore, the elevated expression of FRA1 and its altered transcriptional regulation in the skin of patients with psoriasis is an important driving factor in the development of psoriatic plaques.
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12
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ITGB1-dependent upregulation of Caveolin-1 switches TGFβ signalling from tumour-suppressive to oncogenic in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2338. [PMID: 29402961 PMCID: PMC5799174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is over-expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) and is associated with adverse prognosis, but the molecular mechanisms linking CAV1 expression to disease progression are poorly understood. Extensive gene expression correlation analysis, quantitative multiplex imaging of clinical samples, and analysis of the CAV1-dependent transcriptome, supported that CAV1 re-programmes TGFβ signalling from tumour suppressive to oncogenic (i.e. induction of SLUG, PAI-1 and suppression of CDH1, DSP, CDKN1A). Supporting such a role, CAV1 knockdown led to growth arrest and inhibition of cell invasion in prostate cancer cell lines. Rationalized RNAi screening and high-content microscopy in search for CAV1 upstream regulators revealed integrin beta1 (ITGB1) and integrin associated proteins as CAV1 regulators. Our work suggests TGFβ signalling and beta1 integrins as potential therapeutic targets in PCa over-expressing CAV1, and contributes to better understand the paradoxical dual role of TGFβ in tumour biology.
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13
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Hu X, Kan H, Boye A, Jiang Y, Wu C, Yang Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitors reduce the nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated Smads by inhibiting Imp 7 or Imp 8 in HepG2 cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4867-4872. [PMID: 29552126 PMCID: PMC5840705 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β/Smad signaling pathway is involved in hepatocellular carcinoma development. Smad2 and Smad3 are phosphorylated following TGF-β1 stimulation and subsequently oligomerize with Smad4 to form the Smad2/3/4 complex, which translocates into the nucleus and regulates target genes, including plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI1). Importin (Imp)7 and Imp8 are responsible for transporting phosphorylated (p)Smad2/3 and Smad4 into the nucleus. In our previous study, it was demonstrated that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, including inhibitors of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 could inhibit the transcription of PAI1, but ERK inhibitor had no significant effect on the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, and the formation of Smad2/3/4 complexes, which was different from the effect of JNK or p38 inhibitor. We hypothesized that MAPK inhibitors, particularly ERK inhibitor, reduced the transport of Smads into the nucleus by affecting Imp7 and Imp8. To confirm this hypothesis, HepG2 cells were incubated with different MAPK inhibitors for 5 h and subsequently stimulated with TGF-β1 for 1 h. Next, the intracellular locations of Smads (pSmad2C, pSmad2L, pSmad3C, pSmad3L and Smad4) and Imp7/8 were detected using immunofluorescence staining assays, and the expression of Imp7/8 was investigated using immunoblotting. It was revealed that JNK or p38 inhibitor decreased the phosphorylation of Smad2C, Smad2L and Smad3L, and affected their nuclear accumulation. Although only inhibiting the phosphorylation of Smad2C, ERK inhibitor affected the nuclear accumulation of pSmad2C, pSmad2L, pSmad3C and pSmad3L. The three MAPK inhibitors attenuated the nuclear distribution of Smad4, and the expression and nuclear accumulation of Imp7. ERK and JNK inhibitors attenuated the expression and nuclear accumulation of Imp8. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that MAPK inhibitors, particularly ERK inhibitor, modulate the nuclear accumulation of Smads via the inhibition of Imp 7/8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China.,Digestive Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Alex Boye
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Natural Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
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14
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Voena C, Varesio LM, Zhang L, Menotti M, Poggio T, Panizza E, Wang Q, Minero VG, Fagoonee S, Compagno M, Altruda F, Monti S, Chiarle R. Oncogenic ALK regulates EMT in non-small cell lung carcinoma through repression of the epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1. Oncotarget 2017; 7:33316-30. [PMID: 27119231 PMCID: PMC5078097 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC) carries chromosomal rearrangements involving the Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) gene. ALK-rearranged NSCLC are typically adenocarcinoma characterized by a solid signet-ring cell pattern that is frequently associated with a metastatic phenotype. Recent reports linked the presence of ALK rearrangement to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in NSCLC, but the extent and the mechanisms of an ALK-mediated EMT in ALK-rearranged NSCLC are largely unknown. We found that the ALK-rearranged H2228 and DFCI032, but not the H3122, cell lines displayed a mesenchymal phenotype. In these cell lines, oncogenic ALK activity dictated an EMT phenotype by directly suppressing E-cadherin and up-regulating vimentin expression, as well as expression of other genes involved in EMT. We found that the epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1), a key regulator of the splicing switch during EMT, was repressed by EML4-ALK activity. The treatment of NSCLC cells with ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) led to up-regulation of ESRP1 and E-cadherin, thus reverting the phenotype from mesenchymal to epithelial (MET). Consistently, ESRP1 knock-down impaired E-cadherin up-regulation upon ALK inhibition, whereas enforced expression of ESRP1 was sufficient to increase E-cadherin expression. These findings demonstrate an ALK oncogenic activity in the regulation of an EMT phenotype in a subset of NSCLC with potential implications for the biology of ALK-rearranged NSCLC in terms of metastatic propensity and resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Voena
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lydia M Varesio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Liye Zhang
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matteo Menotti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Teresa Poggio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Panizza
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerio G Minero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Sharmila Fagoonee
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mara Compagno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Monti
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Higgins SP, Tang Y, Higgins CE, Mian B, Zhang W, Czekay RP, Samarakoon R, Conti DJ, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1/p53 signaling in renal fibrogenesis. Cell Signal 2017; 43:1-10. [PMID: 29191563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic disorders of the renal, pulmonary, cardiac, and hepatic systems are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Effective therapies to prevent or curtail the advancement to organ failure, however, remain a major clinical challenge. Chronic kidney disease, in particular, constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting >15% of the US population. Regardless of etiology (diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, urologic obstruction), persistently elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling networks and disease progression. TGF-β1 is the principal driver of renal fibrogenesis, a dynamic pathophysiologic process that involves tubular cell injury/apoptosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, interstitial fibroblast activation and excess extracellular matrix synthesis/deposition leading to impaired kidney function and, eventually, to chronic and end-stage disease. TGF-β1 activates the ALK5 type I receptor (which phosphorylates SMAD2/3) as well as non-canonical (e.g., src kinase, EGFR, JAK/STAT, p53) pathways that collectively drive the fibrotic genomic program. Such multiplexed signal integration has pathophysiological consequences. Indeed, TGF-β1 stimulates the activation and assembly of p53-SMAD3 complexes required for transcription of the renal fibrotic genes plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, connective tissue growth factor and TGF-β1. Tubular-specific ablation of p53 in mice or pifithrin-α-mediated inactivation of p53 prevents epithelial G2/M arrest, reduces the secretion of fibrotic effectors and attenuates the transition from acute to chronic renal injury, further supporting the involvement of p53 in disease progression. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of TGF-β1-initiated renal fibrogenesis and the role of p53 as a regulator of profibrotic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Craig E Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Badar Mian
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Wenzheng Zhang
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Ralf-Peter Czekay
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Rohan Samarakoon
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - David J Conti
- Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Division of Transplantation Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; Department of Surgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States; The Urological Institute of Northeastern New York, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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16
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Mizrahi A, Barzilai A, Gur-Wahnon D, Ben-Dov IZ, Glassberg S, Meningher T, Elharar E, Masalha M, Jacob-Hirsch J, Tabibian-Keissar H, Barshack I, Roszik J, Leibowitz-Amit R, Sidi Y, Avni D. Alterations of microRNAs throughout the malignant evolution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: the role of miR-497 in epithelial to mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes. Oncogene 2017; 37:218-230. [PMID: 28925390 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin carcinogenesis is known to be a multi-step process with several stages along its malignant evolution. We hypothesized that transformation of normal epidermis to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is causally linked to alterations in microRNAs (miRNA) expression. For this end we decided to evaluate their alterations in the pathologic states ending in cSCC. Total RNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded biopsies of five stages along the malignant evolution of keratinocytes towards cSCC: Normal epidermis, solar elastosis, actinic keratosis KIN1-2, advanced actinic keratosis KIN3 and well-differentiated cSCC. Next-generation small RNA sequencing was performed. We found that 18 miRNAs are overexpressed and 28 miRNAs are underexpressed in cSCC compared to normal epidermis. miR-424, miR-320, miR-222 and miR-15a showed the highest fold change among the overexpressed miRNAs. And miR-100, miR-101 and miR-497 showed the highest fold change among the underexpressed miRNAs. Heat map of hierarchical clustering analysis of significantly changed miRNAs and principle component analysis disclosed that the most prominent change in miRNAs expression occurred in the switch from 'early' stages; normal epidermis, solar elastosis and early actinic keratosis to the 'late' stages of epidermal carcinogenesis; late actinic keratosis and cSCC. We found several miRNAs with 'stage specific' alterations while others display a clear 'gradual', either progressive increase or decrease in expression along the malignant evolution of keratinocytes. The observed alterations focused in miRNAs involved in the regulation of AKT/mTOR or in those involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We chose to concentrate on the evaluation of the molecular role of miR-497. We found that it induces reversion of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We proved that SERPINE-1 is its biochemical target. The present study allows us to further study the pathways that are regulated by miRNAs along the malignant evolution of keratinocytes towards cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mizrahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - D Gur-Wahnon
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Glassberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - T Meningher
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - E Elharar
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - M Masalha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Jacob-Hirsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - H Tabibian-Keissar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - I Barshack
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - J Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Leibowitz-Amit
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Y Sidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Avni
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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17
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Foroutan M, Cursons J, Hediyeh-Zadeh S, Thompson EW, Davis MJ. A Transcriptional Program for Detecting TGFβ-Induced EMT in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:619-631. [PMID: 28119430 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are due to metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a central role in driving cancer cell metastasis. EMT is induced by different stimuli, leading to different signaling patterns and therapeutic responses. TGFβ is one of the best-studied drivers of EMT, and many drugs are available to target this signaling pathway. A comprehensive bioinformatics approach was employed to derive a signature for TGFβ-induced EMT which can be used to score TGFβ-driven EMT in cells and clinical specimens. Considering this signature in pan-cancer cell and tumor datasets, a number of cell lines (including basal B breast cancer and cancers of the central nervous system) show evidence for TGFβ-driven EMT and carry a low mutational burden across the TGFβ signaling pathway. Furthermore, significant variation is observed in the response of high scoring cell lines to some common cancer drugs. Finally, this signature was applied to pan-cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas to identify tumor types with evidence of TGFβ-induced EMT. Tumor types with high scores showed significantly lower survival rates than those with low scores and also carry a lower mutational burden in the TGFβ pathway. The current transcriptomic signature demonstrates reproducible results across independent cell line and cancer datasets and identifies samples with strong mesenchymal phenotypes likely to be driven by TGFβ.Implications: The TGFβ-induced EMT signature may be useful to identify patients with mesenchymal-like tumors who could benefit from targeted therapeutics to inhibit promesenchymal TGFβ signaling and disrupt the metastatic cascade. Mol Cancer Res; 15(5); 619-31. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momeneh Foroutan
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Cursons
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Systems Biology Laboratory, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soroor Hediyeh-Zadeh
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Wooloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melissa J Davis
- Division of Bioinformatics, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Osteogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Contributes to Primary Myelofibrosis. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4753-65. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Simone TM, Longmate WM, Law BK, Higgins PJ. Targeted Inhibition of PAI-1 Activity Impairs Epithelial Migration and Wound Closure Following Cutaneous Injury. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2015; 4:321-328. [PMID: 26029482 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2014.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Aberrant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression and activity have been implicated in bleeding disorders, multiorgan fibrosis, and wound healing anomalies. This study details the physiological consequences of targeted PAI-1 functional inhibition on cutaneous injury repair. Approach: Dorsal skin wounds from FVB/NJ mice, created with a 4 mm biopsy punch, were treated topically with the small-molecule PAI-1 antagonist tiplaxtinin (or vehicle control) for 5 days and then analyzed for markers of wound repair. Results: Compared to controls, tiplaxtinin-treated wounds displayed dramatic decreases in wound closure and re-epithelialization. PAI-1 immunoreactivity was evident at the migratory front in all injury sites indicating these effects were due to PAI-1 functional blockade and not PAI-1 expression changes. Stimulated HaCaT keratinocyte migration in response to recombinant PAI-1 in vitro was similarly attenuated by tiplaxtinin. While tiplaxtinin had no effect on keratinocyte proliferation, cell cycle progression, or apoptosis, it effectively reduced collagen deposition, the number of Ki-67+ fibroblasts, and incidence of differentiated myofibroblasts (i.e., smooth muscle α-actin immunoreactive cells), but not fibroblast apoptosis. Innovation: The role for PAI-1 in hemostasis and fibrinolysis is established; involvement of PAI-1 in cutaneous wound healing, however, remains unclear. This study tests the effect of a small-molecule PAI-1 inhibitor in a murine model of skin wound repair. Conclusion: Loss of PAI-1 activity significantly impaired wound closure. Re-epithelialization and fibroblast recruitment/differentiation were both reduced in tiplaxtinin-treated mice. Therapies directed at manipulation of PAI-1 expression and/or activity may have applicability as a treatment option for chronic wounds and scarring disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. Simone
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Whitney M. Longmate
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Qi L, Higgins CE, Higgins SP, Law BK, Simone TM, Higgins PJ. The basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper transcription factor USF2 integrates serum-induced PAI-1 expression and keratinocyte growth. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:1840-7. [PMID: 24905330 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), a major regulator of the plasmin-dependent pericellular proteolytic cascade, is prominently expressed during the tissue response to injury although the factors that impact PAI-1 induction and their role in the repair process are unclear. Kinetic modeling using established biomarkers of cell cycle transit (c-MYC; cyclin D1; cyclin A) in synchronized human (HaCaT) keratinocytes, and previous cytometric assessments, indicated that PAI-1 transcription occurred early after serum-stimulation of quiescent (G0) cells and prior to G1 entry. It was established previously that differential residence of USF family members (USF1→USF2 switch) at the PE2 region E box (CACGTG) characterized the G0 → G1 transition period and the transcriptional status of the PAI-1 gene. A consensus PE2 E box motif (5'-CACGTG-3') at nucleotides -566 to -561 was required for USF/E box interactions and serum-dependent PAI-1 transcription. Site-directed CG → AT substitution at the two central nucleotides inhibited formation of USF/probe complexes and PAI-1 promoter-driven reporter expression. A dominant-negative USF (A-USF) construct or double-stranded PE2 "decoy" attenuated serum- and TGF-β1-stimulated PAI-1 synthesis. Tet-Off induction of an A-USF insert reduced both PAI-1 and PAI-2 transcripts while increasing the fraction of Ki-67(+) cells. Conversely, overexpression of USF2 or adenoviral-delivery of a PAI-1 vector inhibited HaCaT colony expansion indicating that the USF1 → USF2 transition and subsequent PAI-1 transcription are critical events in the epithelial go-or-grow response. Collectively, these data suggest that USF2, and its target gene PAI-1, regulate serum-stimulated keratinocyte growth, and likely the cadence of cell cycle progression in replicatively competent cells as part of the injury repair program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, 12208
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Suarez-Carmona M, Bourcy M, Lesage J, Leroi N, Syne L, Blacher S, Hubert P, Erpicum C, Foidart JM, Delvenne P, Birembaut P, Noël A, Polette M, Gilles C. Soluble factors regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediate tumour angiogenesis and myeloid cell recruitment. J Pathol 2015; 236:491-504. [PMID: 25880038 DOI: 10.1002/path.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programmes provide cancer cells with invasive and survival capacities that might favour metastatic dissemination. Whilst signalling cascades triggering EMT have been extensively studied, the impact of EMT on the crosstalk between tumour cells and the tumour microenvironment remains elusive. We aimed to identify EMT-regulated soluble factors that facilitate the recruitment of host cells in the tumour. Our findings indicate that EMT phenotypes relate to the induction of a panel of secreted mediators, namely IL-8, IL-6, sICAM-1, PAI-1 and GM-CSF, and implicate the EMT-transcription factor Snail as a regulator of this process. We further show that EMT-derived soluble factors are pro-angiogenic in vivo (in the mouse ear sponge assay), ex vivo (in the rat aortic ring assay) and in vitro (in a chemotaxis assay). Additionally, conditioned medium from EMT-positive cells stimulates the recruitment of myeloid cells. In a bank of 40 triple-negative breast cancers, tumours presenting features of EMT were significantly more angiogenic and infiltrated by a higher quantity of myeloid cells compared to tumours with little or no EMT. Taken together, our results show that EMT programmes trigger the expression of soluble mediators in cancer cells that stimulate angiogenesis and recruit myeloid cells in vivo, which might in turn favour cancer spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meggy Suarez-Carmona
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium.,Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Morgane Bourcy
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Lesage
- INSERM UMR-S 903, Laboratoire Pol Bouin, University of Reims, France
| | - Natacha Leroi
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laïdya Syne
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Pascale Hubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Erpicum
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Foidart
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delvenne
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LEP), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
| | - Myriam Polette
- INSERM UMR-S 903, Laboratoire Pol Bouin, University of Reims, France
| | - Christine Gilles
- Laboratory of Tumour and Development Biology (LBTD), GIGA-Cancer, Liège, Belgium
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Inhibition of SERPINE1 Function Attenuates Wound Closure in Response to Tissue Injury: A Role for PAI-1 in Re-Epithelialization and Granulation Tissue Formation. J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Inglehart RC, Scanlon CS, D'Silva NJ. Reviewing and reconsidering invasion assays in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2014; 50:1137-43. [PMID: 25448226 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are malignant tumors that arise from the surface epithelium of the oral cavity, oropharynx and larynx, primarily due to exposure to chemical carcinogens or the human papilloma virus. Due to their location, dental practitioners are well-positioned to detect the lesions. Deadlier than lymphoma or melanoma, HNSCC is incompletely understood. For these reasons, dental practitioners and researchers are focused on understanding HNSCC and the processes driving it. One of these critical processes is invasion, the degradation of the basement membrane by HNSCC cells with subsequent movement into the underlying connective tissue, blood vessels or nerves. Cancer cells metastasize to distant sites via the blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. Metastasis is associated with poor survival. Since invasion is essential for development and metastasis of HNSCC, it is essential to understand the mechanism(s) driving this process. Elucidation of the mechanisms involved will facilitate the development of targeted treatment, thereby accelerating development of precision/personalized medicine to treat HNSCC. Robust in vitro and in vivo assays are required to investigate the mechanistic basis of invasion. This review will focus on in vitro and in vivo assays used to study invasion in HNSCC, with special emphasis on some of the latest assays to study HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Inglehart
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Christina S Scanlon
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
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Simone TM, Higgins CE, Czekay RP, Law BK, Higgins SP, Archambeault J, Kutz SM, Higgins PJ. SERPINE1: A Molecular Switch in the Proliferation-Migration Dichotomy in Wound-"Activated" Keratinocytes. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:281-290. [PMID: 24669362 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2013.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significance: A highly interactive serine protease/plasmin/matrix metalloproteinase axis regulates stromal remodeling in the wound microenvironment. Current findings highlight the importance of stringent controls on protease expression and their topographic activities in cell proliferation, migration, and tissue homeostasis. Targeting elements in this cascading network may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for fibrotic diseases and chronic wounds. Recent Advances: Matrix-active proteases and their inhibitors orchestrate wound site tissue remodeling, cell migration, and proliferation. Indeed, the serine proteases urokinase plasminogen activator and tissue-type plasminogen activator (uPA/tPA) and their major phsyiological inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1; serine protease inhibitor clade E member 1 [SERPINE1]), are upregulated in several cell types during injury repair. Coordinate expression of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors in the wound bed provides a mechanism for fine control of focal proteolysis to facilitate matrix restructuring and cell motility in complex environments. Critical Issues: Cosmetic and tissue functional consequences of wound repair anomalies affect the quality of life of millions of patients in the United States alone. The development of novel therapeutics to manage individuals most affected by healing anomalies will likely derive from the identification of critical, translationally accessible, control elements in the wound site microenvironment. Future Directions: Activation of the PAI-1 gene early after wounding, its prominence in the repair transcriptome and varied functions suggest a key role in the global cutaneous injury response program. Targeting PAI-1 gene expression and/or PAI-1 function with molecular genetic constructs, neutralizing antibodies or small molecule inhibitors may provide a novel, therapeutically relevant approach, to manage the pathophysiology of wound healing disorders associated with deficient or excessive PAI-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. Simone
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Craig E. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Ralf-Peter Czekay
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Brian K. Law
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Jaclyn Archambeault
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Stacie M. Kutz
- Department of Biology, Sage College of Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Abstract
Fibrosis is defined as increased fibroblast proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix components with potential clinical ramifications including organ dysfunction and failure. Fibrosis is a characteristic finding of various skin diseases which can have life-threatening consequences. These implications call for research into this topic as only a few treatments targeting fibrosis are available. In this review, we discuss oxidative stress and its role in skin fibrosis. Recent studies have implicated the importance of oxidative stress in a variety of cellular pathways directly and indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of skin fibrosis. The cellular pathways by which oxidative stress affects specific fibrotic skin disorders are also reviewed. Finally, we also describe various therapeutic approaches specifically targeting oxidative stress to prevent skin fibrosis. We believe oxidative stress is a relevant target, and understanding the role of oxidative stress in skin fibrosis will enhance knowledge of fibrotic skin diseases and potentially produce targeted therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Shroff
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Clinical Research – Dermatology, 5 East 98th Street- 5th floor, Box 1048, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrew Mamalis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA USA
| | - Jared Jagdeo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA USA
- Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
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Matsuzaki K. Smad phospho-isoforms direct context-dependent TGF-β signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:385-99. [PMID: 23871609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Better understanding of TGF-β signaling has deepened our appreciation of normal epithelial cell homeostasis and its dysfunction in such human disorders as cancer and fibrosis. Smad proteins, which convey signals from TGF-β receptors to the nucleus, possess intermediate linker regions connecting Mad homology domains. Membrane-bound, cytoplasmic, and nuclear protein kinases differentially phosphorylate Smad2 and Smad3 to create C-tail (C), the linker (L), or dually (L/C) phosphorylated (p, phospho-) isoforms. According to domain-specific phosphorylation, distinct transcriptional responses, and selective metabolism, Smad phospho-isoform pathways can be grouped into 4 types: cytostatic pSmad3C signaling, mitogenic pSmad3L (Ser-213) signaling, invasive/fibrogenic pSmad2L (Ser-245/250/255)/C or pSmad3L (Ser-204)/C signaling, and mitogenic/migratory pSmad2/3L (Thr-220/179)/C signaling. We outline how responses to TGF-β change through the multiple Smad phospho-isoforms as normal epithelial cells mature from stem cells through progenitors to differentiated cells, and further reflect upon how constitutive Ras-activating mutants favor the Smad phospho-isoform pathway promoting tumor progression. Finally, clinical analyses of reversible Smad phospho-isoform signaling during human carcinogenesis could assess effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing human cancer risk. Spatiotemporally separate, functionally different Smad phospho-isoforms have been identified in specific cells and tissues, answering long-standing questions about context-dependent TGF-β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Matsuzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, 10-15 Fumizonocho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.
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Burgstaller G, Oehrle B, Koch I, Lindner M, Eickelberg O. Multiplex profiling of cellular invasion in 3D cell culture models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63121. [PMID: 23671660 PMCID: PMC3650046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To-date, most invasion or migration assays use a modified Boyden chamber-like design to assess migration as single-cell or scratch assays on coated or uncoated planar plastic surfaces. Here, we describe a 96-well microplate-based, high-content, three-dimensional cell culture assay capable of assessing invasion dynamics and molecular signatures thereof. On applying our invasion assay, we were able to demonstrate significant effects on the invasion capacity of fibroblast cell lines, as well as primary lung fibroblasts. Administration of epidermal growth factor resulted in a substantial increase of cellular invasion, thus making this technique suitable for high-throughput pharmacological screening of novel compounds regulating invasive and migratory pathways of primary cells. Our assay also correlates cellular invasiveness to molecular events. Thus, we argue of having developed a powerful and versatile toolbox for an extensive profiling of invasive cells in a 96-well format. This will have a major impact on research in disease areas like fibrosis, metastatic cancers, or chronic inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Burgstaller
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Oehrle
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Ina Koch
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Lindner
- Center for Thoracic Surgery, Asklepios Biobank for Lung Diseases, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Asklepios Clinic Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
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28
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Samarakoon R, Overstreet JM, Higgins PJ. TGF-β signaling in tissue fibrosis: redox controls, target genes and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Signal 2012; 25:264-8. [PMID: 23063463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
During development of TGF-β1-initiated fibroproliferative disorders, NADPH oxidases (NOX family members) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in downstream transcription of a subset genes encoding matrix structural elements and profibrotic factors. Prominent among the repertoire of disease-implicated genes is the TGF-β1 target gene encoding the potent profibrotic matricellular protein plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1 or SERPINE1). PAI-1 is the major physiologic inhibitor of the plasmin-based pericellular cascade and a causative factor in the development of vascular thrombotic and fibroproliferative disorders. ROS generation in response to TGF-β1 stimulation is rapid and precedes PAI-1 induction; engagement of non-SMAD (e.g., EGFR, Src kinase, MAP kinases, p53) and SMAD2/3 pathways are both required for PAI-1 expression and are ROS-dependent. Recent findings suggest a novel role for p53 in TGF-β1-induced PAI-1 transcription that involves ROS generation and p53/SMAD interactions. Targeting ROS and ROS-activated cellular events is likely to have therapeutic implications in the management of fibrotic disorders, particularly in the context of prolonged TGF-β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
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Higgins PJ. Epithelial "Plasticity" in Tumor Progression and Wound Repair: Potential Therapeutic Targets in the Stromal Microenvironment. CELL BIOLOGY : RESEARCH & THERAPY 2012; 1. [PMID: 24364040 DOI: 10.4172/2324-9293.1000e105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Focal Proteolysis: Regulation of Cell Migration and Signaling by the Serine Protease-Matrix Metalloproteinase Cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, USA
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30
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Elevated Tumor Expression of PAI-1 and SNAI2 in Obese Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Patients and Impact on Prognosis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2012; 3:e12. [PMID: 23238211 PMCID: PMC3365676 DOI: 10.1038/ctg.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Obesity is linked to increased mortality from many cancer types, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) displays one of the strongest epidemiological associations. The aims of this study are to dissect molecular pathways linking obesity with EAC and to determine if obesity is linked to increased aggressiveness of this disease. METHODS: Affymetrix microarrays identified altered signaling pathways in an EAC cell line following coculture with visceral adipose tissue or isolated adipocytes from viscerally obese EAC patients (n=6). Differentially expressed genes were subsequently investigated in patient tumor biopsies by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and examined with respect to obesity status, tumor biology, and patient survival. RESULTS: Visceral adipose tissue induced expression of genes involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and transcription factor SNAI2, in an EAC cell line. In EAC patient tumor biopsies from obese patients, we noted elevated expression of these genes, together with reduced expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin. SNAI2 was associated with EAC prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Expression of EMT genes, PAI-1 and SNAI2, was elevated in tumors of obese EAC patients, and SNAI2 was associated with poor survival. Genes deregulated in obesity and associated with prognosis may represent potential targets for treatment stratification of obese EAC patients.
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Complex Regulation of the Pericellular Proteolytic Microenvironment during Tumor Progression and Wound Repair: Functional Interactions between the Serine Protease and Matrix Metalloproteinase Cascades. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:454368. [PMID: 22454771 PMCID: PMC3290807 DOI: 10.1155/2012/454368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial and temporal regulation of the pericellular proteolytic environment by local growth factors, such as EGF and TGF-β, initiates a wide repertoire of cellular responses coupled to a plasmin/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) dependent stromal-remodeling axis. Cell motility and invasion, tumor metastasis, wound healing, and organ fibrosis, for example, represent diverse events controlled by expression of a subset of genes that encode various classes of tissue remodeling proteins. These include members of the serine protease and MMP families that functionally constitute a complex system of interacting protease cascades and titrated by their respective inhibitors. Several structural components of the extracellular matrix are upregulated by TGF-β as are matrix-active proteases (e.g., urokinase (uPA), plasmin, MMP-1, -3, -9, -10, -11, -13, -14). Stringent controls on serine protease/MMP expression and their topographic activity are essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Targeting individual elements in this highly interactive network may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer, fibrotic diseases, and chronic wounds.
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Martin-Castillo B, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Vazquez-Martin A, Cufí S, Moreno JM, Corominas-Faja B, Urruticoechea A, Martín ÁG, López-Bonet E, Menendez JA. Basal/HER2 breast carcinomas: integrating molecular taxonomy with cancer stem cell dynamics to predict primary resistance to trastuzumab (Herceptin). Cell Cycle 2012; 12:225-45. [PMID: 23255137 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
High rates of inherent primary resistance to the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) are frequent among HER2 gene-amplified breast carcinomas in both metastatic and adjuvant settings. The clinical efficacy of trastuzumab is highly correlated with its ability to specifically and efficiently target HER2-driven populations of breast cancer stem cells (CSCs). Intriguingly, many of the possible mechanisms by which cancer cells escape trastuzumab involve many of the same biomarkers that have been implicated in the biology of CS-like tumor-initiating cells. In the traditional, one-way hierarchy of CSCs in which all cancer cells descend from special self-renewing CSCs, HER2-positive CSCs can occur solely by self-renewal. Therefore, by targeting CSC self-renewal and resistance, trastuzumab is expected to induce tumor shrinkage and further reduce breast cancer recurrence rates when used alongside traditional therapies. In a new, alternate model, more differentiated non-stem cancer cells can revert to trastuzumab-refractory, CS-like cells via the activation of intrinsic or microenvironmental paths-to-stemness, such as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Alternatively, stochastic transitions of trastuzumab-responsive CSCs might also give rise to non-CSC cellular states that lack major attributes of CSCs and, therefore, can remain "hidden" from trastuzumab activity. Here, we hypothesize that a better understanding of the CSC/non-CSC social structure within HER2-overexpressing breast carcinomas is critical for trastuzumab-based treatment decisions in the clinic. First, we decipher the biological significance of CSC features and the EMT on the molecular effects and efficacy of trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Second, we reinterpret the genetic heterogeneity that differentiates trastuzumab-responders from non-responders in terms of CSC cellular states. Finally, we propose that novel predictive approaches aimed at better forecasting early tumor responses to trastuzumab should identify biological determinants that causally underlie the intrinsic flexibility of HER2-positive CSCs to "enter" into or "exit" from trastuzumab-sensitive states. An accurate integration of CSC cellular states and EMT-related biomarkers with the currently available breast cancer molecular taxonomy may significantly improve our ability to make a priori decisions about whether patients belonging to HER2 subtypes differentially enriched with a "mesenchymal transition signature" (e.g., luminal/HER2 vs. basal/HER2) would distinctly benefit from trastuzumab-based therapy ab initio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Martin-Castillo
- Unit of Clinical Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Girona (ICO-Girona), Catalonia, Spain
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Vazquez-Martin A, Fernández-Arroyo S, Cufí S, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Lozano-Sánchez J, Vellón L, Micol V, Joven J, Segura-Carretero A, Menendez JA. Phenolic secoiridoids in extra virgin olive oil impede fibrogenic and oncogenic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: extra virgin olive oil as a source of novel antiaging phytochemicals. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:3-21. [PMID: 22229524 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genetic program is a molecular convergence point in the life-threatening progression of organ fibrosis and cancer toward organ failure and metastasis, respectively. Here, we employed the EMT process as a functional screen for testing crude natural extracts for accelerated drug development in fibrosis and cancer. Because extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) (i.e., the juice derived from the first cold pressing of the olives without any further refining process) naturally contains high levels of phenolic compounds associated with the health benefits derived from consuming an EVOO-rich Mediterranean diet, we have tested the ability of an EVOO-derived crude phenolic extract to regulate fibrogenic and oncogenic EMT in vitro. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry assays revealed that the EVOO phenolic extract was mainly composed (∼70%) of two members of the secoiridoid family of complex polyphenols, namely oleuropein aglycone-the bitter principle of olives-and its derivative decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone. EVOO secoiridoids efficiently prevented loss of proteins associated with polarized epithelial phenotype (i.e., E-cadherin) as well as de novo synthesis of proteins associated with mesenchymal migratory morphology of transitioning cells (i.e., vimentin). The ability of EVOO to impede transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced disintegration of E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts apparently occurred as a consequence of the ability of EVOO phenolics to prevent the upregulation of SMAD4-a critical mediator of TGF-β signaling-and of the SMAD transcriptional cofactor SNAIL2 (Slug)-a well-recognized epithelial repressor. Indeed, EVOO phenolics efficiently prevented crucial TGF-β-induced EMT transcriptional events, including upregulation of SNAI2, TCF4, VIM (Vimentin), FN (fibronectin), and SERPINE1 genes. While awaiting a better mechanistic understanding of how EVOO phenolics molecularly shut down the EMT differentiation process, it seems reasonable to suggest that nontoxic Oleaceae secoiridoids certainly merit to be considered for aging studies and, perhaps, for ulterior design of more pharmacologically active second-generation anti-EMT molecules.
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Samarakoon R, Overstreet JM, Higgins SP, Higgins PJ. TGF-β1 → SMAD/p53/USF2 → PAI-1 transcriptional axis in ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 347:117-28. [PMID: 21638209 PMCID: PMC3188682 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease constitutes an increasing medical burden affecting 26 million people in the United States alone. Diabetes, hypertension, ischemia, acute injury, and urological obstruction contribute to renal fibrosis, a common pathological hallmark of chronic kidney disease. Regardless of etiology, elevated TGF-β1 levels are causatively linked to the activation of profibrotic signaling pathways initiated by angiotensin, glucose, and oxidative stress. Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) is a useful and accessible model to identify mechanisms underlying the progression of renal fibrosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a major effector and downstream target of TGF-β1 in the progression of several clinically important fibrotic disorders, is highly up-regulated in UUO and causatively linked to disease severity. SMAD and non-SMAD pathways (pp60(c-src), epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR], mitogen-activated protein kinase, p53) are required for PAI-1 induction by TGF-β1. SMAD2/3, pp60(c-src), EGFR, and p53 activation are each increased in the obstructed kidney. This review summarizes the molecular basis and translational significance of TGF-β1-stimulated PAI-1 expression in the progression of kidney disease induced by ureteral obstruction. Mechanisms discussed here appear to be operative in other renal fibrotic disorders and are relevant to the global issue of tissue fibrosis, regardless of organ site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Jessica M. Overstreet
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Stephen P. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
| | - Paul J. Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research (MC-165), Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany NY 12208, USA
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PAI-1 Expression Is Required for HDACi-Induced Proliferative Arrest in ras-Transformed Renal Epithelial Cells. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:710974. [PMID: 21912547 PMCID: PMC3168268 DOI: 10.1155/2011/710974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant transformation of mammalian cells with ras family oncogenes results in dramatic changes in cellular architecture and growth traits. The generation of flat revertants of v-K-ras-transformed renal cells by exposure to the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) was previously found to be dependent on transcriptional activation of the PAI-1 (SERPINE1) gene (encoding the type-1 inhibitor of urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activators). NaB-initiated PAI-1 expression preceded induced cell spreading and entry into G(1) arrest. To assess the relevance of PAI-1 induction to growth arrest in this cell system more critically, two complementary approaches were used. The addition of a stable, long half-life, recombinant PAI-1 mutant to PAI-1-deficient v-K-ras-/c-Ha-ras-transformants or to PAI-1 functionally null, NaB-resistant, 4HH cells (engineered by antisense knockdown of PAI-1 mRNA transcripts) resulted in marked cytostasis in the absence of NaB. The transfection of ras-transformed cells with the Rc/CMVPAI expression construct, moreover, significantly elevated constitutive PAI-1 synthesis (10- to 20-fold) with a concomitant reduction in proliferative rate. These data suggest that high-level PAI-1 expression suppresses growth of chronic ras-oncogene transformed cells and is likely a major cytostatic effector of NaB exposure.
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Plaas A, Velasco J, Gorski DJ, Li J, Cole A, Christopherson K, Sandy JD. The relationship between fibrogenic TGFβ1 signaling in the joint and cartilage degradation in post-injury osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2011; 19:1081-90. [PMID: 21624477 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on modulation of chondrocyte activities in the osteoarthritic joint, and to discuss these changes in relation to established hard and soft tissue repair paradigms, with an emphasis on transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1)-mediated signaling which can promote either a chondrogenic or fibrogenic phenotype. METHODS Papers addressing the close relationship between repair in general, and the specific post-injury response of joint tissues are summarized. Different interpretations of the role of TGFβ1 in the emergence of an "osteoarthritic" chondrocyte are compared and the phenotypic plasticity of "reparative" progenitor cells is examined. Lastly, emerging data on a central role for A-Disintegrin-And-Metalloproteinase-with-Thrombospondin-like-Sequences-5 (ADAMTS5) activity in modulating TGFβ1 signaling through activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) and activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) pathways is discussed. RESULTS The review illustrates how a transition from ALK5-mediated fibrogenic signaling to ALK1-mediated chondrogenic signaling in joint cells represents the critical transition from a non-reparative to a reparative cell phenotype. Data from cell and in vivo studies illustrates the mechanism by which ablation of ADAMTS5 activity allows the transition to reparative chondrogenesis. Multiple large gene expression studies of normal and osteoarthritis (OA) human cartilages (CAs) also support an important role for TGFβ1-mediated pro-fibrogenic activities during disease progression. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that progressive articular CA damage in post-injury OA results primarily from biomechanical, cell biologic and mediator changes that promote a fibroblastic phenotype in joint cells. Since ADAMTS5 and TGFβ1 appear to control this process, agents which interfere with their activities may not only enhance endogenous CA repair in vivo, but also improve the properties of tissue-engineered CA for implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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PAI-1: An Integrator of Cell Signaling and Migration. Int J Cell Biol 2011; 2011:562481. [PMID: 21837240 PMCID: PMC3151495 DOI: 10.1155/2011/562481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration, over simple surfaces or through complex stromal barriers, requires coordination between detachment/re-adhesion cycles, involving structural components of the extracellular matrix and their surface-binding elements (integrins), and the precise regulation of the pericellular proteolytic microenvironment. It is now apparent that several proteases and protease inhibitors, most notably urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), also interact with several cell surface receptors transducing intracellular signals that significantly affect both motile and proliferative programs. These events appear distinct from the original function of uPA/PAI-1 as modulators of the plasmin-based proteolytic cascade. The multifaceted interactions of PAI-1 with specific matrix components (i.e., vitronectin), the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), and the uPA/uPA receptor complex have dramatic consequences on the migratory phenotype and may underlie the pathophysiologic sequalae of PAI-1 deficiency and overexpression. This paper focuses on the increasingly intricate role of PAI-1 as a major mechanistic determinant of the cellular migratory phenotype.
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Oliveras-Ferraros C, Vazquez-Martin A, Cufí S, Queralt B, Báez L, Guardeño R, Hernández-Yagüe X, Martin-Castillo B, Brunet J, Menendez JA. Stem cell property epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a core transcriptional network for predicting cetuximab (Erbitux™) efficacy in KRAS wild-type tumor cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:10-29. [PMID: 21104905 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Beyond a well-recognized effect of KRAS mutations in determining de novo inefficacy of cetuximab (CTX) in metastatic colorectal cancer, we urgently need a biomarker signature for predicting CTX efficacy in KRAS wild-type (WT) tumors. CTX-adapted EGFR gene-amplified KRAS WT tumor cell populations were induced by stepwise-chronic exposure of A431 epidermoid cancer cells to CTX. Genome-wide analyses of 44K Agilent's whole human arrays were bioinformatically evaluated by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA)-based screening of the KEGG pathway database. Molecular functioning of CTX was found to depend on: (i) The occurrence of a positive feedback loop on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) activation driven by genes coding for EGFR ligands (e.g., amphiregulin); (ii) the lack of a negative feedback on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation regulated by dual-specificity phosphatases (e.g., DUSP6) and; (iii) the transcriptional status of gene pathways controlling the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversal (MET) program (actin cytoskeleton and cell-cell communication-e.g., keratins-focal adhesion signaling-e.g., integrins-and EMT-inducing cytokines - e.g., transforming growth factor-β). Quantitative real-time PCR, high-content immunostaining, and flow-cytometry analyses confirmed that CTX efficacy depends on its ability to promote: (i) Stronger cell-cell contacts by up-regulating the expression of the epithelial markers E-cadherin and occludin; (ii) down-regulation of the epithelial transcriptional repressors Zeb, Snail, and Slug accompanied by restoration of cortical F-actin; and (iii) complete prevention of the CD44(pos)/CD24(neg/low) mesenchymal immunophenotype. The impact of EGFR ligands/MAPK phosphatases gene transcripts in predicting CTX efficacy in KRAS WT tumors may be tightly linked with the ability of CTX to concurrently reverse the EMT status, a pivotal property of migrating cancer stem cells.
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Terao M, Ishikawa A, Nakahara S, Kimura A, Kato A, Moriwaki K, Kamada Y, Murota H, Taniguchi N, Katayama I, Miyoshi E. Enhanced epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotype in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V transgenic mouse skin promotes wound healing. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28303-11. [PMID: 21697088 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.220376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) catalyzes the β1,6 branching of N-acetylglucosamine on N-glycans. GnT-V expression is elevated during malignant transformation in various types of cancer. However, the mechanism by which GnT-V promotes cancer progression is unclear. To characterize the biological significance of GnT-V, we established GnT-V transgenic (Tg) mice, in which GnT-V is regulated by a β-actin promoter. No spontaneous cancer was detected in any organs of the GnT-V Tg mice. However, GnT-V expression was up-regulated in GnT-V Tg mouse skin, and cultured keratinocytes derived from these mice showed enhanced migration, which was associated with changes in E-cadherin localization and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Further, EMT-associated factors snail, twist, and N-cadherin were up-regulated, and cutaneous wound healing was accelerated in vivo. We further investigated the detailed mechanisms of EMT by assessing EGF signaling and found up-regulated EGF receptor signaling in GnT-V Tg mouse keratinocytes. These findings indicate that GnT-V overexpression promotes EMT and keratinocyte migration in part through enhanced EGF receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Terao
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Hulkower KI, Herber RL. Cell migration and invasion assays as tools for drug discovery. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:107-24. [PMID: 24310428 PMCID: PMC3857040 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion are processes that offer rich targets for intervention in key physiologic and pathologic phenomena such as wound healing and cancer metastasis. With the advent of high-throughput and high content imaging systems, there has been a movement towards the use of physiologically relevant cell-based assays earlier in the testing paradigm. This allows more effective identification of lead compounds and recognition of undesirable effects sooner in the drug discovery screening process. This article will review the effective use of several principle formats for studying cell motility: scratch assays, transmembrane assays, microfluidic devices and cell exclusion zone assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren I Hulkower
- Platypus Technologies, LLC, 5520 Nobel Drive, Suite 100, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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PAI-1 Regulates the Invasive Phenotype in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2010; 2009:963209. [PMID: 20204159 PMCID: PMC2829771 DOI: 10.1155/2009/963209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of highly aggressive subtypes of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) often reflects increased autocrine/paracrine TGF-beta synthesis and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification. Cooperative TGF-beta/EGFR signaling promotes cell migration and induces expression of both proteases and protease inhibitors that regulate stromal remodeling resulting in the acquisition of an invasive phenotype. In one physiologically relevant model of human cutaneous SCC progression, TGF-beta1+EGF stimulation increases the production of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), among the most prominent of which is MMP-10-an MMP known to be elevated in SCC in situ. Activation of stromal plasminogen appears to be critical in triggering downstream MMP activity. Paradoxically, PAI-1, the major physiological inhibitor of plasmin generation, is also upregulated under these conditions and is an early event in progression of incipient epidermal SCC. One testable hypothesis proposes that TGF-beta1+EGF-dependent MMP-10 elevation directs focalized matrix remodeling events that promote epithelial cell plasticity and tissue invasion. Increased PAI-1 expression serves to temporally and spatially modulate plasmin-initiated pericellular proteolysis, further facilitating epithelial invasive potential. Defining the complex signaling and transcriptional mechanisms that maintain this delicate balance is critical to developing targeted therapeutics for the treatment of human cutaneous malignancies.
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