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Holthaus KB, Eckhart L. Development-Associated Genes of the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC). J Dev Biol 2024; 12:4. [PMID: 38248869 PMCID: PMC10801484 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes that encode protein components of the outermost layers of the epidermis in mammals, reptiles and birds. The development of the stratified epidermis from a single-layered ectoderm involves an embryo-specific superficial cell layer, the periderm. An additional layer, the subperiderm, develops in crocodilians and over scutate scales of birds. Here, we review the expression of EDC genes during embryonic development. Several EDC genes are expressed predominantly or exclusively in embryo-specific cell layers, whereas others are confined to the epidermal layers that are maintained in postnatal skin. The S100 fused-type proteins scaffoldin and trichohyalin are expressed in the avian and mammalian periderm, respectively. Scaffoldin forms the so-called periderm granules, which are histological markers of the periderm in birds. Epidermal differentiation cysteine-rich protein (EDCRP) and epidermal differentiation protein containing DPCC motifs (EDDM) are expressed in the avian subperiderm where they are supposed to undergo cross-linking via disulfide bonds. Furthermore, a histidine-rich epidermal differentiation protein and feather-type corneous beta-proteins, also known as beta-keratins, are expressed in the subperiderm. The accumulating evidence for roles of EDC genes in the development of the epidermis has implications on the evolutionary diversification of the skin in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Lin LW, Durbin-Johnson BP, Rocke DM, Salemi M, Phinney BS, Rice RH. Environmental pro-oxidants induce altered envelope protein profiles in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:16-26. [PMID: 37788135 PMCID: PMC10734632 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornified envelopes (CEs) of human epidermis ordinarily consist of transglutaminase-mediated cross-linked proteins and are essential for skin barrier function. However, in addition to enzyme-mediated isopeptide bonding, protein cross-linking could also arise from oxidative damage. Our group recently demonstrated abnormal incorporation of cellular proteins into CEs by pro-oxidants in woodsmoke. In this study, we focused on 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ), mesquite liquid smoke (MLS), and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), to further understand the mechanisms through which environmental pro-oxidants induce CE formation and alter the CE proteome. CEs induced by the ionophore X537A were used for comparison. Similar to X537A, DMNQ- and MLS-induced CE formation was associated with membrane permeabilization. However, since DMNQ is non-adduct forming, its CEs were similar in protein profile to those from X537A. By contrast, MLS, rich in reactive carbonyls that can form protein adducts, caused a dramatic change in the CE proteome. TCDD-CEs were found to contain many CE precursors, such as small proline-rich proteins and late cornified envelope proteins, encoded by the epidermal differentiation complex. Since expression of these proteins is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and its well-known downstream protein, CYP1A1, was exclusively present in the TCDD group, we suggest that TCDD alters the CE proteome through persistent AhR activation. This study demonstrates the potential of environmental pro-oxidants to alter the epidermal CE proteome and indicates that the cellular redox state has an important role in CE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lo-Wei Lin
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Blythe P Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - David M Rocke
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Brett S Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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3
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Jonca N, Simon M. The Cornified Envelope: A Versatile Contributor to the Epidermal Barrier. J Invest Dermatol 2023:S0022-202X(23)00101-X. [PMID: 37149811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Jonca
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Department of Cell Biology and Cytology, Federative Institute of Biology, Purpan University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), French National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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4
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Miazek K, Beton K, Śliwińska A, Brożek-Płuska B. The Effect of β-Carotene, Tocopherols and Ascorbic Acid as Anti-Oxidant Molecules on Human and Animal In Vitro/In Vivo Studies: A Review of Research Design and Analytical Techniques Used. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081087. [PMID: 36008981 PMCID: PMC9406122 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged elevated oxidative stress (OS) possesses negative effect on cell structure and functioning, and is associated with the development of numerous disorders. Naturally occurred anti-oxidant compounds reduce the oxidative stress in living organisms. In this review, antioxidant properties of β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid are presented based on in vitro, in vivo and populational studies. Firstly, environmental factors contributing to the OS occurrence and intracellular sources of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation, as well as ROS-mediated cellular structure degradation, are introduced. Secondly, enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanism of anti-oxidant defence against OS development, is presented. Furthermore, ROS-preventing mechanisms and effectiveness of β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid as anti-oxidants are summarized, based on studies where different ROS-generating (oxidizing) agents are used. Oxidative stress biomarkers, as indicators on OS level and prevention by anti-oxidant supplementation, are presented with a focus on the methods (spectrophotometric, fluorometric, chromatographic, immuno-enzymatic) of their detection. Finally, the application of Raman spectroscopy and imaging as a tool for monitoring the effect of anti-oxidant (β-carotene, ascorbic acid) on cell structure and metabolism, is proposed. Literature data gathered suggest that β-carotene, tocopherols and ascorbic acid possess potential to mitigate oxidative stress in various biological systems. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy and imaging can be a valuable technique to study the effect of oxidative stress and anti-oxidant molecules in cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystian Miazek
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Karolina Beton
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Śliwińska
- Department of Nucleic Acid Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Beata Brożek-Płuska
- Laboratory of Laser Molecular Spectroscopy, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Wroblewskiego 15, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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5
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Papaccio F, D′Arino A, Caputo S, Bellei B. Focus on the Contribution of Oxidative Stress in Skin Aging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:1121. [PMID: 35740018 PMCID: PMC9220264 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is one of the most evident signs of human aging. Modification of the skin during the life span is characterized by fine lines and wrinkling, loss of elasticity and volume, laxity, rough-textured appearance, and pallor. In contrast, photoaged skin is associated with uneven pigmentation (age spot) and is markedly wrinkled. At the cellular and molecular level, it consists of multiple interconnected processes based on biochemical reactions, genetic programs, and occurrence of external stimulation. The principal cellular perturbation in the skin driving senescence is the alteration of oxidative balance. In chronological aging, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced mainly through cellular oxidative metabolism during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation from glucose and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas in extrinsic aging, loss of redox equilibrium is caused by environmental factors, such as ultraviolet radiation, pollution, cigarette smoking, and inadequate nutrition. During the aging process, oxidative stress is attributed to both augmented ROS production and reduced levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic protectors. Apart from the evident appearance of structural change, throughout aging, the skin gradually loses its natural functional characteristics and regenerative potential. With aging, the skin immune system also undergoes functional senescence manifested as a reduced ability to counteract infections and augmented frequency of autoimmune and neoplastic diseases. This review proposes an update on the role of oxidative stress in the appearance of the clinical manifestation of skin aging, as well as of the molecular mechanisms that underline this natural phenomenon sometimes accelerated by external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Barbara Bellei
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (F.P.); (S.C.)
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Loricrin at the Boundary between Inside and Outside. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050673. [PMID: 35625601 PMCID: PMC9138667 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornification is a specialized mode of the cell-death program exclusively allowed for terrestrial amniotes. Recent investigations suggest that loricrin (LOR) is an important cornification effector. As the connotation of its name (“lorica” meaning an armor in Latin) suggests, the keratin-associated protein LOR promotes the maturation of the epidermal structure through organizing covalent cross-linkages, endowing the epidermis with the protection against oxidative injuries. By reviewing cornification mechanisms, we seek to classify ichthyosiform dermatoses based on their function, rather than clinical manifestations. We also reviewed recent mechanistic insights into the Kelch-like erythroid cell-derived protein with the cap “n” collar homology-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in skin health and diseases, as LOR and NRF2 coordinate the epidermis-intrinsic xenobiotic metabolism. Finally, we refine the theoretical framework of cross-talking between keratinocytes and epidermal resident leukocytes, dissecting an LOR immunomodulatory function.
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Ishitsuka Y, Ogawa T, Nakamura Y, Kubota N, Fujisawa Y, Watanabe R, Okiyama N, Fujimoto M, Roop DR, Ishida-Yamamoto A. Loricrin and NRF2 Coordinate Cornification. JID INNOVATIONS 2022; 2:100065. [PMID: 35024686 PMCID: PMC8659797 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cornification involves cytoskeletal cross-linkages in corneocytes (the brick) and the secretion of lipids/adhesion structures to the interstitial space (the mortar). Because the assembly of lipid envelopes precedes corneocyte maturation, loricrin is supposed to be dispensable for the protection against desiccation. Although the phenotypes of Lor knockout (LKO) mice are obscure, the antioxidative response on the KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway compensates for the structural defect in utero. In this study, we asked how the compensatory response is evoked after the defects are repaired. To this end, the postnatal phenotypes of LKO mice were analyzed with particular attention to the permeability barrier function primarily maintained by the mortar. Ultrastructural analysis revealed substantially thinner cornified cell envelopes and increased numbers of lamellar granules in LKO mice. Superficial epidermal damages triggered the adaptive repairing responses that evoke the NRF2-dependent upregulation of genes associated with lamellar granule secretion in LKO mice. We also found that corneodesmosomes are less degraded in LKO mice. The observation suggests that loricrin and NRF2 are important effectors of cornification, in which proteins need to be secreted, cross-linked, and degraded in a coordinated manner.
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Key Words
- CD, corneodesmosome
- CDSN, corneodesmosin
- CE, cornified envelope
- CEf, immature/fragile cornified envelope
- DKO, Lor–Nrf2 double knockout
- DMF, dimethyl fumarate
- K, keratin
- KC, keratinocyte
- LG, lamellar granule
- LKO, Lor knockout
- LOR, loricrin
- NKO, Nrf2 knockout
- SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- TEWL, transepidermal water loss
- TS, tape-stripping
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Noriko Kubota
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujisawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Rei Watanabe
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Okiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Manabu Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Tian S, Chen S, Feng Y, Li Y. The Interactions of Small Proline-Rich Proteins with Late Cornified Envelope Proteins are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1355-1365. [PMID: 34594126 PMCID: PMC8478164 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s336072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Psoriasis is a common cutaneous disease with multiple characteristics including inflammation and aberrant keratinocyte proliferation. However, the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not completely clear yet. The objective of this study is to perform an in-depth analysis of the association between SPRR and LCE in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Methods In this study, we explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in psoriasis by analyzing different gene expression profiles obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The DEGs were examined using gene ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis and protein–protein interactions (PPI) network. Correlation analysis in R studio software was used to analyze the association between SPRR and LCE genes. Further, potential direct protein–protein interactions between SPRR proteins and LCE3D were verified by co-localization observations and co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assays in 293T cells. Also, the expression levels of SPRR and LCE genes were detected in lesional skin of the IMQ-induced psoriasiform dermatitis mice using RT-PCR. Results Interestingly, the small proline-rich (SPRR) and late cornified envelope (LCE) genes were identified as a module in the constructed PPI network. And the analysis of the gene expression profile GSE63684 showed that both SPRR family and LCE family genes were significantly upregulated in imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasiform dermatitis mice. Also, the correlation analysis in R studio software recognized the association of SPRR and LCE genes, which were further verified by co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assays in 293T cells, and the results show that the direct interactions between SPRR2 and LCE3D. Notably, we also found that the expression levels of SPRR and LCE genes were significantly increased in the IMQ-induced psoriasiform dermatitis mice, while specifically decreased under the tazarotene cream treatment, indicating that the SPRR and LCEs were regulated simultaneously in psoriasis. Conclusion In summary, our study found that interactions between SPRR proteins and LCE proteins may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyi Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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Gallegos-Alcalá P, Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Salinas E. The Keratinocyte as a Crucial Cell in the Predisposition, Onset, Progression, Therapy and Study of the Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910661. [PMID: 34639001 PMCID: PMC8509070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The keratinocyte (KC) is the main functional and structural component of the epidermis, the most external layer of the skin that is highly specialized in defense against external agents, prevention of leakage of body fluids and retention of internal water within the cells. Altered epidermal barrier and aberrant KC differentiation are involved in the pathophysiology of several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD). AD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by cutaneous and systemic immune dysregulation and skin microbiota dysbiosis. Nevertheless, the pathological mechanisms of this complex disease remain largely unknown. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the participation of the KC in different aspects of the AD. We provide an overview of the genetic predisposing and environmental factors, inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways of the KC that participate in the physiopathology of the AD. We also analyze the link among the KC, the microbiota and the inflammatory response underlying acute and chronic skin AD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, Ciudad de México 03940, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20100, Mexico; (P.G.-A.); (M.J.); (D.C.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-449-9108424
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10
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Gene duplications and gene loss in the epidermal differentiation complex during the evolutionary land-to-water transition of cetaceans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12334. [PMID: 34112911 PMCID: PMC8192740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Major protein components of the mammalian skin barrier are encoded by genes clustered in the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (EDC). The skin of cetaceans, i.e. whales, porpoises and dolphins, differs histologically from that of terrestrial mammals. However, the genetic regulation of their epidermal barrier is only incompletely known. Here, we investigated the EDC of cetaceans by comparative genomics. We found that important epidermal cornification proteins, such as loricrin and involucrin are conserved and subtypes of small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs) are even expanded in numbers in cetaceans. By contrast, keratinocyte proline rich protein (KPRP), skin-specific protein 32 (XP32) and late-cornified envelope (LCE) genes with the notable exception of LCE7A have been lost in cetaceans. Genes encoding proline rich 9 (PRR9) and late cornified envelope like proline rich 1 (LELP1) have degenerated in subgroups of cetaceans. These data suggest that the evolution of an aquatic lifestyle was accompanied by amplification of SPRR genes and loss of specific other epidermal differentiation genes in the phylogenetic lineage leading to cetaceans.
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Cheng X, Lai H, Luo W, Zhang M, Miao J, Song W, Xing S, Wang J, Gao WQ. Single-cell analysis reveals urothelial cell heterogeneity and regenerative cues following cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:446. [PMID: 33953164 PMCID: PMC8099875 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03740-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide is a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug to treat cancer with side effects that trigger bladder injury and hemorrhagic cystitis. Although previous studies have demonstrated that certain cell subsets and communications are activated to drive the repair and regeneration of bladder, it is not well understood how distinct bladder cell subsets function synergistically in this process. Here, we used droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to profile the cell types within the murine bladder mucous layer under normal and injured conditions. Our analysis showed that superficial cells are directly repaired by cycling intermediate cells. We further identified two resident mesenchymal lineages (Acta2+ myofibroblasts and Cd34+ fibroblasts). The delineation of cell-cell communications revealed that Acta2+ myofibroblasts upregulated Fgf7 expression during acute injury, which activated Fgfr signaling in progenitor cells within the basal/intermediate layers to promote urothelial cell growth and repair. Overall, our study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the cellular dynamics during cyclophosphamide-induced bladder injury and may help identify important niche factors contributing to the regeneration of injured bladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huadong Lai
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juju Miao
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichen Song
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunpeng Xing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Cui YH, Shi QS, Zhang DD, Wang LL, Feng J, Chen YW, Xie XB. Detoxification of ionic liquids using glutathione, cysteine, and NADH: Toxicity evaluation by Tetrahymena pyriformis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116725. [PMID: 33631691 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), also known as green solvents, are widely acknowledged in several fields, such as chemical separation, synthesis, and electrochemistry, owing to their excellent physiochemical properties. However, their poor biodegradability may lead to environmental and health risks, posing a severe threat to humans, thus requiring further research. In this study, the biotoxicities of the imidazolium-based ILs were evaluated in Tetrahymena pyriformis. Moreover, IL detoxification was investigated by addition of glutathione (GSH), cysteine, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) initiated by different IL types caused damage to Tetrahymena, while glutathione, cysteine, and NADH eliminated ROS, achieving the detoxification purposes. Detoxification results showed that NADH exhibited the best detoxification ability, followed by glutathione and cysteine. Finally, RT-PCR results suggested that metallothionein might have participated in IL detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hua Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qing Shan Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Dan Dan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Ling Ling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jin Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yi Wen Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Xiao Bao Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
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Ishitsuka Y, Roop DR, Ogawa T. "Structural imprinting" of the cutaneous immune effector function. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1851561. [PMID: 33270506 PMCID: PMC7849724 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1851561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratinization provides tolerance to desiccation and mechanical durability. Loricrin, which is an epidermal thiol-rich protein, efficiently stabilizes terminally differentiated keratinocytes and maintains redox homeostasis. The discovery of the largely asymptomatic loricrin knockout (LKO) phenotype decades ago was rather unpredicted. Nevertheless, when including redox-driven, NF-E2-related factor 2-mediated backup responses, LKO mice provide opportunities for the observation of altered or "quasi-normal" homeostasis. Specifically, given that the tissue structure, as well as the local metabolism, transmits immunological signals, we sought to dissect the consequence of truncated epidermal differentiation program from immunological perspectives. Through a review of the aggregated evidence, we have attempted to generate an integrated view of the regulation of the peripheral immune system, which possibly occurs within the squamous epithelial tissue with truncated differentiation. This synthesis might not only provide insights into keratinization but also lead to the identification of factors intrinsic to the epidermis that imprint the immune effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Rorteau J, Chevalier FP, Fromy B, Lamartine J. [Functional integrity of aging skin, from cutaneous biology to anti-aging strategies]. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:1155-1162. [PMID: 33296632 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a sentinel organ making easily visible the passing of time. Chronological and environmental aging weakens skin structure and functions. The skin barrier, the elastic and mechanical properties of the cutaneous tissue as well as its vascular reactivity are impacted by aging. The barrier dysfunction in aged skin is caused by defects in epidermal keratinocytes renewal and differentiation notably linked to abnormal expression of microRNAs regulating cell death and autophagy. An abnormal balance between synthesis and degradation of matrix proteins modifies the mechanical properties of the dermis in aged skin. Finally, a reduction of the vascular reactivity linked to endothelial dysfunctions is observed in elderly people. These biological processes can be targeted by therapeutic approaches either topical or systemic, especially using anti-oxydants or senolytics. These anti-aging strategies might contribute to restore, at least in part, the functional integrity of aged skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rorteau
- Équipe Intégrité fonctionnelle du tissu cutané (SKIN). Laboratoire de biologie tissulaire et d'ingénierie thérapeutique (LBTI), CNRS UMR5305, Université Lyon I, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Fabien P Chevalier
- Équipe Intégrité fonctionnelle du tissu cutané (SKIN). Laboratoire de biologie tissulaire et d'ingénierie thérapeutique (LBTI), CNRS UMR5305, Université Lyon I, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Bérengère Fromy
- Équipe Intégrité fonctionnelle du tissu cutané (SKIN). Laboratoire de biologie tissulaire et d'ingénierie thérapeutique (LBTI), CNRS UMR5305, Université Lyon I, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Jérôme Lamartine
- Équipe Intégrité fonctionnelle du tissu cutané (SKIN). Laboratoire de biologie tissulaire et d'ingénierie thérapeutique (LBTI), CNRS UMR5305, Université Lyon I, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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15
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Bojanowski K, Swindell WR, Cantor S, Chaudhuri RK. Isosorbide Di-(Linoleate/Oleate) Stimulates Prodifferentiation Gene Expression to Restore the Epidermal Barrier and Improve Skin Hydration. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:1416-1427.e12. [PMID: 33181142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The breakdown of the epidermal barrier and consequent loss of skin hydration is a feature of skin aging and eczematous dermatitis. Few treatments, however, resolve these underlying processes to provide full symptomatic relief. In this study, we evaluated isosorbide di-(linoleate/oleate) (IDL), which was generated by esterifying isosorbide with sunflower fatty acids. Topical effects of IDL in skin were compared with those of ethyl linoleate/oleate, which has previously been shown to improve skin barrier function. Both IDL and ethyl linoleate/oleate downregulated inflammatory gene expression, but IDL more effectively upregulated the expression of genes associated with keratinocyte differentiation (e.g., KRT1, GRHL2, SPRR4). Consistent with this, IDL increased the abundance of epidermal barrier proteins (FLG and involucrin) and prevented cytokine-mediated stratum corneum degradation. IDL also downregulated the expression of unhealthy skin signature genes linked to the loss of epidermal homeostasis and uniquely repressed an IFN-inducible coexpression module activated in multiple skin diseases, including psoriasis. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial enrolling females with dry skin, 2% IDL lotion applied over 2 weeks significantly improved skin hydration and decreased transepidermal water loss (NCT04253704). These results demonstrate mechanisms by which IDL improves skin hydration and epidermal barrier function, supporting IDL as an effective intervention for the treatment of xerotic pruritic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Bojanowski
- Sunny BioDiscovery, Santa Paula, California, USA; Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals, Boonton, New Jersey, USA
| | - William R Swindell
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jewish Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Shyla Cantor
- Cantor Research Laboratories, Blauvelt, New York, USA
| | - Ratan K Chaudhuri
- Symbionyx Pharmaceuticals, Boonton, New Jersey, USA; Sytheon, Boonton, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Percoco G, Patatian A, Eudier F, Grisel M, Bader T, Lati E, Savary G, Picard C, Benech P. Impact of cigarette smoke on physical-chemical and molecular proprieties of human skin in an ex vivo model. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:1610-1618. [PMID: 32939877 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a study about the skin ageing exposome, focusing on the effect of cigarette smoke. Human living skin explants (HSE) were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) of two cigarettes for 2 hours using a custom-made exposure chamber, the Pollubox® . Effects on the surface physico-chemistry and molecular properties of the skin were analyzed and reported for the first time. BASIC PROCEDURES To this end, transcriptomic study followed by immunohistochemistry, MDA (Malondialdehyde Dosage), and surface physio-chemistry data: surface free energy determination, TEWL (Trans Epidermal Water Loss), skin pH and FT-IR (Fourier Transform-Infrared) spectroscopy of the explant were collected from untreated and treated HSE. MAIN FINDINGS Results showed a decrease of the total surface free energy of the treated HSE. This decrease reflected higher interactions with polar compounds from the environment and consequently a decrease of the surface hydrophobicity. Additionally, an increase of TEWL and skin pH was observed after treatment. The transcriptomic analysis showed downregulation of mitochondrial genes (PON2-NDUFA4L2-ATP1A1-ALDH2-PRODH) combined with an increase of MDA in CS-treated HSE. CONCLUSIONS CS-induced oxidation of lipids at HSE surface alters the skin barrier: interactions with polar products are enhanced and the lipid chain packing at the surface is modified. Consequently, skin permeability could increase which correlated with repression of CA9 and AQP1 genes. Beside activation of AHR-NRF2 pathway in CS-exposed HSE, our results suggested that mitochondrial functions were strongly impacted and oxidized lipids failed to be eliminated promoting skin barrier alteration. A mitophagy activity was suggested through the confirmation of PINK1 accumulation in the epidermis by immunostaining.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Florine Eudier
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Le Havre cedex, France
| | - Michel Grisel
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Le Havre cedex, France
| | | | - Elian Lati
- BIO-EC Laboratory, Longjumeau, France.,Genex Laboratory, Longjumeau, France
| | | | - Céline Picard
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, CNRS, URCOM, Le Havre cedex, France
| | - Philippe Benech
- Genex Laboratory, Longjumeau, France.,Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, Marseille, France
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17
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Ishitsuka Y, Ogawa T, Roop D. The KEAP1/NRF2 Signaling Pathway in Keratinization. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E751. [PMID: 32823937 PMCID: PMC7465315 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinization is a tissue adaptation, but aberrant keratinization is associated with skin disorders such as ichthyoses, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and acne. The disease phenotype stems from the interaction between genes and the environment; therefore, an understanding of the adaptation machinery may lead to a new appreciation of pathomechanisms. The KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway mediates the environmental responses of squamous epithelial tissue. The unpredicted outcome of the Keap1-null mutation in mice allowed us to revisit the basic principle of the biological process of keratinization: sulfur metabolism establishes unparalleled cytoprotection in the body wall of terrestrial mammals. We summarize the recent understanding of the KEAP1/NRF2 signaling pathway, which is a thiol-based sensor-effector apparatus, with particular focuses on epidermal differentiation in the context of the gene-environment interaction, the structure/function principles involved in KEAP1/NRF2 signaling, lessons from mouse models, and their pathological implications. This synthesis may provide insights into keratinization, which provides physical insulation and constitutes an essential innate integumentary defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Tatsuya Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan;
| | - Dennis Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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18
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Holthaus KB, Alibardi L, Tschachler E, Eckhart L. Identification of epidermal differentiation genes of the tuatara provides insights into the early evolution of lepidosaurian skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12844. [PMID: 32732894 PMCID: PMC7393497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69885-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) is the phylogenetically closest relative of squamates (including lizards and snakes) from which it diverged around 250 million years ago. Together, they constitute the clade Lepidosauria. Fully terrestrial vertebrates (amniotes) form their skin barrier to the environment under the control of a gene cluster, termed the epidermal differentiation complex (EDC). Here we identified EDC genes in the genome of the tuatara and compared them to those of other amniotes. The organization of the EDC and proteins encoded by EDC genes are most similar in the tuatara and squamates. A subcluster of lepidosaurian EDC genes encodes corneous beta-proteins (CBPs) of which three different types are conserved in the tuatara. Small proline-rich proteins have undergone independent expansions in the tuatara and some, but not all subgroups of squamates. Two genes encoding S100 filaggrin-type proteins (SFTPs) are expressed during embryonic skin development of the tuatara whereas SFTP numbers vary between 1 and 3 in squamates. Our comparative analysis of the EDC in the tuatara genome suggests that many molecular features of the skin that were previously identified in squamates have evolved prior to their divergence from the lineage leading to the tuatara.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erwin Tschachler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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19
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Dijkhoff IM, Drasler B, Karakocak BB, Petri-Fink A, Valacchi G, Eeman M, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Impact of airborne particulate matter on skin: a systematic review from epidemiology to in vitro studies. Part Fibre Toxicol 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 32711561 PMCID: PMC7382801 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-020-00366-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution is killing close to 5 million people a year, and harming billions more. Air pollution levels remain extremely high in many parts of the world, and air pollution-associated premature deaths have been reported for urbanized areas, particularly linked to the presence of airborne nano-sized and ultrafine particles. MAIN TEXT To date, most of the research studies did focus on the adverse effects of air pollution on the human cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Although the skin is in direct contact with air pollutants, their damaging effects on the skin are still under investigation. Epidemiological data suggested a correlation between exposure to air pollutants and aggravation of symptoms of chronic immunological skin diseases. In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted to understand the current knowledge on the effects of airborne particulate matter on human skin. It aims at providing a deeper understanding of the interactions between air pollutants and skin to further assess their potential risks for human health. CONCLUSION Particulate matter was shown to induce a skin barrier dysfunction and provoke the formation of reactive oxygen species through direct and indirect mechanisms, leading to oxidative stress and induced activation of the inflammatory cascade in human skin. Moreover, a positive correlation was reported between extrinsic aging and atopic eczema relative risk with increasing particulate matter exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini M Dijkhoff
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Bedia Begum Karakocak
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences, PHHI NCRC, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, USA
| | | | - Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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20
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Abstract
The terminal differentiation of the epidermis is a complex physiological process. During the past few decades, medical genetics has shown that defects in the stratum corneum (SC) permeability barrier cause a myriad of pathological conditions, ranging from common dry skin to lethal ichthyoses. Contrarily, molecular phylogenetics has revealed that amniotes have acquired a specialized form of cytoprotection cornification that provides mechanical resilience to the SC. This superior biochemical property, along with desiccation tolerance, is attributable to the proper formation of the macromolecular protein-lipid complex termed cornified cell envelopes (CE). Cornification largely depends on the peculiar biochemical and biophysical properties of loricrin, which is a major CE component. Despite its quantitative significance, loricrin knockout (LKO) mice have revealed it to be dispensable for the SC permeability barrier. Nevertheless, LKO mice have brought us valuable lessons. It is also becoming evident that absent loricrin affects skin homeostasis more profoundly in many more aspects than previously expected. Through an extensive review of aggregate evidence, we discuss herein the functional significance of the thiol-rich protein loricrin from a biochemical, genetic, pathological, metabolic, or immunological aspect with some theoretical and speculative perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Dennis R. Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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21
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. DNA damage in human skin and the capacities of natural compounds to modulate the bystander signalling. Open Biol 2019; 9:190208. [PMID: 31847786 PMCID: PMC6936251 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is a stratified organ frequently exposed to sun-generated ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is considered one of the major factors responsible for DNA damage. Such damage can be direct, through interactions of DNA with UV photons, or indirect, mainly through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species that introduce oxidative changes to the DNA. Oxidative stress and DNA damage also associate with profound changes at the cellular and molecular level involving several cell cycle and signal transduction factors responsible for DNA repair or irreversible changes linked to ageing. Crucially, some of these factors constitute part of the signalling known for the induction of biological changes in non-irradiated, neighbouring cells and defined as the bystander effect. Network interactions with a number of natural compounds, based on their known activity towards these biomarkers in the skin, reveal the capacity to inhibit both the bystander signalling and cell cycle/DNA damage molecules while increasing expression of the anti-oxidant enzymes. Based on this information, we discuss the likely polypharmacology applications of the natural compounds and next-generation screening technologies in improving the anti-oxidant and DNA repair capacities of the skin.
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22
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Minzaghi D, Pavel P, Dubrac S. Xenobiotic Receptors and Their Mates in Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4234. [PMID: 31470652 PMCID: PMC6747412 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common inflammatory skin disease worldwide. It is a chronic, relapsing and pruritic skin disorder which results from epidermal barrier abnormalities and immune dysregulation, both modulated by environmental factors. AD is strongly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in the so-called 'atopic march.' Xenobiotic receptors and their mates are ligand-activated transcription factors expressed in the skin where they control cellular detoxification pathways. Moreover, they regulate the expression of genes in pathways involved in AD in epithelial cells and immune cells. Activation or overexpression of xenobiotic receptors in the skin can be deleterious or beneficial, depending on context, ligand and activation duration. Moreover, their impact on skin might be amplified by crosstalk among xenobiotic receptors and their mates. Because they are activated by a broad range of endogenous molecules, drugs and pollutants owing to their promiscuous ligand affinity, they have recently crystalized the attention of researchers, including in dermatology and especially in the AD field. This review examines the putative roles of these receptors in AD by critically evaluating the conditions under which the proteins and their ligands have been studied. This information should provide new insights into AD pathogenesis and ways to develop new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Minzaghi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petra Pavel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandrine Dubrac
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Albérola G, Schröder JM, Froment C, Simon M. The Amino-Terminal Part of Human FLG2 Is a Component of Cornified Envelopes. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1395-1397. [PMID: 30528829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Albérola
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1056, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Carine Froment
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- Unité Différenciation Epithéliale et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1056, Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Sadeghi L, Tanwir F, Yousefi Babadi V. Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Echium Amoenum Extract on Mn 2+-Imposed Parkinson Like Disorder in Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:705-713. [PMID: 30607343 PMCID: PMC6311646 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Manganism is a cognitive disorder take places in peoples are exposed to environmental manganese pollution. Overexposure to manganese ion (Mn2+) mainly influences central nervous system and causes symptoms that increase possibility of hippocampal damages. Methods: In this study rats were administrated by two different doses of MnCl2 and behavioral and physiological consequences were evaluated. We also investigated effects of E. Amoenum on Mn2+-imposed toxicity by behavioral, biochemical, immunoblotting and histological studies on hippocampus tissue. Results: Results showed metal overexposure increases oxidative stress mainly by lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species overproduction. Histological studies and caspase 3 analyses by immunoblotting revealed Mn2+ induced apoptosis from mitochondrial-dependent pathway in the presence of low metal dose. This study provides evidence that oral administration of E. amoenum extract inhibited manganese neurotoxicity by oxidative stress attenuation and apoptosis reduction that lead to improved depression like behavior. Plant extract also increased catecholamine content in Mn2+ treated hippocampus. Conclusion: As molecular and pathophysiological effects of E. amoenum, it could be considered as a pre-treatment for Parkinson and Parkinson like disorders in high-risk people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sadeghi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the mutual effects of overt hypothyroidism and prolonged sunlight exposure on free radical accumulation and oxidative skin damage. METHODS Free radical accumulation was evaluated by monitoring the transformation of 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) into MTT-formazan. The pro-oxidant enzymes xanthine oxidase (XO) and NADPH-diaphorase were measured in the skin. XO activity was estimated based on the yield of uric acid, while NADPH-diaphorase reactivity was monitored histochemically as an indirect marker of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide activity. Cellular damage was determined by malondialdehyde formation, a marker for lipid peroxidation. RESULTS In the skin of both euthyroid and hypothyroid animals, solar simulated ultraviolet irradiance increased the activity of XO and the NADPHdiaphorase reactivity as a protective response to formation of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. These pro-oxidant enzymes diminished in hypothyroid rats. Accumulation of the same amount of free radicals led to similar peroxidation in both hypothyroid and irradiated euthyroid rats. Hypothyroid skin after UV-exposure showed even greater lipid peroxidation. DISCUSSION The hypothyroid state could be a risk factor for enhanced oxidative skin damage in chronic photo-exposed skin due to oxidative stress. The lipid peroxidation is one of the major pathways by which photo-oxidative stress promotes photocarcinogenesis and photo-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgeta Bocheva
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine , Sofia Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Maria Valcheva-Traykova
- b Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine , Sofia Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- c Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine , Sofia Medical University , Sofia , Bulgaria
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26
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La Fata G, van Vliet N, Barnhoorn S, Brandt RMC, Etheve S, Chenal E, Grunenwald C, Seifert N, Weber P, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Mohajeri MH, Vermeij WP. Vitamin E Supplementation Reduces Cellular Loss in the Brain of a Premature Aging Mouse Model. JPAD-JOURNAL OF PREVENTION OF ALZHEIMERS DISEASE 2018; 4:226-235. [PMID: 29181487 DOI: 10.14283/jpad.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a highly complex biological process driven by multiple factors. Its progression can partially be influenced by nutritional interventions. Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble anti-oxidant that is investigated as nutritional supplement for its ability to prevent or delay the onset of specific aging pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. PURPOSE We aimed here to investigate the effect of vitamin E during aging progression in a well characterized mouse model for premature aging. METHOD Xpg-/- animals received diets with low (~2.5 mg/kg feed), medium (75 mg/kg feed) or high (375 mg/kg feed) vitamin E concentration and their phenotype was monitored during aging progression. Vitamin E content was analyzed in the feed, for stability reasons, and in mouse plasma, brain, and liver, for effectiveness of the treatment. Subsequent age-related changes were monitored for improvement by increased vitamin E or worsening by depletion in both liver and nervous system, organs sensitive to oxidative stress. RESULTS Mice supplemented with high levels of vitamin E showed a delayed onset of age-related body weight decline and appearance of tremors when compared to mice with a low dietary vitamin E intake. DNA damage resulting in liver abnormalities such as changes in polyploidy, was considerably prevented by elevated amounts of vitamin E. Additionally, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that high intake of vitamin E, when compared with low and medium levels of vitamin E in the diet, reduces the number of p53-positive cells throughout the brain, indicative of a lower number of cells dying due to DNA damage accumulated over time. CONCLUSIONS Our data underline a neuroprotective role of vitamin E in the premature aging animal model used in this study, likely via a reduction of oxidative stress, and implies the importance of improved nutrition to sustain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G La Fata
- M. Hasan Mohajeri, DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland,
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Zhang B, Lyu J, Liu Y, Wu C, Yang EJ, Pardeshi L, Tan K, Wong KH, Chen Q, Xu X, Deng CX, Shim JS. BRCA1 deficiency sensitizes breast cancer cells to bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET) inhibition. Oncogene 2018; 37:6341-6356. [PMID: 30042414 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor frequently mutated in breast and ovarian cancer, serving it as a target for therapeutic exploitation. Here, we show that BRCA1 has a synthetic lethality interaction with an epigenetics regulator, bromodomain and extra-terminal domain (BET). BET inhibition led to gene expression changes reversing MYC-dependent transcription repression of a redox regulator, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), via switching the promoter occupant from MYC to MondoA:MLX complex. Reversing the MYC-TXNIP axis inhibited thioredoxin activity and elevated cellular oxidative stress, causing DNA damages that are detrimental to BRCA1-deficient breast cancer cells. Tumor xenograft models and breast cancer clinical data analyses further demonstrated an in vivo synthetic lethality interaction and clinical association between BET/TXNIP and BRCA1 deficiency in the survival of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Junfang Lyu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Changjie Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Eun Ju Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Lakhansing Pardeshi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Kaeling Tan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Koon Ho Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, Macau, SAR, China.
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28
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Cau L, Méchin MC, Simon M. Peptidylarginine deiminases and deiminated proteins at the epidermal barrier. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:852-858. [PMID: 29756256 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deimination or citrullination is a post-translational modification catalysed by a family of calcium-dependent enzymes called peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs). It corresponds to the transformation of arginine residues within a peptide sequence into citrulline residues. Deimination induces a decreased net charge of targeted proteins; therefore, it alters their folding and changes intra- and intermolecular ionic interactions. Deimination is involved in several physiological processes (inflammation, gene regulation, etc.) and human diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, etc.). Here, we describe the PADs expressed in the epidermis and their known substrates, focusing on their role in the epidermal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cau
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Claire Méchin
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Simon
- UDEAR, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
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29
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From Mice to Men: An Evolutionary Conserved Breakdown of the Epidermal Calcium Gradient and Its Impact on the Cornified Envelope. COSMETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics5020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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30
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Ma S, Paiboonrungruan C, Yan T, Williams KP, Major MB, Chen XL. Targeted therapy of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: the NRF2 signaling pathway as target. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:164-172. [PMID: 29752726 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a deadly disease that requires extensive research. Here, we review the current understanding of the functions of the nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (NRF2) signaling pathway in the esophagus. Genomic data suggest that gene mutations and several other mechanisms result in NRF2 hyperactivation in human ESCC. As a consequence, NRF2high ESCC is more resistant to chemoradiotherapy and associated with poorer survival than NRF2low ESCC. Mechanistically, we believe NRF2, functioning as a transcription factor, causes an esophageal phenotype through regulation of gene transcription. We discuss metabolism, mitochondria, proteasomes, and several signaling pathways as downstream players that may contribute to an esophageal phenotype due to NRF2 hyperactivation. Finally, strategies are proposed to target the NRF2 signaling pathway for therapy of NRF2high ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China.,Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruan
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tiansheng Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiaoxin Luke Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina.,Center for Esophageal Disease and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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31
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Niehues H, Bouwstra JA, El Ghalbzouri A, Brandner JM, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EH. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology; Cluster BioTherapeutics; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
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32
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Identification of Wheat Inflorescence Development-Related Genes Using a Comparative Transcriptomics Approach. Int J Genomics 2018; 2018:6897032. [PMID: 29581960 PMCID: PMC5822904 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6897032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflorescence represents the highly specialized plant tissue producing the grains. Although key genes regulating flower initiation and development are conserved, the mechanism regulating fertility is still not well explained. To identify genes and gene network underlying inflorescence morphology and fertility of bread wheat, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from different tissues were analyzed using a comparative transcriptomics approach. Based on statistical comparison of EST frequencies of individual genes in EST pools representing different tissues and verification with RT-PCR and RNA-seq data, 170 genes of 59 gene sets predominantly expressed in the inflorescence were obtained. Nearly one-third of the gene sets displayed differentiated expression profiles in terms of their subgenome orthologs. The identified genes, most of which were predominantly expressed in anthers, encode proteins involved in wheat floral identity determination, anther and pollen development, pollen-pistil interaction, and others. Particularly, 25 annotated gene sets are associated with pollen wall formation, of which 18 encode enzymes or proteins participating in lipid metabolic pathway, including fatty acid ω-hydroxylation, alkane and fatty alcohol biosynthesis, and glycerophospholipid metabolism. We showed that the comparative transcriptomics approach was effective in identifying genes for reproductive development and found that lipid metabolism was particularly active in wheat anthers.
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Im M, Dagnino L. Protective role of integrin-linked kinase against oxidative stress and in maintenance of genomic integrity. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13637-13651. [PMID: 29568383 PMCID: PMC5862604 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between the production of reactive oxygen species and activation of antioxidant pathways is essential to maintain a normal redox state in all tissues. Oxidative stress caused by excessive oxidant species generation can cause damage to DNA and other macromolecules, affecting cell function and viability. Here we show that integrin-linked kinase (ILK) plays a key role in eliciting a protective response to oxidative damage in epidermal cells. Inactivation of the Ilk gene causes elevated levels of intracellular oxidant species (IOS) and DNA damage in the absence of exogenous oxidative insults. In ILK-deficient cells, excessive IOS production can be prevented through inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity, with a concomitant reduction in DNA damage. Additionally, ILK is necessary for DNA repair processes following UVB-induced damage, as ILK-deficient cells show a significantly impaired ability to remove cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers following irradiation. Thus, ILK is essential to maintain cellular redox balance and, in its absence, epidermal cells become more susceptible to oxidative damage through mechanisms that involve IOS production by NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Im
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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Zhang T, Sharma A, Li Y, Zhou Y, Ding X. Orthogonal Array composite design to study and optimize antioxidant combinations in the prevention of UVB-induced HSF damage. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2017; 178:568-576. [PMID: 29258053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) B radiation may lead to skin damage, photosensitivity, or even tumorigenesis via induction of oxidative stress. Naturally derived antioxidants could play significant roles in cancer therapy due to their multi-targeted actions and lack of substantial toxicity. Drug combinations target at diverse pathway of cells and make cells export meticulous biological outcomes through the multifaceted signaling network. The UVB protective effects of combinations of naturally derived antioxidants- curcumin, resveratrol, proanthocyanidins, baicalein, and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) were investigated. An oxidative cell damage model was established to study the ultraviolet irradiation system. An orthogonal array composite design (OACD) was employed in the optimization of antioxidants combinations. Combination of resveratrol (0.1μM) and baicalein in medium concentration (0.2μM), with NADH in high concentration (0.8μM) was found to be the most efficacious combination among all the 30 runs performed using OACD. The findings suggested that UVB exposure-inflicted cell apoptosis can be significantly reduced by naturally-derived antioxidant combinations. These results provide an insight into the discovery of synergistic antioxidant combinations in skin cancer, using orthogonal array composite design (OACD). The results also have practical implications in the understanding of drug mechanisms in skin cancer, which can assist clinical practice by recommending better drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Alok Sharma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yulong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Sulphurous Mineral Waters: New Applications for Health. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8034084. [PMID: 28484507 PMCID: PMC5397653 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8034084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sulphurous mineral waters have been traditionally used in medical hydrology as treatment for skin, respiratory, and musculoskeletal disorders. However, driven by recent intense research efforts, topical treatments are starting to show benefits for pulmonary hypertension, arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, peptic ulcer, and acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The beneficial effects of sulphurous mineral waters, sulphurous mud, or peloids made from sulphurous mineral water have been attributed to the presence of sulphur mainly in the form of hydrogen sulphide. This form is largely available in conditions of low pH when oxygen concentrations are also low. In the organism, small amounts of hydrogen sulphide are produced by some cells where they have numerous biological signalling functions. While high levels of hydrogen sulphide are extremely toxic, enzymes in the body are capable of detoxifying it by oxidation to harmless sulphate. Hence, low levels of hydrogen sulphide may be tolerated indefinitely. In this paper, we review the chemistry and actions of hydrogen sulphide in sulphurous mineral waters and its natural role in body physiology. This is followed by an update of available data on the impacts of exogenous hydrogen sulphide on the skin and internal cells and organs including new therapeutic possibilities of sulphurous mineral waters and their peloids.
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36
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Dual Role of Act1 in Keratinocyte Differentiation and Host Defense: TRAF3IP2 Silencing Alters Keratinocyte Differentiation and Inhibits IL-17 Responses. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1501-1511. [PMID: 28274739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TRAF3IP2 is a candidate psoriasis susceptibility gene encoding Act1, an adaptor protein with ubiquitin ligase activity that couples the IL-17 receptor to downstream signaling pathways. We investigated the role of Act1 in keratinocyte responses to IL-17 using a tetracycline inducible short hairpin RNA targeting TRAF3IP2. Tetracycline exposure for 7 days effectively silenced TRAF3IP2 mRNA and Act1 protein, resulting in 761 genes with significant changes in expression (495 down, 266 up; >1.5-fold, P < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis showed that genes affected by TRAF3IP2 silencing are involved in epidermal differentiation, with early differentiation genes (KRT1, KRT10, DSC1, DSG1) being down-regulated and late differentiation genes (SPRR2, SPRR3, LCE3) being up-regulated. AP1 binding sites were enriched upstream of genes up-regulated by TRAF3IP2 silencing. Correspondingly, nuclear expression of FosB and Fra1 was increased in TRAF3IP2-silenced cells. Many genes involved in host defense were induced by IL-17 in a TRAF3IP2-dependent fashion. Inflammatory differentiation conditions (serum addition for 4 days postconfluence) markedly amplified these IL-17 responses and increased basal levels and TRAF3IP2 silencing-dependent up-regulation of multiple late differentiation genes. These findings suggest that TRAF3IP2 may alter both epidermal homeostasis and keratinocyte defense responses to influence psoriasis risk.
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37
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Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The Effect of the Human Peptide GHK on Gene Expression Relevant to Nervous System Function and Cognitive Decline. Brain Sci 2017; 7:E20. [PMID: 28212278 PMCID: PMC5332963 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration, the progressive death of neurons, loss of brain function, and cognitive decline is an increasing problem for senior populations. Its causes are poorly understood and therapies are largely ineffective. Neurons, with high energy and oxygen requirements, are especially vulnerable to detrimental factors, including age-related dysregulation of biochemical pathways caused by altered expression of multiple genes. GHK (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine) is a human copper-binding peptide with biological actions that appear to counter aging-associated diseases and conditions. GHK, which declines with age, has health promoting effects on many tissues such as chondrocytes, liver cells and human fibroblasts, improves wound healing and tissue regeneration (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, boney tissue), increases collagen, decorin, angiogenesis, and nerve outgrowth, possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pain and anti-anxiety effects, increases cellular stemness and the secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stem cells. Studies using the Broad Institute Connectivity Map show that GHK peptide modulates expression of multiple genes, resetting pathological gene expression patterns back to health. GHK has been recommended as a treatment for metastatic cancer, Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, inflammation, acute lung injury, activating stem cells, pain, and anxiety. Here, we present GHK's effects on gene expression relevant to the nervous system health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Pickart
- Research & Development Department, Skin Biology, 4122 Factoria Boulevard SE Suite No. 200 Bellevue, WA 98006, USA.
| | | | - Anna Margolina
- Research & Development Department, Skin Biology, 4122 Factoria Boulevard SE Suite No. 200 Bellevue, WA 98006, USA.
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38
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Ishitsuka Y, Huebner AJ, Rice RH, Koch PJ, Speransky VV, Steven AC, Roop DR. Lce1 Family Members Are Nrf2-Target Genes that Are Induced to Compensate for the Loss of Loricrin. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1656-1663. [PMID: 27167730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Loricrin is a major component of the cornified cell envelope, a highly insoluble structure composed of covalently cross-linked proteins. Although loricrin knockout mice only exhibit a mild transient phenotype at birth, they show a marked delay in the formation of an epidermal barrier in utero. We recently discovered that induction of a compensatory response to repair the defective barrier is initiated by amniotic fluid via activation of NF-E2-related factor 2 and identified Sprr2d and Sprr2h as direct transcriptional targets. Proteomic analysis suggested that other proteins were also incorporated into the loricrin knockout cell envelope, in addition to the small proline rich proteins. Here we present evidence suggesting that the late cornified envelope 1 proteins are also compensatory components as determined by their localization within the loricrin knockout cell envelope via immunoelectron microscopy. We also demonstrate that late cornified envelope 1 genes are upregulated at the transcriptional level in loricrin knockout mouse skin and confirm that late cornified envelope 1 genes are transcriptional targets of NRF2. Our present study further highlights the complexity and importance of a compensatory mechanism that evolved in terrestrial animals to ensure the formation of a functional epidermal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Ishitsuka
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Aaron J Huebner
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert H Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Peter J Koch
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dennis R Roop
- Department of Dermatology and Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Periodic Exposure of Keratinocytes to Cold Physical Plasma: An In Vitro Model for Redox-Related Diseases of the Skin. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9816072. [PMID: 26966508 PMCID: PMC4757748 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9816072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress illustrates an imbalance between radical formation and removal. Frequent redox stress is critically involved in many human pathologies including cancer, psoriasis, and chronic wounds. However, reactive species pursue a dual role being involved in signaling on the one hand and oxidative damage on the other. Using a HaCaT keratinocyte cell culture model, we investigated redox regulation and inflammation to periodic, low-dose oxidative stress after two, six, eight, ten, and twelve weeks. Chronic redox stress was generated by recurrent incubation with cold physical plasma-treated cell culture medium. Using transcriptome microarray technology, we identified both acute ROS-stress responses as well as numerous adaptions after several weeks of redox challenge. We determined a differential expression (2-fold, FDR < 0.01, p < 0.05) of 260 genes that function in inflammation and redox homeostasis, such as cytokines (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), growth factors (e.g., CSF2, FGF, and IGF-2), and antioxidant enzymes (e.g., HMOX, NQO1, GPX, and PRDX). Apoptotic signaling was affected rather modestly, especially in p53 downstream targets (e.g., BCL2, BBC3, and GADD45). Strikingly, the cell-protective heat shock protein HSP27 was strongly upregulated (p < 0.001). These results suggested cellular adaptions to frequent redox stress and may help to better understand the inflammatory responses in redox-related diseases.
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40
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Ammar HO, Ghorab MM, Mostafa DM, Ibrahim ES. Folic acid loaded lipid nanocarriers with promoted skin antiaging and antioxidant efficacy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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41
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43
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Schäfer M, Werner S. Nrf2--A regulator of keratinocyte redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:243-252. [PMID: 25912479 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The skin is frequently exposed to environmental challenges, such as UV irradiation, toxic chemicals, and mechanical wounding. These insults cause an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and concomitant inflammation, skin aging, and even cancer development. Therefore, an efficient antioxidant defense strategy is of major importance in this tissue. Since the Nrf2 transcription factor regulates a battery of genes involved in the defense against reactive oxygen species and in compound metabolism, it plays a key role in skin homeostasis, repair, and disease. In this review we summarize current knowledge on the expression and function of Nrf2 in normal skin and its role in the acute and chronic UV response as well as in the pathogenesis of epithelial skin cancer and of different inflammatory skin diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of Nrf2-activating compounds for skin protection under stress conditions and for the treatment of major human skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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44
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GHK-Cu may Prevent Oxidative Stress in Skin by Regulating Copper and Modifying Expression of Numerous Antioxidant Genes. COSMETICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics2030236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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45
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Unraveling the interactions between cold atmospheric plasma and skin-components with vibrational microspectroscopy. Biointerphases 2015; 10:029516. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4919610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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46
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Rinnerthaler M, Bischof J, Streubel MK, Trost A, Richter K. Oxidative stress in aging human skin. Biomolecules 2015; 5:545-89. [PMID: 25906193 PMCID: PMC4496685 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in skin plays a major role in the aging process. This is true for intrinsic aging and even more for extrinsic aging. Although the results are quite different in dermis and epidermis, extrinsic aging is driven to a large extent by oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In this review the overall effects of oxidative stress are discussed as well as the sources of ROS including the mitochondrial ETC, peroxisomal and ER localized proteins, the Fenton reaction, and such enzymes as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidases, and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress ranging from enzymes like superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxiredoxins, and GSH peroxidases to organic compounds such as L-ascorbate, α-tocopherol, beta-carotene, uric acid, CoQ10, and glutathione are described in more detail. In addition the oxidative stress induced modifications caused to proteins, lipids and DNA are discussed. Finally age-related changes of the skin are also a topic of this review. They include a disruption of the epidermal calcium gradient in old skin with an accompanying change in the composition of the cornified envelope. This modified cornified envelope also leads to an altered anti-oxidative capacity and a reduced barrier function of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Maria Karolin Streubel
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
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Le Vu P, Takatori R, Iwamoto T, Akagi Y, Satsu H, Totsuka M, Chida K, Sato K, Shimizu M. Effects of Food-Derived Collagen Peptides on the Expression of Keratin and Keratin-Associated Protein Genes in the Mouse Skin. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:227-35. [DOI: 10.1159/000369830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:151479. [PMID: 25302294 PMCID: PMC4180391 DOI: 10.1155/2014/151479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During human aging there is an increase in the activity of inflammatory, cancer promoting, and tissue destructive genes plus a decrease in the activity of regenerative and reparative genes. The human blood tripeptide GHK possesses many positive effects but declines with age. It improves wound healing and tissue regeneration (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue), increases collagen and glycosaminoglycans, stimulates synthesis of decorin, increases angiogenesis, and nerve outgrowth, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and increases cellular stemness and the secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, GHK has been found to reset genes of diseased cells from patients with cancer or COPD to a more healthy state. Cancer cells reset their programmed cell death system while COPD patients' cells shut down tissue destructive genes and stimulate repair and remodeling activities. In this paper, we discuss GHK's effect on genes that suppress fibrinogen synthesis, the insulin/insulin-like system, and cancer growth plus activation of genes that increase the ubiquitin-proteasome system, DNA repair, antioxidant systems, and healing by the TGF beta superfamily. A variety of methods and dosages to effectively use GHK to reset genes to a healthier state are also discussed.
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Cottle DL, Ursino GMA, Ip SCI, Jones LK, Ditommaso T, Hacking DF, Mangan NE, Mellett NA, Henley KJ, Sviridov D, Nold-Petry CA, Nold MF, Meikle PJ, Kile BT, Smyth IM. Fetal inhibition of inflammation improves disease phenotypes in harlequin ichthyosis. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 24:436-49. [PMID: 25209981 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Harlequin ichthyosis (HI) is a severe skin disease which leads to neonatal death in ∼50% of cases. It is the result of mutations in ABCA12, a protein that transports lipids required to establish the protective skin barrier needed after birth. To better understand the life-threatening newborn HI phenotype, we analysed the developing epidermis for consequences of lipid dysregulation in mouse models. We observed a pro-inflammatory signature which was characterized by chemokine upregulation in embryonic skin which is distinct from that seen in other types of ichthyosis. Inflammation also persisted in grafted HI skin. To examine the contribution of inflammation to disease development, we overexpressed interleukin-37b to globally suppress fetal inflammation, observing considerable improvements in keratinocyte differentiation. These studies highlight inflammation as an unexpected contributor to HI disease development in utero, and suggest that inhibiting inflammation may reduce disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas F Hacking
- Department of Anaesthetics, Saint Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Natalie A Mellett
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Katya J Henley
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Claudia A Nold-Petry
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Marcel F Nold
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute of Medical Research, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia and
| | - Ian M Smyth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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50
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Man G, Mauro TM, Kim PL, Hupe M, Zhai Y, Sun R, Crumrine D, Cheung C, Nuno-Gonzalez A, Elias PM, Man MQ. Topical hesperidin prevents glucocorticoid-induced abnormalities in epidermal barrier function in murine skin. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:645-51. [PMID: 24980072 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Systemic and topical glucocorticoids (GC) can cause significant adverse effects not only on the dermis, but also on epidermal structure and function. In epidermis, a striking GC-induced alteration in permeability barrier function occurs that can be attributed to an inhibition of epidermal mitogenesis, differentiation and lipid production. As prior studies in normal hairless mice demonstrated that topical applications of a flavonoid ingredient found in citrus, hesperidin, improve epidermal barrier function by stimulating epidermal proliferation and differentiation, we assessed here whether its topical applications could prevent GC-induced changes in epidermal function in murine skin and the basis for such effects. When hairless mice were co-treated topically with GC and 2% hesperidin twice-daily for 9 days, hesperidin co-applications prevented the expected GC-induced impairments of epidermal permeability barrier homoeostasis and stratum corneum (SC) acidification. These preventive effects could be attributed to a significant increase in filaggrin expression, enhanced epidermal β-glucocerebrosidase activity and accelerated lamellar bilayer maturation, the last two likely attributable to a hesperidin-induced reduction in stratum corneum pH. Furthermore, co-applications of hesperidin with GC largely prevented the expected GC-induced inhibition of epidermal proliferation. Finally, topical hesperidin increased epidermal glutathione reductase mRNA expression, which could counteract multiple functional negative effects of GC on epidermis. Together, these results show that topical hesperidin prevents GC-induced epidermal side effects by divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Man
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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