1
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Ward SV, Drill EN, Begg CB. Aggregation of melanoma tumour site within Western Australian families. Cancer Epidemiol 2024; 90:102580. [PMID: 38701695 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2024.102580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is emerging that melanoma has distinct aetiologic pathways and subtypes, characterized by factors like anatomic site of the tumour. To explore genetic influences on anatomic subtypes, we examined the extent to which melanomas in first-degree relatives shared the same body site of occurrence. METHODS Population-level linked data was used to identify the study population of over 1.5 million individuals born in Western Australia between 1945 and 2014, and their first-degree relatives. There were 1009 pairs of invasive tumours from 677 family pairs, each categorised by anatomic site. Greater than expected representation of site-concordant pairs would suggest the presence of genetic factors that predispose individuals to site-specific melanoma. RESULTS Comparing observed versus expected totals, we observed a modest increase in site concordance for invasive head/neck and truncal tumours (P=0.02). A corresponding analysis including in situ tumours showed a similar concordance (P=0.05). No further evidence of concordance was observed when stratified by sex. CONCLUSION In conclusion, modest evidence of aggregation was observed but with inconsistent patterns between sites. Results suggest that further investigation into the familial aggregation of melanoma by tumour site is warranted, with the inclusion of genetic data in order to disentangle the relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah V Ward
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Medical School, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway,Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA.
| | - Esther N Drill
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
| | - Colin B Begg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 633 3rd Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
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2
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Pipek O, Vizkeleti L, Doma V, Alpár D, Bödör C, Kárpáti S, Timar J. The Driverless Triple-Wild-Type (BRAF, RAS, KIT) Cutaneous Melanoma: Whole Genome Sequencing Discoveries. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061712. [PMID: 36980598 PMCID: PMC10046270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic makeup of the triple-wild-type melanoma (BRAF, NRAS and NF1) has been known for some time, but those studies grouped together rare histopathological versions with common ones, as well as mucosal and even uveal ones. Here we used whole genome sequencing to genetically characterize the triple-wild-type melanoma (TWM), termed here as BRAF, RAS and KIT wild type (the most frequent oncogenic drivers of skin melanoma), using the most common histological forms and excluding rare ones. All these tumors except one were clearly induced by UV based on the mutational signature. The tumor mutational burden was low in TWM, except in the NF1 mutant forms, and a relatively high frequency of elevated LOH scores suggested frequent homologue recombination deficiency, but this was only confirmed by the mutation signature in one case. Furthermore, all these TWMs were microsatellite-stabile. In this driverless setting, we revealed rare oncogenic drivers known from melanoma or other cancer types and identified rare actionable tyrosine kinase mutations in NTRK1, RET and VEGFR1. Mutations of TWM identified genes involved in antitumor immunity (negative and positive predictors of immunotherapy), Ca++ and BMP signaling. The two regressed melanomas of this cohort shared a 17-gene mutation signature, containing genes involved in antitumor immunity and several cell surface receptors. Even with this comprehensive genomic approach, a few cases remained driverless, suggesting that unrecognized drivers are hiding among passenger mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Vizkeleti
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Doma
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Donát Alpár
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bödör
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Kárpáti
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Timar
- Department of Pathology, Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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3
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Modern Concepts in Melanocytic Tumors. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2023; 114:402-412. [PMID: 36649787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of molecular pathology has fueled unprecedented advances in the diagnosis and understanding of melanocytic tumors. These advances, however, have also generated concepts that may be difficult to grasp for clinical practitioners, who are not always conversant with the array of genetic techniques employed in the laboratory. These same practitioners, however, are being increasingly called on to provide treatments that are often based on the latest molecular findings for melanocytic tumors. We review the most recent concepts in the pathway classification of melanocytic tumors, including intermediate lesions known as melanocytomas. We examine the genetic and molecular techniques used to study these tumors, look at where they overlap, and discuss their limitations and some of the most difficult-to-interpret results.
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4
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Tímár J, Ladányi A. Molecular Pathology of Skin Melanoma: Epidemiology, Differential Diagnostics, Prognosis and Therapy Prediction. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5384. [PMID: 35628196 PMCID: PMC9140388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to other malignancies, TCGA network efforts identified the detailed genomic picture of skin melanoma, laying down the basis of molecular classification. On the other hand, genome-wide association studies discovered the genetic background of the hereditary melanomas and the susceptibility genes. These genetic studies helped to fine-tune the differential diagnostics of malignant melanocytic lesions, using either FISH tests or the myPath gene expression signature. Although the original genomic studies on skin melanoma were mostly based on primary tumors, data started to accumulate on the genetic diversity of the progressing disease. The prognostication of skin melanoma is still based on staging but can be completed with gene expression analysis (DecisionDx). Meanwhile, this genetic knowledge base of skin melanoma did not turn to the expected wide array of target therapies, except the BRAF inhibitors. The major breakthrough of melanoma therapy was the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which showed outstanding efficacy in skin melanoma, probably due to their high immunogenicity. Unfortunately, beyond BRAF, KIT mutations and tumor mutation burden, no clinically validated predictive markers exist in melanoma, although several promising biomarkers have been described, such as the expression of immune-related genes or mutations in the IFN-signaling pathway. After the initial success of either target or immunotherapies, sooner or later, relapses occur in the majority of patients, due to various induced genetic alterations, the diagnosis of which could be developed to novel predictive genetic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Tímár
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, 1191 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Ladányi
- Department of Surgical and Molecular Pathology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, 1122 Budapest, Hungary;
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5
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Follow-up of primary melanoma patients with high risk of recurrence: recommendations based on evidence and consensus. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1515-1523. [PMID: 35349041 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the good prognosis of patients with early-stage melanoma, there is a substantial proportion of them that develop local or distant relapses. With the introduction of targeted and immune therapies for advanced melanoma, including at the adjuvant setting, early detection of recurrent melanoma and/or second primary lesions is crucial to improve clinical outcomes. However, there is a lack of universal guidelines regarding both frequency of surveillance visits and diagnostic imaging and/or laboratory evaluations. In this article, a multidisciplinary expert panel recommends, after careful review of relevant data in the field, a consensus- and experience-based follow-up strategy for melanoma patients, taking into account prognostic factors and biomarkers and the high-risk periods and patterns of recurrence in each (sub) stage of the disease. Apart from the surveillance intensity, healthcare professionals should focus on patients' education to perform regular self-examinations of the skin and palpation of lymph nodes.
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6
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Fang M, Su Z, Abolhassani H, Zhang W, Jiang C, Cheng B, Luo L, Wu J, Wang S, Lin L, Wang X, Wang L, Aghamohammadi A, Li T, Zhang X, Hammarström L, Liu X. T Cell Repertoire Abnormality in Immunodeficiency Patients with DNA Repair and Methylation Defects. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:375-393. [PMID: 34825286 PMCID: PMC8821531 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Both DNA damage response and methylation play a crucial role in antigen receptor recombination by creating a diverse repertoire in developing lymphocytes, but how their defects relate to T cell repertoire and phenotypic heterogeneity of immunodeficiency remains obscure. We studied the TCR repertoire in patients with the mutation in different genes (ATM, DNMT3B, ZBTB24, RAG1, DCLRE1C, and JAK3) and uncovered distinct characteristics of repertoire diversity. We propose that early aberrancies in thymus T cell development predispose to the heterogeneous phenotypes of the immunodeficiency spectrum. Shorter CDR3 lengths in ATM-deficient patients, resulting from a decreased number of nucleotide insertions during VDJ recombination in the pre-selected TCR repertoire, as well as the increment of CDR3 tyrosine residues, lead to the enrichment of pathology-associated TCRs, which may contribute to the phenotypes of ATM deficiency. Furthermore, patients with DNMT3B and ZBTB24 mutations who exhibit discrepant phenotypes present longer CDR3 lengths and reduced number of known pathology-associated TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Fang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Division of Clinical Immunology at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zheng Su
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Clinical Immunology at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | | | | | - Lihua Luo
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | | | - Liya Lin
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Xie Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tao Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Lennart Hammarström
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- Division of Clinical Immunology at the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xiao Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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7
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Huo Q, Yin Y, Liu F, Ma Y, Wang L, Qin G. Cell type identification from single-cell transcriptomes in melanoma. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:263. [PMID: 34784909 PMCID: PMC8596920 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Single-cell sequencing approaches allow gene expression to be measured at the single-cell level, providing opportunities and challenges to study the aetiology of complex diseases, including cancer. METHODS Based on single-cell gene and lncRNA expression levels, we proposed a computational framework for cell type identification that fully considers cell dropout characteristics. First, we defined the dropout features of the cells and identified the dropout clusters. Second, we constructed a differential co-expression network and identified differential modules. Finally, we identified cell types based on the differential modules. RESULTS The method was applied to single-cell melanoma data, and eight cell types were identified. Enrichment analysis of the candidate cell marker genes for the two key cell types showed that both key cell types were closely related to the physiological activities of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC); one key cell type was associated with mitosis-related activities, and the other with pathways related to ten diseases. CONCLUSIONS Through identification and analysis of key melanoma-related cell types, we explored the molecular mechanism of melanoma, providing insight into melanoma research. Moreover, the candidate cell markers for the two key cell types are potential therapeutic targets for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyan Huo
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Yu Yin
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Yuying Ma
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Liming Wang
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
| | - Guimin Qin
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071 China
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8
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Association of Melanoma-Risk Variants with Primary Melanoma Tumor Prognostic Characteristics and Melanoma-Specific Survival in the GEM Study. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:4756-4771. [PMID: 34898573 PMCID: PMC8628692 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate pathway studies have identified low-penetrant genetic variants associated with cutaneous melanoma. We investigated the association of melanoma-risk variants with primary melanoma tumor prognostic characteristics and melanoma-specific survival. The Genes, Environment, and Melanoma Study enrolled 3285 European origin participants with incident invasive primary melanoma. For each of 47 melanoma-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we used linear and logistic regression modeling to estimate, respectively, the per allele mean changes in log of Breslow thickness and odds ratios for presence of ulceration, mitoses, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). We also used Cox proportional hazards regression modeling to estimate the per allele hazard ratios for melanoma-specific survival. Passing the false discovery threshold (p = 0.0026) were associations of IRF4 rs12203592 and CCND1 rs1485993 with log of Breslow thickness, and association of TERT rs2242652 with presence of mitoses. IRF4 rs12203592 also had nominal associations (p < 0.05) with presence of mitoses and melanoma-specific survival, as well as a borderline association (p = 0.07) with ulceration. CCND1 rs1485993 also had a borderline association with presence of mitoses (p = 0.06). MX2 rs45430 had nominal associations with log of Breslow thickness, presence of mitoses, and melanoma-specific survival. Our study indicates that further research investigating the associations of these genetic variants with underlying biologic pathways related to tumor progression is warranted.
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9
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Potjer TP, van der Grinten TWJ, Lakeman IMM, Bollen SH, Rodríguez-Girondo M, Iles MM, Barrett JH, Kiemeney LA, Gruis NA, van Asperen CJ, van der Stoep N. Association between a 46-SNP Polygenic Risk Score and melanoma risk in Dutch patients with familial melanoma. J Med Genet 2021; 58:760-766. [PMID: 32994281 PMCID: PMC8551976 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial clustering of melanoma suggests a shared genetic predisposition among family members, but only 10%-40% of familial cases carry a pathogenic variant in a known high-risk melanoma susceptibility gene. We investigated whether a melanoma-specific Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) is associated with melanoma risk in patients with genetically unexplained familial melanoma. METHODS Dutch familial melanoma cases (n=418) were genotyped for 46 SNPs previously identified as independently associated with melanoma risk. The 46-SNP PRS was calculated and standardised to 3423 healthy controls (sPRS) and the association between PRS and melanoma risk was modelled using logistic regression. Within the case series, possible differences were further explored by investigating the PRS in relation to (1) the number of primary melanomas in a patient and (2) the extent of familial clustering of melanoma. RESULTS The PRS was significantly associated with melanoma risk, with a per-SD OR of 2.12 (95% CI 1.90 to 2.35, p<0.001), corresponding to a 5.70-fold increased risk (95% CI 3.93 to 8.28) when comparing the top 90th to the middle 40-60th PRS percentiles. The mean PRS was significantly higher in cases with multiple primary melanomas than in cases with a single melanoma (sPRS 1.17 vs 0.71, p=0.001). Conversely, cases from high-density melanoma families had a lower (but non-significant) mean PRS than cases from low-density families (sPRS 0.60 vs 0.94, p=0.204). CONCLUSION Our work underlines the significance of a PRS in determining melanoma susceptibility and encourages further exploration of the diagnostic value of a PRS in genetically unexplained melanoma families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Potjer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inge M M Lakeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander H Bollen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Girondo
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Jennifer H Barrett
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Leeds, UK
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Department of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christi J van Asperen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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10
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Holland EA, Lo S, Kelly B, Schmid H, Cust AE, Palmer JM, Drummond M, Hayward NK, Pritchard AL, Mann GJ. FRAMe: Familial Risk Assessment of Melanoma-a risk prediction tool to guide CDKN2A germline mutation testing in Australian familial melanoma. Fam Cancer 2020; 20:231-239. [PMID: 32989607 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-020-00209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in CDKN2A greatly increase risk of developing cutaneous melanoma. We have constructed a risk prediction model, Familial Risk Assessment of Melanoma (FRAMe), for estimating the likelihood of carrying a heritable CDKN2A mutation among Australian families, where the prevalence of these mutations is low. Using logistic regression, we analysed characteristics of 299 Australian families recruited through the Sydney site of GenoMEL (international melanoma genetics consortium) with at least three cases of cutaneous melanoma (in situ and invasive) among first-degree blood relatives, for predictors of the presence of a pathogenic CDKN2A mutation. The final multivariable prediction model was externally validated in an independent cohort of 61 melanoma kindreds recruited through GenoMEL Queensland. Family variables independently associated with the presence of a CDKN2A mutation in a multivariable model were number of individuals diagnosed with melanoma under 40 years of age, number of individuals diagnosed with more than one primary melanoma, and number of individuals blood related to a melanoma case in the first degree diagnosed with any cancer excluding melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. The number of individuals diagnosed with pancreatic cancer was not independently associated with mutation status. The risk prediction model had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.851 (95% CI 0.793, 0.909) in the training dataset, and 0.745 (95%CI 0.612, 0.877) in the validation dataset. This model is the first to be developed and validated using only Australian data, which is important given the higher rate of melanoma in the population. This model will help to effectively identify families suitable for genetic counselling and testing in areas of high ambient ultraviolet radiation. A user-friendly electronic nomogram is available at www.melanomarisk.org.au .
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Holland
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Serigne Lo
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Blake Kelly
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Helen Schmid
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Anne E Cust
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jane M Palmer
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4005, Australia
| | - Martin Drummond
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4005, Australia
| | - Antonia L Pritchard
- Oncogenomics Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4005, Australia.,Genetics and Immunology, An L`ochran, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Graham J Mann
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.,The John Curtin School of Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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11
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Kowalik A, Jurkowska M, Mierzejewska E, Ługowska I, Gos A, Szumera-Ciećkiewicz A, Zięba S, Koseła-Paterczyk H, van der Oord J, Dębiec-Rychter M, Szamotulska K, Siedlecki J, Rutkowski P. The prognostic role of BRAF and WNT pathways activation in kinase inhibitors-naïve clinical stage III cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 2020; 30:348-357. [PMID: 32073511 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The results of local-regional advanced melanoma (stage III) management are still not satisfactory. Particularly, there is no personalized treatment in stage III melanoma patients due to the lack of useful classical pathological markers for prognostication of indolent or aggressive course of the disease. The aim of this study was to explore melanoma genomic landscape by means of the mutational profiling of 50 genes influencing carcinogenesis pathways in the randomly selected 93 kinase inhibitor-naïve (KI-naïve) stage III patients. The genomic alterations were found in 27 out of 50 tested genes and at least one pathogenic variant was detected in 77 out of 93 cases (82.7%). Survival rate was negatively affected by the presence of the somatic mutations in AKT1, ATM, CDH1 and SMARCB1, while the BRAF+ status in KI-naïve stage III population correlated with the longer median overall survival. Genomic alterations in WNT pathway correlated with extranodal adipocyte tissue involvement (P = 0.027) and higher number of metastatic lymph nodes (P = 0.045). In terms of survival, the Cox model confirmed the worse prognosis in patients with mutation in the WNT pathway [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.9, P = 0.017], and better prognosis in cases with mutations in BRAF pathway (HR = 0.5, P = 0.004). WNT/β-catenin pathway alteration was associated with more advanced/aggressive disease. From this perspective, the concept of blocking the activity of the WNT pathway in selected cases appears promising and complementary to the BRAF inhibition therapeutic option for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce
| | | | - Ewa Mierzejewska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Mother and Child
| | - Iwona Ługowska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Mother and Child
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma
| | - Aleksandra Gos
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center
| | - Anna Szumera-Ciećkiewicz
- Diagnostic Hematology Department, Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center
| | - Sebastian Zięba
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Centre, Kielce
| | | | - Joost van der Oord
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research
| | - Maria Dębiec-Rychter
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Janusz Siedlecki
- Department of Molecular and Translational Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute - Oncology Center
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12
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Elder DE, Bastian BC, Cree IA, Massi D, Scolyer RA. The 2018 World Health Organization Classification of Cutaneous, Mucosal, and Uveal Melanoma: Detailed Analysis of 9 Distinct Subtypes Defined by Their Evolutionary Pathway. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 144:500-522. [PMID: 32057276 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0561-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— There have been major advances in the understanding of melanoma since the last revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification in 2006. OBJECTIVE.— To discuss development of the 9 distinct types of melanoma and distinguishing them by their epidemiology, clinical and histologic morphology, and genomic characteristics. Each melanoma subtype is placed at the end of an evolutionary pathway that is rooted in its respective precursor, wherever appropriate and feasible, based on currently known data. Each precursor has a variable risk of progression culminating in its fully evolved, invasive melanoma. DATA SOURCES.— This review is based on the "Melanocytic Tumours" section of the 4th edition of the WHO Classification of Skin Tumours, published in 2018. CONCLUSIONS.— Melanomas were divided into those etiologically related to sun exposure and those that are not, as determined by their mutational signatures, anatomic site, and epidemiology. Melanomas on the sun-exposed skin were further divided by the histopathologic degree of cumulative solar damage (CSD) of the surrounding skin, into low and high CSD, on the basis of degree of associated solar elastosis. Low-CSD melanomas include superficial spreading melanomas and high-CSD melanomas incorporate lentigo maligna and desmoplastic melanomas. The "nonsolar" category includes acral melanomas, some melanomas in congenital nevi, melanomas in blue nevi, Spitz melanomas, mucosal melanomas, and uveal melanomas. The general term melanocytoma is proposed to encompass "intermediate" tumors that have an increased (though still low) probability of disease progression to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Elder
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr Elder); the Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Dr Bastian); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (Dr Cree); Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (Dr Massi); and the Department of Pathology and Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia (Dr Scolyer)
| | - Boris C Bastian
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr Elder); the Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Dr Bastian); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (Dr Cree); Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (Dr Massi); and the Department of Pathology and Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia (Dr Scolyer)
| | - Ian A Cree
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr Elder); the Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Dr Bastian); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (Dr Cree); Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (Dr Massi); and the Department of Pathology and Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia (Dr Scolyer)
| | - Daniela Massi
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr Elder); the Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Dr Bastian); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (Dr Cree); Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (Dr Massi); and the Department of Pathology and Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia (Dr Scolyer)
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (Dr Elder); the Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco (Dr Bastian); International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France (Dr Cree); Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy (Dr Massi); and the Department of Pathology and Melanoma Institute Australia, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia (Dr Scolyer)
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13
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Ye Q, Wen Y, Al-Kuwari N, Chen X. Association Between Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma: Putting the Pieces Together. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:60. [PMID: 32210791 PMCID: PMC7076116 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) generally have reduced risk of developing many types of cancers, except melanoma—a malignant tumor of melanin-producing cells in the skin. For decades, a large number of epidemiological studies have reported that the occurrence of melanoma is higher than expected among subjects with PD, and the occurrence of PD is reciprocally higher than expected among patients with melanoma. More recent epidemiological studies further indicated a bidirectional association, not only in the patients themselves but also in their relatives. This association between PD and melanoma offers a unique opportunity to understand PD. Here, we summarize epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence in regard to shared risk factors and possible underlying mechanisms for these two seemingly distinct conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ietheory Institute, Burlington, MA, United States
| | - Nasser Al-Kuwari
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xiqun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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14
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Lin Q, Jiang H, Lin D. Circular RNA ITCH downregulates GLUT1 and suppresses glucose uptake in melanoma to inhibit cancer cell proliferation. J DERMATOL TREAT 2019; 32:231-235. [PMID: 31403357 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2019.1654069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNA ITCH has been proved as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer. Genetic alterations are known to play important roles in melanoma development. However, the function of circular RNAs and the role of ITCH in melanoma are still hardly known. METHODS We investigated the expression levels of ITCH and the correlation between ITCH expression and GLUT1 expression, which showed that ITCH was downregulated in melanoma tissues and inversely correlated with GLUT1. RESULTS ITCH overexpression resulted in the downregulation of GLUT1 and suppressed glucose uptake in melanoma. GLUT1 overexpression promoted glucose uptake but failed to affect ITCH. ITCH overexpression resulted in increased, while GLUT1 overexpression resulted in decreased rate of melanoma cell proliferation. In addition, GLUT1 overexpression reduced the effects of ITCH overexpression on cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that ITCH may downregulate GLUT1 and suppresses glucose uptake in melanoma to inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianli Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Elikeme Medical Cosmetology Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Defeng Lin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Elikeme Medical Cosmetology Hospital, Shanghai, China
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15
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Immunomodulatory germline variation associated with the development of multiple primary melanoma (MPM). Sci Rep 2019; 9:10173. [PMID: 31308438 PMCID: PMC6629847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46665-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple primary melanoma (MPM) has been associated with a higher 10-year mortality risk compared to patients with single primary melanoma (SPM). Given that 3–8% of patients with SPM develop additional primary melanomas, new markers predictive of MPM risk are needed. Based on the evidence that the immune system may regulate melanoma progression, we explored whether germline genetic variants controlling the expression of 41 immunomodulatory genes modulate the risk of MPM compared to patients with SPM or healthy controls. By genotyping these 41 variants in 977 melanoma patients, we found that rs2071304, linked to the expression of SPI1, was strongly associated with MPM risk reduction (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.45–0.81; p = 0.0007) when compared to patients with SPM. Furthermore, we showed that rs6695772, a variant affecting expression of BATF3, is also associated with MPM-specific survival (HR = 3.42; 95% CI = 1.57–7.42; p = 0.0019). These findings provide evidence that the genetic variation in immunomodulatory pathways may contribute to the development of secondary primary melanomas and also associates with MPM survival. The study suggests that inherited host immunity may play an important role in MPM development.
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16
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Association between risk factors and detection of cutaneous melanoma in the setting of a population-based skin cancer screening. Eur J Cancer Prev 2019; 27:563-569. [PMID: 28692584 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early detection is considered to improve the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. The value of population-based screening for melanoma, however, is still controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of established risk factors in the setting of a population-based screening and to provide empirical evidence for potential risk stratifications. We reanalyzed data (including age, sex, risk factors, and screening results) of 354 635 participants in the Skin Cancer Research to provide Evidence for Effectiveness of Screening in Northern Germany (SCREEN)project conducted in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein (2003-2004). In multivariable analysis, atypical nevi [odds ratio (OR): 17.4; 95% confidence interval (CI): 14.4-20.1], personal history of melanoma (OR: 5.3; 95% CI: 3.6-7.6), and multiple (≥40) common nevi (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6) were associated with an increased risk of melanoma detection. Family history and congenital nevi were not significantly associated with melanoma detection in the SCREEN. The effects of several risk-adapted screening strategies were evaluated. Hypothesizing a screening of individuals aged more than or equal to 35 years, irrespective of risk factors (age approach), the number needed to screen is 559 (95% CI: 514-612), whereas a screening of adults (aged ≥20) with at least one risk factor (risk approach) leads to a number needed to screen of 178 (95% CI: 163-196). Converted into one screen-detected melanoma, the number of missed melanomas is 0.15 (95% CI: 0.12-0.18) with the age approach and 0.22 (95% CI: 0.19-0.26) with the risk approach. The results indicate that focusing on individuals at high risk for melanoma may improve the cost-effectiveness and the benefit-to-harm balance of melanoma screening programs.
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17
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Bourneuf E, Estellé J, Blin A, Créchet F, Schneider MDP, Gilbert H, Brossard M, Vaysse A, Lathrop M, Vincent-Naulleau S, Demenais F. New susceptibility loci for cutaneous melanoma risk and progression revealed using a porcine model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27682-27697. [PMID: 29963229 PMCID: PMC6021234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances, it is estimated that a large part of melanoma predisposing genes remains to be discovered. Animal models of spontaneous diseases are valuable tools and experimental crosses can be used to identify and fine-map new susceptibility loci associated with melanoma. We performed a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of melanoma occurrence and progression (clinical ulceration and presence of metastasis) in a porcine model of spontaneous melanoma, the MeLiM pig. Five loci on chromosomes 2, 5, 7, 8 and 16 showed genome-wide significant associations (p < 5 × 10–6) with either one of these phenotypes. Suggestive associations (p < 5 × 10–5) were also found at 16 additional loci. Moreover, comparison of the porcine results to those reported by human melanoma GWAS indicated shared association signals notably at CDKAL1 and TERT loci but also nearby CCND1, FTO, PLA2G6 and TMEM38B-RAD23B loci. Extensive search of the literature revealed a potential key role of genes at the identified porcine loci in tumor invasion (DST, PLEKHA5, CBY1, LIMK2 and ETV5) and immune response modulation (ETV5, HERC3 and DICER1) of the progression phenotypes. These biological processes are consistent with the clinico-pathological features of MeLiM tumors and can open new routes for future melanoma research in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Bourneuf
- CEA, DRF/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jordi Estellé
- CEA, DRF/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Amandine Blin
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,INSERM, UMR-946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Outils et Méthodes de la Systématique Intégrative, OMSI-UMS 2700, CNRS MNHN, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Créchet
- CEA, DRF/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Maria Del Pilar Schneider
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Present address: Ipsen Innovation, Les Ulis, France
| | - Hélène Gilbert
- GenPhyse, INRA, Université de Toulouse, INPT, ENVT, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Myriam Brossard
- INSERM, UMR-946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Amaury Vaysse
- INSERM, UMR-946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Silvia Vincent-Naulleau
- CEA, DRF/iRCM/SREIT/LREG, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, UMR-946, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, Paris, France.,Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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18
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Smit AK, Newson AJ, Morton RL, Kimlin M, Keogh L, Law MH, Kirk J, Dobbinson S, Kanetsky PA, Fenton G, Allen M, Butow P, Dunlop K, Trevena L, Lo S, Savard J, Dawkins H, Wordsworth S, Jenkins M, Mann GJ, Cust AE. The melanoma genomics managing your risk study: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of personal genomic risk information on skin cancer prevention behaviors. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 70:106-116. [PMID: 29802966 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reducing ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure and improving early detection may reduce melanoma incidence, mortality and health system costs. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of providing information on personal genomic risk of melanoma in reducing UV exposure at 12 months, according to low and high traditional risk. METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, participants (target sample = 892) will be recruited from the general population, and randomized (1:1 ratio, intervention versus control). Intervention arm participants provide a saliva sample, receive personalized melanoma genomic risk information, a genetic counselor phone call, and an educational booklet on melanoma prevention. Control arm participants receive only the educational booklet. Eligible participants are aged 18-69 years, have European ancestry and no personal history of melanoma. All participants will complete a questionnaire and wear a UV dosimeter to objectively measure their sun exposure at baseline, 1- and 12-month time-points, except 1-month UV dosimetry will be limited to ~250 participants. The primary outcome is total daily Standard Erythemal Doses at 12 months. Secondary outcomes include objectively measured UV exposure for specific time periods (e.g. midday hours), self-reported sun protection and skin-examination behaviors, psycho-social outcomes, and ethical considerations surrounding offering genomic testing at a population level. A within-trial and modelled economic evaluation will be undertaken from an Australian health system perspective to assess the intervention costs and outcomes. DISCUSSION This trial will inform the clinical and personal utility of introducing genomic testing into the health system for melanoma prevention and early detection at a population-level. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617000691347.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia K Smit
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Ainsley J Newson
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael Kimlin
- University of the Sunshine Coast and Cancer Council Queensland, PO Box 201, Spring Hill, QLD 4004, Australia
| | - Louise Keogh
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Judy Kirk
- Westmead Clinical School and Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suzanne Dobbinson
- Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute and University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Georgina Fenton
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Martin Allen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Phyllis Butow
- Centre for Medical Psychology and Evidence-based Decision-making, School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kate Dunlop
- The Centre for Genetics Education, NSW Health, Level 5 2c Herbert Street St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Lyndal Trevena
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Serigne Lo
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Savard
- Sydney Health Ethics, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hugh Dawkins
- Office of Population Health Genomics, Public Health Division, Government of Western Australia, Level 3 C Block 189 Royal Street, East Perth, WA 6004, Australia
| | - Sarah Wordsworth
- Health Economics Research Centre, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anne E Cust
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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19
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Liyanage UE, Law MH, Ong JS, Cust AE, Mann GJ, Ward SV, Gharahkhani P, Iles MM, MacGregor S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of melanoma: A Mendelian randomisation analysis. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:508-514. [PMID: 29473154 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, mainly affecting populations of European ancestry. Some observational studies suggest that particular diets reduce melanoma risk, putatively through an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption. However, interpretation of these observational findings is difficult due to residual confounding or reverse causality. To date, a randomized controlled trial has not been carried out to examine the relationship between PUFAs and melanoma. Hence, we performed a Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to evaluate the link between PUFAs and melanoma. To perform MR, we used summary results from the largest risk genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of melanoma, consisting of 12,874 cases and 23,203 controls. As instrumental variables we selected SNPs associated with PUFA levels from a GWAS meta-analysis of PUFA levels, from the CHARGE consortium. We used the inverse variance weighted method to estimate a causal odds ratio. To aid interpretation, we established a benchmark "large" predicted change in PUFAs in which, for example, an increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DPA) of 0.17 units (equal to 1 standard deviation) moves a person from the 17th percentile to the median. Raising PUFA levels by a large amount (increasing DPA by 0.17 units) only negligibly changed melanoma risk: odds ratio [OR] = 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.96-1.10). Other PUFAs yielded similar results as DPA. Our MR analysis suggests that the effect of PUFA levels on melanoma risk is either zero or very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upekha E Liyanage
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300, Herston road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Law
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300, Herston road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Jue Sheng Ong
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300, Herston road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Anne E Cust
- Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Centre for Cancer Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, 2145, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah V Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300, Herston road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Mark M Iles
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300, Herston road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
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20
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Yu Y, Hu H, Chen JS, Hu F, Fowler J, Scheet P, Zhao H, Huff CD. Integrated case-control and somatic-germline interaction analyses of melanoma susceptibility genes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2247-2254. [PMID: 29317335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While a number of genes have been implicated in melanoma susceptibility, the role of protein-coding variation in melanoma development and progression remains underexplored. To better characterize the role of germline coding variation in melanoma, we conducted a whole-exome case-control and somatic-germline interaction study involving 322 skin cutaneous melanoma cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 3607 controls of European ancestry. We controlled for cross-platform technological stratification using XPAT and conducted gene-based association tests using VAAST 2. Four established melanoma susceptibility genes achieved nominal statistical significance, MC1R (p = .0014), MITF (p = .0165) BRCA2 (p = .0206), and MTAP (p = .0393). We also observed a suggestive association for FANCA (p = .002), a gene previously implicated in melanoma survival. The association signal for BRCA2 was driven primarily by likely gene disrupting (LGD) variants, with an Odds Ratio (OR) of 5.62 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.03-30.1). In contrast, the association signals for MC1R and MITF were driven primarily by predicted pathogenic missense variants, with estimated ORs of 1.4 to 3.0 for MC1R and 4.1 for MITF. MTAP exhibited an excess of both LGD and predicted damaging missense variants among cases, with ORs of 5.62 and 3.72, respectively, although neither category was significant. For individuals with known or predicted damaging variants, age of disease onset was significantly lower for two of the four genes, MC1R (p = .005) and MTAP (p = .035). In an analysis of germline carrier status and overlapping copy number alterations, we observed no evidence to support a two-hit model of carcinogenesis in any of the four genes. Although MC1R carriers were represented proportionally among the four molecular tumor subtypes, these individuals accounted for 69% of ultraviolet (UV) radiation mutational signatures among triple-wild type tumors (p = .040), highlighting the increased sensitivity to UV exposure among individuals with loss-of-function variants in MC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hao Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jiun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fulan Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Jerry Fowler
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad D Huff
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Goldstein AM, Xiao Y, Sampson J, Zhu B, Rotunno M, Bennett H, Wen Y, Jones K, Vogt A, Burdette L, Luo W, Zhu B, Yeager M, Hicks B, Han J, De Vivo I, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Beane-Freeman L, Purdue M, Freedman ND, Chanock SJ, Tucker MA, Yang XR. Rare germline variants in known melanoma susceptibility genes in familial melanoma. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4886-4895. [PMID: 29036293 PMCID: PMC5886297 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Known high-risk cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) genes account for melanoma risk in <40% of melanoma-prone families, suggesting the existence of additional high-risk genes or perhaps a polygenic mechanism involving multiple genetic modifiers. The goal of this study was to systematically characterize rare germline variants in 42 established melanoma genes among 144 CMM patients in 76 American CMM families without known mutations using data from whole-exome sequencing. We identified 68 rare (<0.1% in public and in-house control datasets) nonsynonymous variants in 25 genes. We technically validated all loss-of-function, inframe insertion/deletion, and missense variants predicted as deleterious, and followed them up in 1, 559 population-based CMM cases and 1, 633 controls. Several of these variants showed disease co-segregation within families. Of particular interest, a stopgain variant in TYR was present in five of six CMM cases/obligate gene carriers in one family and a single population-based CMM case. A start gain variant in the 5'UTR region of PLA2G6 and a missense variant in ATM were each seen in all three affected people in a single family, respectively. Results from rare variant burden tests showed that familial and population-based CMM patients tended to have higher frequencies of rare germline variants in albinism genes such as TYR, TYRP1, and OCA2 (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that rare nonsynonymous variants in low- or intermediate-risk CMM genes may influence familial CMM predisposition, warranting further investigation of both common and rare variants in genes affecting functionally important pathways (such as melanogenesis) in melanoma risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanzi Xiao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Rotunno
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yixuan Wen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Aurelie Vogt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wen Luo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Beane-Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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22
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Chhabra Y, Yong HXL, Fane ME, Soogrim A, Lim W, Mahiuddin DN, Kim RSQ, Ashcroft M, Beatson SA, Ainger SA, Smit DJ, Jagirdar K, Walker GJ, Sturm RA, Smith AG. Genetic variation in IRF4 expression modulates growth characteristics, tyrosinase expression and interferon-gamma response in melanocytic cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 31:51-63. [PMID: 28755520 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A SNP within intron4 of the interferon regulatory factor4 (IRF4) gene, rs12203592*C/T, has been independently associated with pigmentation and age-specific effects on naevus count in European-derived populations. We have characterized the cis-regulatory activity of this intronic region and using human foreskin-derived melanoblast strains, we have explored the correlation between IRF4 rs12203592 homozygous C/C and T/T genotypes with TYR enzyme activity, supporting its association with pigmentation traits. Further, higher IRF4 protein levels directed by the rs12203592*C allele were associated with increased basal proliferation but decreased cell viability following UVR, an etiological factor in melanoma development. Since UVR, and accompanying IFNγ-mediated inflammatory response, is associated with melanomagenesis, we evaluated its effects in the context of IRF4 status. Manipulation of IRF4 levels followed by IFNγ treatment revealed a subset of chemokines and immuno-evasive molecules that are sensitive to IRF4 expression level and genotype including CTLA4 and PD-L1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hilary X L Yong
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Arish Soogrim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wen Lim
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dayana Nur Mahiuddin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reuben S Q Kim
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Melinda Ashcroft
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen A Ainger
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Smit
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graeme J Walker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aaron G Smith
- Dermatology Research Centre, UQ Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, TRI, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, at the Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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23
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Bourneuf E. The MeLiM Minipig: An Original Spontaneous Model to Explore Cutaneous Melanoma Genetic Basis. Front Genet 2017; 8:146. [PMID: 29081790 PMCID: PMC5645500 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer and is a major public health concern with a growing incidence worldwide. As for other complex diseases, animal models are needed in order to better understand the mechanisms leading to pathology, identify potential biomarkers to be used in the clinics, and eventually molecular targets for therapeutic solutions. Cutaneous melanoma, arising from skin melanocytes, is mainly caused by environmental factors such as UV radiation; however a significant genetic component participates in the etiology of the disease. The pig is a recognized model for spontaneous development of melanoma with features similar to the human ones, followed by a complete regression and a vitiligo-like depigmentation. Three different pig models (MeLiM, Sinclair, and MMS-Troll) have been maintained through the last decades, and different genetic studies have evidenced a complex inheritance of the disease. As in humans, pigmentation seems to play a prominent role, notably through MC1R and MITF signaling. Conversely, cell cycle genes as CDKN2A and CDK4 have been excluded as predisposing for melanoma in MeLiM. So far, only sparse studies have focused on somatic changes occurring during oncogenesis, and have revealed major cytological changes and a potential dysfunction of the telomere maintenance system. Finally, the spontaneous tumor progression and regression occurring in these models could shed light on the interplay between endogenous retroviruses, melanomagenesis, and adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Bourneuf
- LREG, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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24
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Hulur I, Skol AD, Gamazon ER, Cox NJ, Onel K. Integrative genetic analysis suggests that skin color modifies the genetic architecture of melanoma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185730. [PMID: 28973033 PMCID: PMC5626488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and presents a significant health care burden in many countries. In addition to ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, the main causal factor for melanoma, genetic factors also play an important role in melanoma susceptibility. Although genome-wide association studies have identified many single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with melanoma, little is known about the proportion of disease risk attributable to these loci and their distribution throughout the genome. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture of melanoma in 1,888 cases and 990 controls of European non-Hispanic ancestry. We estimated the overall narrow-sense heritability of melanoma to be 0.18 (P < 0.03), indicating that genetics contributes significantly to the risk of sporadically-occurring melanoma. We then demonstrated that only a small proportion of this risk is attributable to known risk variants, suggesting that much remains unknown of the role of genetics in melanoma. To investigate further the genetic architecture of melanoma, we partitioned the heritability by chromosome, minor allele frequency, and functional annotations. We showed that common genetic variation contributes significantly to melanoma risk, with a risk model defined by a handful of genomic regions rather than many risk loci distributed throughout the genome. We also demonstrated that variants affecting gene expression in skin account for a significant proportion of the heritability, and are enriched among melanoma risk loci. Finally, by incorporating skin color into our analyses, we observed both a shift in significance for melanoma-associated loci and an enrichment of expression quantitative trait loci among melanoma susceptibility variants. These findings suggest that skin color may be an important modifier of melanoma risk. We speculate that incorporating skin color and other non-genetic factors into genetic studies may allow for an improved understanding of melanoma susceptibility and guide future investigations to identify melanoma risk genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imge Hulur
- Committee on Genetics, Genomics and Systems Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Skol
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kenan Onel
- Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Chan XY, Singh A, Osman N, Piva TJ. Role Played by Signalling Pathways in Overcoming BRAF Inhibitor Resistance in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071527. [PMID: 28708099 PMCID: PMC5536016 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the BRAFV600E mutation led to the development of vemurafenib (PLX4032), a selective BRAF inhibitor specific to the kinase, for the treatment of metastatic melanomas. However, initial success of the drug was dampened by the development of acquired resistance. Melanoma was shown to relapse in patients following treatment with vemurafenib which eventually led to patients' deaths. It has been proposed that mechanisms of resistance can be due to (1) reactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway via secondary mutations, amplification or activation of target kinase(s), (2) the bypass of oncogenic pathway via activation of alternative signalling pathways, (3) other uncharacterized mechanisms. Studies showed that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as PDGFRβ, IGF1R, EGFR and c-Met were overexpressed in melanoma cells. Along with increased secretion of growth factors such as HGF and TGF-α, this will trigger intracellular signalling cascades. This review discusses the role MAPK and Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-protein kinase B-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathways play in the mechanism of resistance of melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yang Chan
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Alamdeep Singh
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Narin Osman
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Terrence J Piva
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor of melanocytes and is considered to be the most aggressive cancer among all skin diseases. The pathogenesis of melanoma has not been well documented, which may restrict the research and development of biomarkers and therapies. To date, several genetic and epigenetic factors have been identified as contributing to the development and progression of melanoma. Besides the findings on genetic susceptibilities, the recent progress in epigenetic studies has revealed that loss of the DNA hydroxymethylation mark, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), along with high levels of DNA methylation at promoter regions of several tumor suppressor genes in melanoma, may serve as biomarkers for melanoma. Moreover, 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine, an epigenetic modifier causing DNA demethylation, and ten-eleven translocation family dioxygenase (TET), which catalyzes the generation of 5-hmC, demonstrate therapeutic potential in melanoma treatment. In this review, we will summarize the latest progress in research on DNA methylation/hydroxymethylation in melanoma, and we will discuss and provide insight for epigenetic biomarkers and therapies for melanoma. Particularly, we will discuss the role of DNA hydroxymethylation in melanoma infiltrating immune cells, which may also serve as a potential target for melanoma treatment.
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27
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Gong YF, Liu ZZ, Zhang WX, Feng MS, Duan LX, Zhu WJ, Liu XR, Wu JH, Ge MX, Li XL. Genetic polymorphisms in the 5'-flanking region of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene in foxes. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279541704007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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The Pathophysiological Impact of HLA Class Ia and HLA-G Expression and Regulatory T Cells in Malignant Melanoma: A Review. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6829283. [PMID: 27999823 PMCID: PMC5141560 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6829283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, a very common type of cancer, is a rapidly growing cancer of the skin with an increase in incidence among the Caucasian population. The disease is seen through all age groups and is very common in the younger age groups. Several studies have examined the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of malignant melanoma, which have enlightened our understanding of the development of the disease, but we have still to fully understand the complex immunological interactions. The examination of the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and prognostic outcome has shown interesting results, and a correlation between the down- or upregulation of these antigens and prognosis has been seen through many different types of cancer. In malignant melanoma, HLA class Ia has been seen to influence the effects of pharmaceutical drug treatment as well as the overall prognosis, and the HLA class Ib and regulatory T cells have been correlated with tumor progression. Although there is still no standardized immunological treatment worldwide, the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and tumor progression seems to be a promising focus in the way of optimizing the treatment of malignant melanoma.
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29
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Watts CG, Madronio CM, Morton RL, Goumas C, Armstrong BK, Curtin A, Menzies SW, Mann GJ, Thompson JF, Cust AE. Diagnosis and clinical management of melanoma patients at higher risk of a new primary melanoma: A population-based study in New South Wales, Australia. Australas J Dermatol 2016; 58:278-285. [DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline G Watts
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research; Sydney School of Public Health; University of Sydney; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Christine M Madronio
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research; Sydney School of Public Health; University of Sydney; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre; University of Sydney; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Chris Goumas
- Melanoma Institute Australia; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research; Sydney School of Public Health; University of Sydney; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
| | - Austin Curtin
- School of Public Health; Rural Health Northern Rivers; Lismore New South Wales Australia
| | - Scott W Menzies
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Discipline of Dermatology; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research; Westmead Institute for Medical Research; University of Sydney; Westmead New South Wales Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Anne E Cust
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research; Sydney School of Public Health; University of Sydney; Camperdown New South Wales Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia; University of Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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30
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Kamath S, Miller KA, Cockburn MG. Current Data on Risk Factor Estimates Does Not Explain the Difference in Rates of Melanoma between Hispanics and Non-Hispanic Whites. J Skin Cancer 2016; 2016:2105250. [PMID: 27092276 PMCID: PMC4820624 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States Hispanics have seven times lower melanoma incidence rates than non-Hispanic whites (NHW). It is unclear whether this difference can be explained solely by phenotypic risk factors, like darker skin, or whether modifiable risk factors, like sun exposure, also play a role. The purpose of this paper is to summarize what is currently known about melanoma risk factors among Hispanics and NHWs, and whether or not those differences could explain the difference in melanoma incidence. Through literature review, relative risks and prevalence of melanoma risk factors in Hispanics and NHWs were identified and used to calculate the expected rate in Hispanics and rate ratio compared to NHWs. We found that melanoma risk factors either have similar frequency in Hispanics and NHWs (e.g., many large nevi) or are less frequent in Hispanics but do not explain a high proportion of disease variation (e.g., red hair). Considering current knowledge of risk factor prevalence, we found that melanoma incidence rates in the two groups should actually be similar. Sun exposure behavior among Hispanics may contribute to the explanation for the 7-fold difference in melanoma rates. Currently, limited data exist on sun exposure behavior among Hispanics, but possibilities for improving primary prevention by further studying these practices are substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kamath
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), 1200 N State Street, Room 3250, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kimberly A. Miller
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
| | - Myles G. Cockburn
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California (USC), 1200 N State Street, Room 3250, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
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31
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Hansen MEB, Hunt SC, Stone RC, Horvath K, Herbig U, Ranciaro A, Hirbo J, Beggs W, Reiner AP, Wilson JG, Kimura M, De Vivo I, Chen MM, Kark JD, Levy D, Nyambo T, Tishkoff SA, Aviv A. Shorter telomere length in Europeans than in Africans due to polygenetic adaptation. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2324-2330. [PMID: 26936823 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL), which reflects telomere length in other somatic tissues, is a complex genetic trait. Eleven SNPs have been shown in genome-wide association studies to be associated with LTL at a genome-wide level of significance within cohorts of European ancestry. It has been observed that LTL is longer in African Americans than in Europeans. The underlying reason for this difference is unknown. Here we show that LTL is significantly longer in sub-Saharan Africans than in both Europeans and African Americans. Based on the 11 LTL-associated alleles and genetic data in phase 3 of the 1000 Genomes Project, we show that the shifts in allele frequency within Europe and between Europe and Africa do not fit the pattern expected by neutral genetic drift. Our findings suggest that differences in LTL within Europeans and between Europeans and Africans is influenced by polygenic adaptation and that differences in LTL between Europeans and Africans might explain, in part, ethnic differences in risks for human diseases that have been linked to LTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Genetics and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar, Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Rivka C Stone
- The Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kent Horvath
- The Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Utz Herbig
- The Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexander P Reiner
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS 38677, USA
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- The Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxine M Chen
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy D Kark
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Daniel Levy
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Framingham, MA 01702, USA and
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dares Salaam 35091, Tanzania
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics and Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Abraham Aviv
- The Center of Human Development and Aging, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, Newark, NJ 07103, USA,
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32
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Gibbs DC, Orlow I, Bramson JI, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Anton-Culver H, Gruber SB, Marrett LD, Gallagher RP, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Dwyer T, Sharma A, La Pilla E, From L, Busam KJ, Cust AE, Ollila DW, Begg CB, Berwick M, Thomas NE. Association of Interferon Regulatory Factor-4 Polymorphism rs12203592 With Divergent Melanoma Pathways. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw004. [PMID: 26857527 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solar elastosis and neval remnants are histologic markers characteristic of divergent melanoma pathways linked to differences in age at onset, host phenotype, and sun exposure. However, the association between these pathway markers and newly identified low-penetrance melanoma susceptibility loci remains unknown. METHODS In the Genes, Environment and Melanoma (GEM) Study, 2103 Caucasian participants had first primary melanomas that underwent centralized pathology review. For 47 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously identified as low-penetrant melanoma risk variants, we used multinomial logistic regression to compare melanoma with solar elastosis and melanoma with neval remnants simultaneously to melanoma with neither of these markers, excluding melanomas with both markers. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS IRF4 rs12203592 was the only SNP to pass the false discovery threshold in baseline models adjusted for age, sex, and study center. rs12203592*T was associated positively with melanoma with solar elastosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.18 to 1.82) and inversely with melanoma with neval remnants (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.87) compared with melanoma with neither marker (P global = 3.78 x 10(-08)). Adjusting for phenotypic characteristics and total sun exposure hours did not materially affect rs12203592's associations. Distinct early- and late-onset age distributions were observed in patients with IRF4 rs12203592 [CC] and [TT] genotypes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a role of IRF4 rs12203592 in pathway-specific risk for melanoma development. We hypothesize that IRF4 rs12203592 could underlie in part the bimodal age distribution reported for melanoma and linked to the divergent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Gibbs
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Jennifer I Bramson
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Anne Kricker
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Loraine D Marrett
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Richard P Gallagher
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Roberto Zanetti
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Emily La Pilla
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Lynn From
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Anne E Cust
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - David W Ollila
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Colin B Begg
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF)
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (DCG, NET); Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (NET, DWO); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY (IO, AS, ELP, KJB, CBB); Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (JIB, DWO); Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL (PAK); Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM (LL, MB); Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (AEC, AK, BKA); Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA (HAC); USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (SBG); Department of Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LDM); Cancer Control Research, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (RPG); Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy (RZ, SR); The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School of Public Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (TD); Department of Pathology, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (LF).
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Berwick M, Buller DB, Cust A, Gallagher R, Lee TK, Meyskens F, Pandey S, Thomas NE, Veierød MB, Ward S. Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 167:17-49. [PMID: 26601858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22539-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of melanoma is complex, and individual risk depends on sun exposure, host factors, and genetic factors, and in their interactions as well. Sun exposure can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or cumulative (overall) exposure, and each appears to have a different effect on type of melanoma. Other environmental factors, such as chemical exposures-either through occupation, atmosphere, or food-may increase risk for melanoma, and this area warrants further study. Host factors that are well known to be important are the numbers and types of nevi and the skin phenotype. Genetic factors are classified as high-penetrant genes, moderate-risk genes, or low-risk genetic polymorphisms. Subtypes of tumors, such as BRAF-mutated tumors, have different risk factors as well as different therapies. Prevention of melanoma has been attempted using various strategies in specific subpopulations, but to date optimal interventions to reduce incidence have not emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10-5550, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.
| | - David B Buller
- Klein Buendel, Inc., 1667 Cole Boulevard, Suite 225, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Anne Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Level 6, 119-143 Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Richard Gallagher
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Tim K Lee
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Frank Meyskens
- Public Health and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Shaily Pandey
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- University of North Carolina, 413 Mary Ellen Jones Bldg. CB#7287, Chapel Hill, NC, 275992, USA.
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1122 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sarah Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease (GOHaD), The University of Western Australia, M409, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Sinnya S, Jagirdar K, De'Ambrosis B, McMeniman E, Sturm RA, Soyer HP. High incidence of primary melanomas in an MC1R RHC homozygote/CDKN2A mutant genotype patient. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:741-5. [PMID: 26103950 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1582-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma incidence in Australia remains the highest in the world; hence understanding its causation is paramount for future therapeutic developments. Multiple primary melanomas are also common occurrences among the Australian population with identified risk factors such as personal and family history of melanoma, fair skin type, dysplastic naevus syndrome and history of significant ultraviolet exposure. The roles of both environmental and genetic factors have been elucidated in melanoma development, but the synergy of interactions between the two remains complex given the heterogeneous nature of the disease. We present a rare case of a 57-year-old female with 20 cutaneous melanomas and review the role of genetic and environmental factors in development of her multiple primary melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Sinnya
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Brian De'Ambrosis
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- South East Dermatology, Belmont Specialist Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Erin McMeniman
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Inghirami G, Chan WC, Pileri S. Peripheral T-cell and NK cell lymphoproliferative disorders: cell of origin, clinical and pathological implications. Immunol Rev 2015; 263:124-59. [PMID: 25510275 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with distinct clinical-biological properties. The normal cellular counterpart of these processes has been postulated based on functional and immunophenotypic analyses. However, T lymphocytes have been proven to be remarkably capable of modulating their properties, adapting their function in relationship with multiple stimuli and to the microenvironment. This impressive plasticity is determined by the equilibrium among a pool of transcription factors and by DNA chromatin regulators. It is now proven that the acquisition of specific genomic defects leads to the enforcement/activation of distinct pathways, which ultimately alter the preferential activation of defined regulators, forcing the neoplastic cells to acquire features and phenotypes distant from their original fate. Thus, dissecting the landscape of the genetic defects and their functional consequences in T-cell neoplasms is critical not only to pinpoint the origin of these tumors but also to define innovative mechanisms to re-adjust an unbalanced state to which the tumor cells have become addicted and make them vulnerable to therapies and targetable by the immune system. In our review, we briefly describe the pathological and clinical aspects of the T-cell lymphoma subtypes as well as NK-cell lymphomas and then focus on the current understanding of their pathogenesis and the implications on diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science and Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CeRMS), University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Department of Pathology, and NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Gomez-Lira M, Ferronato S, Orlandi E, Dal Molin A, Malerba G, Frigerio S, Rodolfo M, Romanelli MG. Association of microRNA 146a polymorphism rs2910164 and the risk of melanoma in an Italian population. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:794-5. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Gomez-Lira
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; Section of Biology and Genetics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Silvia Ferronato
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; Section of Biology and Genetics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Elisa Orlandi
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; Section of Biology and Genetics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Anna Dal Molin
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; Section of Biology and Genetics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; Section of Biology and Genetics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
| | - Simona Frigerio
- Unit of Immunotherapy; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Monica Rodolfo
- Unit of Immunotherapy; Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences; Section of Biology and Genetics; University of Verona; Verona Italy
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37
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Barón AE, Asdigian NL, Gonzalez V, Aalborg J, Terzian T, Stiegmann RA, Torchia EC, Berwick M, Dellavalle RP, Morelli JG, Mokrohisky ST, Crane LA, Box NF. Interactions between ultraviolet light and MC1R and OCA2 variants are determinants of childhood nevus and freckle phenotypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 23:2829-39. [PMID: 25410285 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocytic nevi (moles) and freckles are well known biomarkers of melanoma risk, and they are influenced by similar UV light exposures and genetic susceptibilities to those that increase melanoma risk. Nevertheless, the selective interactions between UV exposures and nevus and freckling genes remain largely undescribed. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study from ages 6 through 10 years in 477 Colorado children who had annual information collected for sun exposure, sun protection behaviors, and full body skin exams. MC1R and HERC2/OCA2 rs12913832 were genotyped and linear mixed models were used to identify main and interaction effects. RESULTS All measures of sun exposure (chronic, sunburns, and waterside vacations) contributed to total nevus counts, and cumulative chronic exposure acted as the major driver of nevus development. Waterside vacations strongly increased total nevus counts in children with rs12913832 blue eye color alleles and facial freckling scores in those with MC1R red hair color variants. Sunburns increased the numbers of larger nevi (≥2 mm) in subjects with certain MC1R and rs12913832 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS Complex interactions between different UV exposure profiles and genotype combinations determine nevus numbers and size, and the degree of facial freckling. IMPACT Our findings emphasize the importance of implementing sun-protective behavior in childhood regardless of genetic make-up, although children with particular genetic variants may benefit from specifically targeted preventive measures to counteract their inherent risk of melanoma. Moreover, we demonstrate, for the first time, that longitudinal studies are a highly powered tool to uncover new gene-environment interactions that increase cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Barón
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nancy L Asdigian
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jenny Aalborg
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Tamara Terzian
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Regan A Stiegmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Enrique C Torchia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Division of Epidemiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Robert P Dellavalle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Dermatology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Denver, Colorado. Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joseph G Morelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Lori A Crane
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Neil F Box
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. Charles C. Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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Venza M, Visalli M, Biondo C, Oteri R, Agliano F, Morabito S, Teti D, Venza I. Epigenetic marks responsible for cadmium-induced melanoma cell overgrowth. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:242-50. [PMID: 25448810 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a human carcinogen that likely acts via epigenetic mechanisms. However, the precise role of Cd in melanoma remains to be defined. The goals of this study are to: (i) examine the effect of Cd on the proliferation rate of cutaneous and uveal melanoma cells; (ii) identify the genes affected by Cd exposure; (iii) understand whether epigenetic changes are involved in the response to Cd. The cell growth capacity increased at 48 h after Cd treatment at doses ranging from 0.5 to 10 μM. The research on the key genes regulating proliferation has shown that aberrant methylation is responsible for silencing of p16(INK4A) and caspase 8 in uveal and cutaneous melanoma cells, respectively. The methylation and expression patterns of p14(ARF), death receptors 4/5, and E-cadherin remained unmodified after Cd treatment in all the cell lines analyzed. Ectopic expression of p16(INK4A) abolished the overgrowth of uveal melanoma cells in response to Cd and the overexpression of caspase 8 drastically increased the apoptotic rate of Cd-treated cutaneous melanoma cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that hypermethylation of p16(INK4A) and caspase 8 represents the most common event linked to Cd-induced stimulation of cell growth and inhibition of cell death pathway in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Venza
- Department of Experimental Specialized Medical and Surgical and Odontostomatology Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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39
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Brossard M, Fang S, Vaysse A, Wei Q, Chen WV, Mohamdi H, Maubec E, Lavielle N, Galan P, Lathrop M, Avril MF, Lee JE, Amos CI, Demenais F. Integrated pathway and epistasis analysis reveals interactive effect of genetic variants at TERF1 and AFAP1L2 loci on melanoma risk. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:1901-1909. [PMID: 25892537 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have characterized 13 loci associated with melanoma, which only account for a small part of melanoma risk. To identify new genes with too small an effect to be detected individually but which collectively influence melanoma risk and/or show interactive effects, we used a two-step analysis strategy including pathway analysis of genome-wide SNP data, in a first step, and epistasis analysis within significant pathways, in a second step. Pathway analysis, using the gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) approach and the gene ontology (GO) database, was applied to the outcomes of MELARISK (3,976 subjects) and MDACC (2,827 subjects) GWASs. Cross-gene SNP-SNP interaction analysis within melanoma-associated GOs was performed using the INTERSNP software. Five GO categories were significantly enriched in genes associated with melanoma (false discovery rate ≤ 5% in both studies): response to light stimulus, regulation of mitotic cell cycle, induction of programmed cell death, cytokine activity and oxidative phosphorylation. Epistasis analysis, within each of the five significant GOs, showed significant evidence for interaction for one SNP pair at TERF1 and AFAP1L2 loci (pmeta-int = 2.0 × 10(-7) , which met both the pathway and overall multiple-testing corrected thresholds that are equal to 9.8 × 10(-7) and 2.0 × 10(-7) , respectively) and suggestive evidence for another pair involving correlated SNPs at the same loci (pmeta-int = 3.6 × 10(-6) ). This interaction has important biological relevance given the key role of TERF1 in telomere biology and the reported physical interaction between TERF1 and AFAP1L2 proteins. This finding brings a novel piece of evidence for the emerging role of telomere dysfunction into melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Brossard
- INSERM, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Amaury Vaysse
- INSERM, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical center and Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei V Chen
- Laboratory Informatics System, Department of Clinical Applications & Support, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hamida Mohamdi
- INSERM, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Eve Maubec
- INSERM, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France.,AP-HP (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Bichat, Service de Dermatologie, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Lavielle
- INSERM, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- INSERM, UMR U557; Institut national de la Recherche Agronomique,U1125; Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, Ile de France, Bobigny, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel College of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Florence Demenais
- INSERM, Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Paris, France
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Papakostas D, Stefanaki I, Stratigos A. Genetic epidemiology of malignant melanoma susceptibility. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:165-169. [PMID: 30190845 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline CDKN2A mutations were the first to be associated with familial melanoma. MC1R polymorphisms are associated, in conformity with epidemiological observations, with fair skin phenotype and a moderately increased risk for melanoma. The wider implementation of genome-wide association studies along with improved whole exome sequencing techniques made possible the identification of novel high-penetrant mutations (TERT, MITF, POT1, BAP1) beyond the established pathways of pigmentation and nevus count suggesting an additional role for pathways involved in cell cycle control and DNA repair. A multitude of common polymorphisms in the general population have been associated through candidate gene studies with a low risk for melanoma, supporting the hypothesis of a complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Papakostas
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology Unit, A. Syggros Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology Unit, A. Syggros Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatooncology Unit, A. Syggros Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
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Palmieri G, Colombino M, Casula M, Budroni M, Manca A, Sini MC, Lissia A, Stanganelli I, Ascierto PA, Cossu A. Epidemiological and genetic factors underlying melanoma development in Italy. Melanoma Manag 2015; 2:149-163. [PMID: 30190844 PMCID: PMC6094587 DOI: 10.2217/mmt.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human cancers, melanoma remains one of the malignancies with an ever-growing incidence in white populations. Recent advances in biological and immunological therapeutic approaches as well as increased efforts for secondary prevention are contributing to improve the survival rates. It is likely that a significant fall in mortality rates for melanoma will be achieved by further increase of the early detection through a more accurate selection of the higher-risk individuals (i.e., carriers of predisposing genetic alterations). A similar scenario occurs in Italy. In the present review, we have considered data on incidence, survival and mortality rates of melanoma in Italian population, including evaluation of the main risk factors and genetic mutations underlying disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Budroni
- Department of Pathology, Hospital-University Health Unit (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Sini
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, National Research Council (CNR), Sassari, Italy
| | - Amelia Lissia
- Department of Pathology, Hospital-University Health Unit (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - Ignazio Stanganelli
- Skin Cancer Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo Tumori (IRST), Meldola, Italy
| | - Paolo A Ascierto
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), Fondazione G. Pascale, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Department of Pathology, Hospital-University Health Unit (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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42
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DNA Methylation Levels of Melanoma Risk Genes Are Associated with Clinical Characteristics of Melanoma Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:376423. [PMID: 26106605 PMCID: PMC4461735 DOI: 10.1155/2015/376423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In melanoma development, oncogenic process is mediated by genetic and epigenetic mutations, and few studies have so far explored the role of DNA methylation either as predisposition factor or biomarker. We tested patient samples for germline CDKN2A methylation status and found no evidence of inactivation by promoter hypermethylation. We have also investigated the association of clinical characteristics of samples with the DNA methylation pattern of twelve genes relevant for melanomagenesis. Five genes (BAP1, MGMT, MITF, PALB2, and POT1) presented statistical association between blood DNA methylation levels and either CDKN2A-mutation status, number of lesions, or Breslow thickness. In tumors, five genes (KIT, MGMT, MITF, TERT, and TNF) exhibited methylation levels significantly different between tumor groups including acral compared to nonacral melanomas and matched primary lesions and metastases. Our data pinpoint that the methylation level of eight melanoma-associated genes could potentially represent markers for this disease both in peripheral blood and in tumor samples.
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43
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Gibbs DC, Orlow I, Kanetsky PA, Luo L, Kricker A, Armstrong BK, Anton-Culver H, Gruber SB, Marrett LD, Gallagher RP, Zanetti R, Rosso S, Dwyer T, Sharma A, La Pilla E, From L, Busam KJ, Cust AE, Ollila DW, Begg CB, Berwick M, Thomas NE. Inherited genetic variants associated with occurrence of multiple primary melanoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:992-7. [PMID: 25837821 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-14-1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies, including genome-wide association studies, have identified several putative low-penetrance susceptibility loci for melanoma. We sought to determine their generalizability to genetic predisposition for multiple primary melanoma in the international population-based Genes, Environment, and Melanoma (GEM) Study. GEM is a case-control study of 1,206 incident cases of multiple primary melanoma and 2,469 incident first primary melanoma participants as the control group. We investigated the odds of developing multiple primary melanoma for 47 SNPs from 21 distinct genetic regions previously reported to be associated with melanoma. ORs and 95% confidence intervals were determined using logistic regression models adjusted for baseline features (age, sex, age by sex interaction, and study center). We investigated univariable models and built multivariable models to assess independent effects of SNPs. Eleven SNPs in 6 gene neighborhoods (TERT/CLPTM1L, TYRP1, MTAP, TYR, NCOA6, and MX2) and a PARP1 haplotype were associated with multiple primary melanoma. In a multivariable model that included only the most statistically significant findings from univariable modeling and adjusted for pigmentary phenotype, back nevi, and baseline features, we found TERT/CLPTM1L rs401681 (P = 0.004), TYRP1 rs2733832 (P = 0.006), MTAP rs1335510 (P = 0.0005), TYR rs10830253 (P = 0.003), and MX2 rs45430 (P = 0.008) to be significantly associated with multiple primary melanoma, while NCOA6 rs4911442 approached significance (P = 0.06). The GEM Study provides additional evidence for the relevance of these genetic regions to melanoma risk and estimates the magnitude of the observed genetic effect on development of subsequent primary melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Gibbs
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Irene Orlow
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Anne Kricker
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | | | - Roberto Zanetti
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Rosso
- Piedmont Cancer Registry, Centre for Epidemiology and Prevention in Oncology in Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Terence Dwyer
- The George Institute for Global Health, Oxford Martin School & Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Emily La Pilla
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lynn From
- Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anne E Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David W Ollila
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Colin B Begg
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Antonopoulou K, Stefanaki I, Lill CM, Chatzinasiou F, Kypreou KP, Karagianni F, Athanasiadis E, Spyrou GM, Ioannidis JPA, Bertram L, Evangelou E, Stratigos AJ. Updated field synopsis and systematic meta-analyses of genetic association studies in cutaneous melanoma: the MelGene database. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1074-1079. [PMID: 25407435 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We updated a field synopsis of genetic associations of cutaneous melanoma (CM) by systematically retrieving and combining data from all studies in the field published as of August 31, 2013. Data were available from 197 studies, which included 83,343 CM cases and 187,809 controls and reported on 1,126 polymorphisms in 289 different genes. Random-effects meta-analyses of 81 eligible polymorphisms evaluated in >4 data sets confirmed 20 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 10 loci (TYR, AFG3L1P, CDK10, MYH7B, SLC45A2, MTAP, ATM, CLPTM1L, FTO, and CASP8) that have previously been published with genome-wide significant evidence for association (P<5 × 10(-8)) with CM risk, with certain variants possibly functioning as proxies of already tagged genes. Four other loci (MITF, CCND1, MX2, and PLA2G6) were also significantly associated with 5 × 10(-8)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Antonopoulou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina M Lill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Foteini Chatzinasiou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina P Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Fani Karagianni
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Athanasiadis
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George M Spyrou
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Department of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London, UK
| | - Alexander J Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens School of Medicine, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Mangino M, Christiansen L, Stone R, Hunt SC, Horvath K, Eisenberg DTA, Kimura M, Petersen I, Kark JD, Herbig U, Reiner AP, Benetos A, Codd V, Nyholt DR, Sinnreich R, Christensen K, Nassar H, Hwang SJ, Levy D, Bataille V, Fitzpatrick AL, Chen W, Berenson GS, Samani NJ, Martin NG, Tishkoff S, Schork NJ, Kyvik KO, Dalgård C, Spector TD, Aviv A. DCAF4, a novel gene associated with leucocyte telomere length. J Med Genet 2015; 52:157-62. [PMID: 25624462 PMCID: PMC4345921 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucocyte telomere length (LTL), which is fashioned by multiple genes, has been linked to a host of human diseases, including sporadic melanoma. A number of genes associated with LTL have already been identified through genome-wide association studies. The main aim of this study was to establish whether DCAF4 (DDB1 and CUL4-associated factor 4) is associated with LTL. In addition, using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), we examined whether LTL-associated genes in the general population might partially explain the inherently longer LTL in patients with sporadic melanoma, the risk for which is increased with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). RESULTS Genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis and de novo genotyping of 20 022 individuals revealed a novel association (p=6.4×10(-10)) between LTL and rs2535913, which lies within DCAF4. Notably, eQTL analysis showed that rs2535913 is associated with decline in DCAF4 expressions in both lymphoblastoid cells and sun-exposed skin (p=4.1×10(-3) and 2×10(-3), respectively). Moreover, IPA revealed that LTL-associated genes, derived from GWA meta-analysis (N=9190), are over-represented among genes engaged in melanoma pathways. Meeting increasingly stringent p value thresholds (p<0.05, <0.01, <0.005, <0.001) in the LTL-GWA meta-analysis, these genes were jointly over-represented for melanoma at p values ranging from 1.97×10(-169) to 3.42×10(-24). CONCLUSIONS We uncovered a new locus associated with LTL in the general population. We also provided preliminary findings that suggest a link of LTL through genetic mechanisms with UVR and melanoma in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lene Christiansen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rivka Stone
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kent Horvath
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Dan T A Eisenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Inge Petersen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeremy D Kark
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Utz Herbig
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alex P Reiner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Athanase Benetos
- Department of Geriatrics, Universite de Lorraine INSERM U961, Nancy, France
| | - Veryan Codd
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ronit Sinnreich
- Epidemiology Unit, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Clinical Genetics, and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hisham Nassar
- Department of Cardiology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shih-Jen Hwang
- Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- Population Sciences Branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK Department of Dermatology, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, UK
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Gerald S Berenson
- Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schork
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kirsten Ohm Kyvik
- Epidemiology Unit, The Danish Aging Research Center and The Danish Twin Registry, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Institute of Regional Health Services Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Odense Patient data Explorative Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Dalgård
- Institute of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abraham Aviv
- Center of Human Development and Aging, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Ribero S, Glass D, Aviv A, Spector TD, Bataille V. Height and bone mineral density are associated with naevus count supporting the importance of growth in melanoma susceptibility. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116863. [PMID: 25612317 PMCID: PMC4303431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Naevus count is the strongest risk factor for melanoma. Body Mass Index (BMI) has been linked to melanoma risk. In this study, we investigate the link between naevus count and height, weight and bone mineral density (BMD) in the TwinsUK cohort (N = 2119). In addition we adjusted for leucocyte telomere length (LTL) as LTL is linked to both BMD and naevus count. Naevus count was positively associated with height (p = 0.001) but not with weight (p = 0.187) despite adjusting for age and twin relatedness. This suggests that the previously reported melanoma association with BMI may be explained by height alone. Further adjustment for LTL did not affect the significance of the association between height and naevus count so LTL does not fully explain these results. BMD was associated with naevus count at the spine (coeff 18.9, p = 0.01), hip (coeff = 18.9, p = 0.03) and forearm (coeff = 32.7, p = 0.06) despite adjusting for age, twin relatedness, weight, height and LTL. This large study in healthy individuals shows that growth via height, probably in early life, and bone mass are risk factors for melanoma via increased naevus count. The link between these two phenotypes may possibly be explained by telomere biology, differentiation genes from the neural crests but also other yet unknown factors which may influence both bones and melanocytes biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ribero
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, United Kingdom; Section of Dermatology, Departments of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniel Glass
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, United Kingdom; Dermatology Department, Northwick Park Hospital, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Abraham Aviv
- Centre of Human Development and Ageing, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Timothy David Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, United Kingdom; Dermatology Department, West Herts NHS Trust, Herts, United Kingdom
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47
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Melanoma susceptibility as a complex trait: genetic variation controls all stages of tumor progression. Oncogene 2014; 34:2879-86. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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48
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Zmijewski MA, Slominski AT. Is Mc1r an important regulator of non-pigmentary responses to UV radiation? Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:790-1. [PMID: 24279915 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
MC1R is recognized for its role in the regulation of melanin pigmentation. In addition, many investigators believe that it also plays a crucial role in immunomodulation (immunosuppression) and in melanogenesis-independent protective responses against ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Surprisingly, Wolnicka-Glubisz et al. have shown that loss of function in the MC1R has no effect on inflammatory responses and immunosuppression induced by UVR in C57BL/6 mice as well as on the degree of UVA-induced DNA damage in the epidermis and dermis. These findings, by challenging the existing dogmas on the precise role of MC1R in non-pigmentary responses to the UVR, mandate further research to either validate the presented data or to define to which degree these phenomena are restricted to the C57BL/6 mouse model or are applicable to other species including humans. The alternative target for immunomodulation is represented by MC3R. However, cutaneous expression of MC3R remains to be demonstrated.
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49
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Robles-Espinoza CD, Harland M, Ramsay AJ, Aoude LG, Quesada V, Ding Z, Pooley KA, Pritchard AL, Tiffen JC, Petljak M, Palmer JM, Symmons J, Johansson P, Stark MS, Gartside MG, Snowden H, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Liu JZ, Choi J, Makowski M, Brown KM, Dunning AM, Keane TM, López-Otín C, Gruis NA, Hayward NK, Bishop DT, Newton-Bishop JA, Adams DJ. POT1 loss-of-function variants predispose to familial melanoma. Nat Genet 2014; 46:478-481. [PMID: 24686849 PMCID: PMC4266105 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deleterious germline variants in CDKN2A account for around 40% of familial melanoma cases, and rare variants in CDK4, BRCA2, BAP1 and the promoter of TERT have also been linked to the disease. Here we set out to identify new high-penetrance susceptibility genes by sequencing 184 melanoma cases from 105 pedigrees recruited in the UK, The Netherlands and Australia that were negative for variants in known predisposition genes. We identified families where melanoma cosegregates with loss-of-function variants in the protection of telomeres 1 gene (POT1), with a proportion of family members presenting with an early age of onset and multiple primary tumors. We show that these variants either affect POT1 mRNA splicing or alter key residues in the highly conserved oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB) domains of POT1, disrupting protein-telomere binding and leading to increased telomere length. These findings suggest that POT1 variants predispose to melanoma formation via a direct effect on telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Harland
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Andrew J. Ramsay
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA) Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Lauren G. Aoude
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Víctor Quesada
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA) Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA. UK
| | - Karen A. Pooley
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonia L. Pritchard
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessamy C. Tiffen
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA. UK
| | - Mia Petljak
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA. UK
| | - Jane M. Palmer
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Judith Symmons
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Johansson
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mitchell S. Stark
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael G. Gartside
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Snowden
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jimmy Z. Liu
- Statistical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA. UK
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Makowski
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas M. Keane
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA. UK
| | - Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA) Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Nicholas K. Hayward
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - D. Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Julia A. Newton-Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA. UK
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50
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Epistatic and combinatorial effects of pigmentary gene mutations in the domestic pigeon. Curr Biol 2014; 24:459-64. [PMID: 24508169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of phenotypic diversity is a critical challenge in biology, yet we know little about the mechanistic effects of different mutations and epistatic relationships among loci that contribute to complex traits. Pigmentation genetics offers a powerful model for identifying mutations underlying diversity and for determining how additional complexity emerges from interactions among loci. Centuries of artificial selection in domestic rock pigeons (Columba livia) have cultivated tremendous variation in plumage pigmentation through the combined effects of dozens of loci. The dominance and epistatic hierarchies of key loci governing this diversity are known through classical genetic studies, but their molecular identities and the mechanisms of their genetic interactions remain unknown. Here we identify protein-coding and cis-regulatory mutations in Tyrp1, Sox10, and Slc45a2 that underlie classical color phenotypes of pigeons and present a mechanistic explanation of their dominance and epistatic relationships. We also find unanticipated allelic heterogeneity at Tyrp1 and Sox10, indicating that color variants evolved repeatedly though mutations in the same genes. These results demonstrate how a spectrum of coding and regulatory mutations in a small number of genes can interact to generate substantial phenotypic diversity in a classic Darwinian model of evolution.
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