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Abstract
Noninflammatory alopecia is common in dogs and is a frequent cause to consult a veterinarian. It is also a common reason to take biopsies. Noninflammatory alopecia can be attributed to a decreased formation or cytodifferentiation of the hair follicle or the hair shaft in utero, resulting in congenital alopecia. Congenital alopecia often has a hereditary cause, and examples of such disorders are ectodermal dysplasias associated with gene variants of the ectodysplasin A gene. Noninflammatory alopecia may also be caused by impaired postnatal regeneration of hair follicles or shafts. Such disorders may have a clear breed predilection, and alopecia starts early in life. A hereditary background is suspected in those cases but has not been proven. They are referred to as follicular dysplasia although some of these disorders present histologically like a hair cycle disturbance. Late-onset alopecia is usually acquired and may be associated with endocrinopathies. Other possible causes are impaired vascular perfusion or stress. As the hair follicle has limited possible responses to altered regulation, and histopathology may change during the course of a disease, a detailed clinical history, thorough clinical examination including blood work, appropriate biopsy site selection, and detailed histological findings need to be combined to achieve a final diagnosis. This review aims to provide an overview about the known noninflammatory alopecic disorders in dogs. As the pathogenesis of most disorders is unknown, some statements are based on comparative aspects or reflect the authors' opinion.
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Sharma A, Mohapatra H, Arora K, Babbar R, Arora R, Arora P, Kumar P, Algın Yapar E, Rani K, Meenu M, Babu MA, Kaur M, Sindhu RK. Bioactive Compound-Loaded Nanocarriers for Hair Growth Promotion: Current Status and Future Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3739. [PMID: 37960095 PMCID: PMC10649697 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Hair loss (alopecia) has a multitude of causes, and the problem is still poorly defined. For curing alopecia, therapies are available in both natural and synthetic forms; however, natural remedies are gaining popularity due to the multiple effects of complex phytoconstituents on the scalp with fewer side effects. Evidence-based hair growth promotion by some plants has been reported for both traditional and advanced treatment approaches. Nanoarchitectonics may have the ability to evolve in the field of hair- and scalp-altering products and treatments, giving new qualities to hair that can be an effective protective layer or a technique to recover lost hair. This review will provide insights into several plant and herbal formulations that have been reported for the prevention of hair loss and stimulation of new hair growth. This review also focuses on the molecular mechanisms of hair growth/loss, several isolated phytoconstituents with hair growth-promoting properties, patents, in vivo evaluation of hair growth-promoting activity, and recent nanoarchitectonic technologies that have been explored for hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Bhoranj (Tikker–Kharwarian), Hamirpur 176041, India;
| | - Harapriya Mohapatra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Kanika Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Ritchu Babbar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Poonam Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Evren Algın Yapar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Türkiye;
| | - Kailash Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Maninder Meenu
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 143005, India;
| | | | - Maninderjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Rakesh K. Sindhu
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, India
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Deletion of hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase 2 in FoxD1-lineage mesenchymal cells leads to congenital truncal alopecia. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101787. [PMID: 35247391 PMCID: PMC8988008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) induce numerous genes regulating oxygen homeostasis. As oxygen sensors of the cells, the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF-P4Hs) regulate the stability of HIFs in an oxygen-dependent manner. During hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis and cycling, the location of dermal papilla (DP) alternates between the dermis and hypodermis and results in varying oxygen levels for the DP cells. These cells are known to express hypoxia-inducible genes, but the role of the hypoxia response pathway in HF development and homeostasis has not been studied. Using conditional gene targeting and analysis of hair morphogenesis, we show here that lack of Hif-p4h-2 in Forkhead box D1 (FoxD1)-lineage mesodermal cells interferes with the normal HF development in mice. FoxD1-lineage cells were found to be mainly mesenchymal cells located in the dermis of truncal skin, including those cells composing the DP of HFs. We found that upon Hif-p4h-2 inactivation, HF development was disturbed during the first catagen leading to formation of epithelial-lined HF cysts filled by unorganized keratins, which eventually manifested as truncal alopecia. Furthermore, the depletion of Hif-p4h-2 led to HIF stabilization and dysregulation of multiple genes involved in keratin formation, HF differentiation, and HIF, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and Notch signaling. We hypothesize that the failure of HF cycling is likely to be mechanistically caused by disruption of the interplay of the HIF, TGF-β, and Notch pathways. In summary, we show here for the first time that HIF-P4H-2 function in FoxD1-lineage cells is essential for the normal development and homeostasis of HFs.
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Purba TS, Berriche L, Paus R. Compartmentalised metabolic programmes in human anagen hair follicles: New targets to modulate epithelial stem cell behaviour, keratinocyte proliferation and hair follicle immune status? Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:645-651. [PMID: 33548088 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human scalp hair follicles (HF) preferentially engage in glycolysis followed by lactate production in the presence of oxygen (i.e. the Warburg effect). Through the spatiotemporally controlled expression of key metabolic proteins, we hypothesise that the Warburg effect and other HF metabolic programmes are compartmentalised by region in order to regulate regional cell fate and phenotypes, such as epithelial stem cell quiescence in the bulge or keratinocyte proliferation in the hair matrix. We further propose that metabolic conditions in the HF are organised in accordance with the lactate shuttle, hypothesised to occur in other tissue systems and tumours, but never before described in the HF. Specifically, we argue that lactate is produced and exported by glycolytic GLUT1+ lower outer root sheath (ORS) keratinocytes. We further propose that lactate is then utilised by neighbouring highly proliferative matrix keratinocytes to fuel oxidative metabolism via MCT1-mediated uptake. Furthermore, as lactate has been described to be immunomodulatory, its production and accumulation could enhance immune tolerance in the HF bulb. Here we delineate how to experimentally probe this hypothesis, define major open questions and present preliminary immunohistological evidence in support of metabolic compartmentalisation and lactate shuttling. Overall, we argue that basic and translational hair research needs to rediscover the importance of lactate in human HF biology, well beyond its recognised role in murine HF epithelial stem cells, and should explore how HF metabolism can be therapeutically targeted to modulate hair growth and the immunological HF microenvironment as a novel strategy for managing hair loss disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talveen S Purba
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Leïla Berriche
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Ralf Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester, UK.,Monasterium Laboratory, Münster, Germany.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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5
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Rossi A, Caro G, Fortuna MC, Pigliacelli F, D'Arino A, Carlesimo M. Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia. Dermatol Pract Concept 2020; 10:e2020074. [PMID: 32642317 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1003a74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is one of the most dramatic side effects of chemotherapy. Currently no guidelines are available for its prevention and treatment. Several devices and drugs are used, but results are often disappointing. Aims Our aim is to analyze drugs and devices proposed in the literature for prevention and treatment of CIA induced by cytotoxic drugs and to discuss the evidenced-based opinion. Methods and Results Scalp cooling is the only agent that has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for CIA prevention. Minoxidil and bimatoprost should not be used during chemotherapy administration, but they can be used after chemotherapy discontinuation to obtain greater regrowth. Conclusions Therapy should always be modulated for the patient and no fixed protocol should be used. Trichoscopy and trichogram could be useful tools in supporting this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Caro
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flavia Pigliacelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Arino
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Carlesimo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Dermatology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Houschyar KS, Borrelli MR, Tapking C, Popp D, Puladi B, Ooms M, Chelliah MP, Rein S, Pförringer D, Thor D, Reumuth G, Wallner C, Branski LK, Siemers F, Grieb G, Lehnhardt M, Yazdi AS, Maan ZN, Duscher D. Molecular Mechanisms of Hair Growth and Regeneration: Current Understanding and Novel Paradigms. Dermatology 2020; 236:271-280. [PMID: 32163945 DOI: 10.1159/000506155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair is a defining feature of mammals and has critical functions, including protection, production of sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones, social and sexual interactions, thermoregulation, and provision of stem cells for skin homeostasis, regeneration, and repair. The hair follicle (HF) is considered a "mini-organ," consisting of intricate and well-organized structures which originate from HF stem and progenitor cells. Dermal papilla cells are the main components of the mesenchymal compartments in the hair bulb and are instrumental in generating signals to regulate the behavior of neighboring epithelial cells during the hair cycle. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions within the dermal papilla niche drive HF embryonic development as well as the postnatal hair growth and regeneration cycle. This review summarizes the current understanding of HF development, repair, and regeneration, with special focus on cell signaling pathways governing these processes. In particular, we discuss emerging paradigms of molecular signaling governing the dermal papilla-epithelial cellular interactions during hair growth and maintenance and the recent progress made towards tissue engineering of human hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Siamak Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Behrus Puladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Ooms
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Thor
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ludwik K Branski
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany,
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7
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Juchaux F, Sellathurai T, Perrault V, Boirre F, Delannoy P, Bakkar K, Albaud J, Gueniche A, Cheniti A, Dal Belo S, Souverain L, Le Balch M, Commo S, Thibaut S, Michelet JF. A combination of pyridine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester and resveratrol stabilizes hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and improves hair density in female volunteers. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:167-173. [PMID: 31960447 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was first to demonstrate that a combination of pyridine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester and resveratrol could synergize in vitro on biological pathways associated with hair growth and then to demonstrate the benefit on hair density in a clinical study. METHODS The effects of pyridine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester and resveratrol directly on the hypoxic inducible factor-1α protein (HIF-1α) and related genes expression were demonstrated on keratinocytes in culture in vitro using western-blot analysis and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effect of resveratrol against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide treatment was studied in hair follicle and hair matrix cells in vitro using the sensitive probe Dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Finally, a randomized clinical study on hair density was conducted on 79 Caucasian female subjects to assess the effect of this combination of actives. RESULTS Pyridine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester and resveratrol stabilized HIF-1a protein and increased the expression of HIF-1α target genes. Resveratrol significantly reduced the oxygen peroxide-induced oxidative stress generated in hair follicle and hair matrix cells. The clinical study showed that a topical treatment with the combination significantly increased the hair density on women from 1.5 months. CONCLUSION In addition to the antioxidant properties of resveratrol, the association of pyridine-2, 4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester and resveratrol revealed a synergistic effect on the HIF-1α pathway. The results of the clinical study confirmed the importance of such a combination to increase the hair density.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Juchaux
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - T Sellathurai
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - V Perrault
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - F Boirre
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - P Delannoy
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - K Bakkar
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - J Albaud
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - A Gueniche
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - A Cheniti
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - S Dal Belo
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - L Souverain
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - M Le Balch
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - S Commo
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - S Thibaut
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - J F Michelet
- L'Oreal Research and Innovation, Advanced Research, 1, avenue Eugène Schueller, 93601, Aulnay sous Bois, France
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Brenner FM, Oldoni C. Telogen effluvium x female pattern hair loss: is there correlation? An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:486-487. [PMID: 31644631 PMCID: PMC7007028 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Oldoni
- Medical Student, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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9
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Khalil S, Ariel Gru A, Saavedra AP. Cutaneous extramedullary haematopoiesis: Implications in human disease and treatment. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1201-1209. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Khalil
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Alejandro Ariel Gru
- Department of Pathology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
| | - Arturo P. Saavedra
- Department of Dermatology University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville Virginia
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Narisawa Y, Inoue T, Nagase K. Evidence of proliferative activity in human Merkel cells: implications in the histogenesis of Merkel cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 311:37-43. [PMID: 30460510 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular origin of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is controversial. We previously hypothesized that MCC originates from hair follicle stem cells or Merkel cell (MC) progenitors residing within the hair follicle bulge. Examination of three cases of combined MCC led to the unexpected discovery that numerous keratin 20 (CK20)-positive MCs within the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) component of combined MCC appeared morphologically normal with dendritic and oval shapes. Moreover, one extremely rare case of combined SCC and MCC showed both intra-epidermal and dermal MCCs. These three cases represent the first documentation of MC hyperplasia in MCC, besides various benign follicular neoplasms associated with MC hyperplasia. Therefore, to elucidate the proliferating potential of MCs and their histogenetic relationship with MCCs, we further investigated these cases based on pathological observations. We identified numerous cells co-expressing CK20 and the proliferation marker Ki-67, identical to the morphological and immunohistochemical features of normal MCs. This finding indicated that MCs can no longer be considered as pure post-mitotic cells. Instead, they have proliferative potential under specific conditions in the diseased or wounded skin, or adjacent to various skin tumors, including MCC. Intimate co-existence of two malignant cell components composed of intradermal and intra-epidermal MCCs, with the proliferation of normal-appearing MCs in the same lesion, lends support to the hypothesis that MCs and MCC cells are derived from MC progenitors residing within the hair follicle bulge. Specifically, MCCs are derived from transformed MC progenitors with potential for dual-directional differentiation towards neuroendocrine and epithelial lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Narisawa
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Takuya Inoue
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nagase
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
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11
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Rubio-Gonzalez B, Juhász M, Fortman J, Mesinkovska NA. Pathogenesis and treatment options for chemotherapy-induced alopecia: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:1417-1424. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belen Rubio-Gonzalez
- Department of Pathology; University of California-San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
| | - Margit Juhász
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Irvine; Irvine CA USA
| | - Jamie Fortman
- Department of Dermatology; University of California-Irvine; Irvine CA USA
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12
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Divergent proliferation patterns of distinct human hair follicle epithelial progenitor niches in situ and their differential responsiveness to prostaglandin D2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15197. [PMID: 29123134 PMCID: PMC5680340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human scalp hair follicles (hHF) harbour several epithelial stem (eHFSC) and progenitor cell sub-populations organised into spatially distinct niches. However, the constitutive cell cycle activity of these niches remains to be characterized in situ. Therefore, the current study has studied these characteristics of keratin 15+ (K15), CD200+ or CD34+ cells within anagen VI hHFs by immunohistomorphometry, using Ki-67 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU). We quantitatively demonstrate in situ the relative cell cycle inactivity of the CD200+/K15+ bulge compared to other non-bulge CD34+ and K15+ progenitor compartments and found that in each recognized eHFSC/progenitor niche, proliferation associates negatively with eHFSC-marker expression. Furthermore, we also show how prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), which is upregulated in balding scalp, differentially impacts on the proliferation of distinct eHFSC populations. Namely, 24 h organ-cultured hHFs treated with PGD2 displayed reduced Ki-67 expression and EdU incorporation in bulge resident K15+ cells, but not in supra/proximal bulb outer root sheath K15+ progenitors. This study emphasises clear differences between the cell cycle behaviour of spatially distinct stem/progenitor cell niches in the hHF, and demonstrates a possible link between PGD2 and perturbed proliferation dynamics in epithelial stem cells.
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13
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Zhang H, Nan W, Song X, Wang S, Si H, Li G. Knockdown of HIF-1α inhibits the proliferation and migration of outer root sheath cells exposed to hypoxia in vitro: An involvement of Shh pathway. Life Sci 2017; 191:82-89. [PMID: 29030089 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Outer root sheath (ORS) is a highly proliferative component of a hair follicle. This study is performed to investigate whether hypoxia-induced elevation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a transcriptional activator, contributes to the outgrowth of ORS cells in vitro. MAIN METHODS Hair follicles with intact ORS collected from 4-month old male American minks were cultured in normoxic or hypoxic condition (3% oxygen) for 7days. Primary ORS cells isolated from the mink hair follicles were exposed to hypoxia for 12, 24 or 48h, and their proliferation was analyzed with immunofluorescence assay using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) antibody. The migratory ability of ORS cells was detected via the transwell chamber. The endogenous HIF-1α was knocked down with its specific siRNA in ORS cells. KEY FINDINGS Hypoxic exposure induced an elevation of HIF-1α in ex vivo cultured hair follicles. The mRNA and protein levels of sonic hedgehog (Shh), Shh receptor Patched 1, Smoothened and glioma-associated oncogene homologue 1 were upregulated. In vitro, hypoxia induced an increase in HIF-1α in ORS cells. Further, under hypoxic condition, the number of PCNA-positive cells was increased, and more cells migrated towards high serum media. Hypoxia-enhanced proliferation and migration of ORS cells were suppressed either by HIF-1α siRNA or by pharmacological inhibitors of Shh pathway, cyclopamine and GANT61. The activation of Shh pathway was attenuated in HIF-1α-silenced ORS cells under hypoxic condition. SIGNIFICANCE Our work demonstrates a direct role of activated HIF-1/Shh biological axis in sustaining the development of ORS in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiao Nan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingchao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhe Si
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Special Economic Animal Molecular Biology, Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Rossi A, Fortuna MC, Caro G, Pranteda G, Garelli V, Pompili U, Carlesimo M. Chemotherapy-induced alopecia management: Clinical experience and practical advice. J Cosmet Dermatol 2017; 16:537-541. [PMID: 28150447 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) is probably one of the most shocking aspects for oncological patients and underestimated by physicians. Among hair loss risk factors, there are treatment-related aspects such as drug dose, administration regimen, and exposure to X-rays, but also patient-related characteristics. To the best of our knowledge, no guidelines are available about CIA management. AIMS AND METHODS With this study, based on literature background and our clinical experience, we would like to propose a list of actions in order to estimate the risk of hair loss before starting chemotherapy and to manage this condition before, during, and after drug administration and to create a sort of practical guide for dermatologists and oncologists. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There is an urgent need for prospective studies to clarify the mechanistic basis of alopecia associated with these drugs and consequently to design evidence-based management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Rossi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Fortuna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gemma Caro
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Pranteda
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Garelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Pompili
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Carlesimo
- Dermatology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, II School, Rome, Italy
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16
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Trüeb RM. Telogen Effluvium: Is There a Need for a New Classification? Skin Appendage Disord 2016; 2:39-44. [PMID: 27843921 DOI: 10.1159/000446119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph M Trüeb
- Center for Dermatology and Hair Diseases Professor Trüeb, Wallisellen, Switzerland
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17
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Welle MM, Wiener DJ. The Hair Follicle: A Comparative Review of Canine Hair Follicle Anatomy and Physiology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:564-74. [PMID: 27000375 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316631843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) has a wide range of functions including thermoregulation, physical and immunological protection against external insults, sensory perception, social interactions, and camouflage. One of the most characteristic features of HFs is that they self-renew during hair cycle (HC) throughout the entire life of an individual to continuously produce new hair. HC disturbances are common in humans and comparable to some alopecic disorders in dogs. A normal HC is maintained by follicular stem cells (SCs), which are predominately found in an area known as the bulge. Due to similar morphological characteristics of the human and canine bulge area, the particularity of compound HFs in humans and dogs as well as similarities in follicular biomarker expression, the dog might be a promising model to study human HC and SC disorders. In this review, we give an overview of normal follicular anatomy, the HC, and follicular SCs and discuss the possible pathogenetic mechanisms of noninflammatory alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Welle
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique J Wiener
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Institute of Animal Pathology, DermFocus, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
In this short review, I introduce an integrated vision of human hair follicle behavior and describe opposing influences that control hair follicle homeostasis, from morphogenesis to hair cycling. The interdependence and complementary roles of these influences allow us to propose that the hair follicle is a true paradigm of a "Yin Yang" type, that is a cold/slow-hot/fast duality. Moreover, a new promising field is emerging, suggesting that glycans are key elements of hair follicle growth control.
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Brinkhuizen T, Weijzen CAH, Eben J, Thissen MR, van Marion AM, Lohman BG, Winnepenninckx VJL, Nelemans PJ, van Steensel MAM. Immunohistochemical analysis of the mechanistic target of rapamycin and hypoxia signalling pathways in basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106427. [PMID: 25181405 PMCID: PMC4152244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer in Caucasians. Trichoepithelioma (TE) is a benign neoplasm that strongly resembles BCC. Both are hair follicle (HF) tumours. HFs are hypoxic microenvironments, therefore we hypothesized that hypoxia-induced signalling pathways could be involved in BCC and TE as they are in other human malignancies. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) and mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are key players in these pathways. OBJECTIVES To determine whether HIF1/mTOR signalling is involved in BCC and TE. METHODS We used immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded BCC (n = 45) and TE (n = 35) samples to assess activity of HIF1, mTORC1 and their most important target genes. The percentage positive tumour cells was assessed manually in a semi-quantitative manner and categorized (0%, <30%, 30-80% and >80%). RESULTS Among 45 BCC and 35 TE examined, expression levels were respectively 81% and 57% (BNIP3), 73% and 75% (CAIX), 79% and 86% (GLUT1), 50% and 19% (HIF1α), 89% and 88% (pAKT), 55% and 61% (pS6), 15% and 25% (pMTOR), 44% and 63% (PHD2) and 44% and 49% (VEGF-A). CAIX, Glut1 and PHD2 expression levels were significantly higher in TE when only samples with at least 80% expression were included. CONCLUSIONS HIF and mTORC1 signalling seems active in both BCC and TE. There are no appreciable differences between the two with respect to pathway activity. At this moment immunohistochemical analyses of HIF, mTORC1 and their target genes does not provide a reliable diagnostic tool for the discrimination of BCC and TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjinta Brinkhuizen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Chantal A. H. Weijzen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Eben
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Monique R. Thissen
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Björn G. Lohman
- Department of Pathology, Laurentius Hospital, Roermond, the Netherlands
| | - Véronique J. L. Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patty J. Nelemans
- Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurice A. M. van Steensel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
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Higgins CA, Christiano AM. Regenerative medicine and hair loss: how hair follicle culture has advanced our understanding of treatment options for androgenetic alopecia. Regen Med 2014; 9:101-11. [PMID: 24351010 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the current drug therapies for androgenetic alopecia were discovered serendipitously, with hair growth observed as an off-target effect when drugs were used to treat a different disorder. Subsequently, several studies using cultured cells have enabled identification of hair growth modulators with similar properties to the currently available drugs, which may also provide clinical benefit. In situations where the current therapeutics do not work, follicular unit transplantation is an alternative surgical option. More recently, the concept of follicular cell implantation, or hair follicle neogenesis, has been attempted, exploiting the inherent properties of cultured hair follicle cells to induce de novo hair growth in balding scalp. In this review, we discuss both the advances in cell culture techniques that have led to a wider range of potential therapeutics to promote hair growth, in addition to detailing current knowledge on follicular cell implantation, and the challenges in making this approach a reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Purba TS, Haslam IS, Poblet E, Jiménez F, Gandarillas A, Izeta A, Paus R. Human epithelial hair follicle stem cells and their progeny: current state of knowledge, the widening gap in translational research and future challenges. Bioessays 2014; 36:513-25. [PMID: 24665045 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial hair follicle stem cells (eHFSCs) are required to generate, maintain and renew the continuously cycling hair follicle (HF), supply cells that produce the keratinized hair shaft and aid in the reepithelialization of injured skin. Therefore, their study is biologically and clinically important, from alopecia to carcinogenesis and regenerative medicine. However, human eHFSCs remain ill defined compared to their murine counterparts, and it is unclear which murine eHFSC markers really apply to the human HF. We address this by reviewing current concepts on human eHFSC biology, their immediate progeny and their molecular markers, focusing on Keratin 15 and 19, CD200, CD34, PHLDA1, and EpCAM/Ber-EP4. After delineating how human eHFSCs may be selectively targeted experimentally, we close by defining as yet unmet key challenges in human eHFSC research. The ultimate goal is to transfer emerging concepts from murine epithelial stem cell biology to human HF physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talveen S Purba
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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