1
|
Kireina D, Parreira VR, Goodridge L, Farber JM. Survival and Expression of rpoS and grxB of Cronobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula Under Simulated Gastric Conditions of Newborns. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100269. [PMID: 38519033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii can cause severe illnesses in infants, predominantly in preterm newborns, with consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF) being the major vehicle of infection. Using a dynamic human gastrointestinal simulator called the SHIME, this study examined the effects of gastric acidity and gastric digestion time of newborns on the survival and expression of stress genes of C. sakazakii. Individual strains, inoculated at 7 log CFU/mL into reconstituted PIF, were exposed to gastric pH values of 4.00, 5.00 and 6.00 for 4 h with gradual acidification. The survival results showed that C. sakazakii grew in the stomach portion of the SHIME during a 4-h exposure to pH 4.00, 5.00 and 6.00 by 0.96-1.05, 1.02-1.28 and 1.11-1.73 log CFU/mL, respectively. The expression of two stress genes, rpoS and grxB, throughout gastric digestion was evaluated using reverse transcription qPCR. The upregulation of rpoS and grxB during the 4-h exposure to simulated gastric fluid at pH 4.00 showed that C. sakazakii strains may be experiencing the most stress in the pH 4.00 treatment. The gene expression results also suggest that C. sakazakii strains appeared to develop an acid adaptation response during the 4-h exposure that may facilitate their survival. Altogether, this study highlights that a combination of low gastric acidity, long digestion time in the presence of reconstituted PIF, created a favorable environment for the adaptation and survival of C. sakazakii in the simulation of a newborn's stomach. This study gives directions for future research to further advance our understanding of the behavior of C. sakazakii in the GI tract of newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devita Kireina
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Valeria R Parreira
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Lawrence Goodridge
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Farber
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ekundayo TC, Ijabadeniyi OA. Global and regional prevalence of Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered milk and flour. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6865. [PMID: 38514864 PMCID: PMC10957878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (Cz) infections linked with powdered milk/flour (PMF) are on the increase in recent times. The current study aimed at assessing worldwide and regional prevalence of Cz in PMF. Cz-PMF-directed data were conscientiously mined in four mega-databases via topic-field driven PRISMA protocol without any restriction. Bivariate analysis of datasets was conducted and then fitted to random-intercept logistic mixed-effects regressions with leave-one-study-out-cross-validation (LOSOCV). Small-study effects were assayed via Egger's regression tests. Contributing factors to Cz contamination/detection in PMF were determined using 1000-permutation-bootstrapped meta-regressions. A total of 3761 records were found out of which 68 studies were included. Sample-size showed considerable correlation with Cz positivity (r = 0.75, p = 2.5e-17), Milkprod2020 (r = 0.33, p = 1.820e-03), and SuDI (r = - 0.30, p = 4.11e-03). The global prevalence of Cz in PMF was 8.39% (95%CI 6.06-11.51, PI: 0.46-64.35) with LOSOCV value of 7.66% (6.39-9.15; PI: 3.10-17.70). Cz prevalence in PMF varies significantly (p < 0.05) with detection methods, DNA extraction method, across continents, WHO regions, and world bank regions. Nation, detection method, world bank region, WHO region, and sample size explained 53.88%, 19.62%, 19.03%, 15.63%, and 9.22% of the true differences in the Cz prevalence in PMF, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that national will power in the monitoring and surveillance of Cz in PMF matched with adequate sample size and appropriate detection methods will go a long way in preventing Cz contamination and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Temitope C Ekundayo
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Oluwatosin A Ijabadeniyi
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Steve Biko Rd, Musgrave, Berea, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HR, Joe C, Hwang ET, Gu MB, Kim BC. Group selective aptamers: Broad-spectrum recognition of target groups in Cronobacter species and implementation of electrochemical biosensors as receptors. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115843. [PMID: 38006700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are a versatile class of receptors with a high affinity and selectivity for specific targets. Although their ability to recognize individual targets has been extensively studied, some scenarios require the development of receptors capable of identifying all target groups. This study investigated the use of aptamers to achieve the broad-spectrum recognition of groups instead of individual targets. Aptamers were screened for selectively distinct groups of Cronobacter species associated with foodborne diseases. Seven Cronobacter spp. were divided into Group A (C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, and C. muytjensii) and Group B (C. dublinensis, C. condimenti, and C. universalis). Aptamers with exclusive selectivity for each group were identified, allowing binding to the species within their designated group while excluding those from the other group. The screened aptamers demonstrated reliable affinity and specificity with dissociation constants ranging from 1.3 to 399.7 nM for Group A and 4.0-24.5 nM for Group B. These aptamers have also been successfully employed as receptors in an electrochemical biosensor platform, enabling the selective detection of each group based on the corresponding aptamer (limit of detection was 7.8 and 3.2 CFU for Group A and Group B, respectively). The electrochemical sensor effectively detected the extent of infection in each group in powdered infant formula samples. This study highlights the successful screening and application of group-selective aptamers as sensing receptors, emphasizing their potential for diverse applications in different fields such as food safety, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics, where the selective biosensing of target groups is crucial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ri Kim
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheulmin Joe
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee Taek Hwang
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Bock Gu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byoung Chan Kim
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Xue J, Lv J, Liu L, Duan F, Shi A, Ji X, Ding L. Maltodextrin-binding protein as a key factor in Cronobacter sakazakii survival under desiccation stress. Food Res Int 2024; 177:113871. [PMID: 38225116 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a notorious pathogen responsible for infections in infants and newborns, often transmitted through contaminated infant formula. Despite the use of traditional pasteurization methods, which can reduce microbial contamination, there remains a significant risk of pathogenic C. sakazakii surviving due to its exceptional stress tolerance. In our study, we employed a comparative proteomic approach by comparing wild-type strains with gene knockout strains to identify the essential genes crucial for the successful survival of C. sakazakii during desiccation. Our investigation revealed the significance of envZ-ompR, recA, and flhD gene cassettes in contributing to desiccation tolerance in C. sakazakii. Furthermore, through our comparative proteomic profiling, we identified the maltodextrin-binding protein encoded by ESA_03421 as a potential factor influencing dry tolerance. This protein is regulated by EnvZ-OmpR, RecA, and FlhD. Notably, the knockout of ESA_03421 resulted in a 150% greater reduction in Log CFU compared to the wild-type C. sakazakii. Overall, our findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying C. sakazakii desiccation tolerance and provide potential targets for the development of new antimicrobial strategies aimed at reducing the risk of infections in infants and newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Xue
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Lv
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Lanfang Liu
- Shiyan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China
| | - Aiying Shi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuemeng Ji
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Li Ding
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Department of Neurology, Department of Critical Care Medicine,Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Ling N, Wang Y, Ou D, Liang Z, Li G, Zhao H, Ye Y. Effect of ferric ions on Cronobacter sakazakii growth, biofilm formation, and swarming motility. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 408:110418. [PMID: 37857020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) is a common food-borne pathogen that induces meningitis, sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis, primarily in newborns and infants. Iron plays a pivotal role in the growth of cells and biofilm formation. However, the effects of hemin (ferric ion donor) on C. sakazakii cells are scarcely known. Here, we explored the effect of ferric ions on the growth of planktonic C. sakazakii, biofilm formation, and swarming motility by crystal violet staining (CVS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and swarming assay. Our study demonstrated that ferric ions facilitated the growth of planktonic C. sakazakii, while hemin at concentrations ranging from 50 to 800 μmol/L promoted biofilm formation and at concentrations between 50 and 200 μmol/L enhanced the swarming motility of C. sakazakii. Furthermore, high hemin concentrations (400-800 μmol/L) were found to reduce flagellar length, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). These findings indicated that ferric ions mediated the swarming motility of C. sakazakii by regulating flagellar assembly. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of C. sakazakii was performed at hemin concentrations of 0, 50, and 200 μmol/L, which revealed that several genes associated with iron transport and metabolism, and flagellar assembly were essential for the survival of C. sakazakii under hemin treatment. Our findings revealed the molecular basis of ferric ions on C. sakazakii growth and biofilm formation, thus providing a novel perspective for its prevention and control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Na Ling
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Dexin Ou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhao Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongyuan Zhao
- Institute of Horticulture Research, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Yingwang Ye
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Li C, Ye Q, Gu Q, Wu S, Zhang Y, Wei X, Xue L, Chen M, Zeng H, Zhang J, Wu Q. Occurrence, molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter spp. isolated from wet rice and flour products in Guangdong, China. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100554. [PMID: 37559946 PMCID: PMC10407891 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored the prevalence of Cronobacter spp. in wet rice and flour products from Guangdong province, China, the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolates were identified. Among 249 samples, 100 (40.16%) were positive for Cronobacter spp., including 77 wet rice and 23 wet flour products. Eleven serotypes were characterized among 136 isolates with C. sakazakii O2 (n = 32) predominating. Forty-nine MLST patterns were assigned, 15 of which were new. C. sakazakii ST4 (n = 17) was the dominant ST, which is previously reported to have caused three deaths; followed by C. malonaticus ST7 (n = 15), which is connected to adult infections. All strains presented susceptibility to ampicillin/sulbactam, imipenem, aztreonam and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The isolates showed maximum resistance to cephalothin, and the resistance and intermediate rates were 91.91% and 3.68%, each. Two strains, croM234A1 and croM283-1, displayed resistance to three antibiotics. High contamination level and predominant number of pathogenic STs of Cronobacter in wet rice and flour products implied a potential risk to public healthiness. This survey could provide comprehensive information for establishing more targeted control methods for Cronobacter spp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qinghua Ye
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Qihui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Shi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Liang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, 510070, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu YQ, Wang ZW, Hu CY. Progress in research on the safety of silicone rubber products in food processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:2887-2909. [PMID: 37183940 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicone rubber (SR) is widely used in the food processing industry due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. However, due to the differences in SR product production formulas and processes, the quality of commercially available SR products varies greatly, with chemical and biological hazard potentials. Residual chemicals in SR, such as siloxane oligomers and 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, are non-intentionally added substances, which may migrate into food during processing so the safe use of SR must be guaranteed. Simultaneously, SR in contact with food is susceptible to pathogenic bacteria growing and biofilm formation, like Cronobacter sakazakii, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes, posing a food safety risk. Under severe usage scenarios such as high-temperature, high-pressure, microwave, and freezing environments with long-term use, SR products are more prone to aging, and their degradation products may pose potential food safety hazards. Based on the goal of ensuring food quality and safety to the greatest extent possible, this review suggests that enterprises need to prepare high-quality food-contact SR products by optimizing the manufacturing formula and production process, and developing products with antibacterial and antiaging properties. The government departments should establish quality standards for food-contact SR products and conduct effective supervision. Besides, the reusable SR products should be cleaned by consumers immediately after use, and the deteriorated products should be replaced as soon as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Packaging Engineering Institute, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Chang-Ying Hu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei B, Peng Z, Xiao M, Huang T, Zheng W, Xie M, Xiong T. Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCU003089 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCU001261, two probiotics with inhibition of Escherichia coli and Cronobacter sakazakii translocation in vitro. Microb Pathog 2023:106216. [PMID: 37391100 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The subject of this study was to screen lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with pathogen translocation inhibition and investigate the potential inhibition mechanism of it. Pathogens colonized in the intestine could cross the intestinal barrier to access blood circulation, causing severe complications. This study aimed to screen LAB with favorable inhibitory effects on the translocation of enterinvasive Escherichia coli CMCC44305 (E. coli) and Cronobacter sakazakii CMCC45401 (C. sakazakii), which were two common intestinal opportunistic pathogens. After an elaborate screening procedure including adhesion, antibacterial, and translocation assay, Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCU003089 (L. fermentum NCU3089) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCU0011261 (L. plantarum NCU1261) were found to inhibit 58.38% and 66.85% of pathogen translocation, respectively. Subsequently, LAB pre-treatment suppressed the decline in TEER of Caco-2 monolayers caused by pathogens. Meanwhile, L. fermentum NCU3089 significantly inhibited claudin-1, ZO-1, and JAM-1 degradation caused by E. coli, and L. plantarum NCU1261 markedly reduced claudin-1 degradation caused by C. sakazakii. Also, the two LAB strains significantly decreased TNF-α level. In addition, L. fermentum NCU3089 but not L. plantarum NCU1261 tolerated well in the gastrointestinal fluids, and they were both sensitive or intermediate to nine common clinical antibiotics without hemolytic activity. In short, the two LAB strains could inhibit pathogen translocation by competing for adhesion sites, secreting antibacterial substances, reducing inflammatory cytokines levels, and maintaining intestinal barrier integrity. This study provided a feasible solution to prevent pathogen infection and translocation, and the two LAB strains were safe and had potential in food and pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benliang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China
| | - Zhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China.
| | - Muyan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China
| | - Wendi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim M, Reyes GA, Cheng X, Stasiewicz MJ. Simulation Evaluation of Power of Sampling Plans to Detect Cronobacter in Powdered Infant Formula Production. J Food Prot 2023:100115. [PMID: 37295498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacteris a hazard in Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) products that is hard to detect due to localized and low-level contamination. We adapted a previously published sampling simulation to PIF sampling and benchmarked industry-relevant sampling plans across different numbers of grabs, total sample mass, and sampling patterns. We evaluated performance to detect published Cronobacter contamination profiles for a recalled PIF batch [42% prevalence, -1.8±0.7 log(CFU/g)] and a reference, non-recalled, PIF batch [1% prevalence, -2.4±0.8 log(CFU/g)]. Simulating a range of numbers of grabs [n=1 to 22,000 (representing testing every finished package)] with 300 g total composite mass showed that taking 30 or more grabs detected contamination reliably (<1% median probability to accept the recalled batch). Benchmarking representative sampling plans ([n=30, mass grab=10g], [n=30, m=25g], [n=60, m=25g], [n=180, m=25g]) showed that all plans would reject the recalled batch (<1% median probability to accept) but would rarely reject the reference batch (>50% median probability of acceptance, all plans). Overall, (i) systematic or stratified random sampling patterns are equal to or more powerful than random sampling of the same sample size and total sampled mass, and, (ii) taking more samples, even if smaller, can increase the power to detect contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minho Kim
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.
| | - Gustavo A Reyes
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.
| | - Xianbin Cheng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.
| | - Matthew J Stasiewicz
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Veras EL, Castro dos Santos N, Souza JGS, Figueiredo LC, Retamal-Valdes B, Barão VAR, Shibli J, Bertolini M, Faveri M, Teles F, Duarte P, Feres M. Newly identified pathogens in periodontitis: evidence from an association and an elimination study. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2213111. [PMID: 37261036 PMCID: PMC10228317 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2213111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the level of evidence for the presence of new periodontal pathogens by (i) comparing the occurrence of non-classical periodontal taxa between healthy vs. periodontitis patients (Association study); (ii) assessing the modifications in the prevalence and levels of these species after treatments (Elimination study). In the Association study, we compared the prevalence and levels of 39 novel bacterial species between periodontally healthy and periodontitis patients. In the Elimination study, we analyzed samples from periodontitis patients assigned to receive scaling and root planing alone or with metronidazole+ amoxicillin TID/ 14 days. Levels of 79 bacterial species (39 novel and 40 classic) were assessed at baseline, 3 and 12 months post-therapy. All samples were analyzed using Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. Out of the 39 novel species evaluated, eight were categorized as having strong and four as having moderate association with periodontitis. Our findings suggest strong evidence supporting Lancefieldella rimae, Cronobacter sakazakii, Pluralibacter gergoviae, Enterococcus faecalis, Eubacterium limosum, Filifactor alocis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus warneri, and moderate evidence supporting Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Spiroplasma ixodetis, and Staphylococcus aureus as periodontal pathogens. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of periodontitis and may guide future diagnostic and interventional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lobão Veras
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Nídia Castro dos Santos
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - João Gabriel S. Souza
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Dental Research, Dental Science School (Faculdade de Ciências Odontológicas - FCO), Montes Claros, Brazil
| | - Luciene C. Figueiredo
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Belen Retamal-Valdes
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Valentim A. R. Barão
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Jamil Shibli
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo Faveri
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flavia Teles
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Poliana Duarte
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda Feres
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mousavi ZE, Hunt K, Koolman L, Butler F, Fanning S. Cronobacter Species in the Built Food Production Environment: A Review on Persistence, Pathogenicity, Regulation and Detection Methods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1379. [PMID: 37374881 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The powdered formula market is large and growing, with sales and manufacturing increasing by 120% between 2012 and 2021. With this growing market, there must come an increasing emphasis on maintaining a high standard of hygiene to ensure a safe product. In particular, Cronobacter species pose a risk to public health through their potential to cause severe illness in susceptible infants who consume contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Assessment of this risk is dependent on determining prevalence in PIF-producing factories, which can be challenging to measure with the heterogeneity observed in the design of built process facilities. There is also a potential risk of bacterial growth occurring during rehydration, given the observed persistence of Cronobacter in desiccated conditions. In addition, novel detection methods are emerging to effectively track and monitor Cronobacter species across the food chain. This review will explore the different vehicles that lead to Cronobacter species' environmental persistence in the food production environment, as well as their pathogenicity, detection methods and the regulatory framework surrounding PIF manufacturing that ensures a safe product for the global consumer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Faculties of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj 6719418314, Iran
| | - Kevin Hunt
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leonard Koolman
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francis Butler
- School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim HR, Kim BC. Development of multi-reactive aptamers for Cronobacter spp. using the sequential partitioning method to detect them in powdered infant formula. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1249:340935. [PMID: 36868770 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic foodborne pathogens typically detected in contaminated powdered infant formula (PIF). Thus, the rapid detection and control of Cronobacter spp. are required to prevent outbreaks, necessitating the development of specific aptamers. In this study, we isolated aptamers specific to all seven species of Cronobacter (C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. turicensis, C. muytjensii, C. dublinensis, C. condimenti, and C. universalis) using a newly proposed sequential partitioning method. This method avoids the repeated enrichment steps, reducing the total aptamer selection time compared with the conventional systematic evolution of ligands by the exponential enrichment (SELEX) process. We isolated four aptamers showing high affinity and specificity for all seven species of Cronobacter, with dissociation constants of 3.7-86.6 nM. This represents the first successful isolation of aptamers for multiple targets using the sequential partitioning method. Further, the selected aptamers could effectively detect Cronobacter spp. in contaminated PIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ri Kim
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Chan Kim
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liebe H, Schlegel C, Cai X, Golubkova A, Loerke C, Leiva T, Hunter CJ. Apical-Out Enteroids as an Innovative Model for Necrotizing Enterocolitis. J Surg Res 2023; 283:1106-1116. [PMID: 36915002 PMCID: PMC10014931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a gastrointestinal disease of premature neonates. We previously validated a NEC enteroid model derived from human infant intestinal tissue. Typical enteroid configuration is basolateral-out (BO) without direct access to the luminal (apical) surface. Apical access is necessary to allow physiologic comparison of pathogen interaction with the intestinal epithelial barrier. We hypothesize that apical-out (AO) enteroids will provide a relevant NEC model to study this relationship. METHODS Following the institutional review board approval (#11610-11611), neonatal intestinal tissue was collected from surgical specimens. Stem cells were collected; enteroids were generated and grown to maturity in BO conformation then everted to AO. Enteroids were untreated or treated for 24 h with 100 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide and hypoxia. Protein and gene expression were analyzed for inflammatory markers, tight junction (TJ) proteins and permeability characteristic of NEC. RESULTS Apical TJ protein zonula occludens-1 and basolateral protein β-catenin immunofluorescence confirmed AO configuration. Treated AO enteroids had significantly increased messenger RNA (P = 0.001) and protein levels (P < 0.0001) of tumor necrosis factor-α compared to controls. Corrected total cell fluorescence of toll-like receptor 4 was significantly increased in treated AO enteroids compared to control (P = 0.002). Occludin was found to have significantly decreased messenger RNA in treated AO enteroids (P = 0.003). Expression of other TJ proteins claudins-1, -4 and zonula occludens-1 was significantly decreased in treated AO enteroids (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS AO enteroids present an innovative model for NEC with increased inflammation and gut barrier restructuring. This model allows for a biologically relevant investigation of the interaction between the pathogen and the intestinal epithelial barrier in NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Liebe
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Camille Schlegel
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Surgery, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Xue Cai
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Surgery, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Alena Golubkova
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | | | - Tyler Leiva
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Catherine J Hunter
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Oklahoma Children's Hospital, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Transcriptomic and phenotypic changes of Cronobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 grown under desiccation stress. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.114279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
15
|
Kolba N, Cheng J, Jackson CD, Tako E. Intra-Amniotic Administration-An Emerging Method to Investigate Necrotizing Enterocolitis, In Vivo ( Gallus gallus). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224795. [PMID: 36432481 PMCID: PMC9696943 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe gastrointestinal disease in premature infants and a leading cause of death in neonates (1-7% in the US). NEC is caused by opportunistic bacteria, which cause gut dysbiosis and inflammation and ultimately result in intestinal necrosis. Previous studies have utilized the rodent and pig models to mimic NEC, whereas the current study uses the in vivo (Gallus gallus) intra-amniotic administration approach to investigate NEC. On incubation day 17, broiler chicken (Gallus gallus) viable embryos were injected intra-amniotically with 1 mL dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in H2O. Four treatment groups (0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% DSS) and two controls (H2O/non-injected controls) were administered. We observed a significant increase in intestinal permeability and negative intestinal morphological changes, specifically, decreased villus surface area and goblet cell diameter in the 0.50% and 0.75% DSS groups. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in pathogenic bacterial (E. coli spp. and Klebsiella spp.) abundances in the 0.75% DSS group compared to the control groups, demonstrating cecal microbiota dysbiosis. These results demonstrate significant physiopathology of NEC and negative bacterial-host interactions within a premature gastrointestinal system. Our present study demonstrates a novel model of NEC through intra-amniotic administration to study the effects of NEC on intestinal functionality, morphology, and gut microbiota in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elad Tako
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-607-255-0884
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Al-Omari AW, Ramadan Matter I, Hussein Almola A. Molecular study of Enterobacteriaceae bacterium isolated from dishwashers. BIONATURA 2022. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/2022.07.03.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Enterobacteriaceae family is considered one of the medically essential families in which there is a continuous change in classification, and new species are added to it. In this study, we obtained a novel strain registered in the NCBI under Enterobacteriaceae bacterium strain PRL 4-2, with the accession number MW540823, and the isolate considered unclassified Enterobacteriaceae. The isolate was obtained from dishwashers, which is a mine for many new species and strains due to the unique environmental conditions of this habitat, fluctuation in temperature, use of high temperatures, utilization of cleaning materials as well as humidity and the presence of organic materials, especially in case of neglect of cleaning. The isolate was characterized by its slow growth on culture media and its ability to form biofilms and possess some virulence factors. Its resistance to antibiotics was also studied, as it showed resistance to the antibiotics used in this study. The oddness for this strain is that it showed a different diagnosis when using VITEK (The VITEK 2 system has everything healthcare laboratories need for fast, accurate microbial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing.) compared to diagnosis using 16S rRNA. As for the taxonomic tree, the closest species was Enterobacter sp. Strain 188. This study supplements a few other studies of this novel species, isolated from different environments. These researches can be integrated to give an itinerary for other studies on the new species and their different capabilities.
Keywords. Enterobacteriaceae bacterium, dishwasher, Enterobacteriaceae bacterium PRL-2, Enterobacter sp., biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha W. Al-Omari
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| | | | - Alaa Hussein Almola
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sawale M, Ozadali F, Valentine CJ, Benyathiar P, Drolia R, Mishra DK. Impact of bovine lactoferrin fortification on pathogenic organisms to attenuate the risk of infection for infants. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
18
|
Lee JI, Kim SS, Kang DH. Development of DNA probes to detect Cronobacter sakazakii based on comparative genomics and its application in food samples. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Yi M, He P, Li J, Zhang J, Lin L, Wang L, Zhao L. A portable toolbox based on time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay and immunomagnetic separation for Cronobacter sakazakii on-site detection in dairy. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
20
|
Cheng C, Yan X, Liu B, Jiang T, Zhou Z, Guo F, Zhang Q, Li C, Fang T. SdiA Enhanced the Drug Resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii and Suppressed Its Motility, Adhesion and Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901912. [PMID: 35602061 PMCID: PMC9120920 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is a common foodborne pathogen, and the mortality rate of its infection is as high as 40–80%. SdiA acts as a quorum sensing regulator in many foodborne pathogens, but its role in C. sakazakii remains unclear. Here, we further determined the effect of the sdiA gene in C. sakazakii pathogenicity. The SdiA gene in C. sakazakii was knocked out by gene editing technology, and the biological characteristics of the ΔsdiA mutant of C. sakazakii were studied, followed by transcriptome analysis to elucidate its effects. The results suggested that SdiA gene enhanced the drug resistance of C. sakazakii but diminished its motility, adhesion and biofilm formation ability and had no effect on its growth. Transcriptome analysis showed that the ΔsdiA upregulated the expression levels of D-galactose operon genes (including dgoR, dgoK, dgoA, dgoD and dgoT) and flagella-related genes (FliA and FliC) in C. sakazakii and downregulated the expression levels of related genes in the type VI secretion system (VasK gene was downregulated by 1.53-fold) and ABC transport system (downregulated by 1.5-fold), indicating that SdiA gene was related to the physiological metabolism of C. sakazakii. The results were useful for clarifying the pathogenic mechanism of C. sakazakii and provide a theoretical basis for controlling bacterial infection.
Collapse
|
21
|
Virulence and DNA sequence analysis of Cronobacter spp. isolated from infant cereals. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 376:109745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
22
|
Posautz A, Szostak MP, Cabal Rosel A, Allerberger F, Stöger A, Rab G, Feßler AT, Spergser J, Kübber-Heiss A, Schwarz S, Forsythe SJ, Ruppitsch W, Loncaric I. Outbreak of Cronobacter turicensis in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus). Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:1008-1015. [PMID: 35263446 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of acute deaths in five European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) attributed to mucoid and necrotizing typhlocolitis caused by genetically different Cronobacter (C.) turicensis strains in northeastern Austria. As this opportunistic pathogen is mainly known for causing disease in immunocompromised humans and neonates, this previously unrecognized potential for a spillover from a wildlife reservoir to humans warrants further attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anna Stöger
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Rab
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, University of Technology Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, Petzenkirchen, Austria
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Schwarz
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research (TZR), Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leonard SR, Simko I, Mammel MK, Richter TKS, Brandl MT. Seasonality, shelf life and storage atmosphere are main drivers of the microbiome and E. coli O157:H7 colonization of post-harvest lettuce cultivated in a major production area in California. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOME 2021; 16:25. [PMID: 34930479 PMCID: PMC8686551 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-021-00393-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lettuce is linked to recurrent outbreaks of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, the seasonality of which remains unresolved. Infections have occurred largely from processed lettuce, which undergoes substantial physiological changes during storage. We investigated the microbiome and STEC O157:H7 (EcO157) colonization of fresh-cut lettuce of two cultivars with long and short shelf life harvested in the spring and fall in California and stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) at cold and warm temperatures. RESULTS Inoculated EcO157 declined significantly less on the cold-stored cultivar with short shelf life, while multiplying rapidly at 24 °C independently of cultivar. Metagenomic sequencing of the lettuce microbiome revealed that the pre-storage bacterial community was variable but dominated by species in the Erwiniaceae and Pseudomonadaceae. After cold storage, the microbiome composition differed between cultivars, with a greater relative abundance (RA) of Erwiniaceae and Yersiniaceae on the cultivar with short shelf life. Storage at 24 °C shifted the microbiome to higher RAs of Erwiniaceae and Enterobacteriaceae and lower RA of Pseudomonadaceae compared with 6 °C. Fall harvest followed by lettuce deterioration were identified by recursive partitioning as important factors associated with high EcO157 survival at 6 °C, whereas elevated package CO2 levels correlated with high EcO157 multiplication at 24 °C. EcO157 population change correlated with the lettuce microbiome during 6 °C storage, with fall microbiomes supporting the greatest EcO157 survival on both cultivars. Fall and spring microbiomes differed before and during storage at both temperatures. High representation of Pantoea agglomerans was a predictor of fall microbiomes, lettuce deterioration, and enhanced EcO157 survival at 6 °C. In contrast, higher RAs of Erwinia persicina, Rahnella aquatilis, and Serratia liquefaciens were biomarkers of spring microbiomes and lower EcO157 survival. CONCLUSIONS The microbiome of processed MAP lettuce evolves extensively during storage. Under temperature abuse, high CO2 promotes a lettuce microbiome enriched in taxa with anaerobic capability and EcO157 multiplication. In cold storage, our results strongly support a role for season and lettuce deterioration in EcO157 survival and microbiome composition, suggesting that the physiology and microbiomes of fall- and spring-harvested lettuce may contribute to the seasonality of STEC outbreaks associated with lettuce grown in coastal California.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan R Leonard
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Simko
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA, USA
| | - Mark K Mammel
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Taylor K S Richter
- Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Maria T Brandl
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Antibiotic Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Milk Alternatives. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123070. [PMID: 34945621 PMCID: PMC8702211 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of non-dairy milk is on the rise due to health benefits. Although there is increasing inclination towards milk alternatives (MA), there is limited data on antibiotic resistant bacteria in these substitutes. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from MA. A total of 138 extracts from almonds (n = 63), cashew nuts (n = 36), and soybeans (n = 39) were analyzed for Enterobacteriaceae. The identification of the bacteria was based on biochemical and PCR methods. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. Overall, 31% (43 of 138) of extracts were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. Ten bacterial species were identified, of which Enterobacter cloacae (42.7%) and Enterobacter cancerogenus (35.4%) were the most predominant species (p < 0.05). Antibiotic resistance was exhibited to vancomycin (88.3%), novobiocin (83.8%), erythromycin (81.1%), which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in tetracycline (59.5%), cefpodoxime (30.6%), and nalidixic acid (6.3%). There was no resistance displayed to kanamycin and imipenem. ERY-NOV-VAN-TET and ERY-NOV-CEP-VAN-TET were the most common resistant patterns displayed by Enterobacter cloacae. The findings of this study suggest that MAs, though considered healthy, may be a reservoir of multidrug resistant opportunist pathogens.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kong X, Li C, Sun X, Niu B, Guo D, Jiang Y, Yang J, Chen Q. The maltose transporter subunit IICB of the phosphotransferase system: An important factor for biofilm formation of Cronobacter. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 370:109517. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Papadakis P, Konteles S, Batrinou A, Ouzounis S, Tsironi T, Halvatsiotis P, Tsakali E, Van Impe JFM, Vougiouklaki D, Strati IF, Houhoula D. Characterization of Bacterial Microbiota of P.D.O. Feta Cheese by 16S Metagenomic Analysis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112377. [PMID: 34835502 PMCID: PMC8625534 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The identification of bacterial species in fermented PDO (protected designation of origin) cheese is important since they contribute significantly to the final organoleptic properties, the ripening process, the shelf life, the safety and the overall quality of cheese. Methods: Ten commercial PDO feta cheeses from two geographic regions of Greece, Epirus and Thessaly, were analyzed by 16S metagenomic analysis. Results: The biodiversity of all the tested feta cheese samples consisted of five phyla, 17 families, 38 genera and 59 bacterial species. The dominant phylum identified was Firmicutes (49% of the species), followed by Proteobacteria (39% of the species), Bacteroidetes (7% of the species), Actinobacteria (4% of the species) and Tenericutes (1% of the species). Streptococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae were the most abundant families, in which starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonged, but also 21 nonstarter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) were identified. Both geographical areas showed a distinctive microbiota fingerprint, which was ultimately overlapped by the application of starter cultures. In the rare biosphere of the feta cheese, Zobellella taiwanensis and Vibrio diazotrophicus, two Gram-negative bacteria which were not previously reported in dairy samples, were identified. Conclusions: The application of high-throughput DNA sequencing may provide a detailed microbial profile of commercial feta cheese produced with pasteurized milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Papadakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Spyros Konteles
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Anthimia Batrinou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Sotiris Ouzounis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece;
| | - Theofania Tsironi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Halvatsiotis
- 2nd Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital, 1 Rimini Str., 12462 Chaidari, Greece;
| | - Efstathia Tsakali
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BioTeC+—Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (D.H.)
| | - Jan F. M. Van Impe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, BioTeC+—Chemical and Biochemical Process Technology and Control, KU Leuven, Gebroeders De Smetstraat 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium;
| | - Despina Vougiouklaki
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Irini F. Strati
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Dimitra Houhoula
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, 28 Agiou Spiridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (P.P.); (S.K.); (A.B.); (D.V.); (I.F.S.)
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (D.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Muthubharathi BC, Balasubramaniam B, Mir DA, Ravichandiran V, Balamurugan K. Physiological and Metabolite Alterations Associated with Neuronal Signals of Caenorhabditis elegans during Cronobacter sakazakii Infections. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4336-4349. [PMID: 34704733 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic reprogramming plays a crucial role in the activation of several regulatory mechanisms including neuronal responses of the host. In the present study, alterations at physiological and biochemical levels were initially assessed to monitor the impact of the candidate pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii on the nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans. The abnormal behavioral responses were observed in infected worms in terms of hyperosmolarity and high viscous chemicals. The microscopic observations indicated reduction in egg laying and internal hatching of larvae in the host. An increased level of total reactive oxygen species and reduction in antioxidant agents such as glutathione and catalase were observed. These observations suggested the severe effect of C. sakazakii infection on C. elegans. To understand the small molecules which likely mediated neurotransmission, the whole metabolome of C. elegans during the infection of C. sakazakii was analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A decrease in the quantity of methyl dopamine and palmitoyl dopamine and an increase in hydroxyl dopamine suggested that reduction in dopamine reuptake and dopamine neuronal stress. The disordered dopaminergic transmission during infection was confirmed using transgenic C. elegans by microscopic observation of Dat-1 protein expression. In addition, reduction in arachidonic acid and short-chain fatty acids revealed their effect on lipid droplet formation as well as neuronal damage. An increase in the quantity of stearoyl CoA underpinned the higher accumulation of lipid droplets in the host. On the other hand, an increased level of metabolites such as palmitoyl serotonin, citalopram N-oxide, and N-acyl palmitoyl serotonin revealed serotonin-mediated potential response for neuroprotection, cytotoxicity, and cellular damage. Based on the metabolomic data, the genes correspond to small molecules involved in biosynthesis and transportation of candidate neurotransmitters were validated through relative gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dilawar Ahmad Mir
- Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lee JS, Kim GH, Kim J, Lim TH, Yoon YW, Yoon SS. Large-Scale Production of Cronobacter sakazakii Bacteriophage Φ CS01 in Bioreactors via a Two-Stage Self-Cycling Process. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1430-1437. [PMID: 34489375 PMCID: PMC9705936 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2107.07017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium found in powdered infant formula and is fatal to neonates. Antibiotic resistance has emerged owing to overuse of antibiotics. Therefore, demand for high-yield bacteriophages as an alternative to antibiotics has increased. Accordingly, we developed a modified mass-production method for bacteriophages by introducing a two-stage self-cycling (TSSC) process, which yielded high-concentration bacteriophage solutions by replenishing the nutritional medium at the beginning of each process, without additional challenge. pH of the culture medium was monitored in real-time during C. sakazakii growth and bacteriophage CS01 propagation, and the changes in various parameters were assessed. The pH of the culture medium dropped to 5.8 when the host bacteria reached the early log phase (OD540 = 0.3). After challenge, it decreased to 4.65 and then recovered to 4.94; therefore, we set the optimum pH to challenge the phage at 5.8 and that to harvest the phage at 4.94. We then compared phage production during the TSSC process in jar-type bioreactors and the batch culture process in shaker flasks. In the same volume of LB medium, the concentration of the phage titer solution obtained with the TSSC process was 24 times higher than that obtained with the batch culture process. Moreover, we stably obtained high concentrations of bacteriophage solutions for three cycles with the TSSC process. Overall, this modified TSSC process could simplify large-scale production of bacteriophage CS01 and reduce the unit cost of phage titer solution. These results could contribute to curing infants infected with antibiotic-resistant C. sakazakii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sun Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Hwuii Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegon Kim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Lim
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Won Yoon
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Yoon
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82 10-7233-8839 Fax: +82 33-760-5576 E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu H, Wang Y, Yao Q, Fan L, Meng L, Zheng N, Li H, Wang J. Alkaline phosphatase attenuates LPS-induced liver injury by regulating the miR-146a-related inflammatory pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108149. [PMID: 34634739 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can remain in dairy products after the sterilization of milk powder and may pose a threat to the health of infants and young children. There is a large amount of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in raw milk, which can remove the phosphate bond of LPS, thus, detoxifying it. ALP is regarded as an indicator of the success of milk sterilization due to its strong heat resistance. ALP can alleviate the toxicity of LPS in enteritis and nephritis models, but the mechanism by which oral-intake of ALP protects liver tissue from LPS stimulation is unclear. In this study, an in vivo acute mouse liver injury model was induced by C. sakazakii LPS (200 μg/kg) and used to verify the protective mechanism of ALP (200 U/kg) on mice livers. The related pathways were also verified by in vitro cell culture. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting were used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors at the protein level and RNA level, and to confirm the inflammation of liver tissue caused by LPS. ALP was found to alleviate acute liver injury in vitro by activating miR-146a. We found that ALP could up-regulate the level of miR146a and subsequently alleviates the expression of TLR4, TNF-α, matured IL-1β, and NF-κB in mouse liver tissue and hepatocytes; thus, reducing liver inflammation. Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that oral-intake of ALP protected liver tissue by up-regulating the expression of miR-146a and alleviating inflammatory reactions; thus, providing a research basis for the proper processing of milk. This study also suggests that producers should improve the awareness of the protective effects of bioactive proteins in raw milk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qianqian Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Linlin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lachowska M, Izdebski R, Urbanowicz P, Żabicka D, Królak-Olejnik B. Infection of Cronobacter sakazakii ST1 Producing SHV-12 in a Premature Infant Born from Triplet Pregnancy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091878. [PMID: 34576773 PMCID: PMC8469300 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii can cause severe life-threatening invasive infections in neonates, with a high mortality rate mostly associated with powdered infant formula consumption. The study describes a fatal C. sakazakii infection in premature infant fed only with expressed human milk. Despite the identification of etiological factor from patient's blood, the epidemiological investigation, including mother's skin, hospital surfaces, milk expressing devices, and milk samples, did not show bacterial contamination. The infection was caused by C. sakazakii ST1, being one of the leading genotypes reported in invasive infections. The phylogenetic analysis of the international collection of the ST1 organisms allowed us to identify the isolate as a member of the main cluster. The pathogenic potential of the isolate was augmented by the presence of IncFIB-like molecule representing virulence plasmids of pESA-3 family. Isolate presented ESBL phenotype associated with blaSHV-12 gene harboured by IncX3 plasmid. The described case gave valuable information to genetics of Cronobacter, and also urges the need of wider whole-genome sequencing implementation as a part of diagnostic procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lachowska
- Department of Neonatology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.L.); (B.K.-O.)
| | - Radosław Izdebski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Urbanowicz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Dorota Żabicka
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Królak-Olejnik
- Department of Neonatology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.L.); (B.K.-O.)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kim HS, Ashrafudoulla M, Kim BR, Mizan MFR, Jung SJ, Sadekuzzaman M, Park SH, Ha SD. The application of bacteriophage to control Cronobacter sakazakii planktonic and biofilm growth in infant formula milk. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:606-614. [PMID: 34190008 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1943741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal was to identify the biofilm-forming ability of Cronobacter sakazakii on surfaces of stainless steel (SS) and silicone rubber (SR) in contact with infant formula milk. Two representative bacteriophages (PBES04 and PBES19) were used to control the growth of C. sakazakii as well as its biofilm forming ability on either SS or SR surfaces. Bacterial growth was confirmed at 20 °C when PBES04 and PBES19 were used, whereas C. sakazakii was not normally detected in infant formula milk treated with both bacteriophages for 6 h. In an additional biofilm reduction experiment, the biofilm on SS or SR surfaces were reduced by 3.07 and 1.92 log CFU cm-2, respectively after PBES04 treatment, and 3.06 and 2.14 log CFU cm-2, respectively, after PBES19 treatment. These results demonstrate that bacteriophages can be effective in inactivating C. sakazakii in biofilms which could potentially increase food safety in commercial facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Md Ashrafudoulla
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Bo-Ram Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Md Furkanur Rahaman Mizan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Jung
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| | | | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Parra-Flores J, Holý O, Riffo F, Lepuschitz S, Maury-Sintjago E, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Cruz-Córdova A, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Mancilla-Rojano J, Troncoso M, Figueroa G, Ruppitsch W, Forsythe S. Profiling the Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated From Powdered and Dairy Formulas by Whole-Genome Sequencing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:694922. [PMID: 34276629 PMCID: PMC8278472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.694922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an enteropathogen that causes neonatal meningitis, septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants and newborns with a mortality rate of 15 to 80%. Powdered and dairy formulas (P-DF) have been implicated as major transmission vehicles and subsequently the presence of this pathogen in P-DF led to product recalls in Chile in 2017. The objective of this study was to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) and laboratory studies to characterize Cronobacter strains from the contaminated products. Seven strains were identified as C. sakazakii, and the remaining strain was Franconibacter helveticus. All C. sakazakii strains adhered to a neuroblastoma cell line, and 31 virulence genes were predicted by WGS. The antibiograms varied between strains. and included mcr-9.1 and bla CSA genes, conferring resistance to colistin and cephalothin, respectively. The C. sakazakii strains encoded I-E and I-F CRISPR-Cas systems, and carried IncFII(pECLA), Col440I, and Col(pHHAD28) plasmids. In summary, WGS enabled the identification of C. sakazakii strains and revealed multiple antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. These findings support the decision to recall the contaminated powdered and dairy formulas from the Chilean market in 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán, Chile
| | - Ondrej Holý
- Department of Public Health, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | | | - Sarah Lepuschitz
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jetsi Mancilla-Rojano
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Troncoso
- Microbiology and Probiotics Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Figueroa
- Microbiology and Probiotics Laboratory, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Vienna, Austria
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gao S, Sun C, Hong H, Gooneratne R, Mutukumira A, Wu X. Rapid detection of viable Cronobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula using improved propidium monoazide (PMAxx) and quantitative recombinase polymerase amplification (qRPA) assay. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
34
|
Isolation and Identification of Cronobacter spp. from Fish and Shellfish Sold in Retail Markets. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1973-1980. [PMID: 33774683 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02447-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the incidence of Cronobacter spp. in seafood collected from retail fish markets of Mumbai, India. A total of 50 samples comprising fresh finfish (n = 32), shellfish (n = 6), dried fish (n = 9) and water (n = 3) were analyzed for Cronobacter spp. by selective enrichment, isolation and biochemical tests. Of 145 isolates presumptively identified as Cronobacter spp. by biochemical tests, 37 were confirmed as Cronobacter spp. by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) specific to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. Based on the partial ITS gene sequence analysis, 35 isolates were identified as Cronobacter malonaticus and two as Cronobacter sakazakii. The highest incidence of Cronobacter spp. was in dried fish (55.6%), followed by shellfish (33.3%). The virulence gene ompA was detected in two Cronobacter sakazakii isolates. This is the first report of the incidence of Cronobacter spp. in fresh and dried seafood from India, which highlights the need to focus on this emerging pathogen in tropical seafood.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chang Y, Xing M, Hu X, Feng H, Wang Y, Guo B, Sun M, Ma L, Fei P. Antibacterial Activity of Chrysanthemum buds Crude Extract Against Cronobacter sakazakii and Its Application as a Natural Disinfectant. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:632177. [PMID: 33613472 PMCID: PMC7887297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.632177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen that endangers the health of neonates and infants. This study aims to elucidate the antibacterial activity and mechanism of Chrysanthemum buds crude extract (CBCE) against C. sakazakii and its application as a natural disinfectant. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the determination of the diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC). The antibacterial mechanism was explored based on the changes of growth curve assay, intracellular ATP concentration, membrane potential, intracellular pH (pHin), content of soluble protein and nucleic acid, and cell morphology. Finally, the inactivation effects of CBCE against C. sakazakii in biofilm on stainless steel tube, tinplate, glass, and polystyrene were evaluated. The results showed that the DIZ, MIC, and MBC of CBCE against C. sakazakii were 14.55 ± 0.44–14.84 ± 0.38 mm, 10 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL, respectively. In the process of CBCE acting on C. sakazakii, the logarithmic growth phase of the tested bacteria disappeared, and the concentrations of intracellular ATP, pHin, bacterial protein, and nucleic acid were reduced. Meanwhile, CBCE caused the cell membrane depolarization and leakage of cytoplasm of C. sakazakii. In addition, about 6.5 log CFU/mL of viable C. sakazakii in biofilm on stainless steel tube, tinplate, glass, and polystyrene could be inactivated after treatment with 1 MIC of CBCE for 30 min at 25°C. These findings reveal the antibacterial activity and mechanism of CBCE against C. sakazakii and provide a possibility of using a natural disinfectant to kill C. sakazakii in the production environment, packaging materials, and utensils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Chang
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Fruit Processing Engineering Technology Research Center, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Xing
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinying Hu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongxia Feng
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bingrui Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Maocheng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Lizhi Ma
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Peng Fei
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Fernández-Pastor S, Castelló DS, López-Mendoza MC. Stability of the Antimicrobial Capacity of Human Milk Against Cronobacter Sakazakii During Handling. J Hum Lact 2021; 37:139-146. [PMID: 32579054 DOI: 10.1177/0890334420932574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal infections with Cronobacter sakazakii have recently been associated with the consumption of expressed human milk. STUDY AIMS (1) To evaluate whether human milk has antimicrobial capacity against C. sakazakii and (2) to determine the stability of its capacity when it is subjected to various treatments. METHODS The antimicrobial capacity of human milk against C. sakazakii was evaluated using an observational, cross-sectional, comparative design. Mature human milk samples (N = 29) were subjected to different treatments. After incubation at 37°C for 72 hr, samples were compared with fresh milk on the stability of their antimicrobial capacity. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. RESULTS In fresh milk, counts of C. sakazakii were reduced by 47.26% (SD = 6.74) compared to controls. In treated milk, reductions were: refrigeration at 4°C for 72 hr (M = 33.84, SD = 13.84), freezing at -20°C for 1, 2, and 3 months (M = 40.31, SD = 9.10; M = 35.96, SD = 9.39; M = 26.20, SD = 13.55, respectively), Holder pasteurization (M = 23.56, SD = 15.61), and human milk bank treatment with (M = 14.37, SD = 18.02) and without bovine fortifier (M = 3.70, SD = 23.83). There were significant differences (p < .05) between fresh and treated milk. CONCLUSIONS Human milk has antimicrobial capacity against C. sakazakii. However, its capacity is negatively influenced by common preservation and hygienization methods. Milk should be stored refrigerated for a maximum of 72 hr or frozen for a short period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fernández-Pastor
- 16731 Department of Animal Production and Food Science and Technology, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - M C López-Mendoza
- 16731 Department of Animal Production and Food Science and Technology, University CEU-Cardenal Herrera, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ke A, Parreira VR, Goodridge L, Farber JM. Current and Future Perspectives on the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Controlling Pathogenic Cronobacter Spp. in Infants. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:755083. [PMID: 34745060 PMCID: PMC8567173 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.755083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter species, in particular C. sakazakii, is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen implicated in the development of potentially debilitating illnesses in infants (<12months old). The combination of a poorly developed immune system and gut microbiota put infants at a higher risk of infection compared to other age groups. Probiotics and prebiotics are incorporated in powdered infant formula and, in addition to strengthening gut physiology and stimulating the growth of commensal gut microbiota, have proven antimicrobial capabilities. Postbiotics in the cell-free supernatant of a microbial culture are derived from probiotics and can also exert health benefits. Synbiotics, a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics, may provide further advantages as probiotics and gut commensals degrade prebiotics into short-chain fatty acids that can provide benefits to the host. Cell-culture and animal models have been widely used to study foodborne pathogens, but sophisticated gut models have been recently developed to better mimic the gut conditions, thus giving a more accurate representation of how various treatments can affect the survival and pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to summarize the current understanding on the connection between Cronobacter infections and infants, as well as highlight the potential efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in reducing invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy.
Collapse
|
38
|
Holý O, Parra-Flores J, Lepuschitz S, Alarcón-Lavín MP, Cruz-Córdova A, Xicohtencatl-Cortes J, Mancilla-Rojano J, Ruppitsch W, Forsythe S. Molecular Characterization of Cronobacter sakazakii Strains Isolated from Powdered Milk. Foods 2020; 10:E20. [PMID: 33374633 PMCID: PMC7822459 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The organism causes infections in all age groups, but the most serious cases occur in outbreaks related to neonates with meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. The objective was to determine the in silico and in vitro putative virulence factors of six Cronobacter sakazakii strains isolated from powdered milk (PM) in the Czech Republic. Strains were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Virulence and resistance genes were detected with the Ridom SeqSphere+ software task template and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) platform. Adherence and invasion ability were performed using the mouse neuroblastoma (N1E-115 ATCCCRL-2263) cell line. The CRISPR-Cas system was searched with CRISPRCasFinder. Core genome MLST identified four different sequence types (ST1, ST145, ST245, and ST297) in six isolates. Strains 13755-1B and 1847 were able to adhere in 2.2 and 3.2 × 106 CFU/mL, while 0.00073% invasion frequency was detected only in strain 1847. Both strains 13755-1B and 1847 were positive for three (50.0%) and four virulence genes, respectively. The cpa gene was not detected. Twenty-eight genes were detected by WGS and grouped as flagellar or outer membrane proteins, chemotaxis, hemolysins, and invasion, plasminogen activator, colonization, transcriptional regulator, and survival in macrophages. The colistin-resistance-encoding mcr-9.1 and cephalothin-resis-encoding blaCSA genes and IncFII(pECLA) and IncFIB(pCTU3) plasmids were detected. All strains exhibited CRISPR matrices and four of them two type I-E and I-F matrices. Combined molecular methodologies improve Cronobacter spp. decision-making for health authorities to protect the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Holý
- Department of Public Health, Palacký University Olomouc, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Sarah Lepuschitz
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (S.L.); (W.R.)
| | | | - Ariadnna Cruz-Córdova
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.C.-C.); (J.X.-C.); (J.M.-R.)
| | - Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.C.-C.); (J.X.-C.); (J.M.-R.)
| | - Jetsi Mancilla-Rojano
- Intestinal Bacteriology Research Laboratory, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (A.C.-C.); (J.X.-C.); (J.M.-R.)
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, Facultad de Medicina, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Werner Ruppitsch
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1220 Vienna, Austria; (S.L.); (W.R.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hadi J, Wu S, Brightwell G. Antimicrobial Blue Light versus Pathogenic Bacteria: Mechanism, Application in the Food Industry, Hurdle Technologies and Potential Resistance. Foods 2020; 9:E1895. [PMID: 33353056 PMCID: PMC7767196 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue light primarily exhibits antimicrobial activity through the activation of endogenous photosensitizers, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that attack components of bacterial cells. Current data show that blue light is innocuous on the skin, but may inflict photo-damage to the eyes. Laboratory measurements indicate that antimicrobial blue light has minimal effects on the sensorial and nutritional properties of foods, although future research using human panels is required to ascertain these findings. Food properties also affect the efficacy of antimicrobial blue light, with attenuation or enhancement of the bactericidal activity observed in the presence of absorptive materials (for example, proteins on meats) or photosensitizers (for example, riboflavin in milk), respectively. Blue light can also be coupled with other treatments, such as polyphenols, essential oils and organic acids. While complete resistance to blue light has not been reported, isolated evidence suggests that bacterial tolerance to blue light may occur over time, especially through gene mutations, although at a slower rate than antibiotic resistance. Future studies can aim at characterizing the amount and type of intracellular photosensitizers across bacterial species and at assessing the oxygen-independent mechanism of blue light-for example, the inactivation of spoilage bacteria in vacuum-packed meats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Tennent Drive, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Carvalho GG, Calarga AP, Teodoro JR, Queiroz MM, Astudillo-Trujillo CA, Levy CE, Brocchi M, Kabuki DY. Isolation, comparison of identification methods and antibiotic resistance of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109643. [PMID: 33233222 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that cause serious infections, especially in infants, elderly, and immunocompromised people. Dehydrated infant foods are the main vehicle associated with infections caused by these bacteria. Thus, this study aims to investigate the occurrence of Cronobacter spp. in 152 commercial samples of dehydrated infant formulas (77 samples) and dehydrated infant cereals (75 samples), as well as characterize the isolates. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) methods for isolate identification were used, and their results compared. Furthermore, the susceptibility to 11 antibiotics was tested, and DNA sequencing of one isolate with multi-drug resistance was analyzed. No contamination in the infant formula samples was found, whereas 17.33% (13/75) of the infant cereal samples presented contamination with Cronobacter sakazakii. The identification results by PCR and MALDI-TOF/MS were divergent for some isolates. The antimicrobial resistance results showed a high incidence of resistance to cefazolin (94.4%) besides resistance to amoxicillin (9.45%), cefpodoxime (5.55%), streptomycin (1.35%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (1.35%). Whole genome sequencing of one multi-drug resistant isolate showed six genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and an 82% possibility of being a human pathogen based on the presence of virulence factors. The presence of Cronobacter spp. in infant foods represents a risk for the infant's health. Moreover, the presence of a pathogenic multi-drug resistant isolate in infant's food reinforces the necessity of improving food safety policies to protect young children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Guimarães Carvalho
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline Parolin Calarga
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Josie Roberta Teodoro
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Mariz Queiroz
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Emilio Levy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Brocchi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Dirce Yorika Kabuki
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cetin‐Karaca H, Morgan MC. Antimicrobial efficacy of cinnamaldehyde, chitosan and high pressure processing against
Cronobacter sakazakii
in infant formula. J Food Saf 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Cetin‐Karaca
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| | - Melissa C. Morgan
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang Z, Li D, Shi X, Zhai Y, Guo Y, Zheng Y, Zhao L, He Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Su J, Kang Y, Gao Z. Genomic characterization of an emerging Enterobacteriaceae species: the first case of co-infection with a typical pathogen in a human patient. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:297. [PMID: 32293254 PMCID: PMC7156906 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-6720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opportunistic pathogens are important for clinical practice as they often cause antibiotic-resistant infections. However, little is documented for many emerging opportunistic pathogens and their biological characteristics. Here, we isolated a strain of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from a patient with a biliary tract infection. We explored the biological and genomic characteristics of this strain to provide new evidence and detailed information for opportunistic pathogens about the co-infection they may cause. RESULTS The isolate grew very slowly but conferred strong protection for the co-infected cephalosporin-sensitive Klebsiella pneumoniae. As the initial laboratory testing failed to identify the taxonomy of the strain, great perplexity was caused in the etiological diagnosis and anti-infection treatment for the patient. Rigorous sequencing efforts achieved the complete genome sequence of the isolate which we designated as AF18. AF18 is phylogenetically close to a few strains isolated from soil, clinical sewage, and patients, forming a novel species together, while the taxonomic nomenclature of which is still under discussion. And this is the first report of human infection of this novel species. Like its relatives, AF18 harbors many genes related to cell mobility, various genes adaptive to both the natural environment and animal host, over 30 mobile genetic elements, and a plasmid bearing blaCTX-M-3 gene, indicating its ability to disseminate antimicrobial-resistant genes from the natural environment to patients. Transcriptome sequencing identified two sRNAs that critically regulate the growth rate of AF18, which could serve as targets for novel antimicrobial strategies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings imply that AF18 and its species are not only infection-relevant but also potential disseminators of antibiotic resistance genes, which highlights the need for continuous monitoring for this novel species and efforts to develop treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Daixi Li
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361004, Fujian, China
| | - Xing Shi
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Zhai
- University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Yatao Guo
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China.,Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Xiamen University Xiang'an Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun He
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yusheng Chen
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianrong Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Elkhawaga AA, Hetta HF, Osman NS, Hosni A, El-Mokhtar MA. Emergence of Cronobacter sakazakii in Cases of Neonatal Sepsis in Upper Egypt: First Report in North Africa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:215. [PMID: 32210926 PMCID: PMC7075355 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Cronobacter sakazakii (C. sakazakii) has attracted considerable attention as an emerging neonatal pathogen and has been associated with outbreaks of life-threatening septicemia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and meningitis in neonates and infants globally. No data about the role of C. sakazakii as a cause of neonatal sepsis in North Africa is availale. Herein, we aimed to study the incidence of C. sakazakii in cases of neonatal sepsis, its distribution in different food samples in Egypt, antimicrobial profile, and the ability of the strains to form biofilms. METHODS A total of 100 positive blood cultures from cases of neonatal sepsis admitted to the neonatal ICU at Assiut University Children's Hospital, Egypt, were analyzed. In addition, 1,100 food samples, including 400 powdered infant formula (PIF), 500 herbs, and 200 water samples were screened for the presence of C. sakazakii. We evaluated the antimicrobial profile and the ability of the strains to form biofilms. RESULTS Cronobacter sakazakii was detected in 12 out of 100 cases of neonatal sepsis. The organism was also isolated from PIF, herbs, and water in percentages of 17.5, 9.2, and 7.5%, respectively. Regarding the antimicrobial sensitivity, all strains were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin/sulbactam, clindamycin, cephalothin, and cephalexin. In addition, C. sakazakii strains showed the ability to form biofilms, but with variable degrees of cell density. CONCLUSION We reported, for the first time, cases of neonatal sepsis caused by the emerging life-threatening pathogen C. sakazakii in Egypt. The organism was also detected in contaminated PIF, herbs, and water, which may be sources of infection for neonates, especially in countries where natural herbs are widely used as an alternative medicine. Finally, collective efforts by the parents, manufacturers of PIF, and healthcare personnel are essential to prevent serious infections caused by C. sakazakii, particularly in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal A. Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Naglaa S. Osman
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amal Hosni
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Parra-Flores J, Maury-Sintjago E, Rodriguez-Fernández A, Acuña S, Cerda F, Aguirre J, Holy O. Microbiological Quality of Powdered Infant Formula in Latin America. J Food Prot 2020; 83:534-541. [PMID: 32078682 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cronobacter is a bacterial genus that includes seven species, and the species Cronobacter sakazakii is most related to meningitis and septicemia in infants associated with powdered infant formula (PIF). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the presence of C. sakazakii and to determine the microbiological quality of PIF for infant consumption. To do this, a total of 128 PIF samples were analyzed in four brands and countries (Chile, Mexico, Holland, and Brazil), considering three types of PIF: premature (PIF1), infant (PIF2), and follow-up (PIF3). Aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) were assessed in accordance with Chilean official standards. The outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene was amplified to detect Cronobacter spp. and the fusA gene was amplified to identify C. sakazakii by using the PubMLST Web site and BLAST (NCBI). The antibiotic resistance profile was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standards. The pathogen was quantified by the most probable number (MPN). The results showed that APC median values for PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 3.2, 4.9, and 4.8 log CFU g-1, respectively. The APC were higher in PIF2 (P < 0.01) from Holland (P < 0.01) in the commercial brand 4 (P < 0.01). The ENT median values in PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 were 1.8, 1.5, and 1.7 log CFU g-1, respectively. Five strains of C. sakazakii and one strain of Cronobacter malonaticus were identified as having values between 0.023 and 2.3 MPN/g. All strains (100%) harbored the ompA, plasminogen activator (cpa), and hemolysin (hly) virulence genes. To conclude, C. sakazakii was found in four PIF samples from four Chilean products and one from Mexico, which is distributed throughout America. C. sakazakii strains exhibit virulence factors and resistance to ampicillin, thus posing a risk when PIFs are consumed by infants. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Eduard Maury-Sintjago
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodriguez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Sergio Acuña
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Fabiola Cerda
- Department of Food Engineering, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Avenida Andrés Bello 720, 3800708, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Aguirre
- Department of Agricultural Industry and Enology, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Santa Rosa 11315, 8820000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ondrej Holy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Effect of thymoquinone on the resistance of Cronobacter sakazakii to environmental stresses and antibiotics. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
46
|
Yu J, Hou Q, Li W, Huang W, Mo L, Yao C, An X, Sun Z, Wei H. Profiling of the viable bacterial and fungal microbiota in fermented feeds using single-molecule real-time sequencing. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa029. [PMID: 32017844 PMCID: PMC7036599 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented concentrated feed has been widely recognized as an ideal feed in the animal industry. In this study, we used a powerful method, coupling propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment with single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to compare the bacterial and fungal composition of feeds before and after fermentation with four added lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants (one Lactobacillus casei strain and three L. plantarum strains). Five feed samples consisting of corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran were fermented with LAB additives for 3 d. Following anaerobic fermentation, the pH rapidly decreased, and the mean numbers of LAB increased from 106 to 109 colony-forming units (cfu)/g fresh matter. SMRT sequencing results showed that the abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the feed were significantly higher before fermentation than after fermentation. Fifteen bacterial species and eight fungal genera were significantly altered following fermentation, and L. plantarum was the dominant species (relative abundance 88.94%) in the post-fermentation group. PMA treatment revealed that the bacteria Bacillus cereus, B. circulans, Alkaliphilus oremlandii, Cronobacter sakazakii, Paenibacillus barcinonensis, and P. amylolyticus (relative abundance >1%) were viable in the raw feed. After fermentation, their relative abundances decreased sharply to <0.2%; however, viable L. plantarum was still the dominant species post fermentation. We inferred that our LAB additives grew rapidly and inhibited harmful microorganisms and further improved feed quality. In addition, coupling PMA treatment with the Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequencing technology was a powerful tool for providing accurate live microbiota profiling data in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiangchuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Weicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Weiqiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Lanxin Mo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Caiqing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Xiaona An
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chang Y, Xing M, Hu X, Feng H, Wang Y, Guo B, Sun M, Ma L, Fei P. Antibacterial Activity of Chrysanthemum buds Crude Extract Against Cronobacter sakazakii and Its Application as a Natural Disinfectant. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:632177. [PMID: 33613472 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01502/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter sakazakii is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen that endangers the health of neonates and infants. This study aims to elucidate the antibacterial activity and mechanism of Chrysanthemum buds crude extract (CBCE) against C. sakazakii and its application as a natural disinfectant. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the determination of the diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericide concentration (MBC). The antibacterial mechanism was explored based on the changes of growth curve assay, intracellular ATP concentration, membrane potential, intracellular pH (pHin), content of soluble protein and nucleic acid, and cell morphology. Finally, the inactivation effects of CBCE against C. sakazakii in biofilm on stainless steel tube, tinplate, glass, and polystyrene were evaluated. The results showed that the DIZ, MIC, and MBC of CBCE against C. sakazakii were 14.55 ± 0.44-14.84 ± 0.38 mm, 10 mg/mL, and 20 mg/mL, respectively. In the process of CBCE acting on C. sakazakii, the logarithmic growth phase of the tested bacteria disappeared, and the concentrations of intracellular ATP, pHin, bacterial protein, and nucleic acid were reduced. Meanwhile, CBCE caused the cell membrane depolarization and leakage of cytoplasm of C. sakazakii. In addition, about 6.5 log CFU/mL of viable C. sakazakii in biofilm on stainless steel tube, tinplate, glass, and polystyrene could be inactivated after treatment with 1 MIC of CBCE for 30 min at 25°C. These findings reveal the antibacterial activity and mechanism of CBCE against C. sakazakii and provide a possibility of using a natural disinfectant to kill C. sakazakii in the production environment, packaging materials, and utensils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Chang
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Guizhou Fruit Processing Engineering Technology Research Center, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Xing
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinying Hu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongxia Feng
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yao Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bingrui Guo
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Maocheng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun, China
| | - Lizhi Ma
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Peng Fei
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lee IPA, Andam CP. Pan-genome diversification and recombination in Cronobacter sakazakii, an opportunistic pathogen in neonates, and insights to its xerotolerant lifestyle. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:306. [PMID: 31881843 PMCID: PMC6935241 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1664-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cronobacter sakazakii is an emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogen known to cause neonatal and pediatric infections, including meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bacteremia. Multiple disease outbreaks of C. sakazakii have been documented in the past few decades, yet little is known of its genomic diversity, adaptation, and evolution. Here, we analyzed the pan-genome characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of 237 genomes of C. sakazakii and 48 genomes of related Cronobacter species isolated from diverse sources. Results The C. sakazakii pan-genome contains 17,158 orthologous gene clusters, and approximately 19.5% of these constitute the core genome. Phylogenetic analyses reveal the presence of at least ten deep branching monophyletic lineages indicative of ancestral diversification. We detected enrichment of functions involved in proton transport and rotational mechanism in accessory genes exclusively found in human-derived strains. In environment-exclusive accessory genes, we detected enrichment for those involved in tryptophan biosynthesis and indole metabolism. However, we did not find significantly enriched gene functions for those genes exclusively found in food strains. The most frequently detected virulence genes are those that encode proteins associated with chemotaxis, enterobactin synthesis, ferrienterobactin transporter, type VI secretion system, galactose metabolism, and mannose metabolism. The genes fos which encodes resistance against fosfomycin, a broad-spectrum cell wall synthesis inhibitor, and mdf(A) which encodes a multidrug efflux transporter were found in nearly all genomes. We found that a total of 2991 genes in the pan-genome have had a history of recombination. Many of the most frequently recombined genes are associated with nutrient acquisition, metabolism and toxin production. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that the presence of a large accessory gene pool, ability to switch between ecological niches, a diverse suite of antibiotic resistance, virulence and niche-specific genes, and frequent recombination partly explain the remarkable adaptability of C. sakazakii within and outside the human host. These findings provide critical insights that can help define the development of effective disease surveillance and control strategies for Cronobacter-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Paolo A Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Cheryl P Andam
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Identification and Characterization of Cronobacter Strains Isolated from Environmental Samples. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:1467-1476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
50
|
Lu Y, Liu P, Li C, Sha M, Fang J, Gao J, Xu X, Matthews KR. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Cronobacter Species Isolated From Four Infant Formula Production Factories in China. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1938. [PMID: 31497005 PMCID: PMC6712172 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and genotypic characteristics of Cronobacter isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) manufacturing facilities and to identify a potential source of contamination. A total of 42 Cronobacter isolates (5%) were detected in 835 environmental samples collected during the surveillance study. These isolates included C. sakazakii (n = 37), C. malonaticus (n = 3), and C. turicensis (n = 2). The isolates were divided into 14 sequence types (STs) by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and 21 pulsotypes (PTs) using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The dominant C. sakazakii sequence types were ST3 (n = 12) and ST21 (n = 10), followed by ST136 (n = 6). The major PTs were PT22 (n = 12) and PT17 (n = 4) based on 100% similarity. Strains isolated from samples collected at the same production facility showed closer phylogenetic relation than those collected from distinct facilities. The result of extensive traceback sampling showed that PIF residues (PIF dust in production areas), fluid beds, drying areas, floors, and soil samples collected adjacent to the production facilities were the primary positive areas for Cronobacter. The present study outlines an effective approach to determine prevalence and genetic diversity of Cronobacter isolates associated with contamination of PIF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.,Green Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Green Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Changguo Li
- Food Department, Heilongjiang Administration for Market Regulation, Harbin, China
| | - Miao Sha
- Green Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingquan Fang
- Green Food Research Institute of Heilongjiang (National Research Center of Dairy Engineering and Technology), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jingwen Gao
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Xu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Karl R Matthews
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|