1
|
Luo X, Xiao S, Huang D, Guo E, Yang Y, Qiu X, Wang X, Qian Z, Vaughn MG, Bingheim E, Dong G, Liu S, Zeng X. Associations between urinary rare Earth elements with renal function: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Guangxi, China. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 85:127461. [PMID: 38986394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With increased applications of rare earth elements (REEs) across various industries, evaluating the relationship between REEs exposure and potential health effects has become a public concern. In vivo experiments have established that REEs impact renal function. However, relevant epidemiological evidence on this relationship remains scarce. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of exposure to REEs on renal function. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1052 participants were recruited from Guangxi, China. We measured urinary concentrations of 12 REEs using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Multiple linear regression models were developed to explore the relationship between a single REEs exposure and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), a marker of renal function. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine the combined effects of REE co-exposure on eGFR. RESULTS In the multiple linear regression analysis, increasing the concentrations of lanthanum (La, β: 8.22, 95% CI: 5.67-10.77), cerium (Ce, β:6.61, 95% CI: 3.80-9.43), praseodymium (Pr, β: 8.46, 95% CI: 5.85-11.07), neodymium (Nd, β:8.75, 95% CI: 6.10-11.41), and dysprosium (Dy, β:7.38, 95% CI: 4.85-9.91) significantly increased the eGFR. In the WQS regression model, the WQS index was significantly associated with eGFR (β: 4.03, 95% CI: 2.46-5.60), with Pr having the strongest correlation with eGFR. Similar results were obtained in the BKMR model. Additionally, interactions between Pr and La, and Pr and Nd were observed. CONCLUSIONS Co-exposure to REEs is positively associated with elevated eGFR. Pr is likely to have the most significant influence on increased eGFRs and this might be exacerbated when interacting with La and Nd. Mixed exposure to low doses of REEs had a protective effect on renal function, which can provide some evidence for the exposure threshold of REEs in the environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study has been approved by the Guangxi Medical University Medical Ethics Committee (#20170206-1), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingxi Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Suyang Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Erna Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaogang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Elizabeth Bingheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamahara K, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Kuwagata S, Chin-Kanasaki M, Kume S. Ketone Body Metabolism in Diabetic Kidney Disease. KIDNEY360 2024; 5:320-326. [PMID: 38227425 PMCID: PMC10914200 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0000000000000359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ketone bodies have a negative image because of ketoacidosis, one of the acute and serious complications in diabetes. The negative image persists despite the fact that ketone bodies are physiologically produced in the liver and serve as an indispensable energy source in extrahepatic organs, particularly during long-term fasting. However, accumulating experimental evidence suggests that ketone bodies exert various health benefits. Particularly in the field of aging research, there is growing interest in the potential organoprotective effects of ketone bodies. In addition, ketone bodies have a potential role in preventing kidney diseases, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a diabetic complication caused by prolonged hyperglycemia that leads to a decline in kidney function. Ketone bodies may help alleviate the renal burden from hyperglycemia by being used as an alternative energy source in patients with diabetes. Furthermore, ketone body production may reduce inflammation and delay the progression of several kidney diseases in addition to DKD. Although there is still insufficient research on the use of ketone bodies as a treatment and their effects, their renoprotective effects are being gradually proven. This review outlines the ketone body-mediated renoprotective effects in DKD and other kidney diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hong LYQ, Yeung ESH, Tran DT, Yerra VG, Kaur H, Kabir MDG, Advani SL, Liu Y, Batchu SN, Advani A. Altered expression, but small contribution, of the histone demethylase KDM6A in obstructive uropathy in mice. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049991. [PMID: 37655466 PMCID: PMC10482012 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic processes have emerged as important modulators of kidney health and disease. Here, we studied the role of KDM6A (a histone demethylase that escapes X-chromosome inactivation) in kidney tubule epithelial cells. We initially observed an increase in tubule cell Kdm6a mRNA in male mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). However, tubule cell knockout of KDM6A had relatively minor consequences, characterized by a small reduction in apoptosis, increase in inflammation and downregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. In proximal tubule lineage HK-2 cells, KDM6A knockdown decreased PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) protein levels and mRNA levels of the encoding gene, PPARGC1A. Tubule cell Kdm6a mRNA levels were approximately 2-fold higher in female mice than in male mice, both under sham and UUO conditions. However, kidney fibrosis after UUO was similar in both sexes. The findings demonstrate Kdm6a to be a dynamically regulated gene in the kidney tubule, varying in expression levels by sex and in response to injury. Despite the context-dependent variation in Kdm6a expression, knockout of tubule cell KDM6A has subtle (albeit non-negligible) effects in the adult kidney, at least in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y. Q. Hong
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Emily S. H. Yeung
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Duc Tin Tran
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Veera Ganesh Yerra
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Harmandeep Kaur
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - M. D. Golam Kabir
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Suzanne L. Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Youan Liu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Sri Nagarjun Batchu
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Viejo M, Yakovlev I, Tengs T, Krokene P, Hytönen T, Grini PE, Fossdal CG. Major transcriptomic differences are induced by warmer temperature conditions experienced during asexual and sexual reproduction in Fragaria vesca ecotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1213311. [PMID: 37521931 PMCID: PMC10379642 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1213311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge for plants in a rapidly changing climate is to adapt to rising temperatures. Some plants adapt to temperature conditions by generating an epigenetic memory that can be transmitted both meiotically and mitotically. Such epigenetic memories may increase phenotypic variation to global warming and provide time for adaptation to occur through classical genetic selection. The goal of this study was to understand how warmer temperature conditions experienced during sexual and asexual reproduction affect the transcriptomes of different strawberry (Fragaria vesca) ecotypes. We let four European F. vesca ecotypes reproduce at two contrasting temperatures (18 and 28°C), either asexually through stolon formation for several generations, or sexually by seeds (achenes). We then analyzed the transcriptome of unfolding leaves, with emphasis on differential expression of genes belonging to the epigenetic machinery. For asexually reproduced plants we found a general transcriptomic response to temperature conditions but for sexually reproduced plants we found less significant responses. We predicted several splicing isoforms for important genes (e.g. a SOC1, LHY, and SVP homolog), and found significantly more differentially presented splicing event variants following asexual vs. sexual reproduction. This difference could be due to the stochastic character of recombination during meiosis or to differential creation or erasure of epigenetic marks during embryogenesis and seed development. Strikingly, very few differentially expressed genes were shared between ecotypes, perhaps because ecotypes differ greatly both genetically and epigenetically. Genes related to the epigenetic machinery were predominantly upregulated at 28°C during asexual reproduction but downregulated after sexual reproduction, indicating that temperature-induced change affects the epigenetic machinery differently during the two types of reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- EVOGENE, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marcos Viejo
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Igor Yakovlev
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Timo Hytönen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul E. Grini
- EVOGENE, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Samarth RM, Tiwari RR, Modi G, Soni KK, Banjare ML, Ul Hasan S, Jain S. Evaluation of Cytogenetic Alterations in Patients of Chronic Kidney Disease. Indian J Nephrol 2023; 33:259-263. [PMID: 37781554 PMCID: PMC10503583 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_130_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years, there has been a rise in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it has been estimated that by 2040, CKD will be the fifth most common cause of death globally. In addition to diabetes, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease commonly associated with CKD, exposure to various toxins as a result of pollution or industrial disasters is also discussed as a cause for multi-organ pathology including kidneys. Although few cytogenetic studies were undertaken to assess the genetic damage in survivors of the disaster, no studies are available on the cytogenetic damage of toxic-gas exposed population having CKD. Therefore, the present multi-group cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the independent role of CKD as well as toxic gas exposure on cytogenetics. Methods The cytogenetic alterations were evaluated through chromosomal aberration analysis and micronuclei assay. The study included 608 study participants divided into four groups on the basis of history of exposure to the leaked gas and presence or absence of CKD. Results The results of the study showed no statistically significant difference in cytogenetic damage between gas-exposed and non-exposed patients of CKD, whereas significantly higher cytogenetic damage was observed among gas-exposed participants having CKD compared to gas-exposed participants free from CKD, suggesting that cytogenetic changes could be due to CKD itself. Conclusions Thus, to conclude, the cytogenetic alterations observed in the study can be partly attributed to the disease itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra M. Samarth
- ICMR-Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR-BMHRC), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
- ICMR-Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R. Tiwari
- ICMR-Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Gopesh Modi
- Department of Nephrology, Samarpan Super Specialty Clinics, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Kishore K. Soni
- ICMR-Department of Environmental Health and Epidemiology, National Institute for Research in Environmental Health (ICMR-NIREH), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan. L. Banjare
- Department of Nephrology Kamla Nehru Hospital/Gas Rahat, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shariq Ul Hasan
- ICMR-Department of Research, Bhopal Memorial Hospital and Research Centre (ICMR-BMHRC), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Department of Nephrology Kamla Nehru Hospital/Gas Rahat, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang X, Hasan AA, Wu H, Gaballa MMS, Zeng S, Liu L, Xie L, Jung T, Grune T, Krämer BK, Kleuser B, Li J, Hocher B. High-fat, sucrose and salt-rich diet during rat spermatogenesis lead to the development of chronic kidney disease in the female offspring of the F2 generation. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22259. [PMID: 35294083 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101789rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effects of feeding male rats during spermatogenesis a high-fat, high-sucrose and high-salt diet (HFSSD) over two generations (F0 and F1) on renal outcomes are unknown. Male F0 and F1 rats were fed either control diet (F0CD+F1CD) or HFSSD (F0HD+F1HD). The outcomes were glomerular filtration rate and urinary albumin excretion in F1 and F2 offspring. If both outcomes were altered a morphological and molecular assessment was done. F2 offspring of both sexes had a decreased GFR. However, increased urinary albumin excretion was only observed in female F2 F0HD+F1HD offspring compared with controls. F0HD+F1HD female F2 offspring developed glomerulosclerosis (+31%; p < .01) and increased renal interstitial fibrosis (+52%; p < .05). RNA sequencing followed by qRT-PCR validation showed that four genes (Enpp6, Tmem144, Cd300lf, and Actr3b) were differentially regulated in the kidneys of female F2 offspring. lncRNA XR-146683.1 expression decreased in female F0HD+F1HD F2 offspring and its expression was (r = 0.44, p = .027) correlated with the expression of Tmem144. Methylation of CpG islands in the promoter region of the Cd300lf gene was increased (p = .001) in female F2 F0HD+F1HD offspring compared to controls. Promoter CpG island methylation rate of Cd300lf was inversely correlated with Cd300lf mRNA expression in F2 female offspring (r = -0.483, p = .012). Cd300lf mRNA expression was inversely correlated with the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio in female F2 offspring (r = -0.588, p = .005). Paternal pre-conceptional unhealthy diet given for two generations predispose female F2 offspring to chronic kidney disease due to epigenetic alterations of renal gene expression. Particularly, Cd300lf gene promotor methylation was inversely associated with Cd300lf mRNA expression and Cd300lf mRNA expression itself was inversely associated with urinary albumin excretion in F2 female offspring whose fathers and grandfathers got a pre-conceptional unhealthy diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed A Hasan
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hongwei Wu
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohamed M S Gaballa
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Suimin Zeng
- The First Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yiyang, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Xie
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany.,Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Krämer
- Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Berthold Hocher
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology/Endocrinology/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China.,Institute of Medical Diagnostics, IMD Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tao S, Tao S, Guo F, Zhang L, Zhao L, Fu P, Ma L. Discovery of indol-6-yl-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-7-one derivatives as bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitors for the treatment of kidney fibrosis. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 231:114153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
8
|
Lower p66Shc promoter methylation in subjects with chronic renal failure. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257176. [PMID: 34529688 PMCID: PMC8445414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the correlation between DNA methylation of p66Shc promoter and some markers of inflammatory and oxidative stress in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients compared with healthy subjects. Methods An observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the nephrology department at Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital (Tunisia). In total, 39 patients with CRF and 37 healthy subjects were included. Several biochemical parameters were measured. Furthermore, markers of the oxidative and inflammatory status (MDA, TAS, SOD, and CRP) were evaluated. The p66Shc methylation status was determined using the methylation-specific PCR. Results Our results showed that levels of blood glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, ChT, TG, albuminuria, CRP and MDA were significantly elevated in CRF patients compared to controls. Furthermore, p66Shc promoter region was highly demethylated in CRF patients compared to healthy controls (84% vs 4%). Our data showed a positive correlation between p66Shc hypomethylation and levels of MDA (r = 0.93; p<0, 05) and CRP (r = 0.89; P <0, 05), as well as a significant negative correlation between p66Shc hypomethylation, TAS (r = -0.76; P <0, 05) and SOD (r = -0.77; p<0, 05) levels. Similarly, there was a positive correlation between p66Shc hypomethylation and the disease stages. Importantly, multiple regression analysis showed that p66shc DNA hypomethylation remains strongly correlated with MDA, CRP and stages of CRF. Conclusion This study indicates that the DNA hypomethylation of p66shc promoter was correlated with oxidative and inflammatory stress and the disease stages in CRF patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Larkin BP, Saad S, Glastras SJ, Nguyen LT, Hou M, Chen H, Wang R, Pollock CA. Low-dose hydralazine during gestation reduces renal fibrosis in rodent offspring exposed to maternal high fat diet. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248854. [PMID: 33735324 PMCID: PMC7971884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal high fat diet (HFD) promotes chronic kidney disease (CKD) in offspring. This is in accordance with the theory of fetal programming, which suggests adverse conditions occurring in utero predispose offspring to chronic conditions later in life. DNA methylation has been proposed as a key mechanism by which fetal programming occurs and is implicated in CKD progression. DNA demethylating drugs may interrupt the fetal programming of CKD by maternal obesity. Hydralazine, an antihypertensive agent, demethylates DNA at low doses which do not reduce blood pressure. We used a mouse model of maternal obesity to determine whether gestational administration of low-dose hydralazine to mothers can prevent CKD in offspring. METHODS C57BL/6 dams received HFD or chow from 6 weeks prior to mating and were administered subcutaneous hydralazine (5mg/kg) or saline thrice weekly during gestation. Male offspring were weaned to chow and were sacrificed at either postnatal week 9 or week 32. Biometric and metabolic parameters, renal global DNA methylation, renal structural and functional changes and markers of fibrosis, oxidative stress and inflammation were measured in offspring at weeks 9 and 32. RESULTS In week 9 offspring, maternal HFD consumption did not significantly alter anthropometric or metabolic parameters, or renal global DNA methylation. Week 32 offspring had increased renal global DNA methylation, together with albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, renal fibrosis and oxidative stress. Administration of low-dose hydralazine to obese mothers during gestation reduced renal global DNA methylation and renal fibrotic markers in week 32 offspring. CONCLUSION Gestational hydralazine reduced renal global DNA methylation in offspring of obese mothers and attenuated maternal obesity-induced renal fibrosis. These data support the use of low-dose hydralazine as a demethylating agent to prevent CKD arising in offspring due to maternal HFD consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Larkin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Glastras
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Long T. Nguyen
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Miao Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rosy Wang
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xia J, Cao W. Epigenetic modifications of Klotho expression in kidney diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:581-592. [PMID: 33547909 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Developments of many renal diseases are substantially influenced by epigenetic modifications of numerous genes, mainly mediated by DNA methylations, histone modifications, and microRNA interference; however, not all gene modifications causally affect the disease onset or progression. Klotho is a critical gene whose repressions in various pathological conditions reportedly involve epigenetic regulatory mechanisms. Klotho is almost unexceptionally repressed early after acute or chronic renal injuries and its levels inversely correlated with the disease progression and severity. Moreover, the strategies of Klotho derepression via epigenetic modulations beneficially change the pathological courses both in vitro and in vivo. Hence, Klotho is not only considered a biomarker of the renal disease but also a potential or even an ideal target of therapeutic epigenetic intervention. Here, we summarize and discuss studies that investigate the Klotho repression and intervention in renal diseases from an epigenetic point of view. These information might shed new sights into the effective therapeutic strategies to prevent and treat various renal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkun Xia
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wangsen Cao
- Center for Organ Fibrosis and Remodeling Research, Jiangsu Key Lab of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nobakht E, Jagadeesan M, Paul R, Bromberg J, Dadgar S. Precision Medicine in Kidney Transplantation: Just Hype or a Realistic Hope? Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e650. [PMID: 33437865 PMCID: PMC7793397 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Desirable outcomes including rejection- and infection-free kidney transplantation are not guaranteed despite current strategies for immunosuppression and using prophylactic antimicrobial medications. Graft survival depends on factors beyond human leukocyte antigen matching such as the level of immunosuppression, infections, and management of other comorbidities. Risk stratification of transplant patients based on predisposing genetic modifiers and applying precision pharmacotherapy may help improving the transplant outcomes. Unlike certain fields such as oncology in which consistent attempts are being carried out to move away from the "error and trial approach," transplant medicine is lagging behind in implementing personalized immunosuppressive therapy. The need for maintaining a precarious balance between underimmunosuppression and overimmunosuppression coupled with adverse effects of medications calls for a gene-based guidance for precision pharmacotherapy in transplantation. Technologic advances in molecular genetics have led to increased accessibility of genetic tests at a reduced cost and have set the stage for widespread use of gene-based therapies in clinical care. Evidence-based guidelines available for precision pharmacotherapy have been proposed, including guidelines from Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium, the Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, and the US Food and Drug Administration. In this review, we discuss the implications of pharmacogenetics and potential role for genetic variants-based risk stratification in kidney transplantation. A single score that provides overall genetic risk, a polygenic risk score, can be achieved by combining of allograft rejection/loss-associated variants carried by an individual and integrated into practice after clinical validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Nobakht
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Muralidharan Jagadeesan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Rohan Paul
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Jonathan Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sherry Dadgar
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
- Personalized Medicine Care Diagnostics Laboratory (PMCDx), Inc., Germantown, MD
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lecamwasam A, Ekinci EI, Saffery R, Dwyer KM. Potential for Novel Biomarkers in Diabetes-Associated Chronic Kidney Disease: Epigenome, Metabolome, and Gut Microbiome. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E341. [PMID: 32927866 PMCID: PMC7555227 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes-associated chronic kidney disease is a pandemic issue. Despite the global increase in the number of individuals with this chronic condition together with increasing morbidity and mortality, there are currently only limited therapeutic options to slow disease progression. One of the reasons for this is that the current-day "gold standard" biomarkers lack adequate sensitivity and specificity to detect early diabetic chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review focuses on the rapidly evolving areas of epigenetics, metabolomics, and the gut microbiome as potential sources of novel biomarkers in diabetes-associated CKD and discusses their relevance to clinical practice. However, it also highlights the problems associated with many studies within these three areas-namely, the lack of adequately powered longitudinal studies, and the lack of reproducibility of results which impede biomarker development and clinical validation in this complex and susceptible population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashani Lecamwasam
- Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Ivanhoe, VIC 3079, Australia;
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3220, Australia;
| | - Elif I. Ekinci
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Ivanhoe, VIC 3079, Australia;
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Saffery
- Epigenetics Group, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Karen M. Dwyer
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds, VIC 3220, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Epigenetic regulation of ILDR2 in the cord blood of obese mothers. TRANSLATIONAL METABOLIC SYNDROME RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmsr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
14
|
Fujii R, Yamada H, Munetsuna E, Yamazaki M, Ohashi K, Ishikawa H, Maeda K, Hagiwara C, Ando Y, Hashimoto S, Hamajima N, Suzuki K. Associations of Circulating MicroRNAs (miR-17, miR-21, and miR-150) and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Japanese Population. J Epidemiol 2019; 30:177-182. [PMID: 30905898 PMCID: PMC7064557 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20180233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in the development of various diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although previous studies in clinically severe patients have investigated associations between CKD and miRNAs, with particular attention on renal fibrosis, relationships in a general population have yet to be established. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between expression level of circulating miRNAs and CKD in a middle-aged Japanese population. Methods A final total of 513 individuals (216 men and 297 women) who participated in the health check-up program in 2012 were included in our analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine expression levels of 22 miRNAs. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated based on serum creatinine level, sex, and age. Participants with eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were defined as having CKD. Results Three different miRNAs (miR-17, miR-21, and miR-150) showed significant correlations with eGFR after Bonferroni correction and were selected for further analyses. Expression levels of miR-17, miR-21, and miR-150 miRNAs were positively associated with eGFR after adjusting for potential confounders (P = 0.004, 0.002, and 0.004, respectively). Logistic regression analyses showed significantly lower odds ratios for CKD (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2) in the highest tertile of all three miRNAs (miR-17, miR-21, and miR-150) compared with the lowest tertile (P = 0.003, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively). Conclusions We found that three circulating miRNAs were significantly associated with CKD in a general Japanese population, which suggested that these miRNAs may be biomarkers for CKD among general adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fujii
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Hiroya Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Mirai Yamazaki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Keisuke Maeda
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Chiharu Hagiwara
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Yoshitaka Ando
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
The histone demethylase LSD1 promotes renal inflammation by mediating TLR4 signaling in hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 30894511 PMCID: PMC6427019 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal inflammation significantly contributes to the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN), but the mechanisms that control its precise regulation remain largely unknown. In this study, we showed that the lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) was significantly upregulated in renal tissue of HBV-GN patients, and its expression was positively correlated with inflammation. Functionally, LSD1 could promote HBV-induced release of proinflammatory mediators in HK-2 cells, a human renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cell line. Mechanistic investigations suggested that LSD1 directly promoted the transcription of the inflammatory-related gene Tlr4 by eliminating the mono- or di-methylation of H3K9 near its promoter. Knockdown of Lsd1 further inhibited TLR4-NF-κB/JNK signaling cascades, and subsequently decreased HBV-induced production of proinflammatory mediators in HK-2 cells. Co-transfection with Tlr4-expressing plasmids counteracted these effects. Meanwhile, downregulation of abovementioned TLR4-related pathways using small-molecule inhibitors attenuated inflammation. Importantly, LSD1 inhibitor tranylcypromine (TCP) could inhibit TLR4-NF-κB/JNK signaling axis and alleviate renal inflammation in HBV transgenic mice. Taken together, our data identify LSD1 as a novel regulator of renal inflammation and as a potential therapeutic target in HBV-GN.
Collapse
|
16
|
Primers on nutrigenetics and nutri(epi)genomics: Origins and development of precision nutrition. Biochimie 2019; 160:156-171. [PMID: 30878492 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between genotype and phenotype is a central goal not just for genetics but also for medicine and biological sciences. Despite outstanding technological progresses, genetics alone is not able to completely explain phenotypes, in particular for complex diseases. Given the existence of a "missing heritability", growing attention has been given to non-mendelian mechanisms of inheritance and to the role of the environment. The study of interaction between gene and environment represents a challenging but also a promising field with high potential for health prevention, and epigenetics has been suggested as one of the best candidate to mediate environmental effects on the genome. Among environmental factors able to interact with both genome and epigenome, nutrition is one of the most impacting. Not just our genome influences the responsiveness to food and nutrients, but vice versa, nutrition can also modify gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. In this complex picture, nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics represent appealing disciplines aimed to define new prospectives of personalized nutrition. This review introduces to the study of gene-environment interactions and describes how nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics modulate health, promoting or affecting healthiness through life-style, thus playing a pivotal role in modulating the effect of genetic predispositions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Unveiling the Role of DNA Methylation in Kidney Transplantation: Novel Perspectives toward Biomarker Identification. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1602539. [PMID: 30766879 PMCID: PMC6350635 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1602539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The burden of chronic kidney disease is dramatically rising, making it a major public health concern worldwide. Kidney transplantation is now the best treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Although kidney transplantation may improve survival and quality of life, its long-term results are hampered by immune- and/or non-immune-mediated complications. Thus, the identification of transplanted patients with a higher risk of posttransplant complications has become a big challenge for public health. However, current biomarkers of posttransplant complications have a poor predictive value, rising the need to explore novel approaches for the management of transplant patient. In this review we summarize the emerging literature about DNA methylation in kidney transplant complications, in order to highlight its perspectives toward biomarker identification. In the forthcoming future the monitoring of DNA methylation in kidney transplant patients could become a plausible strategy toward the prevention and/or treatment of kidney transplant complications.
Collapse
|
18
|
Øvrehus MA, Bruheim P, Ju W, Zelnick LR, Langlo KA, Sharma K, de Boer IH, Hallan SI. Gene Expression Studies and Targeted Metabolomics Reveal Disturbed Serine, Methionine, and Tyrosine Metabolism in Early Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 4:321-333. [PMID: 30775629 PMCID: PMC6365407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is among the leading causes of end-stage renal disease, but its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We wanted to explore early metabolic changes using gene expression and targeted metabolomics analysis. Methods We analyzed gene expression in kidneys biopsied from 20 patients with nephrosclerosis and 31 healthy controls with an Affymetrix array. Thirty-one amino acids were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in urine samples from 62 patients with clinical hypertensive nephrosclerosis and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and major findings were confirmed in an independent cohort of 45 cases and 15 controls. Results Amino acid catabolism and synthesis were strongly underexpressed in hypertensive nephrosclerosis (13- and 7-fold, respectively), and these patients also showed gene expression patterns indicating decreased fatty acid oxidation (12-fold) and increased interferon gamma (10-fold) and cellular defense response (8-fold). Metabolomics analysis revealed significant distribution differences in 11 amino acids in hypertensive nephrosclerosis, among them tyrosine, phenylalanine, dopamine, homocysteine, and serine, with 30% to 70% lower urine excretion. These findings were replicated in the independent cohort. Integrated gene-metabolite pathway analysis showed perturbations of renal dopamine biosynthesis. There were also significant differences in homocysteine/methionine homeostasis and the serine pathway, which have strong influence on 1-carbon metabolism. Several of these disturbances could be interconnected through reduced regeneration of tetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrobiopterin. Conclusion Early hypertensive nephrosclerosis showed perturbations of intrarenal biosynthesis of dopamine, which regulates natriuresis and blood pressure. There were also disturbances in serine/glycine and methionine/homocysteine metabolism, which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marius A Øvrehus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nephrology, St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Knut A Langlo
- Department of Nephrology, St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kumar Sharma
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stein I Hallan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nephrology, St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ma D, Rodriguez-Manzano J, de Mateo Lopez S, Kalofonou M, Georgiou P, Toumazou C. Adapting ISFETs for Epigenetics: An Overview. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2018; 12:1186-1201. [PMID: 30010588 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2018.2838153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of how CMOS design methods can be applied to ion-sensitive field effect transistor (ISFETs) for pH-based DNA methylation and miRNA detection. Design specifications are fundamentally defined by the choice of analysis. As such, the focus for DNA methylation was on developing front-end analogue circuits to carry out Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) for Point-of-Care applications, and sequencing for detailed analysis. The use of MSP prompted the design of an ISFET weak inversion current mirror topology for differential sensing and reduction of drift and temperature sensitivities. The primary limitation in ion-semiconductor sequencing is base calling of repeated nucleotides known as homopolymers. Implementation of a switched current integrator can potentially increase both accuracy and window for detection, within the frequency region of DNA reactions. For quantifying miRNAs, digital back-end processing circuits were considered toward a fully portable platform that can carry out real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Two systems to evaluate threshold cycles were developed, based on the Derivative method and a new proposed 3-point exponential evaluation aim to reduce detection time simultaneously. Both implementations were tested with datasets from fluorescent qPCR reactions, as well as pH-LAMP experiments that have been optimized for on-chip amplifications. All designs were fabricated in unmodified CMOS with performance assessed based on functionality as well as pH-resolution required in practice.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Evidence that artificial intelligence (AI) is useful for predicting risk factors for hypertension and its management is emerging. However, we are far from harnessing the innovative AI tools to predict these risk factors for hypertension and applying them to personalized management. This review summarizes recent advances in the computer science and medical field, illustrating the innovative AI approach for potential prediction of early stages of hypertension. Additionally, we review ongoing research and future implications of AI in hypertension management and clinical trials, with an eye towards personalized medicine. RECENT FINDINGS Although recent studies demonstrate that AI in hypertension research is feasible and possibly useful, AI-informed care has yet to transform blood pressure (BP) control. This is due, in part, to lack of data on AI's consistency, accuracy, and reliability in the BP sphere. However, many factors contribute to poorly controlled BP, including biological, environmental, and lifestyle issues. AI allows insight into extrapolating data analytics to inform prescribers and patients about specific factors that may impact their BP control. To date, AI has been mainly used to investigate risk factors for hypertension, but has not yet been utilized for hypertension management due to the limitations of study design and of physician's engagement in computer science literature. The future of AI with more robust architecture using multi-omics approaches and wearable technology will likely be an important tool allowing to incorporate biological, lifestyle, and environmental factors into decision-making of appropriate drug use for BP control.
Collapse
|
21
|
Larkin BP, Glastras SJ, Chen H, Pollock CA, Saad S. DNA methylation and the potential role of demethylating agents in prevention of progressive chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2018; 32:5215-5226. [PMID: 29688808 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800205r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global epidemic, and its major risk factors include obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity not only promotes metabolic dysregulation and the development of diabetic kidney disease but also may independently lead to CKD by a variety of mechanisms, including endocrine and metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, oxidative stress, altered renal hemodynamics, and lipotoxicity. Deleterious renal effects of obesity can also be transmitted from one generation to the next, and it is increasingly recognized that offspring of obese mothers are predisposed to CKD. Epigenetic modifications are changes that regulate gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Of these, DNA methylation is the most studied. Epigenetic imprints, particularly DNA methylation, are laid down during critical periods of fetal development, and they may provide a mechanism by which maternal-fetal transmission of chronic disease occurs. Our current review explores the evidence for the role of DNA methylation in the development of CKD, diabetic kidney disease, diabetes, and obesity. DNA methylation has been implicated in renal fibrosis-the final pathophysiologic pathway in the development of end-stage kidney disease-which supports the notion that demethylating agents may play a potential therapeutic role in preventing development and progression of CKD.-Larkin, B. P., Glastras, S. J., Chen, H., Pollock, C. A., Saad, S. DNA methylation and the potential role of demethylating agents in prevention of progressive chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Larkin
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Glastras
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol A Pollock
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sonia Saad
- Renal Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Trojanowicz B, Ulrich C, Kohler F, Bode V, Seibert E, Fiedler R, Girndt M. Monocytic angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 relates to atherosclerosis in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2018; 32:287-298. [PMID: 28186543 PMCID: PMC7108029 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased levels of monocytic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) found in haemodialysis (HD) patients may directly participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. We demonstrated recently that uremia triggers the development of highly pro-atherogenic monocytes via an angiotensin II (AngII)–dependent mechanism. Opposing actions of the AngII-degrading ACE2 remain largely unknown. We examined the status of both ACEs and related receptors in circulating leukocytes of HD, not-dialyzed CKD and healthy individuals. Furthermore, we tested the possible impact of monocytic ACEs on atherogenesis and behaviour of the cells under conditions mimicking chronic renal failure. Methods: Expression of ACE, ACE2, AT1R, AT2R and MASR was investigated on circulating leukocytes from 71 HD (62 ± 14 years), 24 CKD stage 3–5 (74 ± 10 years) patients and 37 healthy control subjects (53 ± 6 years) and isolated healthy monocytes treated with normal and uremic serum. Analyses of ACE, ACE2, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCSF and endothelial adhesion were tested on ACE-overexpressing THP-1 monocytes treated with captopril or losartan. ACE2-overexpressing monocytes were subjected to transmigration and adhesion assays and investigated for MCP-1, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCSF, AT1R and AT2R expression. Results: The ACE mRNA level was significantly increased in HD and CKD stage 3–5 leukocytes. Correspondingly, ACE2 was downregulated and AngII as well as MAS receptor expression was upregulated in these cells. Healthy monocytes preconditioned with uremic serum reflected the same expressional regulation of ACE/ACE2, MAS and AngII receptors as those observed in HD and CKD stage 3–5 leukocytes. Overexpression of monocytic ACE dramatically decreased levels of ACE2 and induced a pro-atherogenic phenotype, partly reversed by AngII-modifying treatments, leading to an increase in ACE2. Overexpression of ACE2 in monocytes led to reduced endothelial adhesion, transmigration and downregulation of adhesion-related molecules. Conclusions: HD and not-dialyzed CKD stage 3–5 patients show enhanced ACE and decreased ACE2 expression on monocytes. This constellation renders the cells endothelial adhesive and likely supports the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bogusz Trojanowicz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christof Ulrich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Felix Kohler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Veronika Bode
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eric Seibert
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Roman Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Matthias Girndt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
García-Giménez JL, Romá-Mateo C, Pérez-Machado G, Peiró-Chova L, Pallardó FV. Role of glutathione in the regulation of epigenetic mechanisms in disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:36-48. [PMID: 28705657 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field that studies gene expression modifications not involving changes in the DNA sequence. Histone H3, one of the basic proteins in the nucleosomes that make up chromatin, is S-glutathionylated in mammalian cells and tissues, making Gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine, glutathione (GSH), a physiological antioxidant and second messenger in cells, a new post-translational modifier of the histone code that alters the structure of the nucleosome. However, the role of GSH in the epigenetic mechanisms likely goes beyond a mere structural function. Evidence supports the hypothesis that there is a link between GSH metabolism and the control of epigenetic mechanisms at different levels (i.e., substrate availability, enzymatic activity for DNA methylation, changes in the expression of microRNAs, and participation in the histone code). However, little is known about the molecular pathways by which GSH can control epigenetic events. Studying mutations in enzymes involved in GSH metabolism and the alterations of the levels of cofactors affecting epigenetic mechanisms appears challenging. However, the number of diseases induced by aberrant epigenetic regulation is growing, so elucidating the intricate network between GSH metabolism, oxidative stress and epigenetics could shed light on how their deregulation contributes to the development of neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic pathologies and many other types of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carlos Romá-Mateo
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain; Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gisselle Pérez-Machado
- Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain; Mixed Unit INCLIVA-CIPF Research Institutes, Valencia, Spain; Dept. Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Universitat de València (UV), Valencia, Spain; Epigenetics Research Platform (CIBERER/UV), Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Virzì GM, Clementi A, Brocca A, de Cal M, Ronco C. Epigenetics: a potential key mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of cardiorenal syndromes. J Nephrol 2017; 31:333-341. [PMID: 28780716 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is defined as the heritable changes in gene expression patterns which are not directly encoded by modifications in the nucleotide DNA sequence of the genome, including higher order chromatin organization, DNA methylation, cytosine modifications, covalent histone tail modifications, and short non-coding RNA molecules. Recently, much attention has been paid to the role and the function of epigenetics and epimutations in the cellular and subcellular pathways and in the regulation of genes in the setting of both kidney and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, deregulation of histone alterations has been highlighted in a large spectrum of renal and cardiac disease, including chronic and acute renal injury, renal and cardiac fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy and failure, kidney congenital anomalies, renal hypoxia, and diabetic renal complications. Nevertheless, the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndromes is currently underexplored. Given the significant clinical relevance of heart-kidney crosstalk, efforts in the research for new action mechanisms concurrently operating in both pathologies are thus of maximum interest. This review focuses on epigenetic mechanisms involved in heart and kidney disease, and their possible role in the setting of cardiorenal syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Virzì
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy. .,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.
| | - Anna Clementi
- IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Agrigento, Italy
| | - Alessandra Brocca
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova Medical School, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo de Cal
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Claudio Ronco
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant, San Bortolo Hospital, Via Rodolfi, 37, 36100, Vicenza, Italy.,IRRIV-International Renal Research Institute Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Navas-Enamorado I, Bernier M, Brea-Calvo G, de Cabo R. Influence of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on age-related pathways in skeletal muscle. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 37:39-52. [PMID: 28487241 PMCID: PMC5549001 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michel Bernier
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gloria Brea-Calvo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo and CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-JA, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Suite 100, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang J, Wang C, Ha X, Li W, Xu P, Gu Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Xie J. DNA methylation of tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and adiponectin genes in visceral adipose tissue is related to type 2 diabetes in the Xinjiang Uygur population. J Diabetes 2017; 9:699-706. [PMID: 27573980 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The higher probability of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Uygur population is due to a greater waist: hip ratio and visceral fat. This study investigated DNA methylation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1), and adiponectin (ADIPOQ) in visceral adipose tissue in T2DM. METHODS Visceral adipose tissue was collected from Uygur individuals and divided into normal control (NC; n = 50), obese (Ob; n = 48), and T2DM (n = 26) groups. Expression of TNF, ADIPOQ, and MCP1 mRNA and DNA methylation status were quantified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and denaturing HPLC. RESULTS The respective methylation-positive rate for ADIPOQ increased gradually from the NC to Ob to T2DM groups (34.0 %, 47.9 %, and 65.4 %; P < 0.05), decreased gradually for TNF (70.0 %, 47.9 %, and 26.9 %; P < 0.01), and did not differ significantly for MCP1 (0 %, 2.08 %, and 0 %). Compared with the NC group, ADIPOQ mRNA expression was significantly lower in the Ob and T2DM groups (median 0.7162 vs 0.4244 and 0.4093, respectively; P < 0.05), whereas TNF and MCP1 expression was significantly higher (median TNF expression: 0.0250 vs 0.1096 and 0.0734 respectively; median MCP1 expression 0.1588 vs 0.1937 and 0.1983, respectively; P < 0.05 for all). Expression of ADIPOQ and TNF was significantly lower in methylation-negative (median 0.7870 and 0.1988, respectively) than methylation-positive (median 0.2700 and 0.0542, respectively) groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Lower ADIPOQ and higher TNF and MCP1 mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue may be correlated with obesity and T2DM in the Uygur population. Promoter DNA methylation affects expression of ADIPOQ and TNF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Cuizhe Wang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xiaodan Ha
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Shihezi University School of Medicine in the First Affiliated Hospital Clinical Laboratory, Shihezi, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yajuan Gu
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Endocrinology Department of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region People's Hospital, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianxin Xie
- Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang L, Zhang Q, Liu S, Chen Y, Li R, Lin T, Yu C, Zhang H, Huang Z, Zhao X, Tan X, Li Z, Ye Z, Ma J, Zhang B, Wang W, Shi W, Liang X. DNA methyltransferase 1 may be a therapy target for attenuating diabetic nephropathy and podocyte injury. Kidney Int 2017; 92:140-153. [PMID: 28318634 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Shuangxin Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruizhao Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshun Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinchen Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofan Tan
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Ye
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianchao Ma
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinling Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Personalized Medicine: New Perspectives for the Diagnosis and the Treatment of Renal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061248. [PMID: 28604601 PMCID: PMC5486071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of renal diseases is rising and reaching 5-15% of the adult population. Renal damage is associated with disturbances of body homeostasis and the loss of equilibrium between exogenous and endogenous elements including drugs and metabolites. Studies indicate that renal diseases are influenced not only by environmental but also by genetic factors. In some cases the disease is caused by mutation in a single gene and at that time severity depends on the presence of one or two mutated alleles. In other cases, renal disease is associated with the presence of alteration within a gene or genes, but environmental factors are also necessary for the development of disease. Therefore, it seems that the analysis of genetic aspects should be a natural component of clinical and experimental studies. The goal of personalized medicine is to determine the right drug, for the right patient, at the right time. Whole-genome examinations may help to change the approach to the disease and the patient resulting in the creation of "personalized medicine" with new diagnostic and treatment strategies designed on the basis of genetic background of each individual. The identification of high-risk patients in pharmacogenomics analyses will help to avoid many unwarranted side effects while optimizing treatment efficacy for individual patients. Personalized therapies for kidney diseases are still at the preliminary stage mainly due to high costs of such analyses and the complex nature of human genome. This review will focus on several areas of interest: renal disease pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, rate of progression and the prediction of prognosis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Donate-Correa J, Henríquez-Palop F, Martín-Núñez E, Pérez-Delgado N, Muros-de-Fuentes M, Mora-Fernández C, Navarro-González JF. Effect of Paricalcitol on FGF-23 and Klotho in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2017; 100:2432-2438. [PMID: 27467536 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paricalcitol decreases intact parathyroid hormone and the frequency of secondary hyperparathyroidism after kidney transplantation. This proof-of-concept study aimed to assess the effect of paricalcitol on fibroblast growth factor-23/KLOTHO axis in renal transplants. METHODS Twenty-nine subjects with secondary hyperparathyroidism received oral paricalcitol 1 μg/d for 3 months, and 8 patients matched by age, sex, and creatinine clearance, but with intact parathyroid hormone less than 100 pg/mL, were included as controls. RESULTS Intact parathyroid hormone decreased in paricalcitol-treated patients (P < 0.0001). Serum fibroblast growth factor-23 enhanced (P < 0.01), whereas KLOTHO concentrations showed a trend to increase (P = 0.067). KLOTHO gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells increased by 45.7% in paricalcitol-treated patients (P < 0.01), without change in controls. Paricalcitol administration resulted in a median percent decrease of 56% in methylated DNA levels of KLOTHO promoter (P < 0.001). The ratio of the unmethylated/methylated KLOTHO promoter DNA did not change in controls, but it increased by 177% in paricalcitol-treated subjects (P < 0.0001). The increase in this ratio was independently associated with the change in serum KLOTHO (r = 0.55, P < 0.01) and messenger RNA expression levels (r = 0.40, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Paricalcitol administration to renal transplant patients significantly reduced intact parathyroid hormone and increased fibroblast growth factor-23, with a trend to increase in serum KLOTHO. Paricalcitol-treated patients showed a decrease in the methylation of the KLOTHO promoter with an increment in the ratio of un-methyated/methylated DNA, which was associated with an increase of KLOTHO gene expression levels and serum KLOTHO concentrations. Long-term studies are needed to assess whether paricalcitol-induced increase in KLOTHO gene expression and serum concentrations may translate into beneficial clinical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Donate-Correa
- 1 Research Unit, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 2 Nephrology Service, University Hospital de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. 3 Clinical Biochemistry Service, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. 4 Nephrology Service, University Hospital Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Webster AC, Nagler EV, Morton RL, Masson P. Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet 2017; 389:1238-1252. [PMID: 27887750 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1971] [Impact Index Per Article: 281.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The definition and classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have evolved over time, but current international guidelines define this condition as decreased kidney function shown by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or markers of kidney damage, or both, of at least 3 months duration, regardless of the underlying cause. Diabetes and hypertension are the main causes of CKD in all high-income and middle-income countries, and also in many low-income countries. Incidence, prevalence, and progression of CKD also vary within countries by ethnicity and social determinants of health, possibly through epigenetic influence. Many people are asymptomatic or have non-specific symptoms such as lethargy, itch, or loss of appetite. Diagnosis is commonly made after chance findings from screening tests (urinary dipstick or blood tests), or when symptoms become severe. The best available indicator of overall kidney function is GFR, which is measured either via exogenous markers (eg, DTPA, iohexol), or estimated using equations. Presence of proteinuria is associated with increased risk of progression of CKD and death. Kidney biopsy samples can show definitive evidence of CKD, through common changes such as glomerular sclerosis, tubular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis. Complications include anaemia due to reduced production of erythropoietin by the kidney; reduced red blood cell survival and iron deficiency; and mineral bone disease caused by disturbed vitamin D, calcium, and phosphate metabolism. People with CKD are five to ten times more likely to die prematurely than they are to progress to end stage kidney disease. This increased risk of death rises exponentially as kidney function worsens and is largely attributable to death from cardiovascular disease, although cancer incidence and mortality are also increased. Health-related quality of life is substantially lower for people with CKD than for the general population, and falls as GFR declines. Interventions targeting specific symptoms, or aimed at supporting educational or lifestyle considerations, make a positive difference to people living with CKD. Inequity in access to services for this disease disproportionally affects disadvantaged populations, and health service provision to incentivise early intervention over provision of care only for advanced CKD is still evolving in many countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Webster
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Centre for Transplant and Renal research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Evi V Nagler
- Renal Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rachael L Morton
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Masson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yung S, Chan TM. Molecular and Immunological Basis of Tubulo-Interstitial Injury in Lupus Nephritis: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2017; 52:149-163. [PMID: 26961386 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-016-8533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis is an important cause of kidney failure in patients of Asian, African, or Hispanic descent. Its etiology and pathogenesis are multifactorial and remain to be elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggests that anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies play a critical role in the pathogenesis, through its direct binding to cross-reactive antigens on resident renal cells or indirect binding through chromatin material to extracellular matrix components, resulting in complement activation, cell activation and proliferation, and induction of inflammatory and fibrotic processes. While tubulo-interstitial damage portends poor long-term renal prognosis, the mechanisms leading to tubulo-interstitial injury in lupus nephritis has received relatively less attention to date. Immune deposition along the tubular basement membrane is often observed in lupus nephritis and correlates with tubulo-interstitial infiltration of immune cells and interstitial fibrosis. Anti-dsDNA antibodies bind to resident renal cells, including proximal renal tubular epithelial cells, and contribute to renal inflammation and fibrosis. There is emerging evidence that epigenetic influence such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs (miRs) also contribute to kidney fibrosis. Overexpression of miR-150 is observed in renal biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis and correlates with kidney fibrosis and chronicity score. Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an established and effective standard-of-care therapy for patients with lupus nephritis. Accumulating data suggest that in addition to its immunosuppressive actions on lymphocyte proliferation, mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of MMF, can exert a direct effect on nonimmune cells. Mediators of inflammation and fibrosis induced by anti-dsDNA antibodies in cultured proximal renal tubular epithelial cells are ameliorated by the addition of MPA, suggesting that in addition to its immunosuppressive actions, MPA may also have a beneficial effect in improving tubulo-interstitial inflammation and fibrosis through its direct action on proximal renal tubular epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
The path to chronic kidney disease following acute kidney injury: a neonatal perspective. Pediatr Nephrol 2017; 32:227-241. [PMID: 26809804 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized critically ill neonatal populations without primary renal disease continues to be high, in both term and premature infants. Observational studies have revealed high rates of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in survivors of neonatal AKI. Proposed mechanisms underlying the progression of CKD following AKI include nephron loss and hyperfiltration, vascular insufficiency and maladaptive repair mechanisms. Other factors, including prematurity and low birth weight, have an independent relationship with the development of CKD, but they may also be positive effect modifiers in the relationship of AKI and CKD. The large degree of heterogeneity in the literature on AKI in the neonatal population, including the use of various AKI definitions and CKD outcomes, has hampered the medical community's ability to properly assess the relationship of AKI and CKD in this vulnerable population. Larger prospective cohort studies with control groups which utilize recently proposed neonatal AKI definitions and standardized CKD definitions are much needed to properly quantify the risk of CKD following an episode of AKI. Until there is further evidence to guide us, we recommend that all neonates with an identified episode of AKI should have an appropriate longitudinal follow-up in order to identify CKD at its earliest stages.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ross PJ, Canovas S. Mechanisms of epigenetic remodelling during preimplantation development. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:25-40. [PMID: 27062872 DOI: 10.1071/rd15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics involves mechanisms independent of modifications in the DNA sequence that result in changes in gene expression and are maintained through cell divisions. Because all cells in the organism contain the same genetic blueprint, epigenetics allows for cells to assume different phenotypes and maintain them upon cell replication. As such, during the life cycle, there are moments in which the epigenetic information needs to be reset for the initiation of a new organism. In mammals, the resetting of epigenetic marks occurs at two different moments, which both happen to be during gestation, and include primordial germ cells (PGCs) and early preimplantation embryos. Because epigenetic information is reversible and sensitive to environmental changes, it is probably no coincidence that both these extensive periods of epigenetic remodelling happen in the female reproductive tract, under a finely controlled maternal environment. It is becoming evident that perturbations during the extensive epigenetic remodelling in PGCs and embryos can lead to permanent and inheritable changes to the epigenome that can result in long-term changes to the offspring derived from them, as indicated by the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis and recent demonstration of inter- and trans-generational epigenetic alterations. In this context, an understanding of the mechanisms of epigenetic remodelling during early embryo development is important to assess the potential for gametic epigenetic mutations to contribute to the offspring and for new epimutations to be established during embryo manipulations that could affect a large number of cells in the offspring. It is of particular interest to understand whether and how epigenetic information can be passed on from the gametes to the embryo or offspring, and whether abnormalities in this process could lead to transgenerationally inheritable phenotypes. The aim of this review is to highlight recent progress made in understanding the nature and mechanisms of epigenetic remodelling that ensue after fertilisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Juan Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Sebastian Canovas
- LARCEL (Laboratorio Andaluz de Reprogramación Celular), BIONAND, Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología Campanillas, Malaga 29590, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sun L, Zou LX, Chen MJ. Make Precision Medicine Work for Chronic Kidney Disease. Med Princ Pract 2017; 26:101-107. [PMID: 28152529 PMCID: PMC5588375 DOI: 10.1159/000455101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine is based on accurate diagnosis and tailored intervention through the use of omics and clinical data together with epidemiology and environmental exposures. Precision medicine should be achieved with minimum adverse events and maximum efficacy in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this review, the breakthroughs of omics in CKD and the application of systems biology are reviewed. The potential role of transforming growth factor-β1 in the targeted intervention of renal fibrosis is discussed as an example of how to make precision medicine work for CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- *Ling Sun, Department of Nephrology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province (China), E-Mail
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Individuals age >65 years old are the fastest expanding population demographic throughout the developed world. Consequently, more aged patients than before are receiving diagnoses of impaired renal function and nephrosclerosis-age-associated histologic changes in the kidneys. Recent studies have shown that the aged kidney undergoes a range of structural changes and has altered transcriptomic, hemodynamic, and physiologic behavior at rest and in response to renal insults. These changes impair the ability of the kidney to withstand and recover from injury, contributing to the high susceptibility of the aged population to AKI and their increased propensity to develop subsequent progressive CKD. In this review, we examine these features of the aged kidney and explore the various validated and putative pathways contributing to the changes observed with aging in both experimental animal models and humans. We also discuss the potential for additional study to increase understanding of the aged kidney and lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eoin D O'Sullivan
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom;
| | - Jeremy Hughes
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A Ferenbach
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and.,Renal and.,Biomedical Engineering Divisions, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Uwaezuoke SN, Okafor HU, Muoneke VN, Odetunde OI, Odimegwu CL. Chronic kidney disease in children and the role of epigenetics: Future therapeutic trajectories. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:660-664. [PMID: 28105334 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Global differences in the observed causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children are well documented and are attributed to dissimilarities in clime, race, hereditary, and ancestry. Thus, familial clustering and disparities in CKD prevalence rates across ethnic and racial groups indicate that the progression of renal disease has a strong genetic component. Mammalian studies have demonstrated a feasible nexus between nutrition and non-genetic exposure (around the time of conception and in epigenetic changes) in the expression of major genes identified in renal organogenesis. The major consequence is a reduction in the number of nephrons, with subsequent predisposition to hypertension and CKD. Identifying these epigenetic changes is crucial (due to their potentially reversible nature), as they may serve as future therapeutic targets to prevent kidney fibrosis and CKD. Despite progress in the field of epigenetics in oncology, research in other subspecialties of medicine is largely experimental with few existing studies regarding the clinical implication of epigenetics in renal disease. Therapeutic trajectories for CKD in children based on the influence of epigenetics may eventually revolutionize the management of this disease. The aim of the current narrative review is to appraise the role of epigenetics in CKD, and highlight the potential future therapeutic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N Uwaezuoke
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Henrietta U Okafor
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Vivian N Muoneke
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Odutola I Odetunde
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| | - Chioma L Odimegwu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu 400001, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Buraczynska M, Stec A, Filipczak A, Ksiazek A. Association between functional variant of inflammatory system gene (PSMA6) and end-stage kidney disease. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:2083-2087. [PMID: 27671905 PMCID: PMC5099367 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1420-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The proteasome system is involved in several disorders. The 5′ untranslated region of PSMA6 gene contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) −8 C/G, associated with diabetes, myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease. Methods We examined 584 patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and 430 controls. All were genotyped for −8 C/G SNP by polymerase chain reaction and restriction analysis. Results We observed lower frequency of CG + GG genotypes in patients than in controls (20 vs. 42 %, p = 0.0038). The odds ratio of 0.34 (95 % CI 0.26–0.45) suggests association of CG + GG with decreased risk of ESKD. We investigated the association between PSMA6 polymorphism and LVH present in 54 % of patients. There was a significant association of CG + GG genotype with LVH, with over 75 % of CG + GG in patients with LVH. This effect was independent from other common causes of LVH—age (OR 1.12, p = 0.643) and hypertension (OR 1.72, p = 0.422). Conclusion We demonstrated for the first time that PSMA6 polymorphism might be a protective factor for ESKD. On the other hand, CG + GG genotypes are independently related to LVH in ESKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buraczynska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Stec
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filipczak
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ksiazek
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Uchiyama T, Tatsumi N, Kamejima S, Waku T, Ohkido I, Yokoyama K, Yokoo T, Okabe M. Hypermethylation of the CaSR and VDR genes in the parathyroid glands in chronic kidney disease rats with high-phosphate diet. Hum Cell 2016; 29:155-61. [PMID: 27589858 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-016-0143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) disrupts mineral homeostasis and its representative pathosis is defined as secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). SHPT occurs during the early course of progressive renal insufficiency, and is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events. SHPT results in reduction of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the parathyroid glands during CKD. However, the precise mechanism of CaSR and VDR reduction is largely unknown. CKD was induced through two-step 5/6 nephrectomy, and then CKD rats and sham-operated rats were maintained for 8 weeks on diets containing 0.7 % phosphorus (normal phosphate) or 1.2 % phosphorus (high phosphate). In gene expression analysis, TaqMan probes were used for quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Finally, CaSR and VDR protein expressions were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. DNA methylation analysis was performed using a restriction digestion and quantitative PCR. CaSR and VDR mRNA were reduced only in CKD rats fed the high-phosphorus diets (CKD HP), then CaSR and VDR immunohistochemical expressions were compatible with gene expression assay. SHPT was then confirmed only in CKD HP rats. Furthermore, sole CKD HP rats showed the hypermethylation in CaSR and VDR genes; however, the percentage methylation of both genes was low. Although CaSR and VDR hypermethylation was demonstrated in PTGs of CKD HP rats, the extent of hypermethylation was insufficient to support the relevance between hypermethylation and down-regulation of gene expression because of the low percentage of methylation. Consequently, our data suggest that mechanisms, other than DNA hypermethylation, were responsible for the reduction in mRNA and protein levels of CaSR and VDR in PTGs of CKD HP rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Uchiyama
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tatsumi
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Kamejima
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Waku
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Ichiro Ohkido
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yokoyama
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Suarez-Alvarez B, Morgado-Pascual JL, Rayego-Mateos S, Rodriguez RM, Rodrigues-Diez R, Cannata-Ortiz P, Sanz AB, Egido J, Tharaux PL, Ortiz A, Lopez-Larrea C, Ruiz-Ortega M. Inhibition of Bromodomain and Extraterminal Domain Family Proteins Ameliorates Experimental Renal Damage. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:504-519. [PMID: 27436852 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal inflammation has a key role in the onset and progression of immune- and nonimmune-mediated renal diseases. Therefore, the search for novel anti-inflammatory pharmacologic targets is of great interest in renal pathology. JQ1, a small molecule inhibitor of bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins, was previously found to preserve renal function in experimental polycystic kidney disease. We report here that JQ1-induced BET inhibition modulated the in vitro expression of genes involved in several biologic processes, including inflammation and immune responses. Gene silencing of BRD4, an important BET protein, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that JQ1 alters the direct association of BRD4 with acetylated histone-packaged promoters and reduces the transcription of proinflammatory genes (IL-6, CCL-2, and CCL-5). In vivo, JQ1 abrogated experimental renal inflammation in murine models of unilateral ureteral obstruction, antimembrane basal GN, and infusion of Angiotensin II. Notably, JQ1 downregulated the expression of several genes controlled by the NF-κB pathway, a key inflammatory signaling pathway. The RelA NF-κB subunit is activated by acetylation of lysine 310. In damaged kidneys and cytokine-stimulated renal cells, JQ1 reduced the nuclear levels of RelA NF-κB. Additionally, JQ1 dampened the activation of the Th17 immune response in experimental renal damage. Our results show that inhibition of BET proteins reduces renal inflammation by several mechanisms: chromatin remodeling in promoter regions of specific genes, blockade of NF-κB pathway activation, and modulation of the Th17 immune response. These results suggest that inhibitors of BET proteins could have important therapeutic applications in inflammatory renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ramon M Rodriguez
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, REDINREN, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Raul Rodrigues-Diez
- Nephrology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana B Sanz
- Dialysis Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Renal Research Retics (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Egido
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Madrid, Spain; and
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Nephrology Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma Madrid, Renal Research Retics (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Larrea
- Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, REDINREN, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Cellular Biology in Renal Diseases Laboratory, Nephrology Department and
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Virzì GM, Clementi A, Brocca A, de Cal M, Ronco C. Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Cardiorenal Cross Talk. Pathobiology 2016; 83:201-10. [DOI: 10.1159/000444502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
41
|
Epigenetics in Kidney Transplantation: Current Evidence, Predictions, and Future Research Directions. Transplantation 2016; 100:23-38. [PMID: 26356174 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are changes to the genome that occur without any alteration in DNA sequence. These changes include cytosine methylation of DNA at cytosine-phosphate diester-guanine dinucleotides, histone modifications, microRNA interactions, and chromatin remodeling complexes. Epigenetic modifications may exert their effect independently or complementary to genetic variants and have the potential to modify gene expression. These modifications are dynamic, potentially heritable, and can be induced by environmental stimuli or drugs. There is emerging evidence that epigenetics play an important role in health and disease. However, the impact of epigenetic modifications on the outcomes of kidney transplantation is currently poorly understood and deserves further exploration. Kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease, but allograft loss remains a significant challenge that leads to increased morbidity and return to dialysis. Epigenetic modifications may influence the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of the immune cells, and therefore may have a critical role in the host immune response to the allograft and its outcome. The epigenome of the donor may also impact kidney graft survival, especially those epigenetic modifications associated with early transplant stressors (e.g., cold ischemia time) and donor aging. In the present review, we discuss evidence supporting the role of epigenetic modifications in ischemia-reperfusion injury, host immune response to the graft, and graft response to injury as potential new tools for the diagnosis and prediction of graft function, and new therapeutic targets for improving outcomes of kidney transplantation.
Collapse
|
42
|
Heylen L, Thienpont B, Naesens M, Lambrechts D, Sprangers B. The Emerging Role of DNA Methylation in Kidney Transplantation: A Perspective. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1070-8. [PMID: 26780242 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Allograft outcome depends on a range of factors, including donor age, the allo-immune response, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and interstitial fibrosis of the allograft. Changes in the epigenome, and in DNA methylation in particular, have been implicated in each of these processes, in either the kidney or other organ systems. This review provides a primer for DNA methylation analyses and a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of current studies, but it is also a perspective for future DNA methylation research in kidney transplantation. We present exciting prospects for leveraging DNA methylation analyses as a tool in kidney biology research, and as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for predicting allograft quality and success. Topics discussed include DNA methylation changes in aging and in response to hypoxia and oxidative stress upon ischemia-reperfusion injury. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that DNA methylation contributes to organ fibrosis and that systemic DNA methylation alterations correlate with the rate of kidney function decline in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. Monitoring or targeting the epigenome could therefore reveal novel therapeutic approaches in transplantation and open up paths to biomarker discovery and targeted therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Heylen
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Thienpont
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M Naesens
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - D Lambrechts
- Laboratory of Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Sprangers
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zawada AM, Schneider JS, Michel AI, Rogacev KS, Hummel B, Krezdorn N, Müller S, Rotter B, Winter P, Obeid R, Geisel J, Fliser D, Heine GH. DNA methylation profiling reveals differences in the 3 human monocyte subsets and identifies uremia to induce DNA methylation changes during differentiation. Epigenetics 2016; 11:259-72. [PMID: 27018948 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1158363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human monocytes are a heterogeneous cell population consisting of 3 subsets: classical CD14++CD16-, intermediate CD14++CD16+ and nonclassical CD14+CD16++ monocytes. Via poorly characterized mechanisms, intermediate monocyte counts rise in chronic inflammatory diseases, among which chronic kidney disease is of particular epidemiologic importance. DNA methylation is a central epigenetic feature that controls hematopoiesis. By applying next-generation Methyl-Sequencing we now tested how far the 3 monocyte subsets differ in their DNA methylome and whether uremia induces DNA methylation changes in differentiating monocytes. We found that each monocyte subset displays a unique phenotype with regards to DNA methylation. Genes with differentially methylated promoter regions in intermediate monocytes were linked to distinct immunological processes, which is in line with results from recent gene expression analyses. In vitro, uremia induced dysregulation of DNA methylation in differentiating monocytes, which affected several transcription regulators important for monocyte differentiation (e.g., FLT3, HDAC1, MNT) and led to enhanced generation of intermediate monocytes. As potential mediator, the uremic toxin and methylation inhibitor S-adenosylhomocysteine induced shifts in monocyte subsets in vitro, and associated with monocyte subset counts in vivo. Our data support the concept of monocyte trichotomy and the distinct role of intermediate monocytes in human immunity. The shift in monocyte subsets that occurs in chronic kidney disease, a proinflammatory condition of substantial epidemiological impact, may be induced by accumulation of uremic toxins that mediate epigenetic dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Zawada
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Jenny S Schneider
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Anne I Michel
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Kyrill S Rogacev
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany.,b University Heart Center Luebeck, Medical Clinic II (Cardiology/Angiology/Intensive Care Medicine), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein , Luebeck , Germany
| | - Björn Hummel
- c Department of Clinical Hemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany.,d Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | | | - Soeren Müller
- e GenXPro GmbH , Frankfurt/Main , Germany.,f Department of Neurological Surgery , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | | | | | - Rima Obeid
- d Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Jürgen Geisel
- d Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine/Central Laboratory, Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Danilo Fliser
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| | - Gunnar H Heine
- a Department of Internal Medicine IV , Saarland University Medical Center , Homburg , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Muta K, Obata Y, Oka S, Abe S, Minami K, Kitamura M, Endo D, Koji T, Nishino T. Curcumin ameliorates nephrosclerosis via suppression of histone acetylation independent of hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 31:1615-23. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
45
|
Harshman LA, Zepeda-Orozco D. Genetic Considerations in Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:43-50. [PMID: 27617141 PMCID: PMC4918706 DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1557111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in children is an irreversible process that, in some cases, may lead to end-stage renal disease. The majority of children with CKD have a congenital disorder of the kidney or urological tract arising from birth. There is strong evidence for both a genetic and epigenetic component to progression of CKD. Utilization of gene-mapping strategies, ranging from genome-wide association studies to single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis, serves to identify potential genetic variants that may lend to disease variation. Genome-wide association studies evaluating population-based data have identified different loci associated with CKD progression. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms on an individual level suggests that secondary systemic sequelae of CKD are closely related to dysfunction of the cardiovascular-inflammatory axis and may lead to advanced cardiovascular disease through abnormal vascular calcification and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Similarly, genetic variants affecting cytokine control, fibrosis, and parenchymal development may modulate CKD through development and acceleration of renal interstitial fibrosis. Epigenetic studies evaluate modification of the genome through DNA methylation, histone modification, or RNA interference, which may be directly influenced by external or environmental factors directing genomic expression. Lastly, improved understanding of the genetic and epigenetic contribution to CKD progression may allow providers to identify a population at accelerated risk for disease progression and apply novel therapies targeted at the genetic mechanism of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay A. Harshman
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Diana Zepeda-Orozco
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Links between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and the mucosa have been recognized since the 1970s. In particular, the observation of visible haematuria induced by respiratory infections in patients with IgAN and the association of IgAN with diseases in which the mucosa plays a part, especially coeliac disease, have been taken as evidence of a mucosa-kidney axis. Here, we review current evidence that links the mucosa, in particular the gastrointestinal mucosa, and IgA produced by the bone marrow with IgAN. Genome-wide association studies in patients with IgAN have identified risk loci in genes involved in the intestinal mucosal integrity and immune network. Furthermore, the systemic immune response to mucosal antigens in IgAN is increased. Moreover, patients with IgAN have an increased reactivity to dietary proteins associated with subclinical intestinal mucosal inflammation. Associations between IgAN and gastrointestinal diseases have also been reported in a small number of patients, but whether these diseases share a common pathogenesis or whether gastrointestinal inflammation exacerbates IgAN is uncertain. Indeed, mucosal alterations such as infections could activate the innate immune system, aggravate a pre-existing IgAN and promote disease manifestations such as macrohaematuria. Various clinical interventions and trials targeting the mucosa or presumed mucosa-associated mechanisms have so far not yielded consistent findings and the results of ongoing trials are eagerly awaited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Floege
- Divisions of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH University of Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, D 52057 Aachen, Germany
| | - John Feehally
- The John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee HL, Yu B, Deng P, Wang CY, Hong C. Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced KDM4B Promotes Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 34:711-9. [PMID: 26485430 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The high prevalence of cartilage diseases and limited treatment options create a significant biomedical burden. Due to the inability of cartilage to regenerate itself, introducing chondrocyte progenitor cells to the affected site is of significant interest in cartilage regenerative therapies. Tissue engineering approaches using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising due to their chondrogenic potential, but a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing the fate of MSCs is required for precise therapeutic applications in cartilage regeneration. TGF-β is known to induce chondrogenesis by activating SMAD signaling pathway and upregulating chondrogenic genes such as SOX9; however, the epigenetic regulation of TGF-β-mediated chondrogenesis is not understood. In this report, we found that TGF-β dramatically induced the expression of KDM4B in MSCs. When KDM4B was overexpressed, chondrogenic differentiation was significantly enhanced while KDM4B depletion by shRNA led to a significant reduction in chondrogenic potential. Mechanistically, upon TGF-β stimulation, KDM4B was recruited to the SOX9 promoter, removed the silencing H3K9me3 marks, and activated the transcription of SOX9. Furthermore, KDM4B depletion reduced the occupancy of SMAD3 in the SOX9 promoter, suggesting that KDM4B is required for SMAD-dependent coactivation of SOX9. Our results demonstrate the critical role of KDM4B in the epigenetic regulation of TGF-β-mediated chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Since histone demethylases are chemically modifiable, KDM4B may be a novel therapeutic target in cartilage regenerative therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lim Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Peng Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, SiChuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Christine Hong
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Neary R, Watson CJ, Baugh JA. Epigenetics and the overhealing wound: the role of DNA methylation in fibrosis. FIBROGENESIS & TISSUE REPAIR 2015; 8:18. [PMID: 26435749 PMCID: PMC4591063 DOI: 10.1186/s13069-015-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a progressive and potentially fatal process that can occur in numerous organ systems. Characterised by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagens and fibronectin, fibrosis affects normal tissue architecture and impedes organ function. Although a considerable amount of research has focused on the mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, current therapeutic options do not directly target the pro-fibrotic process. As a result, there is a clear unmet clinical need to develop new agents. Novel findings implicate a role for epigenetic modifications contributing to the progression of fibrosis by alteration of gene expression profiles. This review will focus on DNA methylation; its association with fibroblast differentiation and activation and the consequent buildup of fibrotic scar tissue. The potential use of therapies that modulate this epigenetic pathway for the treatment of fibrosis in several organ systems is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roisin Neary
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - Chris J Watson
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| | - John A Baugh
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tamaki M, Hagiwara A, Miyashita K, Wakino S, Inoue H, Fujii K, Fujii C, Sato M, Mitsuishi M, Muraki A, Hayashi K, Doi T, Itoh H. Improvement of Physical Decline Through Combined Effects of Muscle Enhancement and Mitochondrial Activation by a Gastric Hormone Ghrelin in Male 5/6Nx CKD Model Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3638-48. [PMID: 26241123 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Because a physical decline correlates with an increased risk of a wide range of disease and morbidity, an improvement of physical performance is expected to bring significant clinical benefits. The primary cause of physical decline in 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6Nx) chronic kidney disease model mice has been regarded as a decrease in muscle mass; however, our recent study showed that a decrease in muscle mitochondria plays a critical role. In the present study, we examined the effects of a gastric hormone ghrelin, which has been reported to promote muscle mitochondrial oxidation, on the physical decline in the chronic kidney disease model mice, focusing on the epigenetic modulations of a mitochondrial activator gene, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). Ghrelin treatment improved a decline in exercise endurance of 5/6Nx mice, associated with an increase in both of the muscle mass and mitochondrial amount. The expression level of PGC-1α was decreased in the skeletal muscle of 5/6Nx mice, which was associated with an increase in the methylation ratio of the cytosine residue at 260 base pairs upstream of the initiation point. Conversely, ghrelin treatment de-methylated the cytosine residue and increased the expression of PGC-1α. A representative muscle anabolic factor, IGF-1, did not affect the expression of PGC-1α and muscle mitochondrial amount, although it increased muscle mass. As a result, IGF-1 treatment in 5/6Nx mice did not increase the decreased exercise endurance as effectively as ghrelin treatment did. These findings indicate an advantage of ghrelin treatment for a recovery of physical decline.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics
- Electron Transport Complex IV/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Ghrelin/blood
- Ghrelin/genetics
- Ghrelin/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/genetics
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Muscle Weakness/drug therapy
- Muscle Weakness/genetics
- Muscle Weakness/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myoblasts/drug effects
- Myoblasts/metabolism
- Nephrectomy
- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Ghrelin/genetics
- Receptors, Ghrelin/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tamaki
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Aika Hagiwara
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Miyashita
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kentaro Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chikako Fujii
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masanori Mitsuishi
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ayako Muraki
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Koichi Hayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine (M.T., A.H., K.M., S.W., H.In., K.F., C.F., M.S., M.M., A.M., K.H., H.It.), School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; and Department of Nephrology (M.T., T.D.), Tokushima University Hospital, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Feehally J, Barratt J. The Genetics of IgA Nephropathy: An Overview from Western Countries. KIDNEY DISEASES 2015; 1:33-41. [PMID: 27536663 DOI: 10.1159/000381738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the commonest primary glomerulonephritis worldwide and a significant cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. It is widely accepted that genetic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of IgAN. However, the identity of these genetic factors remains uncertain. SUMMARY Critical to all genetic studies is a precise phenotypic definition of the disease. It is well recognised that IgAN displays striking phenotypic variation, raising the possibility that it may not be a single disease and it may not be the same disease in different parts of the world. In this review, we discuss the challenges that this phenotypic variation poses to interpreting genetic data and the current evidence for specific gene involvement in IgAN, focusing particularly on data from European IgAN cohorts. KEY MESSAGE With advances in genetic techniques, in particular next-generation sequencing, and an increased understanding of the importance of copy number variations, epigenetics and transcriptomics, it is likely that we will gain a greater understanding of the genetic basis for IgAN. However, due to the lack of consistency in epidemiological clinicopathological studies both within and between continents, this will only be achieved if we are able to more precisely phenotype IgAN populations. FACTS FROM EAST AND WEST The reported prevalence of IgAN is higher in Asia than in Europe and North America. However, differences in use of biopsy for the diagnosis of IgAN should be taken into account in analysing data from both East and West. In Europe, IgAN affects men more frequently than women; this is not the case in Asia. Familial IgAN has been more frequently reported in Europe than in Asia. Within Europe, familial IgAN is more evident in southern than in northern populations. Changes in the pattern of serum IgA1 O-glycosylation is a common finding in IgAN patients in the East and West. SNPs within the gene coding for the enzyme C1GALT1 have been reported in Chinese and European patients. However, there is no evidence for a role of gene polymorphism of the C1GALT1 chaperone cosmc in Europeans. Genetic variants in the HLA gene family have been observed in populations from the East and West. Associations between IgAN and variants of the TAP1/PSMB and DEFA genes were observed in Asian but not in Western patients. Association with the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene was seen only in Asian patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Feehally
- The John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, and Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jonathan Barratt
- The John Walls Renal Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, and Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|