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Hulin A, Gelé T, Fenioux C, Kempf E, Sahali D, Tournigand C, Ollero M. Pharmacology of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Implications for Patients with Kidney Diseases. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 19:927-938. [PMID: 38079278 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have introduced a significant advancement in cancer management. These compounds are administered orally, and their absorption holds a pivotal role in determining their variable efficacy. They exhibit extensive distribution within the body, binding strongly to both plasma and tissue proteins. Often reliant on efflux and influx transporters, TKI undergo primary metabolism by intestinal and hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes, with nonkidney clearance being predominant. Owing to their limited therapeutic window, many TKI display considerable intraindividual and interindividual variability. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of the clinical pharmacokinetics of TKI, detailing their interactions with drug transporters and metabolic enzymes, while discussing potential clinical implications. The prevalence of kidney conditions, such as AKI and CKD, among patients with cancer is explored in their effect on TKI pharmacokinetics. Finally, the potential nephrotoxicity associated with TKI is also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hulin
- Pharmacology Laboratory, University Medicine Department of Biology-Pathology, AP-HP, GH Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Thibaut Gelé
- Pharmacology Laboratory, University Medicine Department of Biology-Pathology, AP-HP, GH Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
| | - Charlotte Fenioux
- Oncology Unit, University Medicine Department of Cancer, AP-HP, GH Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Emmanuelle Kempf
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
- Oncology Unit, University Medicine Department of Cancer, AP-HP, GH Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Dil Sahali
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
- Nephrology Unit, University Medicine Department of Medicine, AP-HP, GH Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Christophe Tournigand
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
- Oncology Unit, University Medicine Department of Cancer, AP-HP, GH Henri Mondor, University Paris-Est Creteil, Créteil, France
| | - Mario Ollero
- University Paris Est Creteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Creteil, France
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Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Liang J, Bao Y, Xia X, Homewood K, Lourenco M, Gao Y. An Ultrasensitive Room-Temperature H 2 Sensor Based on a TiO 2 Rutile-Anatase Homojunction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:978. [PMID: 38339694 PMCID: PMC10856964 DOI: 10.3390/s24030978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Metal oxide semiconductor hetero- and homojunctions are commonly constructed to improve the performance of hydrogen sensors at room temperature. In this study, a simple two-step hydrothermal method was employed to prepare TiO2 films with homojunctions of rutile and anatase phases (denoted as TiO2-R/A). Then, the microstructure of anatase-phase TiO2 was altered by controlling the amount of hydrochloric acid to realize a more favorable porous structure for charge transport and a larger surface area for contact with H2. The sensor used a Pt interdigital electrode. At an optimal HCl dosage (25 mL), anatase-phase TiO2 uniformly covered rutile-phase TiO2 nanorods, resulting in a greater response to H2 at 2500 ppm compared with that of a rutile TiO2 nanorod sensor by a factor of 1153. The response time was 21 s, mainly because the homojunction formed by the TiO2 rutile and anatase phases increased the synergistic effect of the charge transfer and potential barrier between the two phases, resulting in the formation of more superoxide (O2-) free radicals on the surface. Furthermore, the porous structure increased the surface area for H2 adsorption. The TiO2-R/A-based sensor exhibited high selectivity, long-term stability, and a fast response. This study provides new insights into the design of commercially competitive hydrogen sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuwen Bao
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-Constructed by the Province and Ministry, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China (X.X.); (Y.G.)
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Li D, Chen Y, Yang B, Li W, Xu Y, Wang X, Teng Y, Luo Y, Liu C, Shi J, Guo X, Liu Y, Lv Q, Fan H. BREAKING NEW GROUND: STANDARDIZING RAT MODELS FOR CRUSH SYNDROME INVESTIGATIONS. Shock 2024; 61:274-282. [PMID: 38010288 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Crush syndrome (CS), alternatively termed traumatic rhabdomyolysis, is a paramount posttraumatic complication. Given the infeasibility of conducting direct simulation research in humans, the role of animal models is pivotal. Regrettably, the dearth of standardized animal models persists. The objective of this study was to construct a repeatable standardized rat CS models and, based on this, simulate specific clinical scenarios. Methods: Using a self-developed multichannel intelligent small-animal crush injury platform, we applied a force of 5 kg to the hind limbs of 8-week-old rats (280-300 g), subjecting them to a continuous 12 h compression to establish the CS model. Continuous monitoring was conducted for both the lower limbs and the overall body status. After decompression, biochemical samples were collected at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. In addition, we created a CS model after resection of the left kidney (UNx-CS), which was conceptualized to simulate a more challenging clinical scenario to investigate the physiological and pathological responses rats with renal insufficiency combined with crush injury. The results were compared with those of the normal CS model group. Results : Our experiments confirm the stability of the crush injury platform. We defined the standardized conditions for modeling and successfully established rats CS model in bulk. After 12 h of compression, only 40% of the rats in the CS group survived for 24 h. Systemically, there was clear evidence of insufficient perfusion, reflecting the progression of CS from localized to generalized. The injured limbs displayed swelling, localized perfusion deficits, and severe pathological alterations. Significant changes were observed in blood biochemical markers: aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, K+, creatine kinase, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen levels rose rapidly after decompression and were significantly higher than the sham group. The kidney demonstrated characteristic pathological changes consistent with established CS diagnostic criteria. Although the UNx-CS rat model did not exhibit significant biochemical differences and pathological scores when compared with the standard CS model, it did yield intriguing results with regard to kidney morphology. The UNx-CS group manifested a higher incidence of cortical and medullary protein casts compared with the NC-CS group. Conclusion: We developed and iteratively refined a novel digital platform, addressing the multiple uncontrollable variables that plagued prior models. This study validated the stability of the platform, defined the standardized conditions for modeling and successfully established the CS model with good repeatability in bulk. In addition, our innovative approach to model a clinically challenging scenario, the UNx-CS rat model. This offers an opportunity to delve deeper into understanding the combined effects of preexisting renal compromise and traumatic injury. In summary, the development of a standardized, reproducible CS model in rats represents a significant milestone in the study of Crush syndrome. This study is of paramount significance as it advances the standardization of the CS model, laying a solid foundation for subsequent studies in related domains, especially in CS-AKI.
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Jin L, Mi T, Wu X, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang Z, Wang J, Li M, Ren C, Guo P, He D. BI-D1870 Induces Mitotic Dysfunction and Apoptosis in Neuroblastoma by Regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 Signal Axis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072023. [PMID: 37046682 PMCID: PMC10093276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most common extracranial solid malignant tumors in children. The 5-year survival rate of high-risk or refractory NB is less than 50%. Therefore, developing new effective therapeutics for NB remains an urgent challenge. Materials and Methods: Based on the NB dataset TARGET-NBL in the TCGA database, the prognosis-related genes were analyzed using univariate cox regression (p < 0.01). The protein network interaction of prognostic genes was analyzed using STRING to obtain 150 hub genes with HR > 1 and 150 hub genes with HR < 1. The Connectivity Map database was used to predict a therapeutic drug: BI-D1870, a ribosomal S6 kinase inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of BI-D1870 on NB was investigated through in vivo and in vitro experiments, and its inhibitory mechanism was explored. Results: Both the in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that BI-D1870 could inhibit tumor proliferation and induce tumor apoptosis. Furthermore, we proved that BI-D1870 caused G2/M phase arrest and mitosis damage in cells. RNA-seq of cells showed that BI-D1870 may inhibit the growth of NB by inhibiting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Western blot and immunofluorescence testing showed that BI-D1870 inhibited the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 signal pathway to regulate the phosphorylation of RPS6 and 4E BP1 proteins, inhibit protein translation, and inhibit microtubule formation, thus preventing mitotic proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Conclusions: This study provides strong support that BI-D1870 may be a potential adjuvant therapy for NB.
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Li F, Fang Y, Zhuang Q, Cheng M, Moronge D, Jue H, Meyuhas O, Ding X, Zhang Z, Chen JK, Wu H. Blocking ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation inhibits podocyte hypertrophy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Kidney Int 2022; 102:121-135. [PMID: 35483522 PMCID: PMC10711420 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) phosphorylation mediates the hypertrophic growth of kidney proximal tubule cells. However, the role of rpS6 phosphorylation in podocyte hypertrophy and podocyte loss during the pathogenesis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains undefined. Here, we examined rpS6 phosphorylation levels in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with FSGS and in podocytes from mouse kidneys with Adriamycin-induced FSGS. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches in the mouse model of FSGS, we investigated the role of rpS6 phosphorylation in podocyte hypertrophy and loss during development and progression of FSGS. Phosphorylated rpS6 was found to be markedly increased in the podocytes of patients with FSGS and Adriamycin-induced FSGS mice. Genetic deletion of the Tuberous sclerosis 1 gene in kidney glomerular podocytes activated mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling to rpS6 phosphorylation, resulting in podocyte hypertrophy and pathologic features similar to those of patients with FSGS including podocyte loss, leading to segmental glomerulosclerosis. Since protein phosphatase 1 is known to negatively regulate rpS6 phosphorylation, treatment with an inhibitor increased phospho-rpS6 levels, promoted podocyte hypertrophy and exacerbated formation of FSGS lesions. Importantly, blocking rpS6 phosphorylation (either by generating congenic rpS6 knock-in mice expressing non-phosphorylatable rpS6 or by inhibiting ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1-mediated rpS6 phosphorylation with an inhibitor) significantly blunted podocyte hypertrophy, inhibited podocyte loss, and attenuated formation of FSGS lesions. Thus, our study provides genetic and pharmacologic evidence indicating that specifically targeting rpS6 phosphorylation can attenuate the development of FSGS lesions by inhibiting podocyte hypertrophy and associated podocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yili Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyuan Zhuang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meichu Cheng
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Desmond Moronge
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hao Jue
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Hassan A, Khalaily N, Kilav-Levin R, Nechama M, Volovelsky O, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. Molecular Mechanisms of Parathyroid Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020111. [PMID: 35208186 PMCID: PMC8878033 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that induces morbidity and mortality in patients. How CKD stimulates the parathyroid to increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion, gene expression and cell proliferation remains an open question. In experimental SHP, the increased PTH gene expression is post-transcriptional and mediated by PTH mRNA–protein interactions that promote PTH mRNA stability. These interactions are orchestrated by the isomerase Pin1. Pin1 participates in conformational change-based regulation of target proteins, including mRNA-binding proteins. In SHP, Pin1 isomerase activity is decreased, and thus, the Pin1 target and PTH mRNA destabilizing protein KSRP fails to bind PTH mRNA, increasing PTH mRNA stability and levels. An additional level of post-transcriptional regulation is mediated by microRNA (miRNA). Mice with parathyroid-specific knockout of Dicer, which facilitates the final step in miRNA maturation, lack parathyroid miRNAs but have normal PTH and calcium levels. Surprisingly, these mice fail to increase serum PTH in response to hypocalcemia or uremia, indicating a role for miRNAs in parathyroid stimulation. SHP often leads to parathyroid hyperplasia. Reduced expressions of parathyroid regulating receptors, activation of transforming growth factor α-epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclooxygenase 2-prostaglandin E2 and mTOR signaling all contribute to the enhanced parathyroid cell proliferation. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin prevents and corrects the increased parathyroid cell proliferation of SHP. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms that stimulate the parathyroid cell at multiple levels in SHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Hassan
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
| | - Nareman Khalaily
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
| | - Rachel Kilav-Levin
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
- Nursing, Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem 91160, Israel
| | - Morris Nechama
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.N.); (O.V.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Oded Volovelsky
- Pediatric Nephrology, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.N.); (O.V.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Justin Silver
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
| | - Tally Naveh-Many
- Minerva Center for Bone and Mineral Research, Nephrology Services, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (A.H.); (N.K.); (R.K.-L.); (J.S.)
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah—Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence:
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Bohlen J, Roiuk M, Teleman AA. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 differentially affects mRNA translation based on ORF length. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:13062-13074. [PMID: 34871442 PMCID: PMC8682771 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of Ribosomal Protein S6 (RPS6) was the first post-translational modification of the ribosome to be identified and is a commonly-used readout for mTORC1 activity. Although the cellular and organismal functions of RPS6 phosphorylation are known, the molecular consequences of RPS6 phosphorylation on translation are less well understood. Here we use selective ribosome footprinting to analyze the location of ribosomes containing phosphorylated RPS6 on endogenous mRNAs in cells. We find that RPS6 becomes progressively dephosphorylated on ribosomes as they translate an mRNA. As a consequence, average RPS6 phosphorylation is higher on mRNAs with short coding sequences (CDSs) compared to mRNAs with long CDSs. We test whether RPS6 phosphorylation differentially affects mRNA translation based on CDS length by genetic removal of RPS6 phosphorylation. We find that RPS6 phosphorylation promotes translation of mRNAs with short CDSs more strongly than mRNAs with long CDSs. Interestingly, RPS6 phosphorylation does not promote translation of mRNAs with 5′ TOP motifs despite their short CDS lengths, suggesting they are translated via a different mode. In sum this provides a dynamic view of RPS6 phosphorylation on ribosomes as they translate mRNAs and the functional consequence on translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bohlen
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School (HBIGS), Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site
| | - Mykola Roiuk
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,CellNetworks - Cluster of Excellence, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School (HBIGS), Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), partner site
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Zhu S, Zhang J, Gao X, Tang X, Cui Y, Li D, Jia W. Silencing of long noncoding RNA MYLK-AS1 suppresses nephroblastoma via down-regulation of CCNE1 through transcription factor TCF7L2. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:5757-5770. [PMID: 33438217 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nephroblastoma, a pediatric kidney cancer, caused by pluripotent embryonic renal precursors. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly abnormal expressed in many cancers. In the present study, we fousced on one newly discrovered lncRNA, MYLK Antisense RNA 1 (MYLK-AS1), and its functional role in proliferation and cycle distribution of nephroblastoma cells. Micorarray-based analysis revealed the highly expressed Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) and MYLK-AS1 in nephroblastoma. After nephroblastoma tissue sample collection, RT-qPCR confirmed the upregulated expression of MYLK-AS1 and CCNE1 in nephroblastoma tissues and cells. Kaplan-Meier curve exhibited that patients with elevated CCNE1 had lower overall survival rate in follow-up study. RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assay were employed to determine the relationship among MYLK-AS1, TCF7L2, and CCNE1, which validated that transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) could specifically bind to MYLK-AS1 and TCF7L2 could positively promote CCNE1. After gain- and loss-of function assays, the conclusion that silencing of MYLK-AS1 could inhibit expression of CCNE1 through the transcription factor TCF7L2 to regulate the cell proliferation and cell cycle distribution of nephroblastoma cells was obtained. Subsequently, the subcutaneous tumor formation ability of nephroblastoma cell in nude mice was observed and the silencing of MYLK-AS1 exerts suppressive role in the tumorigenic ability of nephroblastoma cells in vivo. Taken together, MYLK-AS1 constitutes a promising biomarker for the early detection and treatment of nephroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingqi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangliang Tang
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Cui
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dian Li
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Kajiwara K, Yamano S, Aoki K, Okuzaki D, Matsumoto K, Okada M. CDCP1 promotes compensatory renal growth by integrating Src and Met signaling. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/4/e202000832. [PMID: 33574034 PMCID: PMC7893822 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CDCP1 promotes HGF-induced compensatory renal growth by focally and temporally integrating Src and Met-STAT3 signaling in lipid rafts. Compensatory growth of organs after loss of their mass and/or function is controlled by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we show that CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1) promotes HGF-induced compensatory renal growth. Using canine kidney cells as a model of renal tubules, we found that HGF-induced temporal up-regulation of Src activity and its scaffold protein, CDCP1, and that the ablation of CDCP1 robustly abrogated HGF-induced phenotypic changes, such as morphological changes and cell growth/proliferation. Mechanistic analyses revealed that up-regulated CDCP1 recruits Src into lipid rafts to activate STAT3 associated with the HGF receptor Met, and activated STAT3 induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and mitogenic factors. After unilateral nephrectomy in mice, the Met-STAT3 signaling is transiently up-regulated in the renal tubules of the remaining kidney, whereas CDCP1 ablation attenuates regenerative signaling and significantly suppresses compensatory growth. These findings demonstrate that CDCP1 plays a crucial role in controlling compensatory renal growth by focally and temporally integrating Src and Met signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kajiwara
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Yamano
- Japan Bioassay Research Center, Japan Organization of Occupational Health and Safety, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Division of Quantitative Biology, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunio Matsumoto
- Division of Tumor Dynamics and Regulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masato Okada
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Naveh-Many T, Volovelsky O. Parathyroid Cell Proliferation in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124332. [PMID: 32570711 PMCID: PMC7352987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHP) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that correlates with morbidity and mortality in uremic patients. It is characterized by high serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and impaired bone and mineral metabolism. The main mechanisms underlying SHP are increased PTH biosynthesis and secretion as well as increased glandular mass. The mechanisms leading to parathyroid cell proliferation in SHP are not fully understood. Reduced expressions of the receptors for calcium and vitamin D contribute to the disinhibition of parathyroid cell proliferation. Activation of transforming growth factor-α-epidermal growth factor receptor (TGF-α-EGFR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), and cyclooxygenase 2- prostaglandin E2 (Cox2-PGE2) signaling all correlate with parathyroid cell proliferation, underlining their roles in the development of SHP. In addition, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is activated in parathyroid glands of experimental SHP rats. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin prevents and corrects the increased parathyroid cell proliferation of SHP. Mice with parathyroid-specific deletion of all miRNAs have a muted increase in serum PTH and fail to increase parathyroid cell proliferation when challenged by CKD, suggesting that miRNA is also necessary for the development of SHP. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the mechanisms of parathyroid cell proliferation in SHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tally Naveh-Many
- Minerva Center for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Nephrology Services, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel;
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Oded Volovelsky
- The Wohl Institute for Translational Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit and Research Lab, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-26777213
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Fang Y, Li F, Qi C, Mao X, Wang F, Zhao Z, Chen JK, Zhang Z, Wu H. Metformin effectively treats Tsc1 deletion-caused kidney pathology by upregulating AMPK phosphorylation. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:52. [PMID: 32566257 PMCID: PMC7295815 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is characterized by hamartomatous lesions in multiple organs, with most patients developing polycystic kidney disease and leading to a decline of renal function. TSC is caused by loss-of-function mutations in either Tsc1 or Tsc2 gene, but currently, there is no effective treatment for aberrant kidney growth in TSC patients. By generating a renal proximal tubule-specific Tsc1 gene-knockout (Tsc1 ptKO) mouse model, we observed that Tsc1 ptKO mice developed aberrantly enlarged kidneys primarily due to hypertrophy and proliferation of proximal tubule cells, along with some cystogenesis, interstitial inflammation, and fibrosis. Mechanistic studies revealed inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation at Thr-172 and activation of Akt phosphorylation at Ser-473 and Thr-308. We therefore treated Tsc1 ptKO mice with the AMPK activator, metformin, by daily intraperitoneal injection. Our results indicated that metformin increased the AMPK phosphorylation, but decreased the Akt phosphorylation. These signaling modulations resulted in inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in the renal proximal tubule cells of Tsc1 ptKO mice. Importantly, metformin treatment effectively prevented aberrant kidney enlargement and cyst growth, inhibited inflammatory response, attenuated interstitial fibrosis, and protected renal function. The effects of metformin were further confirmed by in vitro experiments. In conclusion, this study indicates a potential therapeutic effect of metformin on Tsc1 deletion-induced kidney pathology, although currently metformin is primarily prescribed to treat patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Xing Mao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai 6th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 PR China
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12
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Liu T, Yuan J, Dai C, Xu J, Li S, Humphreys BD, Kleven DT, Chen JK. Cre/loxP approach-mediated downregulation of Pik3c3 inhibits the hypertrophic growth of renal proximal tubule cells. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9958-9973. [PMID: 32474911 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nephron loss stimulates residual functioning nephrons to undergo compensatory growth. Excessive nephron growth may be a maladaptive response that sets the stage for progressive nephron damage, leading to kidney failure. To date, however, the mechanism of nephron growth remains incompletely understood. Our previous study revealed that class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (Pik3c3) is activated in the remaining kidney after unilateral nephrectomy (UNX)-induced nephron loss, but previous studies failed to generate a Pik3c3 gene knockout animal model. Global Pik3c3 deletion results in embryonic lethality. Given that renal proximal tubule cells make up the bulk of the kidney and undergo the most prominent hypertrophic growth after UNX, in this study we used Cre-loxP-based approaches to demonstrate for the first time that tamoxifen-inducible SLC34a1 promoter-driven CreERT2 recombinase-mediated downregulation of Pik3c3 expression in renal proximal tubule cells alone is sufficient to inhibit UNX- or amino acid-induced hypertrophic nephron growth. Furthermore, our mechanistic studies unveiled that the SLC34a1-CreERT2 recombinase-mediated Pik3c3 downregulation inhibited UNX- or amino acid-stimulated lysosomal localization and signaling activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in the renal proximal tubules. Moreover, our additional cell culture experiments using RNAi confirmed that knocking down Pik3c3 expression inhibited amino acid-stimulated mTORC1 signaling and blunted cellular growth in primary cultures of renal proximal tubule cells. Together, both our in vivo and in vitro experimental results indicate that Pik3c3 is a major mechanistic mediator responsible for sensing amino acid availability and initiating hypertrophic growth of renal proximal tubule cells by activation of the mTORC1-S6K1-rpS6 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Departments of Cellular Biology & Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jialing Yuan
- Departments of Cellular Biology & Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Caihong Dai
- Departments of Cellular Biology & Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jinxian Xu
- Departments of Cellular Biology & Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Shude Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Benjamin D Humphreys
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel T Kleven
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Departments of Cellular Biology & Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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13
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Liu T, Dai C, Xu J, Li S, Chen JK. The expression level of class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase controls the degree of compensatory nephron hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F628-F638. [PMID: 31904289 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00381.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive compensatory nephron hypertrophy (CNH) has been implicated in setting the stage for progressive nephron damage. Lack of a class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (Pik3c3) inhibitor suitable for using in animals and lack of a Pik3c3-deficient animal model preclude the possibility of conclusively defining a role for Pik3c3 in CNH in previous studies. Here, we report that insertion of an Frt-flanked PGK-Neo cassette into intron 19 of the mouse Pik3c3 gene resulted in a hypomorphic allele. This allowed us to create a unique mouse model and provide the first definitive genetic evidence demonstrating whether Pik3c3 is essential for the regulation of CNH. Our results indicate that homozygous Pik3c3 hypomorphic (Pik3c3Hypo/Hypo) mice express significantly low levels of Pik3c3 than heterozygous Pik3c3 hypomorphic (Pik3c3Hypo/WT) littermates, which already express a lower level of Pik3c3 than wild-type (Pik3c3WT/WT) littermates. Interestingly, after unilateral nephrectomy (UNX), Pik3c3Hypo/Hypo mice develop a significantly lower degree of CNH than Pik3c3WT/WT mice and Pik3c3Hypo/WT mice, as revealed by measurement of kidney weight, kidney-to-body weight ratio, renal protein-to-DNA ratio, and morphometric analysis of proximal tubular and glomerular size. Mechanistically, UNX-induced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling to phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) in the remaining kidney was markedly inhibited in Pik3c3 hypomorphic mice. In conclusion, the present study reports a Pik3c3 hypomorphic mouse model and provides the first definitive evidence that Pik3c3 controls the degree of compensatory nephron hypertrophy. In addition, our signaling data provide the first definitive in vivo proof that Pik3c3 functions upstream of the mTORC1-S6 kinase 1-rpS6 pathway in the regulation of compensatory nephron hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Gerogia
| | - Caihong Dai
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Gerogia
| | - Jinxian Xu
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Gerogia
| | - Shude Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Departments of Cellular Biology and Anatomy and Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Gerogia
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14
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Lee HJ, Gonzalez O, Dick EJ, Donati A, Feliers D, Choudhury GG, Ross C, Venkatachalam M, Tardif SD, Kasinath BS. Marmoset as a Model to Study Kidney Changes Associated With Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 74:315-324. [PMID: 30321310 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether the marmoset, a nonhuman primate, can serve as a good model to study aging-related changes in the kidney by employing healthy young and aged marmosets of both sexes. Aging was associated with glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and arteriolosclerosis in both sexes; correspondingly, the content of matrix proteins was increased. Functionally, aging resulted in an increase in urinary albumin and protein excretion. There was a robust correlation between markers of fibrosis and functional changes. We explored signaling pathways as potential mechanistic events. Aging in males, but not in females, was associated with reduced renal cortical activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and a trend toward activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1); upstream of AMPK and mTORC1, Akt and IGF-1 receptor were activated. In both sexes, aging promoted kidney activation of transforming growth factor β-1 signaling pathway. While the expression of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), an enzyme involved hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis, was reduced in both aged males and females, decreased H2S generation was seen in only males. Our studies show that the marmoset is a valid model to study kidney aging; some of the signaling pathways involved in renal senescence differ between male and female marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Joo Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Andrew Donati
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio
| | - Denis Feliers
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio.,Geriatric Research Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio
| | - Corinna Ross
- Department of Biology, Texas A & M University, San Antonio
| | - Manjeri Venkatachalam
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio
| | - Suzette D Tardif
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio.,Geriatric Research Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio.,Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, Texas
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15
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Rojas-Canales DM, Li JY, Makuei L, Gleadle JM. Compensatory renal hypertrophy following nephrectomy: When and how? Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24:1225-1232. [PMID: 30809888 DOI: 10.1111/nep.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following surgical removal of one kidney, the other enlarges and increases its function. The mechanism for the sensing of this change and the growth is incompletely understood but begins within days and compensatory renal hypertrophy (CRH) is the dominant contributor to the growth. In many individuals undergoing nephrectomy for cancer or kidney donation this produces a substantial and helpful increase in renal function. Two main mechanisms have been proposed, one in which increased activity by the remaining kidney leads to hypertrophy, the second in which there is release of a kidney specific factor in response to a unilateral nephrectomy that initiates CRH. Whilst multiple growth factors and pathways such as the mTORC pathway have been implicated in experimental studies, their roles and the precise mechanism of CRH are not defined. Unrestrained hypoxia inducible factor activation in renal cancer promotes growth and may play an important role in driving CRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darling M Rojas-Canales
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jordan Y Li
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leek Makuei
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Gleadle
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Renal Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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16
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Liang J, Liu Z, Zou Z, Wang X, Tang Y, Zhou C, Wu K, Zhang F, Lu Y. Knockdown of ribosomal protein S15A inhibits human kidney cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med Rep 2018; 19:1117-1127. [PMID: 30569143 PMCID: PMC6323228 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S15A (RPS15A), a member of the ribosomal protein gene family, was demonstrated to be closely associated with tumorigenesis in multiple human malignancies. Nevertheless, the role of RPS15A in the progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unknown. In the present study, by comparing the publicly available data from RCC tissues and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction results, it was identified that RPS15A was upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines (P<0.001). Notably, knockdown of RPS15A suppressed 786-O cell proliferation (P<0.001) and promoted its apoptosis/necrotic (P=0.0001) in vitro. Additionally, tumour formation and growth of transfected 786-O cells were observed to be restrained in a mouse model (P<0.05). Subsequent to analysing the microarray data, 747 genes were differentially expressed in the RPS15A-knockdown 786-O cells. The enriched canonical pathways, diseases and functions of differentially expressed genes, and the interactive network of RPS15A in RCC were successfully constructed by ingenuity pathway analysis. Overall, the present results provided a preliminary experimental basis for RPS15A as a novel oncogene and potential therapeutic target in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Liang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zijun Zou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiangxiu Wang
- Core Facility, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yongquan Tang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Kan Wu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Fuxun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Lu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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17
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McNicholas BA, Eng DG, Lichtnekert J, Rabinowitz PS, Pippin JW, Shankland SJ. Reducing mTOR augments parietal epithelial cell density in a model of acute podocyte depletion and in aged kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F626-39. [PMID: 27440779 PMCID: PMC5142165 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00196.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) response to glomerular injury may underlie a common pathway driving fibrogenesis following podocyte loss that typifies several glomerular disorders. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important in cell homeostasis, little is known of the biological role or impact of reducing mTOR activity on PEC response following podocyte depletion, nor in the aging kidney. The purpose of these studies was to determine the impact on PECs of reducing mTOR activity following abrupt experimental depletion in podocyte number, as well as in a model of chronic podocyte loss and sclerosis associated with aging. Podocyte depletion was induced by an anti-podocyte antibody and rapamycin started at day 5 until death at day 14 Reducing mTOR did not lead to a greater reduction in podocyte density, despite greater glomerulosclerosis. However, mTOR inhibition lead to an increase in PEC density and PEC-derived crescent formation. Additionally, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, Notch-3) and PEC activation (CD44, collagen IV) were further increased by mTOR reduction. Aged mice treated with rapamycin for 1, 2, and 10 wk before death at 26.5 mo (≈75-yr-old human age) had increased the number of glomeruli with a crescentic appearance. mTOR inhibition at either a high or low level lead to changes in PEC phenotype, indicating PEC morphology is sensitive to changes mediated by global mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Julia Lichtnekert
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | | | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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18
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Wittenberg AD, Azar S, Klochendler A, Stolovich-Rain M, Avraham S, Birnbaum L, Binder Gallimidi A, Katz M, Dor Y, Meyuhas O. Phosphorylated Ribosomal Protein S6 Is Required for Akt-Driven Hyperplasia and Malignant Transformation, but Not for Hypertrophy, Aneuploidy and Hyperfunction of Pancreatic β-Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149995. [PMID: 26919188 PMCID: PMC4769037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive expression of active Akt (Akttg) drives hyperplasia and hypertrophy of pancreatic β-cells, concomitantly with increased insulin secretion and improved glucose tolerance, and at a later stage the development of insulinoma. To determine which functions of Akt are mediated by ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), an Akt effector, we generated mice that express constitutive Akt in β-cells in the background of unphosphorylatable ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6P-/-). rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency failed to block Akttg-induced hypertrophy and aneuploidy in β-cells, as well as the improved glucose homeostasis, indicating that Akt carries out these functions independently of rpS6 phosphorylation. In contrast, rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency efficiently restrained the reduction in nuclear localization of the cell cycle inhibitor p27, as well as the development of Akttg-driven hyperplasia and tumor formation in β-cells. In vitro experiments with Akttg and rpS6P-/-;Akttg fibroblasts demonstrated that rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency leads to reduced translation fidelity, which might underlie its anti-tumorigenic effect in the pancreas. However, the role of translation infidelity in tumor suppression cannot simply be inferred from this heterologous experimental model, as rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency unexpectedly elevated the resistance of Akttg fibroblasts to proteotoxic, genotoxic as well as autophagic stresses. In contrast, rpS6P-/- fibroblasts exhibited a higher sensitivity to these stresses upon constitutive expression of oncogenic Kras. The latter result provides a possible mechanistic explanation for the ability of rpS6 phosphorylation deficiency to enhance DNA damage and protect mice from Kras-induced neoplastic transformation in the exocrine pancreas. We propose that Akt1 and Kras exert their oncogenic properties through distinct mechanisms, even though both show addiction to rpS6 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigail Dreazen Wittenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shahar Azar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Agnes Klochendler
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miri Stolovich-Rain
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shlomit Avraham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Birnbaum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Binder Gallimidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maximiliano Katz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Wu H, Chen J, Xu J, Dong Z, Meyuhas O, Chen JK. Blocking rpS6 Phosphorylation Exacerbates Tsc1 Deletion-Induced Kidney Growth. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1145-58. [PMID: 26296742 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014121264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying renal growth and renal growth-induced nephron damage remain poorly understood. Here, we report that in murine models, deletion of the tuberous sclerosis complex protein 1 (Tsc1) in renal proximal tubules induced strikingly enlarged kidneys, with minimal cystogenesis and occasional microscopic tumorigenesis. Signaling studies revealed hyperphosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) in activated renal tubules. Notably, knockin of a nonphosphorylatable rpS6 in these Tsc1-mutant mice exacerbated cystogenesis and caused drastic nephron damage and renal fibrosis, leading to kidney failure and a premature death rate of 67% by 9 weeks of age. In contrast, Tsc1 single-mutant mice were all alive and had far fewer renal cysts at this age. Mechanistic studies revealed persistent activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling causing hyperphosphorylation and consequent accumulation of 4E-BP1, along with greater cell proliferation, in the renal tubules of Tsc1 and rpS6 double-mutant mice. Furthermore, pharmacologic treatment of Tsc1 single-mutant mice with rapamycin reduced hyperphosphorylation and accumulation of 4E-BP1 but also inhibited phosphorylation of rpS6. Rapamycin also exacerbated cystic and fibrotic lesions and impaired kidney function in these mice, consequently leading to a premature death rate of 40% within 2 weeks of treatment, despite destroying tumors and decreasing kidney size. These findings indicate that Tsc1 prevents aberrant renal growth and tumorigenesis by inhibiting mTORC1 signaling, whereas phosphorylated rpS6 suppresses cystogenesis and fibrosis in Tsc1-deleted kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jianchun Chen
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jinxian Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia; and
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jian-Kang Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia;
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20
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Volovelsky O, Cohen G, Kenig A, Wasserman G, Dreazen A, Meyuhas O, Silver J, Naveh-Many T. Phosphorylation of Ribosomal Protein S6 Mediates Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1-Induced Parathyroid Cell Proliferation in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 27:1091-101. [PMID: 26283674 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is characterized by increased serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) level and parathyroid cell proliferation. However, the molecular pathways mediating the increased parathyroid cell proliferation remain undefined. Here, we found that the mTOR pathway was activated in the parathyroid of rats with secondary hyperparathyroidism induced by either chronic hypocalcemia or uremia, which was measured by increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), a downstream target of the mTOR pathway. This activation correlated with increased parathyroid cell proliferation. Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 by rapamycin decreased or prevented parathyroid cell proliferation in secondary hyperparathyroidism rats and in vitro in uremic rat parathyroid glands in organ culture. Knockin rpS6(p-/-) mice, in which rpS6 cannot be phosphorylated because of substitution of all five phosphorylatable serines with alanines, had impaired PTH secretion after experimental uremia- or folic acid-induced AKI. Uremic rpS6(p-/-) mice had no increase in parathyroid cell proliferation compared with a marked increase in uremic wild-type mice. These results underscore the importance of mTOR activation and rpS6 phosphorylation for the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism and indicate that mTORC1 is a significant regulator of parathyroid cell proliferation through rpS6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oded Volovelsky
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, and
| | - Gili Cohen
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, and
| | - Ariel Kenig
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, and
| | - Gilad Wasserman
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, and
| | - Avigail Dreazen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Meyuhas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Justin Silver
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, and
| | - Tally Naveh-Many
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, and
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Ribosomal Protein S6 Phosphorylation: Four Decades of Research. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 320:41-73. [PMID: 26614871 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) has been described for the first time about four decades ago. Since then, numerous studies have shown that this modification occurs in response to a wide variety of stimuli on five evolutionarily conserved serine residues. However, despite a large body of information on the respective kinases and the signal transduction pathways, the physiological role of rpS6 phosphorylation remained obscure until genetic manipulations were applied in both yeast and mammals in an attempt to block this modification. Thus, studies based on both mice and cultured cells subjected to disruption of the genes encoding rpS6 and the respective kinases, as well as the substitution of the phosphorylatable serine residues in rpS6, have laid the ground for the elucidation of the multiple roles of this protein and its posttranslational modification. This review focuses primarily on newly identified kinases that phosphorylate rpS6, pathways that transduce various signals into rpS6 phosphorylation, and the recently established physiological functions of this modification. It should be noted, however, that despite the significant progress made in the last decade, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the diverse effects of rpS6 phosphorylation on cellular and organismal physiology are still poorly understood.
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Chen JK, Nagai K, Chen J, Plieth D, Hino M, Xu J, Sha F, Ikizler TA, Quarles CC, Threadgill DW, Neilson EG, Harris RC. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling determines kidney size. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:2429-44. [PMID: 25985273 DOI: 10.1172/jci78945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney size adaptively increases as mammals grow and in response to the loss of 1 kidney. It is not clear how kidneys size themselves or if the processes that adapt kidney mass to lean body mass also mediate renal hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy (UNX). Here, we demonstrated that mice harboring a proximal tubule-specific deletion of Pten (Pten(ptKO)) have greatly enlarged kidneys as the result of persistent activation of the class I PI3K/mTORC2/AKT pathway and an increase of the antiproliferative signals p21(Cip1/WAF) and p27(Kip1). Administration of rapamycin to Pten(ptKO) mice diminished hypertrophy. Proximal tubule-specific deletion of Egfr in Pten(ptKO) mice also attenuated class I PI3K/mTORC2/AKT signaling and reduced the size of enlarged kidneys. In Pten(ptKO) mice, UNX further increased mTORC1 activation and hypertrophy in the remaining kidney; however, mTORC2-dependent AKT phosphorylation did not increase further in the remaining kidney of Pten(ptKO) mice, nor was it induced in the remaining kidney of WT mice. After UNX, renal blood flow and amino acid delivery to the remaining kidney rose abruptly, followed by increased amino acid content and activation of a class III PI3K/mTORC1/S6K1 pathway. Thus, our findings demonstrate context-dependent roles for EGFR-modulated class I PI3K/mTORC2/AKT signaling in the normal adaptation of kidney size and PTEN-independent, nutrient-dependent class III PI3K/mTORC1/S6K1 signaling in the compensatory enlargement of the remaining kidney following UNX.
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