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Zhang L, Han H, Zhou J, Wang R, Lv Y, Zong S, Ning X, Ji W. Imprinted covalent organic frameworks solid-phase microextraction fiber for in vivo monitoring of acidic per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in live aloe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170645. [PMID: 38320695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) can lead to risks associated with animal and human health through the transfer along food chains. It is confirmed that PFASs can be transported to each part of plants after taken up by the roots. To better elucidate the underlying mechanisms for such exposure, it is highly valuable to develop analytical capabilities for in vivo monitoring of PFASs in live plants. In this work, a novel imprinted covalent organic frameworks (CMIP) solid-phase microextraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed with low limits of detection for six acidic PFASs (0.1-0.3 ng g-1) and used for in vivo monitoring in live aloe. The CMIP coating shows good precision (RSD of intra and inter ≤9.6 % and 10.2 %, respectively) and possesses much higher extraction efficiency than the commercial coatings. After cultivating aloe in soil spiked PFASs, the in vivo assays gave a wealth of information, including steady-state concentrations, translocation factors, elimination rate constants, and half-life of PFASs. The in vivo tracing method for live plants can provide much needed and unique information to evaluate the risk of PFASs, which are very important for the safety of agriculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Haoyue Han
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Shandong Lancheng Analysis and Testing Co., Ltd., Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rongyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yingchao Lv
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shaojun Zong
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaobei Ning
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenhua Ji
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; Key Laboratory for Natural Active Pharmaceutical Constituents Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China.
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Olkowicz M, Ramadan K, Rosales-Solano H, Yu M, Wang A, Cypel M, Pawliszyn J. Mapping the metabolic responses to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy with in vivo spatiotemporal metabolomics. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:196-210. [PMID: 38464782 PMCID: PMC10921245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy improves the survival outlook for patients undergoing operations for lung metastases caused by colorectal cancer (CRC). However, a multidisciplinary approach that evaluates several factors related to patient and tumor characteristics is necessary for managing chemotherapy treatment in metastatic CRC patients with lung disease, as such factors dictate the timing and drug regimen, which may affect treatment response and prognosis. In this study, we explore the potential of spatial metabolomics for evaluating metabolic phenotypes and therapy outcomes during the local delivery of the anticancer drug, oxaliplatin, to the lung. 12 male Yorkshire pigs underwent a 3 h left lung in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) with various doses of oxaliplatin (7.5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/L), which were administered to the perfusion circuit reservoir as a bolus. Biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) microprobes were combined with global metabolite profiling to obtain spatiotemporal information about the activity of the drug, determine toxic doses that exceed therapeutic efficacy, and conduct a mechanistic exploration of associated lung injury. Mild and subclinical lung injury was observed at 40 mg/L of oxaliplatin, and significant compromise of the hemodynamic lung function was found at 80 mg/L. This result was associated with massive alterations in metabolic patterns of lung tissue and perfusate, resulting in a total of 139 discriminant compounds. Uncontrolled inflammatory response, abnormalities in energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction next to accelerated kynurenine and aldosterone production were recognized as distinct features of dysregulated metabolipidome. Spatial pharmacometabolomics may be a promising tool for identifying pathological responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Khaled Ramadan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Miao Yu
- The Jackson Laboratory, JAX Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aizhou Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Solid Phase Microextraction—A Promising Tool for Graft Quality Monitoring in Solid Organ Transplantation. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is a life-saving intervention for patients suffering from end-stage organ failure. Although improvements in surgical techniques, standards of care, and immunosuppression have been observed over the last few decades, transplant centers have to face the problem of an insufficient number of organs for transplantation concerning the growing demand. An opportunity to increase the pool of organs intended for transplantation is the more frequent use of organs from extended criteria and the development of analytical methods allowing for a better assessment of the quality of organs to minimize the risk of post-transplant organ injury and rejection. Therefore, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been proposed in various studies as an effective tool for determining compounds of significance during graft function assessment or for the chemical profiling of grafts undergoing various preservation protocols. This review summarizes how SPME addresses the analytical challenges associated with different matrices utilized in the peri-transplant period and discusses its potential as a diagnostic tool in future work.
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Olkowicz M, Rosales-Solano H, Ramadan K, Wang A, Cypel M, Pawliszyn J. The metabolic fate of oxaliplatin in the biological milieu investigated during in vivo lung perfusion using a unique miniaturized sampling approach based on solid-phase microextraction coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:928152. [PMID: 36092704 PMCID: PMC9453651 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.928152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant chemotherapy after pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal cancer may reduce recurrence and improve survival rates; however, the benefits of this treatment are limited by the significant side effects that accompany it. The development of a novel in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) platform would permit the localized delivery of high doses of chemotherapeutic drugs to target residual micrometastatic disease. Nonetheless, it is critical to continuously monitor the levels of such drugs during IVLP administration, as lung injury can occur if tissue concentrations are not maintained within the therapeutic window. This paper presents a simple chemical-biopsy approach based on sampling with a small nitinol wire coated with a sorbent of biocompatible morphology and evaluates its applicability for the near-real-time in vivo determination of oxaliplatin (OxPt) in a 72-h porcine IVLP survival model. To this end, the pigs underwent a 3-h left lung IVLP with 3 doses of the tested drug (5, 7.5, and 40 mg/L), which were administered to the perfusion circuit reservoir as a bolus after a full perfusion flow had been established. Along with OxPt levels, the biocompatible solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probes were employed to profile other low-molecular-weight compounds to provide spatial and temporal information about the toxicity of chemotherapy or lung injury. The resultant measurements revealed a rather heterogeneous distribution of OxPt (over the course of IVLP) in the two sampled sections of the lung. In most cases, the OxPt concentration in the lung tissue peaked during the second hour of IVLP, with this trend being more evident in the upper section. In turn, OxPt in supernatant samples represented ∼25% of the entire drug after the first hour of perfusion, which may be attributable to the binding of OxPt to albumin, its sequestration into erythrocytes, or its rapid nonenzymatic biotransformation. Additionally, the Bio-SPME probes also facilitated the extraction of various endogenous molecules for the purpose of screening biochemical pathways affected during IVLP (i.e., lipid and amino acid metabolism, steroidogenesis, or purine metabolism). Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the minimally invasive SPME-based sampling approach presented in this work can serve as (pre)clinical and precise bedside medical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Khaled Ramadan
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aizhou Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Looby N, Roszkowska A, Ali A, Bojko B, Cypel M, Pawliszyn J. Metabolomic fingerprinting of porcine lung tissue during pre-clinical prolonged ex vivo lung perfusion using in vivo SPME coupled with LC-HRMS. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:590-600. [PMID: 36105172 PMCID: PMC9463496 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Normothermic ex vivo lung perfusion (NEVLP) has emerged as a modernized organ preservation technique that allows for detailed assessment of donor lung function prior to transplantation. The main goal of this study was to identify potential biomarkers of lung function and/or injury during a prolonged (19 h) NEVLP procedure using in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technology followed by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The use of minimally invasive in vivo SPME fibers for repeated sampling of biological tissue permits the monitoring and evaluation of biochemical changes and alterations in the metabolomic profile of the lung. These in vivo SPME fibers were directly introduced into the lung and were also used to extract metabolites (on-site SPME) from fresh perfusate samples collected alongside lung samplings. A subsequent goal of the study was to assess the feasibility of SPME as an in vivo method in metabolomics studies, in comparison to the traditional in-lab metabolomics workflow. Several upregulated biochemical pathways involved in pro- and anti-inflammatory responses, as well as lipid metabolism, were observed during extended lung perfusion, especially between the 11th and 12th hours of the procedure, in both lung and perfusate samples. However, several unstable and/or short-lived metabolites, such as neuroprostanes, have been extracted from lung tissue in vivo using SPME fibers. On-site monitoring of the metabolomic profiles of both lung tissues through in vivo SPME and perfusate samples on site throughout the prolonged NEVLP procedure can be effectively performed using in vivo SPME technology. In vivo SPME monitors metabolic changes in porcine lung during 19-h NEVLP. On-site SPME for perfusate sampling monitors metabolite composition during NEVLP. SPME-LC-HRMS permits identification of potential metabolic markers of lung function. Stored perfusate provides less relevant metabolome information compared to on-site perfusate samples. In vivo SPME of the lung provides more metabolomic information than perfusate sampling.
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Roszkowska A, Plenis A, Kowalski P, Bączek T, Olędzka I. Recent advancements in techniques for analyzing modern, atypical antidepressants in complex biological matrices and their application in biomedical studies. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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New chemical biopsy tool for spatially resolved profiling of human brain tissue in vivo. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19522. [PMID: 34593948 PMCID: PMC8484280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98973-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
It is extremely challenging to perform chemical analyses of the brain, particularly in humans, due to the restricted access to this organ. Imaging techniques are the primary approach used in clinical practice, but they only provide limited information about brain chemistry. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been presented recently as a chemical biopsy tool for the study of animal brains. The current work demonstrates for the first time the use of SPME for the spatially resolved sampling of the human brain in vivo. Specially designed multi-probe sampling device was used to simultaneously extract metabolites from the white and grey matter of patients undergoing brain tumor biopsies. Samples were collected by inserting the probes along the planned trajectory of the biopsy needle prior to the procedure, which was followed by metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. The results revealed that studied brain structures were predominantly composed of lipids, while the concentration and diversity of detected metabolites was higher in white than in grey matter. Although the small number of participants in this research precluded conclusions of a biological nature, the results highlight the advantages of the proposed SPME approach, as well as disadvantages that should be addressed in future studies.
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Li N, Zhang T, Chen G, Xu J, Ouyang G, Zhu F. Recent advances in sample preparation techniques for quantitative detection of pharmaceuticals in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Godage NH, Olomukoro AA, Emmons RV, Gionfriddo E. In vivo analytical techniques facilitated by contemporary materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Reyes-Garcés N, Boyacı E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Olkowicz M, Monnin C, Bojko B, Vuckovic D, Pawliszyn J. Assessment of solid phase microextraction as a sample preparation tool for untargeted analysis of brain tissue using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1638:461862. [PMID: 33433374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an evaluation of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) SPME in combination with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) as an analytical approach for untargeted brain analysis. The study included a characterization of the metabolite coverage provided by C18, mixed-mode (MM, with benzene sulfonic acid and C18 functionalities), and hydrophilic lipophilic balanced (HLB) particles as sorbents in SPME coatings after extraction from cow brain homogenate at static conditions. The effects of desorption solvent, extraction time, and chromatographic modes on the metabolite features detected were investigated. Method precision and absolute matrix effects were also assessed. Among the main findings of this work, it was observed that all three tested coating chemistries were able to provide comparable brain tissue information. HLB provided higher responses for polar metabolites; however, as these fibers were prepared in-house, higher inter-fiber relative standard deviations were also observed. C18 and HLB coatings offered similar responses with respect to lipid-related features, whereas MM and C18 provided the best results in terms of method precision. Our results also showed that the use of methanol is essential for effective desorption of non-polar metabolites. Using a reversed-phase chromatographic method, an average of 800 and 1200 brain metabolite features detected in positive and negative modes, respectively, met inter-fibre RSD values below 30% (n=4) after removal of fibre and solvent artefacts from the associated datasets. For features detected using a lipidomics method, a total of 900 and 1800 features detected using C18 fibers in positive and negative mode, respectively, met the same criteria. In terms of absolute matrix effects, the majority of the model metabolites tested showed values between 80 and 120%, which are within the acceptable range. Overall, the findings of this work lay the foundation for further optimization of parameters for SPME-LC-HRMS methods suitable for in vivo and ex vivo brain (and other tissue) untargeted studies, and support the applicability of this approach for non-destructive tissue metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Cian Monnin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Protti M, Mandrioli R, Mercolini L. Quantitative microsampling for bioanalytical applications related to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Usefulness, benefits and pitfalls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113597. [PMID: 32927419 PMCID: PMC7456588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The multiple pathological effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and its total novelty, mean that currently a lot of diagnostic and therapeutic tools, established and tentative alike, are needed to treat patients in a timely, effective way. In order to make these tools more reliable, faster and more feasible, biological fluid microsampling techniques could provide many advantages. In this review, the most important microsampling techniques are considered (dried matrix spots, volumetric absorptive microsampling, microfluidics and capillary microsampling, solid phase microextraction) and their respective advantages and disadvantages laid out. Moreover, currently available microsampling applications of interest for SARS-CoV-2 therapy are described, in order to make them as much widely known as possible, hopefully providing useful information to researchers and clinicians alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Protti
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research Group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Galievsky V, Pawliszyn J. Fluorometer for Screening of Doxorubicin in Perfusate Solution and Tissue with Solid-Phase Microextraction Chemical Biopsy Sampling. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13025-13033. [PMID: 32847350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent development of an in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method capable of analyzing drugs and metabolic products in biofluids and living tissues holds great promise. The standard in vivo SPME protocol based on mass spectrometry is a very powerful analytical approach, but it is not practical for on-site analysis in many cases. In this paper, we present a fluorescence-based SPME method and a prototype of a portable fluorometer that is capable of quickly quantifying concentrations of the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). The instrument uses thin coated, biocompatible SPME fibers, which we have previously presented as a chemical biopsy tool for use during in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) procedures within a hospital setting. In this research, we test SPME fibers with C8-SCX, C18, and HLB coatings with our fluorometer. The mixed-mode C8-SCX fibers showed the best sensitivity of the three and were therefore used to examine DOX extraction from perfusate solution and a homogenized lamb lung tissue. The maximum concentration of free active sites in the C8-SCX fiber and the adsorption equilibrium constant were determined to be (9.1 ± 0.3) × 10-7 mol m-2 and 420 ± 30 m3 mol-1, respectively. Finally, the detection limits for DOX extracted from buffer, perfusate, and lung tissue were 40, 100, and 3700 μg L-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Galievsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Bojko B, Looby N, Olkowicz M, Roszkowska A, Kupcewicz B, Reck Dos Santos P, Ramadan K, Keshavjee S, Waddell TK, Gómez-Ríos G, Tascon M, Goryński K, Cypel M, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction chemical biopsy tool for monitoring of doxorubicin residue during in vivo lung chemo-perfusion. J Pharm Anal 2020; 11:37-47. [PMID: 33717610 PMCID: PMC7930785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a novel in vivo lung perfusion (IVLP) procedure allows localized delivery of high-dose doxorubicin (DOX) for targeting residual micrometastatic disease in the lungs. However, DOX delivery via IVLP requires careful monitoring of drug level to ensure tissue concentrations of this agent remain in the therapeutic window. A small dimension nitinol wire coated with a sorbent of biocompatible morphology (Bio-SPME) has been clinically evaluated for in vivo lung tissue extraction and determination of DOX and its key metabolites. The in vivo Bio-SPME-IVLP experiments were performed on pig model over various (150 and 225 mg/m2) drug doses, and during human clinical trial. Two patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated with a single 5 and 7 μg/mL (respectively) dose of DOX during a 3-h IVLP. In both pig and human cases, DOX tissue levels presented similar trends during IVLP. Human lung tissue concentrations of drug ranged between 15 and 293 μg/g over the course of the IVLP procedure. In addition to DOX levels, Bio-SPME followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis generated 64 metabolic features during endogenous metabolite screening, providing information about lung status during drug administration. Real-time monitoring of DOX levels in the lungs can be performed effectively throughout the IVLP procedure by in vivo Bio-SPME chemical biopsy approach. Bio-SPME also extracted various endogenous molecules, thus providing a real-time snapshot of the physiology of the cells, which might assist in the tailoring of personalized treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Nikita Looby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada
| | - Mariola Olkowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada.,Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Bogumiła Kupcewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Khaled Ramadan
- University Health Network - TGH, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Shaf Keshavjee
- University Health Network - TGH, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | | | - German Gómez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada
| | - Marcos Tascon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada
| | - Krzysztof Goryński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada.,Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85-089, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- University Health Network - TGH, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON M1B 6G3, Canada
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14
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Stryjak I, Warmuzińska N, Bogusiewicz J, Łuczykowski K, Bojko B. Monitoring of the influence of long-term oxidative stress and ischemia on the condition of kidneys using solid-phase microextraction chemical biopsy coupled with liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1867-1878. [PMID: 32068348 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The limiting factor in conventional quality assessments of transplanted organs, namely the invasiveness of tissue sample collection, has prompted much research on the field of transplantology to focus on the development of alternative evaluation methods of organ quality. In the present project, we undertake the challenge to address the need for a new analytical solution for graft quality assessments by using a novel metabolomic diagnostic protocol based on low-invasive solid-phase microextraction. Solid-phase microextraction probes of ca. 0.2 mm coated with 4 mm long mixed-mode extraction phase were inserted into rabbit kidneys immediately following euthanasia and after 2, 4, 6, and 21 h of preservation. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the extracts was performed with the use of a reversed phase column and a Q-Exactive Focus mass spectrometer operated in positive ionization mode. Statistical analysis of significantly changing compounds revealed metabolic profile changes in kidneys induced by ischemia and oxidative stress as a function of the duration of cold storage. The most pronounced alterations were reflected in levels of essential amino acids and purine nucleosides. Our findings demonstrate that the proposed approach may be successfully used to monitor changes in the metabolic profile of organs over time of preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Stryjak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Natalia Warmuzińska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Kamil Łuczykowski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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Comparison of Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction and Solid Phase Microextraction of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Metabolite Profile of Staphylococcus Aureus. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 25:molecules25010055. [PMID: 31877955 PMCID: PMC6982899 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the analysis of volatile bacterial compounds, solid phase microextraction (SPME) is currently the most widely used metabolite concentration technique. Recently, the potential of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) for this use has been demonstrated. These two approaches were therefore used in combination with gas-chromatography coupled with mass-spectrometry (GC–MS) for the analysis of volatile and semi-volatile bacterial compounds produced by Staphylococcus aureus. In both cases, SPME and SBSE/headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) enrichment was carried out in two coating phases. A whole analytical and statistical process was developed to differentiate the metabolites produced from the metabolites consumed. The results obtained with SBSE/HSSE and SPME were compared and showed the recovery of 90% of the compounds by SBSE/HSSE. In addition, we were able to detect the production of 12 volatile/semi-volatile compounds by S. aureus, six of which had never been reported before. The extraction by SBSE/HSSE showed higher concentration capacities and greater sensitivity than SPME concerning bacterial compounds, suggesting that this technique may therefore become the new preferred option for bacterial volatile and semi-volatile compound analysis.
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16
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Qiu J, Ouyang G, Pawliszyn J, Schlenk D, Gan J. A Novel Water-Swelling Sampling Probe for in Vivo Detection of Neonicotinoids in Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9686-9694. [PMID: 31313572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological risks of neonicotinoid insecticides are raising significant concerns, including their potential role in bee population declines. Neonicotinoids are water-soluble, systemic insecticides, and exposure of nontarget organisms such as pollinators occurs mainly through residues in nectar and pollens of flowering plants. To better elucidate the underlying mechanisms for such nontarget exposure, it is highly valuable to develop analytical capabilities for in vivo monitoring of neonicotinoids in live plants. In this study, we developed a novel biomimetic water-swelling solid-phase microextraction (SPME) probe, with limits of detection for neonicotinoids as low as 0.03 ng mL-1, and applied it for in vivo detection of seven neonicotinoids in plant sap. The preparation of this fiber was simple and free of stringent or complex physical-chemical reactions. Equilibrium in neonicotinoid accumulation on the fiber was reached in <10 min, allowing for near instantaneous sampling. The water-swelling fiber displayed much greater sampling capacity than the commercially available polydimethylsiloxane and polyacrylate fibers, good reproducibility (RSD of inter- and intrafiber <8.9% and 7.8%, respectively), and antibiofouling property (no loss in performance after 20 use cycles). After treating lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by foliar spray and soybean (Glycine max M.) by seed soaking, the in vivo assays provided a wealth of information, including changes in levels and distribution of neonicotinoids over time in the same plants. Kinetics and distribution patterns suggested that after treatment at the same level, neonicotinoids differed significantly in their levels in the sap. The in vivo sampling and monitoring of neonicotinoids in live plants may provide unique and much needed information in achieving breakthrough understanding of the connection between neonicotinoid use and pollinator exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlang Qiu
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , Ontario N2L3G1 , Canada
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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Huang S, Chen G, Ye N, Kou X, Zhu F, Shen J, Ouyang G. Solid-phase microextraction: An appealing alternative for the determination of endogenous substances - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1077:67-86. [PMID: 31307724 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The determination of endogenous substances is of great significance for obtaining important biotic information such as biological components, metabolic pathways and disease biomarkers in different living organisms (e.g. plants, insects, animals and humans). However, due to the complex matrix and the trace concentrations of target analytes, the sample preparation procedure is an essential step before the analytes of interest are introduced into a detection instrument. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME), an emerging sample preparation technique that integrates sampling, extraction, concentration, and sample introduction into one step, has gained wide acceptance in various research fields, including in the determination of endogenous compounds. In this review, recent developments and applications of SPME for the determination of endogenous substances over the past five years are summarized. Several aspects, including the design of SPME devices (sampling configuration and coating), applications (in vitro and in vivo sampling), and coupling with emerging instruments (comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)) are involved. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of SPME methods in endogenous substances analysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Huang
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Guosheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Niru Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xiaoxue Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang Road West, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Center of Advanced Analysis and Computational Science, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou, 450001, PR China.
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18
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Reyes-Garcés N, Gionfriddo E. Recent developments and applications of solid phase microextraction as a sample preparation approach for mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics and lipidomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Lendor S, Hassani SA, Boyaci E, Singh V, Womelsdorf T, Pawliszyn J. Solid Phase Microextraction-Based Miniaturized Probe and Protocol for Extraction of Neurotransmitters from Brains in Vivo. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4896-4905. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lendor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Seyed-Alireza Hassani
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ezel Boyaci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Thilo Womelsdorf
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
- Department of Biology, Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1P3, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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20
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Roszkowska A, Miękus N, Bączek T. Application of solid-phase microextraction in current biomedical research. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:285-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Natalia Miękus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology; Faculty of Biology; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
- Department of Nursing; Faculty of Health Sciences; Pomeranian University of Słupsk; Słupsk Poland
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Vuckovic D. Improving metabolome coverage and data quality: advancing metabolomics and lipidomics for biomarker discovery. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6728-6749. [PMID: 29888773 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This Feature Article highlights some of the key challenges within the field of metabolomics and examines what role separation and analytical sciences can play to improve the use of metabolomics in biomarker discovery and personalized medicine. Recent progress in four key areas is highlighted: (i) improving metabolite coverage, (ii) developing accurate methods for unstable metabolites including in vivo global metabolomics methods, (iii) advancing inter-laboratory studies and reference materials and (iv) improving data quality, standardization and quality control of metabolomics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Québec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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22
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Roszkowska A, Tascon M, Bojko B, Goryński K, Dos Santos PR, Cypel M, Pawliszyn J. Equilibrium ex vivo calibration of homogenized tissue for in vivo SPME quantitation of doxorubicin in lung tissue. Talanta 2018; 183:304-310. [PMID: 29567180 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The fast and sensitive determination of concentrations of anticancer drugs in specific organs can improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and minimize its adverse effects. In this paper, ex vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to LC-MS/MS as a method for rapidly quantitating doxorubicin (DOX) in lung tissue was optimized. Furthermore, the theoretical and practical challenges related to the real-time monitoring of DOX levels in the lung tissue of a living organism (in vivo SPME) are presented. In addition, several parameters for ex vivo/in vivo SPME studies, such as extraction efficiency of autoclaved fibers, intact/homogenized tissue differences, critical tissue amount, and the absence of an internal standard are thoroughly examined. To both accurately quantify DOX in solid tissue and minimize the error related to the lack of an internal standard, a calibration method at equilibrium conditions was chosen. In optimized ex vivo SPME conditions, the targeted compound was extracted by directly introducing a 15 mm (45 µm thickness) mixed-mode fiber into 15 g of homogenized tissue for 20 min, followed by a desorption step in an optimal solvent mixture. The detection limit for DOX was 2.5 µg g-1 of tissue. The optimized ex vivo SPME method was successfully applied for the analysis of DOX in real pig lung biopsies, providing an averaged accuracy and precision of 103.2% and 12.3%, respectively. Additionally, a comparison between SPME and solid-liquid extraction revealed good agreement. The results presented herein demonstrate that the developed SPME method radically simplifies the sample preparation step and eliminates the need for tissue biopsies. These results suggest that SPME can accurately quantify DOX in different tissue compartments and can be potentially useful for monitoring and adjusting drug dosages during chemotherapy in order to achieve effective and safe concentrations of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roszkowska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Marcos Tascon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryński
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Torun, Poland
| | - Pedro Reck Dos Santos
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcelo Cypel
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Tascon M, Alam MN, Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Development of a Microfluidic Open Interface with Flow Isolated Desorption Volume for the Direct Coupling of SPME Devices to Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2631-2638. [PMID: 29388761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Technologies that efficiently integrate the sampling and sample preparation steps with direct introduction to mass spectrometry (MS), providing simple and sensitive analytical workflows as well as capabilities for automation, can generate a great impact in a vast variety of fields, such as in clinical, environmental, and food-science applications. In this study, a novel approach that facilitates direct coupling of Bio-SPME devices to MS using a microfluidic design is presented. This technology, named microfluidic open interface (MOI), which operates under the concept of flow-isolated desorption volume, consists of an open-to-ambient desorption chamber (V ≤ 7 μL) connected to an ionization source. Subsequently, compounds of interest are transported to the ionization source by means of the self-aspiration process intrinsic of these interfaces. Thus, any ionization technology that provides a reliable and constant suction, such as electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), or inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP), can be hyphenated to MOI. Using this setup, the desorption chamber is used to release target compounds from the coating, while the isolation of the flow enables the ionization source to be continuously fed with solvent, all without the necessity of employment of additional valves. As a proof of concept, the design was applied to an ESI-MS/MS system for experimental validation. Furthermore, numerical simulations were undertaken to provide a detailed understanding of the fluid flow pattern inside the interface, then used to optimize the system for better efficiency. The analytical workflow of the developed Bio-SPME-MOI-MS setup consists of the direct immersion of SPME fibers into the matrix to extract/enrich analytes of interest within a short period of time, followed by a rinsing step with water to remove potentially adhering proteins, salts, and/or other interfering compounds. Next, the fiber is inserted into the MOI for desorption of compounds of interest. Finally, the volume contained in the chamber is drained and moved toward the electrospray needle for ionization and direct introduction to MS. Aiming to validate the technology, the fast determination of selected immunosuppressive drugs (e.g., tacrolimus, cyclosporine, sirolimus, and everolimus) from 100 μL of whole blood was assessed. Limits of quantitation in the subppb range were obtained for all studied compounds. Good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.99) and excellent precision, with (8%) and without (14%) internal standard correction, were attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Tascon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Md Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | | | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Hsin MK, Zamel R, Cypel M, Wishart D, Han B, Keshavjee S, Liu M. Metabolic Profile of Ex Vivo Lung Perfusate Yields Biomarkers for Lung Transplant Outcomes. Ann Surg 2017; 267:196-197. [PMID: 29240608 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify potential biomarkers during ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) using metabolomics approach. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA EVLP increases the number of usable donor lungs for lung transplantation (LTx) by physiologic assessment of explanted marginal lungs. The underlying paradigm of EVLP is the normothermic perfusion of cadaveric lungs previously flushed and stored in hypothermic preservation fluid, which allows the resumption of active cellular metabolism and respiratory function. Metabolomics of EVLP perfusate may identify metabolic profiles of donor lungs associated with early LTx outcomes. METHODS EVLP perfusate taken at 1and 4 hperfusion were collected from 50 clinical EVLP cases, and submitted to untargeted metabolic profiling with mass spectrometry. The findings were correlated with early LTx outcomes. RESULTS Following EVLP, 7 cases were declined for LTx. In the remaining transplanted cases, 9 cases developed primary graft dysfunction (PGD) 3. For the metabolic profile at EVLP-1h, a logistic regression model based on palmitoyl-sphingomyelin, 5-aminovalerate, and decanoylcarnitine yielded a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.987 in differentiating PGD 3 from Non-PGD 3 outcomes. For the metabolic profile at EVLP-4h, a logistic regression model based on N2-methylguanosine, 5-aminovalerate, oleamide, and decanoylcarnitine yielded a ROC curve with AUC 0.985 in differentiating PGD 3 from non-PGD 3 outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomics of EVLP perfusate revealed a small panel of metabolites highly correlated with early LTx outcomes, and may be potential biomarkers that can improve selection of marginal lungs on EVLP. Further validation studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Hsin
- *Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Departments of Surgery, Medicine and Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada†Latner Thoracic Surgical Research Laboratories, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada‡The Metabolomics Innovation Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Reyes-Garcés N, Gionfriddo E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Alam MN, Boyacı E, Bojko B, Singh V, Grandy J, Pawliszyn J. Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions. Anal Chem 2017; 90:302-360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Md. Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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Ou Y, Weber SG. Numerical Modeling of Electroosmotic Push-Pull Perfusion and Assessment of Its Application to Quantitative Determination of Enzymatic Activity in the Extracellular Space of Mammalian Tissue. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5864-5873. [PMID: 28447456 PMCID: PMC5823015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many sampling methods have been developed to measure the extracellular concentrations of solutes in the extracellular space of mammalian tissue, e.g., brain. However, few have been used to quantitatively study the various processes, such as enzymatic degradation, that determines the fate of these solutes. For a method to be useful in this pursuit, it must be able to (1) perfuse tissue and collect the perfusate for quantitative analysis of the solutes introduced and reaction products produced, (2) control the average residence time of the active solutes, and (3) have the appropriate spatial resolution for the process of interest. Our lab previously developed a perfusion technique based on electroosmosis (EO), called EO push-pull perfusion (EOPPP), that is in principle suitable to meet these needs. However, much like the case for other sampling methods that came before, there are parameters that are needed for quantitative interpretation of data but that cannot be measured easily (or at all). In this paper, we present a robust finite element model that provides a deep understanding of fluid dynamics and mass transport in the EOPPP method, assesses the general applicability of EOPPP to studying enzyme activity in the ECS, and grants a simple approach to data treatment and interpretation to obtain, for example, Vmax and Km for an enzymatic reaction in the extracellular space of the tissue. This model is a valuable tool in optimizing and planning experiments without the need for costly experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Stephen G. Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
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Goryński K, Goryńska P, Górska A, Harężlak T, Jaroch A, Jaroch K, Lendor S, Skobowiat C, Bojko B. SPME as a promising tool in translational medicine and drug discovery: From bench to bedside. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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29
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Direct tissue sampling of diazepam and amitriptyline using mixed-mode SPME fibers: A feasibility study. Forensic Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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30
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Zhang Q, Zhou L, Chen H, Wang CZ, Xia Z, Yuan CS. Solid-phase microextraction technology for in vitro and in vivo metabolite analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2016; 80:57-65. [PMID: 27695152 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of endogenous metabolites in biological samples may lead to the identification of biomarkers in metabolomics studies. To achieve accurate sample analysis, a combined method of continuous quick sampling and extraction is required for online compound detection. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) integrates sampling, extraction and concentration into a single solvent-free step for chemical analysis. SPME has a number of advantages, including simplicity, high sensitivity and a relatively non-invasive nature. In this article, we reviewed SPME technology in in vitro and in vivo analyses of metabolites after the ingestion of herbal medicines, foods and pharmaceutical agents. The metabolites of microorganisms in dietary supplements and in the gastrointestinal tract will also be examined. As a promising technology in biomedical and pharmaceutical research, SPME and its future applications will depend on advances in analytical technologies and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liandi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Zhining Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang Center for Herbal Medicine Research and Department of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
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Peltenburg H, Timmer N, Bosman IJ, Hermens JL, Droge ST. Sorption of structurally different ionized pharmaceutical and illicit drugs to a mixed-mode coated microsampler. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1447:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Goryński K, Kiedrowicz A, Bojko B. Development of SPME-LC-MS method for screening of eight beta-blockers and bronchodilators in plasma and urine samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:147-55. [PMID: 26971030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The current work describes the development and validation of a simple, efficient, and fast method using solid phase microextraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-LC-MS/MS) for the concomitant measurement of eight beta-blockers and bronchodilators in plasma and urine. The presented assay enables quantitative determination of acebutolol, atenolol, fenoterol, nadolol, pindolol, procaterol, sotalol, and timolol. In this work, samples were prepared on a high-throughput platform using the 96-well plate format of the thin film solid phase microextraction (TFME) system, and a biocompatible extraction phase made of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance particles. Analytes were separated on a pentafluorophenyl column (100mm×2.1mm, 3μm) by gradient elution using an UPLC Nexera coupled with an LCMS-8060 mass spectrometer. The mobile phase consisted of water-acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 0.4mLmin(-1). The linearity of the method was checked within therapeutic blood-plasma concentrations, and shown to adequately reflect typically expected concentrations of future study samples. Post-extraction addition experiments showed that the matrix effect ranged in plasma from 98% for procaterol to 115% for nadolol, and in urine, from 85% for nadolol and pindolol to 119% for atenolol. The method was successfully validated using Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines, and met all acceptance criteria for bioanalytical assays at five concentration levels for all selected drugs. The final protocol can be successfully applied for monitoring concentrations of the selected drugs in both plasma and urine matrices obtained from patients or athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Goryński
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
| | - Alicja Kiedrowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland.
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Bonneau E, Tétreault N, Robitaille R, Boucher A, De Guire V. Metabolomics: Perspectives on potential biomarkers in organ transplantation and immunosuppressant toxicity. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:377-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Spetzler VN, Goldaracena N, Echiverri J, Kaths JM, Louis KS, Adeyi OA, Yip PM, Grant DR, Selzner N, Selzner M. Subnormothermic ex vivo liver perfusion is a safe alternative to cold static storage for preserving standard criteria grafts. Liver Transpl 2016; 22:111-9. [PMID: 26390093 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel technique of subnormothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (SNEVLP) for the storage of liver grafts before transplantation. To test the safety of SNEVLP for the nonextended criteria grafts (standard grafts), we compared it to a control group with minimal cold static storage (CS) time. Heart-beating pig liver retrieval was performed. Grafts were either stored in cold unmodified University of Wisconsin solution (CS-1), in cold University of Wisconsin solution with ex vivo perfusion additives (CS-2), or preserved with a sequence of 3 hours CS and 3 hours SNEVLP (33°C), followed by orthotopic liver transplantation. Liver function tests and histology were investigated. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels during SNEVLP remained stable (54.3 ± 12.6 U/L at 1 hour to 47.0 ± 31.9 U/L at 3 hours). Posttransplantation, SNEVLP versus CS-1 livers had decreased AST levels (peak at day 1, 1081.9 ± 788.5 versus 1546.7 ± 509.3 U/L; P = 0.14; at day 2, 316.7 ± 188.1 versus 948.2 ± 740.9 U/L; P = 0.04) and alkaline phosphatase levels (peak at day 1, 150.4 ± 19.3 versus 203.7 ± 33.6 U/L; P = 0.003). Bilirubin levels were constantly within the physiological range in the SNEVLP group, whereas the CS-1 group presented a large standard deviation, including pathologically increased values. Hyaluronic acid as a marker of endothelial cell (EC) function was markedly improved by SNEVLP during the early posttransplant phase (5 hours posttransplant, 1172.75 ± 598.5 versus 5540.5 ± 2755.4 ng/mL). Peak international normalized ratio was similar between SNEVLP and CS-1 groups after transplantation. Immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase 3 demonstrated more apoptotic sinusoidal cells in the CS-1 group when compared to SNEVLP grafts 2 hours after reperfusion (19.4 ± 19.5 versus 133.2 ± 48.8 cells/high-power field; P = 0.002). Adding normothermic CS-2 had no impact on liver injury or function after transplantation when compared to CS-1. In conclusion, SNEVLP is safe to use for standard donor grafts and is associated with improved EC and bile duct injury even in grafts with minimal CS time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinzent N Spetzler
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Goldaracena
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Echiverri
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Moritz Kaths
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristine S Louis
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oyedele A Adeyi
- Departments of Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul M Yip
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R Grant
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nazia Selzner
- Departments of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Markus Selzner
- Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Reyes-Garcés N, Bojko B, Pawliszyn J. Biocompatible Solid-Phase Microextraction Nanoelectrospray Ionization: An Unexploited Tool in Bioanalysis. Anal Chem 2015; 88:1259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathaly Reyes-Garcés
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Gionfriddo E, Souza-Silva ÉA, Pawliszyn J. Headspace versus Direct Immersion Solid Phase Microextraction in Complex Matrixes: Investigation of Analyte Behavior in Multicomponent Mixtures. Anal Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gionfriddo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Érica A. Souza-Silva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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In vivo and ex vivo SPME: a low invasive sampling and sample preparation tool in clinical bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:1227-39. [PMID: 24946923 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is well-established technology in bioanalysis. Current review discusses the features of SPME, which determine the non- or low-invasiveness of the method in biomedical analysis. In the first section we analyze the factors, which have significant influence on the SPME sampling device performance in the view of sampling safety and efficiency. In the later sections applicability of various SPME approaches for analysis of easily accessible samples routinely used for analysis (e.g., urine, blood) as well as limited availability samples (tissues) is discussed. Moreover, the examples of sampling alternative matrices such as hair, saliva, sweat or breath are presented. The advantages and limitation of the technology in the view of future development of SPME are also reviewed.
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Birjandi AP, Mirnaghi FS, Bojko B, Wąsowicz M, Pawliszyn J. Application of Solid Phase Microextraction for Quantitation of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Biological Fluids. Anal Chem 2014; 86:12022-9. [PMID: 25403310 DOI: 10.1021/ac502627w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Afsoon Pajand Birjandi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Sadat Mirnaghi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Marcin Wąsowicz
- Department
of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
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Gómez-Ríos GA, Pawliszyn J. Solid phase microextraction (SPME)-transmission mode (TM) pushes down detection limits in direct analysis in real time (DART). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12937-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple, integrated and rapid approach for the quantitation of target analytes in complex matrices using SPME-TM and DART-MS/MS is described.
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