1
|
Jain S, Deore SV, Ghadi R, Chaudhari D, Kuche K, Katiyar SS. Tumor microenvironment responsive VEGF-antibody functionalized pH sensitive liposomes of docetaxel for augmented breast cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 121:111832. [PMID: 33579470 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work exploits the tumor microenvironment which differs significantly from normal cellular environment in terms of both, having lower extracellular pH and increased angiogenesis capacity. To reduce systemic toxicity of docetaxel (DTX) and increase its therapeutic potential, VEGF antibody functionalized PEGylated pH sensitive liposomes (VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX) were developed. The liposomes prepared by thin film hydration technique were later conjugated with VEGF antibody on liposomal surface by standard carbodiimide chemistry and using DSPE-PEG-COOH as linker. The VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX displayed particle size of ~206 nm with an entrapment efficiency of ~62%. The transmission electron microscopy images revealed spherical shape of liposomes and corroborated the particle size obtained from zetasizer. The in vitro release study revealed biphasic release pattern of DTX from VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX. The % drug released was also significantly higher at pH 5.5 which guarantees rapid endosomal escape and faster intracellular drug release. In case of VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX the cellular uptake in MCF-7 cell line was augmented ~3.17-fold as compared to free DTX probably due to the VEGF-positive nature of MCF-7 cell (increased affinity for VEGF). Further, it was evident from the cytotoxicity assay that VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX showed higher cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells and ~5.78-fold reduction in IC50 value as compared to free DTX. The apoptotic index observed in case of VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX was ~1.70-fold higher than free DTX. The VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX inhibited the proliferation of HUVECs stimulated by VEGF, warranting its anti-angiogenic potential. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic profile of VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX revealed a ~2.94-fold increase in t1/2 and a ~1.25-fold higher AUC (0→∞) as compared to marketed formulation Taxotere®. Similarly, mean residence time was also increased ~2.50-fold as compared to Taxotere®. Finally, treatment with VEGF-PEG-pH-Lipo-DTX demonstrated significant reduction in % tumor burden (~35%) as compared to Taxotere® (~75%). Thus, the combined approach of using PEGylated pH sensitive liposomes along with VEGF antibody functionalization for efficient targeting can improve current standards of DTX therapy for treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India.
| | - Sandip Vikram Deore
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Rohan Ghadi
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Dasharath Chaudhari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Sameer S Katiyar
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Synergy Between Low Dose Metronomic Chemotherapy and the pH-centered Approach Against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215438. [PMID: 31683667 PMCID: PMC6862380 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low dose metronomic chemotherapy (MC) is becoming a mainstream treatment for cancer in veterinary medicine. Its mechanism of action is anti-angiogenesis by lowering vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and increasing trombospondin-1 (TSP1). It has also been adopted as a compassionate treatment in very advanced human cancer. However, one of the main limitations of this therapy is its short-term effectiveness: 6 to 12 months, after which resistance develops. pH-centered cancer treatment (pHT) has been proposed as a complementary therapy in cancer, but it has not been adopted or tested as a mainstream protocol, in spite of existing evidence of its advantages and benefits. Many of the factors directly or indirectly involved in MC and anti-angiogenic treatment resistance are appropriately antagonized by pHT. This led to the testing of an association between these two treatments. Preliminary evidence indicates that the association of MC and pHT has the ability to reduce anti-angiogenic treatment limitations and develop synergistic anti-cancer effects. This review will describe each of these treatments and will analyze the fundamentals of their synergy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Govindarajah V, Leung YK, Ying J, Gear R, Bornschein RL, Medvedovic M, Ho SM. In utero exposure of rats to high-fat diets perturbs gene expression profiles and cancer susceptibility of prepubertal mammary glands. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 29:73-82. [PMID: 26895667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human studies suggest that high-fat diets (HFDs) increase the risk of breast cancer. The 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary carcinogenesis rat model is commonly used to evaluate the effects of lifestyle factors such as HFD on mammary tumor risk. Past studies focused primarily on the effects of continuous maternal exposure on the risk of offspring at the end of puberty (PND50). We assessed the effects of prenatal HFD exposure on cancer susceptibility in prepubertal mammary glands and identified key gene networks associated with such disruption. During pregnancy, dams were fed AIN-93G-based diets with isocaloric high olive oil, butterfat or safflower oil. The control group received AIN-93G. Female offspring were treated with DMBA on PND21. However, a significant increase in tumor volume and a trend of shortened tumor latency were observed in rats with HFD exposure against the controls (P=.048 and P=.067, respectively). Large-volume tumors harbored carcinoma in situ. Transcriptome profiling identified 43 differentially expressed genes in the mammary glands of the HFBUTTER group as compared with control. Rapid hormone signaling was the most dysregulated pathway. The diet also induced aberrant expression of Dnmt3a, Mbd1 and Mbd3, consistent with potential epigenetic disruption. Collectively, these findings provide the first evidence supporting susceptibility of prepubertal mammary glands to DMBA-induced tumorigenesis that can be modulated by dietary fat that involves aberrant gene expression and likely epigenetic dysregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinothini Govindarajah
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuet-Kin Leung
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center of Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jun Ying
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robin Gear
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics Pharmacology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Robert L Bornschein
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Center of Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Cincinnati Cancer Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Cincinnati Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The function of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancer is not limited to angiogenesis and vascular permeability. VEGF-mediated signalling occurs in tumour cells, and this signalling contributes to key aspects of tumorigenesis, including the function of cancer stem cells and tumour initiation. In addition to VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases, the neuropilins are crucial for mediating the effects of VEGF on tumour cells, primarily because of their ability to regulate the function and the trafficking of growth factor receptors and integrins. This has important implications for our understanding of tumour biology and for the development of more effective therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boult JKR, Jamin Y, Jacobs V, Gilmour LD, Walker-Samuel S, Halliday J, Elvin P, Ryan AJ, Waterton JC, Robinson SP. False-negative MRI biomarkers of tumour response to targeted cancer therapeutics. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1960-6. [PMID: 22596237 PMCID: PMC3388570 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive quantitative imaging biomarkers are essential for the evaluation of novel targeted therapeutics. Before deployment in clinical trials, such imaging biomarkers require qualification, typically through pre-clinical identification of imaging-pathology correlates. METHODS First, in investigating imaging biomarkers of invasion, the response of orthotopic murine PC3 prostate xenografts to the Src inhibitor saracatinib was assessed using susceptibility contrast MRI. Second, the longitudinal response of chemically induced rat mammary adenocarcinomas to the VEGFR2 inhibitor vandetanib was monitored by intrinsic susceptibility MRI, to identify the time window of transient vascular normalisation. RESULTS No significant differences in fractional blood volume (%), vessel calibre (μm), native T(1) (ms) or apparent water diffusion coefficient were determined, despite reduced expression of activated Fak and paxillin in the saracatinib cohort. Treatment with vandetanib elicited a 60% antitumour response (P<0.01), 80% inhibition in vessel density (P<0.05) and reduction in hypoxia (P<0.05). There was, however, no significant change in tumour baseline R(2)* (s(-1)) or carbogen-induced ΔR(2)* with treatment. CONCLUSION Reporting negative imaging biomarker responses is important, to avoid the risk of clinical trials using the same biomarkers being undertaken with a false expectation of success, and the abandonment of promising new therapeutics based on a false-negative imaging biomarker response being mistaken for a true-negative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K R Boult
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Y Jamin
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - V Jacobs
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - L D Gilmour
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - S Walker-Samuel
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - J Halliday
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P Elvin
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - A J Ryan
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J C Waterton
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - S P Robinson
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin J, Li G, Den X, Xu C, Liu S, Gao Y, Liu H, Zhang J, Li X, Liang S. VEGF and its receptor-2 involved in neuropathic pain transmission mediated by P2X₂(/)₃ receptor of primary sensory neurons. Brain Res Bull 2010; 83:284-91. [PMID: 20705122 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 07/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is complex. P2X₂(/)₃ receptor plays a crucial role in nociception transduction of chronic pain. VEGF inhibitors are effective for pain relief. The present study investigated the effects of VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) on the pain transmission in neuropathic pain states that mediated by P2X₂(/)₃ receptor in primary sensory neurons. Chronic constriction injury (CCI) model was used as neuropathic pain model. Sprague-Dawley rats had been randomly divided into sham group, CCI group and CCI rats treated with anti-rVEGF antibody group. Mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were measured. Expressions of VEGF, VEGFR2 and P2X₂(/)₃ in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were detected by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. The mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency in CCI group were lower than those in sham group and CCI rats treated with anti-rVEGF antibody group (p<0.05), while VEGF, VEGFR2 and P2X₂(/)₃ receptors' expressions of L4-6 DRG in CCI group were higher than those in the other two groups (p<0.05). The expressions of VEGF, VEGFR2 and P2X₂(/)₃ in L4-6 DRG of CCI rats treated with anti-rVEGF antibody group were decreased compared with those in CCI group (p<0.05). The results show that VEGF and VEGFR2 are involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and VEGF primarily potentiates pain responses mediated by P2X₂(/)₃ receptor on DRG neurons. Anti-rVEGF treatment in CCI rats may alleviate chronic neuropathic pain by decreasing the expressions of VEGFR2 and P2X₂(/)₃ receptors on DRG neurons to inhibit the transmission of neuropathic pain signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiari Lin
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Jiangxi, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tumor vascular permeability to a nanoprobe correlates to tumor-specific expression levels of angiogenic markers. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5843. [PMID: 19513111 PMCID: PMC2688084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 is the major mediator of the mitogenic, angiogenic, and vascular hyperpermeability effects of VEGF on breast tumors. Overexpression of VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 is associated with the degree of pathomorphosis of the tumor tissue and unfavorable prognosis. In this study, we demonstrate that non-invasive quantification of the degree of tumor vascular permeability to a nanoprobe correlates with the VEGF and its receptor levels and tumor growth. Methodology/Principal Findings We designed an imaging nanoprobe and a methodology to detect the intratumoral deposition of a 100 nm-scale nanoprobe using mammography allowing measurement of the tumor vascular permeability in a rat MAT B III breast tumor model. The tumor vascular permeability varied widely among the animals. Notably, the VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 gene expression of the tumors as measured by qRT-PCR displayed a strong correlation to the imaging-based measurements of vascular permeability to the 100 nm-scale nanoprobe. This is in good agreement with the fact that tumors with high angiogenic activity are expected to have more permeable blood vessels resulting in high intratumoral deposition of a nanoscale agent. In addition, we show that higher intratumoral deposition of the nanoprobe as imaged with mammography correlated to a faster tumor growth rate. This data suggest that vascular permeability scales to the tumor growth and that tumor vascular permeability can be a measure of underlying VEGF and VEGF receptor-2 expression in individual tumors. Conclusions/Significance This is the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that quantitative imaging of tumor vascular permeability to a nanoprobe represents a form of a surrogate, functional biomarker of underlying molecular markers of angiogenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Stoica G, Lungu G, Martini-Stoica H, Waghela S, Levine J, Smith R. Identification of cancer stem cells in dog glioblastoma. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:391-406. [PMID: 19176492 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0218-s-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence in some malignancies that the tumor clone is heterogeneous in regard to proliferation and differentiation. The cancer stem cell hypothesis implies that not all the cells in the tumor have the same capacity to proliferate and maintain the growth of the tumor. Only a relatively small fraction of cells in the tumor, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), possess the ability to proliferate and self-renew extensively. In the past decade, several groups have reported the existence of a CSC population in different human brain tumors from both children and adults. We report here the identification of a CSC population from a Boxer dog with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) that possesses a great capacity for proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation. This cloned cell line is aneuploid, forms neurospheres in culture, possesses CSC markers, and reproduces the original dog GBM when inoculated into the nude mouse brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Stoica
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- John T Salter
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gear RB, Yan M, Schneider J, Succop P, Heffelfinger SC, Clegg DJ. Charles River Sprague Dawley rats lack early age-dependent susceptibility to DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2007; 3:408-16. [PMID: 17940635 PMCID: PMC2017109 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental stages of mammary glands influence their susceptibility to initiating events related to carcinogenesis. The "window of susceptibility" to mammary carcinogenesis is classically defined as the time in early puberty when the mammary gland morphology is most sensitive to initiation events. Administration of the polyaromatic hydrocarbon, 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA), in a single oral dose yields maximal mammary tumor formation when administered in this "window". We examined the DMBA treated mammary glands, precursor lesions, and morphology of the uninvolved mammary epithelium for the first 100 days of life for Charles River Sprague Dawley CD(R) IGS. Our goal was to determine the DMBA dose at which 50% of the rats (IC50) developed carcinoma in situ (CIS) within three months of dosing. Here we demonstrate, rather than the classical U-shaped dose curve in which there is maximum sensitivity for DMBA at 50 days, there is an increasing degree of sensitivity with age in the CD(R) IGS rat. Additionally, we report that vehicle-treated animals developed mammary CIS without any known initiator, and 100 day virgin animals demonstrated lactational changes, independent of DMBA exposure or dose. Lastly, we demonstrate this strain of virgin female rats has elevated pituitary prolactin immunoreactivity independent of the level of mammary differentiation. We conclude this strain of Charles River Sprague Dawley rats has prolactin-induced pituitary stimulation, and therefore, the window of susceptibility for mammary tumorigenesis is absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Gear
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 670559, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0559, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Schneider BP, Sledge GW. Drug insight: VEGF as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:181-9. [PMID: 17327858 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is implicated in the pathogenesis of malignancy and metastasis. Inhibition of angiogenesis has demonstrated clinically significant improvements in outcomes in a variety of malignancies, including breast cancer. The humanized monoclonal antibody against VEGF, bevacizumab, is the clinically most mature of the antiangiogenic agents and has recently been shown to improve outcome when combined with chemotherapy in the first-line metastatic setting of breast cancer. A variety of other antiangiogenic agents are currently under investigation, including drugs that inhibit the VEGF receptor 2, the cognate receptor for VEGF found on endothelial cells. The combination of antiangiogenic drugs with one another and with other biologic agents is also being explored in an attempt to improve efficacy and to overcome the drug resistance seen with the initial studies of antiangiogenic agents. This Review will focus on the current state of therapeutics designed to inhibit this angiogenic process in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Schneider
- Indiana University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gustafson DL, Bradshaw-Pierce EL, Merz AL, Zirrolli JA. Tissue Distribution and Metabolism of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor ZD6474 (Zactima) in Tumor-Bearing Nude Mice following Oral Dosing. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 318:872-80. [PMID: 16644900 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ZD6474 [N-(4-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)-6-methoxy-7-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methoxy]-quinazolin-4-amine; Zactima] is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity currently undergoing human trials for cancer treatment. Pharmacokinetic studies in animal models are an important component in the clinical development of this agent to relate preclinical studies to patient treatment. In the studies presented here, the pharmacokinetics of ZD6474 was determined in plasma and tissues of MCF-7 tumor-bearing nude mice following single p.o. doses at 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg. Plasma area under the curve and Cmax were linear, increasing proportionally with dose. Tissue analysis showed that ZD6474 is extensively distributed to tissues, with liver and lung accumulating concentrations of 212 microg/g (approximately 450 microM) and 161 microg/g (approximately 340 microM), respectively. Tumor levels ranged from 27 to 71 microg/g at Cmax levels across the three dose ranges, and ZD6474 was distributed to all of the tissues in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of putative ZD6474 metabolites in feces found four, with the N-demethyl-piperidinyl-ZD6474 metabolite being the most prominent but still accounting for less than 2% of the total amount of ZD6474 present. The lack of significant metabolism of ZD6474 is consistent with the relatively long half-life in mice (approximately 30 h), as well as that seen in humans (approximately 120 h), and the primary method of drug elimination appears to be unchanged in the feces (approximately 25%). The incorporation of an empirical approach to dosing in mouse models of cancer in preclinical studies may allow for better prediction of clinical efficacy for ZD6474 alone and in combination with other therapeutic modalities based on equivalent drug exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Gustafson
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80220, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bielenberg DR, Pettaway CA, Takashima S, Klagsbrun M. Neuropilins in neoplasms: expression, regulation, and function. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:584-93. [PMID: 16445911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuropilins (NRP) are membranous receptors capable of binding two disparate ligands, class 3 semaphorins (SEMA) and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), and regulating two diverse systems, neuronal guidance and angiogenesis. The neuropilin genes, NRP1 and NRP2, share similar protein structure, but differ in their expression patterns, regulation, and ligand-binding specificities. NRPs vary in their expression patterns; for example, endothelial cells express both NRP1 and NRP2, lymphatic endothelial cells predominantly express NRP2, and epidermal cells predominantly express NRP1. NRP expression can be differentially regulated by transcription factors, e.g. prox-1 induces NRP2 while suppressing NRP1, or by growth factors, e.g. epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces NRP1 but not NRP2. Nearly all tumor cells express NRP1, NRP2, or both. Carcinomas express NRP1, whereas neuronal tumors and melanomas predominantly express NRP2. SEMAs play a role in neoplasms as angiogenesis inhibitors. For example, SEMA3F, which binds specifically to NRP2, inhibits tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Metastatic tumor cells lose SEMA3F expression during progression. Therefore, SEMA3F may have therapeutic potential. This article focuses on the role of NRPs and SEMAs in tumor progression and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane R Bielenberg
- Department of Surgical Research/Vascular Biology Program, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lai H, Singh NP. Oral artemisinin prevents and delays the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in the rat. Cancer Lett 2006; 231:43-8. [PMID: 16356830 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2005.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin, a compound isolated from the sweet wormwood Artemisia annua L., has previously been shown to have selective toxicity towards cancer cells in vitro. In the present experiment, we studied the potential of artemisinin to prevent breast cancer development in rats treated with a single oral dose (50mg/kg) of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), known to induce multiple breast tumors. Starting from the day immediately after DMBA treatment, one group of rats was provided with a powdered rat-chow containing 0.02% artemisinin, whereas a control group was provided with plain powdered food. For 40 weeks, both groups of rats were monitored for breast tumors. Oral artemisinin significantly delayed (P<.002) and in some animals prevented (57% of artemisinin-fed versus 96% of the controls developed tumors, P<.01) breast cancer development in the monitoring period. In addition, breast tumors in artemisinin-fed rats were significantly fewer (P<.002) and smaller in size (P<.05) when compared with controls. Since artemisinin is a relatively safe compound that causes no known side effects even at high oral doses, the present data indicate that artemisinin may be a potent cancer-chemoprevention agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 357962, Seattle, WA 98195-7962, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rowell C, Carpenter DM, Lamartiniere CA. Chemoprevention of breast cancer, proteomic discovery of genistein action in the rat mammary gland. J Nutr 2005; 135:2953S-2959S. [PMID: 16317154 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.12.2953s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Genistein, the primary isoflavone component of soy, consumed in the diet during the prepubertal period only, and the combined prepubertal and adult periods, suppresses chemically induced mammary cancer in rats. Gestational or adult-only exposures do not provide protection. An inverse relation exists between cancer susceptibility and mammary gland differentiation. The current study used proteomic technology to investigate genistein mechanisms of action as related to programming against chemically induced mammary cancer. Rats were injected subcutaneously with 500 microg genistein/g body weight on d 16, 18, and 20 postpartum. At d 21, mammary glands were subjected to 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After gel scanning, image analysis, and MS, 6 proteins were determined to be differentially regulated and identified. One protein, GTP-cyclohydrolase 1 (GTP-CH1), was confirmed as being significantly upregulated at d 21 by immunoblot analysis. Investigation of downstream signaling from GTP-CH1 showed that tyrosine hydroxylase was upregulated and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) was downregulated in the mammary glands of 50-d-old rats treated with genistein in the prepubertal period. This and previous work suggest that early prepubertal exposure to genistein enhances cell proliferation by upregulating GTP-CH1 and the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-signaling pathway, and hence cell differentiation and gland maturation. This unique developmental maturation leads to a new biochemical blueprint, whereby the cells have reduced EGF signaling and VEGFR2, which renders the mature mammary gland less proliferative and less susceptible to cancer. This study demonstrated the usefulness of proteomics for the discovery of novel pathways that may be involved in cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Rowell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Angiogenesis is crucial for maintaining the supply of oxygen and nutrients required to support solid tumour growth. Inhibitors of tumour blood vessel formation are therefore being sought, in particular, inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF)-signalling, which has a pivotal role in stimulating neovascular growth and survival. ZD6474 is an orally bioavailable inhibitor of VEGF receptor-2 tyrosine kinase activity that in preclinical studies has been shown to inhibit both VEGF-induced signalling in endothelial cells and tumour-induced angiogenesis. Consistent with inhibition of angiogenesis, once-daily oral dosing of ZD6474 produced significant broad-spectrum antitumour activity in a panel of histologically diverse human tumour xenografts. In addition to its antiangiogenic properties, ZD6474 also has activity against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase, which could impart a direct inhibitory effect on tumour cell growth and survival. This may be particularly relevant in tumours with a dependency upon EGFR signalling, for example in certain tumours harbouring activating mutations in EGFR. RET kinase has also been identified as a third target for ZD6474. This review summarises preclinical studies with this unique agent and considers its future direction in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Ryan
- Department of Cancer and Infection Research, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - S R Wedge
- Department of Cancer and Infection Research, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan P Schneider
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Indiana University, 535 Barnhill Dr, RT-473 Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|