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John D, Alshalalfa M, Almeida T, Murray A, Marques J, Azzam G, Mellon EA, Benjamin CG, Komotar RJ, Ivan M, Mahal B, Rich BJ. Racial Disparities in Glioblastoma Genomic Alterations: A Comprehensive Analysis of a Multi-Institution Cohort of 2390 Patients. World Neurosurg 2024; 188:e625-e630. [PMID: 38843966 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.05.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although molecular biomarkers have significantly advanced precision oncology in glioblastoma, the prevalence of these biomarkers by race remains underexplored. This study aims to characterize the genomic alterations in glioblastoma across Asian, Black, and White patients, offering insights into racial disparities that may influence treatment outcomes and disease progression. METHODS Analyzing data from the American Association for Cancer Research Project Genomics Evidence Neoplasia Information Exchange database V13.0, this study examined 2390 primary glioblastoma samples from unique patients. Genomic alterations in 566 cancer-related genes were assessed using targeted next-generation sequencing panels from 3 large cancer institutes. The patient cohort included 112 Asians, 67 Blacks, and 2211 Whites. Statistical significance of associations between genomic alterations and race was evaluated using the chi-squared test, with the Benjamini-Hochberg method applied to control for multiple testing adjustments. RESULTS Significant racial differences were observed in the frequency of genomic alterations. Asians exhibited a higher frequency of TP53 alterations (52.68%, P < 0.001), Blacks showed more frequent alterations in NRAS (7.46%, P < 0.001), MTOR (10.45%, P = 0.039), and TET2 (8.96%, P = 0.039), and Whites had a higher occurrence of PTEN alterations (48.67%, P = 0.045). Additionally, Black patients had an elevated rate of RET deletions (14.29%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies significant racial disparities in the alteration frequencies of 6 key glioblastoma genes: NRAS, TP53, MTOR, TET2, PTEN, and RET. These findings underscore the need for racial considerations in glioblastoma treatment strategies and highlight potential avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions. Further research is needed to explore the clinical implications of these genomic disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny John
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
| | - Mohammed Alshalalfa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Timoteo Almeida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anna Murray
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Joao Marques
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Gregory Azzam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eric A Mellon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Carolina G Benjamin
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ricardo J Komotar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Ivan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Brandon Mahal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin J Rich
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Mayol del Valle M, Morales B, Philbrick B, Adeagbo S, Goyal S, Newman S, Frontera NL, Nduom E, Olson J, Neill S, Hoang K. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Whole-Genome Sequencing to Assist Management and Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:404. [PMID: 38254893 PMCID: PMC10814932 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) harbor unique genetic mutations which may play a role in prognostication and management. To this end, we present the largest cohort of IMSCTs with genetic characterization in the literature from our multi-site institutional registry. A total of 93 IMSCT patient records were reviewed from the years 1999 to 2020. Out of these, 61 complied with all inclusion criteria, 14 of these patients had undergone genetic studies with 8 undergoing whole-genomic sequencing. Univariate analyses were used to assess any factors associated with progression-free survival (PFS) using the Cox proportional hazards model. Firth's penalized likelihood approach was used to account for the low event rates. Fisher's exact test was performed to compare whole-genome analyses and specific gene mutations with progression. PFS (months) was given as a hazard ratio. Only the absence of copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was shown to be significant (0.05, p = 0.008). Additionally, higher risk of recurrence/progression was associated with LOH (p = 0.0179). Our results suggest LOH as a genetic predictor of shorter progression-free survival, particularly within ependymoma and glioblastoma tumor types. Further genomic research with larger multi-institutional datasets should focus on these mutations as possible prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mayol del Valle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B6200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.N.); (E.N.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Bryan Morales
- Department of Neuropathology, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road, NE Room H-184, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Brandon Philbrick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (S.A.)
| | - Segun Adeagbo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (S.A.)
| | - Subir Goyal
- Biostatistics Shared Resource Department, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365-C Clifton Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Sarah Newman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B6200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.N.); (E.N.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Natasha L. Frontera
- School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan 00936-5067, Puerto Rico;
| | - Edjah Nduom
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B6200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.N.); (E.N.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Jeffrey Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B6200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.N.); (E.N.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
| | - Stewart Neill
- Department of Neuropathology, Emory University Hospital, 1364 Clifton Road, NE Room H-184, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (B.M.); (S.N.)
| | - Kimberly Hoang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University Hospital, 1365 Clifton Road NE, Suite B6200, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (S.N.); (E.N.); (J.O.); (K.H.)
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Klonisch T, Logue SE, Hombach-Klonisch S, Vriend J. DUBing Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System: Regulatory Roles of Deubiquitinases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1503. [PMID: 37892185 PMCID: PMC10605193 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) utilizes an orchestrated enzymatic cascade of E1, E2, and E3 ligases to add single or multiple ubiquitin-like molecules as post-translational modification (PTM) to proteins. Ubiquitination can alter protein functions and/or mark ubiquitinated proteins for proteasomal degradation but deubiquitinases (DUBs) can reverse protein ubiquitination. While the importance of DUBs as regulatory factors in the UPS is undisputed, many questions remain on DUB selectivity for protein targeting, their mechanism of action, and the impact of DUBs on the regulation of diverse biological processes. Furthermore, little is known about the expression and role of DUBs in tumors of the human central nervous system (CNS). In this comprehensive review, we have used publicly available transcriptional datasets to determine the gene expression profiles of 99 deubiquitinases (DUBs) from five major DUB families in seven primary pediatric and adult CNS tumor entities. Our analysis identified selected DUBs as potential new functional players and biomarkers with prognostic value in specific subtypes of primary CNS tumors. Collectively, our analysis highlights an emerging role for DUBs in regulating CNS tumor cell biology and offers a rationale for future therapeutic targeting of DUBs in CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- CancerCare Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Susan E. Logue
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- CancerCare Research Institute, CancerCare Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Department of Pathology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jerry Vriend
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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Bartusik-Aebisher D, Serafin I, Dynarowicz K, Aebisher D. Photodynamic therapy and associated targeting methods for treatment of brain cancer. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1250699. [PMID: 37841921 PMCID: PMC10568033 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1250699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme, are currently a cause of suffering and death of tens of thousands of people worldwide. Despite advances in clinical treatment, the average patient survival time from the moment of diagnosis of glioblastoma multiforme and application of standard treatment methods such as surgical resection, radio- and chemotherapy, is less than 4 years. The continuing development of new therapeutic methods for targeting and treating brain tumors may extend life and provide greater comfort to patients. One such developing therapeutic method is photodynamic therapy. Photodynamic therapy is a progressive method of therapy used in dermatology, dentistry, ophthalmology, and has found use as an antimicrobial agent. It has also found wide application in photodiagnosis. Photodynamic therapy requires the presence of three necessary components: a clinically approved photosensitizer, oxygen and light. This paper is a review of selected literature from Pubmed and Scopus scientific databases in the field of photodynamic therapy in brain tumors with an emphasis on glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Iga Serafin
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Klaudia Dynarowicz
- Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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5
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Zou T, Sethi R, Wang J, Budak G, Chandran U, John I, Watters R, Weiss K. Whole genome sequencing for metastatic mutational burden in extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE 2023; 3:1152550. [PMID: 39086683 PMCID: PMC11285543 DOI: 10.3389/fmmed.2023.1152550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (EMC) is an ultra-rare cancer that makes up less than 3% of all soft tissue sarcomas. It most often arises in the soft tissues of the proximal limbs and has a higher incidence in males. Though EMC has a good prognosis, it has an indolent course with high rates of local recurrence as well as metastasis to the lungs. EMC is characterized in 70% of cases by an EWS1-NR4A3 translocation, leading to constitutive expression of NR4A3. Structural variants (SVs) in EMC, especially large-scale genomic alterations, have not been well studied and studies are severely limited by sample size. In this study, we describe Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) of a rare case of matched EMC primary tumor, lung metastasis, and pelvic metastasis to identify genomic alterations. We examined somatic variants, copy number variants (CNVs), and larger scale SVs such as translocations and breakend points. While the primary tumor and lung metastasis had similar somatic variations and CNVs, the pelvic metastasis had more unique SVs with especially increased mutational burden of SVs in chromosome 2. This suggests that different molecular drivers appear in more advanced, relapsing EMC compared with the primary tumor and early lung metastasis. Genomic studies such as ours may identify novel molecular complexities in rare cancers that may be leveraged for therapeutic strategies and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trudy Zou
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rahil Sethi
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jiefei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Gungor Budak
- Seven Bridges, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Uma Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivy John
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Rebecca Watters
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kurt Weiss
- Musculoskeletal Oncology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Eatmann AI, Hamouda E, Hamouda H, Farouk HK, Jobran AWM, Omar AA, Madeeh AK, Al-Dardery NM, Elnoamany S, Abd-Elnasser EG, Koraiem AM, Ahmed AA, Abouzid M, Karaźniewicz-Łada M. Potential Use of Thalidomide in Glioblastoma Treatment: An Updated Brief Overview. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040543. [PMID: 37110201 PMCID: PMC10146416 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Thalidomide is a vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor that demonstrates antiangiogenic activity, and may provide additive or synergistic anti-tumor effects when co-administered with other antiangiogenic medications. This study is a comprehensive review that highlights the potential benefits of using thalidomide, in combination with other medications, to treat glioblastoma and its associated inflammatory conditions. Additionally, the review examines the mechanism of action of thalidomide in different types of tumors, which may be beneficial in treating glioblastoma. To our knowledge, a similar study has not been conducted. We found that thalidomide, when used in combination with other medications, has been shown to produce better outcomes in several conditions or symptoms, such as myelodysplastic syndromes, multiple myeloma, Crohn's disease, colorectal cancer, renal failure carcinoma, breast cancer, glioblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, challenges may persist for newly diagnosed or previously treated patients, with moderate side effects being reported, particularly with the various mechanisms of action observed for thalidomide. Therefore, thalidomide, used alone, may not receive significant attention for use in treating glioblastoma in the future. Conducting further research by replicating current studies that show improved outcomes when thalidomide is combined with other medications, using larger sample sizes, different demographic groups and ethnicities, and implementing enhanced therapeutic protocol management, may benefit these patients. A meta-analysis of the combinations of thalidomide with other medications in treating glioblastoma is also needed to investigate its potential benefits further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ismail Eatmann
- Department of Cell Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, 31-007 Kraków, Poland
| | - Esraa Hamouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia P.O. Box 5744, Egypt
| | - Heba Hamouda
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia P.O. Box 5744, Egypt
| | | | - Afnan W M Jobran
- Faculty of Medicine, Al Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 51000, Palestine
| | - Abdallah A Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services and Sciences, Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE-57357), Cairo 11617, Egypt
| | | | | | - Salma Elnoamany
- Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia P.O. Box 5744, Egypt
| | | | | | - Alhassan Ali Ahmed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Mohamed Abouzid
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada
- Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 St., 60-806 Poznan, Poland
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Cerebrolysin Alleviating Effect on Glutamate-Mediated Neuroinflammation Via Glutamate Transporters and Oxidative Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2292-2302. [PMID: 36333611 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate, one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters, acts as a signal transducer in peripheral tissues and endocrine cells. Excessive glutamate secretion has been shown to cause excitotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Cerebrolysin is a mixture of enzymatically treated peptides derived from pig brain including neurotrophic factors, like brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). The present study investigated the protective effects of cerebrolysin on glutamate transporters (EAAT 1, EAAT 2) and cytokines (IL-1β and IL-10) activity in glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity. Primary cortex neuron culture was exposed to glutamate and successively treated with various cerebrolysin concentrations for 24 and 48 h. Our data showed that cerebrolysin primarily protects neurons by decreasing glutamate concentration in the synaptic cleft. In addition, Cerebrolysin can decrease oxidative stress and neuron cell damage by increasing antioxidant activity and decreasing inflammation cytokine levels.
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Vilar JB, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Alterations in Molecular Profiles Affecting Glioblastoma Resistance to Radiochemotherapy: Where Does the Good Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102416. [PMID: 35626024 PMCID: PMC9139489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer that remains incurable. Despite multiple past and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, involving adjuvants to the conventional therapy and based on molecular targeting, no relevant benefit for patients’ survival has been achieved so far. The current first-line treatment regimen is based on ionizing radiation and the monoalkylating compound, temozolomide, and has been administered for more than 15 years. Glioblastoma is extremely resistant to most agents due to a mutational background that elicits quick response to insults and adapts to microenvironmental and metabolic changes. Here, we present the most recent evidence concerning the molecular features and their alterations governing pathways involved in GBM response to the standard radio-chemotherapy and discuss how they collaborate with acquired GBM’s resistance. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow. Ionizing radiation and TMZ induce, for the most part, DNA damage repair, autophagy, stemness, and senescence, whereas only a small fraction of GBM cells undergoes treatment-induced apoptosis. Particularly upon TMZ exposure, most of the GBM cells undergo cellular senescence. Increased DNA repair attenuates the agent-induced cytotoxicity; autophagy functions as a pro-survival mechanism, protecting the cells from damage and facilitating the cells to have energy to grow. Stemness grants the cells capacity to repopulate the tumor, and senescence triggers an inflammatory microenvironment favorable to transformation. Here, we highlight this mutational background and its interference with the response to the standard radiochemotherapy. We discuss the most relevant and recent evidence obtained from the studies revealing the molecular mechanisms that lead these cells to be resistant and indicate some future perspectives on combating this incurable tumor.
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Kiang KMY, Sun S, Leung GKK. ADD3 Deletion in Glioblastoma Predicts Disease Status and Survival. Front Oncol 2022; 11:717793. [PMID: 34970477 PMCID: PMC8712675 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.717793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 10 frequently occurs in gliomas. Whereas genetic loci with allelic deletion often implicate tumor suppressor genes, a putative tumor suppressor Adducin3 (ADD3) mapped to chromosome 10q25.2 was found to be preferentially downregulated in high-grade gliomas compared with low-grade lesions. In this study, we unveil how the assessment of ADD3 deletion provides clinical significance in glioblastoma (GBM). By deletion mapping, we assessed the frequency of LOH in forty-three glioma specimens using five microsatellite markers spanning chromosome 10q23-10qter. Data were validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort with 203 GBM patients. We found that allelic loss in both D10S173 (ADD3/MXI1 locus) and D10S1137 (MGMT locus) were positively associated with tumor grading and proliferative index (MIB-1). However, LOH events at only the ADD3/MXI1 locus provided prognostic significance with a marked reduction in patient survival and appeared to have diagnostic potential in differentiating high-grade gliomas from low-grade ones. Furthermore, we showed progressive loss of ADD3 in six out of seven patient-paired gliomas with malignant progression, as well as in recurrent GBMs. These findings suggest the significance of ADD3/MXI1 locus as a promising marker that can be used to refine the LOH10q assessment. Data further suggest the role of ADD3 as a novel tumor suppressor, whereby the loss of ADD3 is indicative of a progressive disease that may at least partially account for rapid disease progression in GBM. This study revealed for the first time the downregulation of ADD3 on the genetic level resulting from copy number deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie Mei-Yee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stella Sun
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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10
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Wen PY, Stein A, van den Bent M, De Greve J, Wick A, de Vos FYFL, von Bubnoff N, van Linde ME, Lai A, Prager GW, Campone M, Fasolo A, Lopez-Martin JA, Kim TM, Mason WP, Hofheinz RD, Blay JY, Cho DC, Gazzah A, Pouessel D, Yachnin J, Boran A, Burgess P, Ilankumaran P, Gasal E, Subbiah V. Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant low-grade and high-grade glioma (ROAR): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2, basket trial. Lancet Oncol 2021; 23:53-64. [PMID: 34838156 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatments are needed to improve outcomes for high-grade glioma and low-grade glioma. The activity and safety of dabrafenib plus trametinib were evaluated in adult patients with recurrent or progressive BRAFV600E mutation-positive high-grade glioma and low-grade glioma. METHODS This study is part of an ongoing open-label, single-arm, phase 2 Rare Oncology Agnostic Research (ROAR) basket trial at 27 community and academic cancer centres in 13 countries (Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the USA). The study enrolled patients aged 18 years or older with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0, 1, or 2. Patients with BRAFV600E mutation-positive high-grade glioma and low-grade glioma received dabrafenib 150 mg twice daily plus trametinib 2 mg once daily orally until unacceptable toxicity, disease progression, or death. In the high-grade glioma cohort, patients were required to have measurable disease at baseline using the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology high-grade glioma response criteria and have been treated previously with radiotherapy and first-line chemotherapy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Patients with low-grade glioma were required to have measurable non-enhancing disease (except pilocytic astrocytoma) at baseline using the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology low-grade glioma criteria. The primary endpoint, in the evaluable intention-to-treat population, was investigator-assessed objective response rate (complete response plus partial response for high-grade glioma and complete response plus partial response plus minor response for low-grade glioma). This trial is ongoing, but is closed for enrolment, NCT02034110. FINDINGS Between April 17, 2014, and July 25, 2018, 45 patients (31 with glioblastoma) were enrolled into the high-grade glioma cohort and 13 patients were enrolled into the low-grade glioma cohort. The results presented here are based on interim analysis 16 (data cutoff Sept 14, 2020). In the high-grade glioma cohort, median follow-up was 12·7 months (IQR 5·4-32·3) and 15 (33%; 95% CI 20-49) of 45 patients had an objective response by investigator assessment, including three complete responses and 12 partial responses. In the low-grade glioma cohort, median follow-up was 32·2 months (IQR 25·1-47·8). Nine (69%; 95% CI 39-91) of 13 patients had an objective response by investigator assessment, including one complete response, six partial responses, and two minor responses. Grade 3 or worse adverse events were reported in 31 (53%) patients, the most common being fatigue (five [9%]), decreased neutrophil count (five [9%]), headache (three [5%]), and neutropenia (three [5%]). INTERPRETATION Dabrafenib plus trametinib showed clinically meaningful activity in patients with BRAFV600E mutation-positive recurrent or refractory high-grade glioma and low-grade glioma, with a safety profile consistent with that in other indications. BRAFV600E testing could potentially be adopted in clinical practice for patients with glioma. FUNDING Novartis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Alexander Stein
- Department of Internal Medicine II (Oncology Center), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin van den Bent
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacques De Greve
- University Hospital Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antje Wick
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Filip Y F L de Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nikolas von Bubnoff
- University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Center, University of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Myra E van Linde
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Albert Lai
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gerald W Prager
- Department of Medicine I, AKH Wien, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Campone
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Angelica Fasolo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ospedale San Raffaele IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Warren P Mason
- University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Center Leon Berard & University Claude Bernard Lyon I, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel C Cho
- New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anas Gazzah
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Damien Pouessel
- Department of Medical Oncology & Clinical Research Unit, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jeffrey Yachnin
- Karolinska University Hospital, Theme Cancer, Center for Clinical Cancer Studies, Solna, Sweden
| | - Aislyn Boran
- Global Drug Development, Oncology Development Unit, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Paul Burgess
- Global Drug Development, Oncology Development Unit, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Palanichamy Ilankumaran
- Global Drug Development, Oncology Development Unit, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Eduard Gasal
- Global Drug Development, Oncology Development Unit, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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11
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Fu X, Lei H, Tao Y, Heselmeyer-haddad K, Torres I, Dean M, Ried T, Schwartz R. Joint Clustering of Single-Cell Sequencing and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Data for Reconstructing Clonal Heterogeneity in Cancers. J Comput Biol 2021; 28:1035-1051. [PMID: 34612714 PMCID: PMC8819512 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2021.0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy and whole genome duplication (WGD) events are common features of cancers associated with poor outcomes, but the ways they influence trajectories of clonal evolution are poorly understood. Phylogenetic methods for reconstructing clonal evolution from genomic data have proven a powerful tool for understanding how clonal evolution occurs in the process of cancer progression, but extant methods so far have limited the ability to resolve tumor evolution via ploidy changes. This limitation exists in part because single-cell DNA-sequencing (scSeq), which has been crucial to developing detailed profiles of clonal evolution, has difficulty in resolving ploidy changes and WGD. Multiplex interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (miFISH) provides a more unambiguous signal of single-cell ploidy changes but it is limited to profiling small numbers of single markers. Here, we develop a joint clustering method to combine these two data sources with the goal of better resolving ploidy changes in tumor evolution. We develop a probabilistic framework to maximize the probability of latent variables given the pre-clustered datasets, which we optimize via Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling combined with linear regression. We validate the method by using simulated data derived from a glioblastoma (GBM) case profiled by both scSeq and miFISH. We further apply the method to two GBM cases with scSeq and miFISH data by reconstructing a phylogenetic tree from the joint clustering results, demonstrating their synergistic value in understanding how focal copy number changes and WGD events can collectively contribute to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecong Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haoyun Lei
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yifeng Tao
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kerstin Heselmeyer-haddad
- Genetics Branch, Cancer Genomics Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Irianna Torres
- Genetics Branch, Cancer Genomics Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas Ried
- Genetics Branch, Cancer Genomics Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Computational Biology Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Łukaszewicz-Zając M, Dulewicz M, Mroczko B. A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase (ADAM) Family: Their Significance in Malignant Tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910378. [PMID: 34638718 PMCID: PMC8508774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the considerable advances in diagnostic methods in medicine, central nervous system (CNS) tumors, particularly the most common ones-gliomas-remain incurable, with similar incidence rates and mortality. A growing body of literature has revealed that degradation of the extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) might be involved in the pathogenesis of CNS tumors. However, the subfamily of MMPs, known as disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) proteins are unique due to both adhesive and proteolytic activities. The objective of our review is to present the role of ADAMs in CNS tumors, particularly their involvement in the development of malignant gliomas. Moreover, we focus on the diagnostic and prognostic significance of selected ADAMs in patients with these neoplasms. It has been proven that ADAM12, ADAMTS4 and 5 are implicated in the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells. In addition, ADAM8 and ADAM19 are correlated with the invasive activity of glioma cells and unfavorable survival, while ADAM9, -10 and -17 are associated with tumor grade and histological type of gliomas and can be used as prognostic factors. In conclusion, several ADAMs might serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for malignant CNS tumors. However, future research on ADAMs biology should be performed to elucidate new strategies for tumor diagnosis and treatment of patients with these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Łukaszewicz-Zając
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-8318785; Fax: +48-85-8318585
| | - Maciej Dulewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland;
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13
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Groblewska M, Mroczko B. Pro- and Antiangiogenic Factors in Gliomas: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Possibilities. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116126. [PMID: 34200145 PMCID: PMC8201226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, a complex, multistep process of forming new blood vessels, plays crucial role in normal development, embryogenesis, and wound healing. Malignant tumors characterized by increased proliferation also require new vasculature to provide an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for developing tumor. Gliomas are among the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by increased new vessel formation. The processes of neoangiogenesis, necessary for glioma development, are mediated by numerous growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins. In contrast to other solid tumors, some biological conditions, such as the blood–brain barrier and the unique interplay between immune microenvironment and tumor, represent significant challenges in glioma therapy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to present the role of various proangiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis as well as the differences between normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Another goal was to present novel therapeutic options in oncology approaches. We performed a thorough search via the PubMed database. In this paper we describe various proangiogenic factors in glioma vasculature development. The presented paper also reviews various antiangiogenic factors necessary in maintaining equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic processes. Furthermore, we present some novel possibilities of antiangiogenic therapy in this type of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-858318785
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14
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Ah-Pine F, Casas D, Menei P, Boisselier B, Garcion E, Rousseau A. RNA-sequencing of IDH-wild-type glioblastoma with chromothripsis identifies novel gene fusions with potential oncogenic properties. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100884. [PMID: 33074125 PMCID: PMC7569239 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most frequent and most aggressive form of glioma. It is characterized by marked genomic instability, which suggests that chromothripsis (CT) might be involved in GBM initiation. Recently, CT has emerged as an alternative mechanism of cancer development, involving massive chromosome rearrangements in a one-step catastrophic event. The aim of the study was to detect CT in GBM and identify novel gene fusions in CT regions. One hundred and seventy IDH-wild-type GBM were screened for CT patterns using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays. RNA sequencing was performed in 52 GBM with CT features to identify gene fusions within CT regions. Forty tumors (40/52, 77%) harbored at least one gene fusion within CT regions. We identified 120 candidate gene fusions, 30 of which with potential oncogenic activities. We validated 11 gene fusions, which involved the most recurrent fusion partners (EGFR, SEPT14, VOPP1 and CPM), by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. The occurrence of CT points to underlying gene fusions in IDH-wild-type GBM. CT provides exciting new research avenues in this highly aggressive cancer.
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Key Words
- baf, b-allele frequency
- chr, chromosome
- cna, copy number alteration
- cns, central nervous system
- ct, chromothripsis
- fpkm, fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped
- gbm, glioblastoma multiform
- hd, homozygous deletion
- loh, loss of heterozygosity
- rna-seq, rna sequencing
- rt-pcr, reverse transcriptase – polymerase chain reaction
- snp, single nucleotide polymorphism
- who, world health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Ah-Pine
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Déborah Casas
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Philippe Menei
- Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Blandine Boisselier
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France; CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France
| | - Emmanuel Garcion
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France.
| | - Audrey Rousseau
- Département de Pathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, CHU Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France; CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49100 Angers, France.
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15
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DeCordova S, Shastri A, Tsolaki AG, Yasmin H, Klein L, Singh SK, Kishore U. Molecular Heterogeneity and Immunosuppressive Microenvironment in Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1402. [PMID: 32765498 PMCID: PMC7379131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with a poor prognosis, despite surgical resection combined with radio- and chemotherapy. The major clinical obstacles contributing to poor GBM prognosis are late diagnosis, diffuse infiltration, pseudo-palisading necrosis, microvascular proliferation, and resistance to conventional therapy. These challenges are further compounded by extensive inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity and the dynamic plasticity of GBM cells. The complex heterogeneous nature of GBM cells is facilitated by the local inflammatory tumor microenvironment, which mostly induces tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of GBM provides multiple pathways for tumor immune evasion. Infiltrating immune cells, mostly tumor-associated macrophages, comprise much of the non-neoplastic population in GBM. Further understanding of the immune microenvironment of GBM is essential to make advances in the development of immunotherapeutics. Recently, whole-genome sequencing, epigenomics and transcriptional profiling have significantly helped improve the prognostic and therapeutic outcomes of GBM patients. Here, we discuss recent genomic advances, the role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, and the presence of an established immunosuppressive GBM microenvironment that suppresses and/or prevents the anti-tumor host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syreeta DeCordova
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abhishek Shastri
- Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Tsolaki
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hadida Yasmin
- Immunology and Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, India
| | - Lukas Klein
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastroenterology Oncology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Shiv K Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastroenterology Oncology, University Medical Centre, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Molecular Characterization of Astrocytoma Progression Towards Secondary Glioblastomas Utilizing Patient-Matched Tumor Pairs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061696. [PMID: 32604718 PMCID: PMC7352509 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are primary human brain tumors including diffuse or anaplastic astrocytomas that develop towards secondary glioblastomas over time. However, only little is known about molecular alterations that drive this progression. We measured multi-omics profiles of patient-matched astrocytoma pairs of initial and recurrent tumors from 22 patients to identify molecular alterations associated with tumor progression. Gene copy number profiles formed three major subcluters, but more than half of the patient-matched astrocytoma pairs differed in their gene copy number profiles like astrocytomas from different patients. Chromosome 10 deletions were not observed for diffuse astrocytomas, but occurred in corresponding recurrent tumors. Gene expression profiles formed three other major subclusters and patient-matched expression profiles were much more heterogeneous than their copy number profiles. Still, recurrent tumors showed a strong tendency to switch to the mesenchymal subtype. The direct progression of diffuse astrocytomas to secondary glioblastomas showed the largest number of transcriptional changes. Astrocytoma progression groups were further distinguished by signaling pathway expression signatures affecting cell division, interaction and differentiation. As expected, IDH1 was most frequently mutated closely followed by TP53, but also MUC4 involved in the regulation of apoptosis and proliferation was frequently mutated. Astrocytoma progression groups differed in their mutation frequencies of these three genes. Overall, patient-matched astrocytomas can differ substantially within and between patients, but still molecular signatures associated with the progression to secondary glioblastomas exist and should be analyzed for their potential clinical relevance in future studies.
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17
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Mao XG, Cao WD, Zhen HN, Hu SJ. Malignant Intracranial High Grade Glioma and Current Treatment Strategy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 19:101-108. [PMID: 29848277 DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180530090922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malignant high-grade glioma (HGG) is the most common and extremely fatal type of primary intracranial tumor. These tumors recurred within 2 to 3 cm of the primary region of tumor resection in the majority of cases. Furthermore, the blood-brain barrier significantly limited the access of many systemically administered chemotherapeutics to the tumor, pointing towards a stringent need for new therapeutic patterns. Therefore, targeting therapy using local drug delivery for HGG becomes a priority for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The main objectives to the effective use of chemotherapy for HGG include the drug delivery to the tumor region and the infusion of chemotherapeutic agents into the vascular supply of a tumor directly, which could improve the pharmacokinetic profile by enhancing drug delivery to the neoplasm tissue. Herein, we reviewed clinical and molecular features, different methods of chemotherapy application in HGGs, especially the existing and promising targeting therapies using local drug delivery for HGG which could effectively inhibit tumor invasion, proliferation and recurrence of HGG to combat the deadly disease. Undoubtedly, novel chemical medicines targeting these HGG may represent one of the most important directions in the Neuro-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xing-Gang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei-Dong Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hai-Ning Zhen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shi-Jie Hu
- Department of Neuro-oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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18
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Groblewska M, Litman-Zawadzka A, Mroczko B. The Role of Selected Chemokines and Their Receptors in the Development of Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103704. [PMID: 32456359 PMCID: PMC7279280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among heterogeneous primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), gliomas are the most frequent type, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) characterized with the worst prognosis. In their development, certain chemokine/receptor axes play important roles and promote proliferation, survival, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis. However, little is known about the significance of atypical receptors for chemokines (ACKRs) in these tumors. The objective of the study was to present the role of chemokines and their conventional and atypical receptors in CNS tumors. Therefore, we performed a thorough search for literature concerning our investigation via the PubMed database. We describe biological functions of chemokines/chemokine receptors from various groups and their significance in carcinogenesis, cancer-related inflammation, neo-angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Furthermore, we discuss the role of chemokines in glioma development, with particular regard to their function in the transition from low-grade to high-grade tumors and angiogenic switch. We also depict various chemokine/receptor axes, such as CXCL8-CXCR1/2, CXCL12-CXCR4, CXCL16-CXCR6, CX3CL1-CX3CR1, CCL2-CCR2, and CCL5-CCR5 of special importance in gliomas, as well as atypical chemokine receptors ACKR1-4, CCRL2, and PITPMN3. Additionally, the diagnostic significance and usefulness of the measurement of some chemokines and their receptors in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of glioma patients is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Groblewska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Ala Litman-Zawadzka
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital in Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, 15-269 Białystok, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8785
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19
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Kirstein A, Schmid TE, Combs SE. The Role of miRNA for the Treatment of MGMT Unmethylated Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051099. [PMID: 32354046 PMCID: PMC7281574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common high-grade intracranial tumor in adults. It is characterized by uncontrolled proliferation, diffuse infiltration due to high invasive and migratory capacities, as well as intense resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. With a five-year survival of less than 3% and an average survival rate of 12 months after diagnosis, GBM has become a focus of current research to urgently develop new therapeutic approaches in order to prolong survival of GBM patients. The methylation status of the promoter region of the O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) is nowadays routinely analyzed since a methylated promoter region is beneficial for an effective response to temozolomide-based chemotherapy. Furthermore, several miRNAs were identified regulating MGMT expression, apart from promoter methylation, by degrading MGMT mRNA before protein translation. These miRNAs could be a promising innovative treatment approach to enhance Temozolomide (TMZ) sensitivity in MGMT unmethylated patients and to increase progression-free survival as well as long-term survival. In this review, the relevant miRNAs are systematically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kirstein
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Schmid
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie E. Combs
- Institute of Radiation Medicine (IRM), Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Konsortium für Translationale Krebsforschung (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-4501
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20
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Zhu L, Liang J, Xia B, Xu Y, Qian Z, Ma S, Zhang S. Identification of somatic copy number variations in plasma cell free DNA correlating with intrinsic resistances to EGFR targeted therapy in T790M negative non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:883-892. [PMID: 32274156 PMCID: PMC7138977 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background About 20–30% EGFR-mutant non-small lung cancer show intrinsic resistance to EGFR targeted therapies. Compared to T790M positive in acquired resistance patients, little is known about EGFR-TKI intrinsic resistance for T790M negative patients. Methods Thirty-one patients with advanced stage lung cancer, including 18 patients with intrinsic resistance (PFS <6 months) and 13 patients with acquired resistance (PFS >36 months) but are negative for plasma T790M were recruited in the study. Plasma cell free DNA was profiled by low coverage whole genome sequencing with median genome coverage of 1.86X by Illumina X10. Sequencing coverage across chromosomes was summarized by samtools, and normalized by segmentation analysis as provided by R package ‘DNACopy’. Results The most frequent chromosomal changes were found on chr7, chr1 and chr8. Among them, chr7p gains were found in 12 (66.7%) intrinsic resistance and 4 (30.7%) acquired resistance patients. The gene EGFR was found located on the focal amplification peak of chr7p. The performance of 7p gain to predict intrinsic resistance reaches AUC =0.902. Similarly, focal amplifications were also found on chromosome 5, 16 and 22, where tumor related gene PCDHA@, ADAMTS18 and CRKL were located. Focal deletions were also found in chr1, 8, 10 and 16, where genes SFTPA1/2, DLC1, PTEN and CDH1 are located. Conclusions The results suggest cell free DNA copy number might be a useful peripheral blood tumor biomarker for predicting intrinsic resistance of EGFR targeted therapy and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucheng Zhu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310002, China
| | - Yasi Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | | | - Shenglin Ma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China.,Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
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21
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The Role of Rho GTPases in Motility and Invasion of Glioblastoma Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:9274016. [PMID: 32089990 PMCID: PMC7013281 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9274016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are primary malignant brain tumors that originate from astrocytes. Grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma is a highly invasive tumor that occur within the brain parenchyma. The Rho family of small GTPases, which includes Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, is an important family whose members are key regulators of the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. In this review, we describe the role played by the Rho family of GTPases in the regulation of the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. Specifically, we focus on the role played by RhoA, Rac1, RhoG, and Cdc42 in cell migration through rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and invasion. Finally, we highlight the importance of potentially targeting Rho GTPases in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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22
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Richardson TE, Patel S, Serrano J, Sathe AA, Daoud EV, Oliver D, Maher EA, Madrigales A, Mickey BE, Taxter T, Jour G, White CL, Raisanen JM, Xing C, Snuderl M, Hatanpaa KJ. Genome-Wide Analysis of Glioblastoma Patients with Unexpectedly Long Survival. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:501-507. [PMID: 31034050 PMCID: PMC9891105 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), representing WHO grade IV astrocytoma, is a relatively common primary brain tumor in adults with an exceptionally dismal prognosis. With an incidence rate of over 10 000 cases in the United States annually, the median survival rate ranges from 10-15 months in IDH1/2-wildtype tumors and 24-31 months in IDH1/2-mutant tumors, with further variation depending on factors such as age, MGMT methylation status, and treatment regimen. We present a cohort of 4 patients, aged 37-60 at initial diagnosis, with IDH1-mutant GBMs that were associated with unusually long survival intervals after the initial diagnosis, currently ranging from 90 to 154 months (all still alive). We applied genome-wide profiling with a methylation array (Illumina EPIC Array 850k) and a next-generation sequencing panel to screen for genetic and epigenetic alterations in these tumors. All 4 tumors demonstrated methylation patterns and genomic alterations consistent with GBM. Three out of four cases showed focal amplification of the CCND2 gene or gain of the region on 12p that included CCND2, suggesting that this may be a favorable prognostic factor in GBM. As this study has a limited sample size, further evaluation of patients with similar favorable outcome is warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Richardson
- Send correspondence to: Timothy E. Richardson, DO, PhD, Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St., Syracuse, New York, 13210; E-mail:
| | - Seema Patel
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Jonathan Serrano
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Adwait Amod Sathe
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elena V Daoud
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Dwight Oliver
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Maher
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Alejandra Madrigales
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Bruce E Mickey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - George Jour
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jack M Raisanen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chao Xing
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth & Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,Department of Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas,Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matija Snuderl
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York City, New York
| | - Kimmo J Hatanpaa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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23
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Khani P, Nasri F, Khani Chamani F, Saeidi F, Sadri Nahand J, Tabibkhooei A, Mirzaei H. Genetic and epigenetic contribution to astrocytic gliomas pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2018; 148:188-203. [PMID: 30347482 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas are the most common and lethal form of intracranial tumors. These tumors are characterized by a significant heterogeneity in terms of cytopathological, transcriptional, and (epi)genomic features. This heterogeneity has made these cancers one of the most challenging types of cancers to study and treat. To uncover these complexities and to have better understanding of the disease initiation and progression, identification, and characterization of underlying cellular and molecular pathways related to (epi)genetics of astrocytic gliomas is crucial. Here, we discuss and summarize molecular and (epi)genetic mechanisms that provide clues as to the pathogenesis of astrocytic gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Khani
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Nasri
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Khani Chamani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzane Saeidi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibkhooei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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24
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Cell biology of glioblastoma multiforme: from basic science to diagnosis and treatment. Med Oncol 2018; 35:27. [PMID: 29387965 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-018-1083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
First described in the 1800s, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a class IV neoplasm with astrocytic differentiation, as per the revised 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) is the most common malignant tumor of the CNS. GBM has an extremely wide set of alterations, both genetic and epigenetic, which yield a great number of mutation subgroups, some of which have an established role in independent patient survival and treatment response. All of those components not only represent a closed cycle but are also relevant to the tumor biological behavior and resistance to treatment as they form the pathobiological behavior and clinical course. The presence of different triggering mutations on the background of the presence of key mutations in the GBM stem cells (GBMsc) further separates GBM as primary arising de novo from neural stem cell precursors developing into GBMsc and secondary, by means of aggregated mutations. Some of the change in cellular biology in GBM can be observed via light microscope as they form the cellular and tissue hallmarks of the condition. Changes in genetic information, resulting in alteration, suppression and expression of genes compared to their physiological levels in healthy astrocytes lead to not only cellular, but also extracellular matrix reorganization. These changes result in a multiform number of micromorphological and purely immunological/biochemical forms. Therefore, in the twenty-first century the term multiforme, previously outcast from nomenclatures, has gained new popularity on the background of genotypic diversity in this neoplastic entry.
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25
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High prevalence of TP53 mutations is associated with poor survival and an EMT signature in gliosarcoma patients. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e317. [PMID: 28408749 PMCID: PMC5420801 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliosarcoma (GS) is a rare variant (2%) of glioblastoma (GBM) that poses clinical genomic challenges because of its poor prognosis and limited genomic information. To gain a comprehensive view of the genomic alterations in GS and to understand the molecular etiology of GS, we applied whole-exome sequencing analyses for 28 GS cases (6 blood-matched fresh-frozen tissues for the discovery set, 22 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues for the validation set) and copy-number variation microarrays for 5 blood-matched fresh-frozen tissues. TP53 mutations were more prevalent in the GS cases (20/28, 70%) compared to the GBM cases (29/90, 32%), and the GS patients with TP53 mutations showed a significantly shorter survival (multivariate Cox analysis, hazard ratio=23.9, 95% confidence interval, 2.87-199.63, P=0.003). A pathway analysis showed recurrent alterations in MAPK signaling (EGFR, RASGRF2 and TP53), phosphatidylinositol/calcium signaling (CACNA1s, PLCs and ITPRs) and focal adhesion/tight junction (PTEN and PAK3) pathways. Genomic profiling of the matched recurrent GS cases detected the occurrence of TP53 mutations in two recurrent GS cases, which suggests that TP53 mutations play a role in treatment resistance. Functionally, we found that TP53 mutations are associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process of sarcomatous components of GS. We provide the first comprehensive genome-wide genetic alternation profiling of GS, which suggests novel prognostic subgroups in GS patients based on their TP53 mutation status and provides new insight in the pathogenesis and targeted treatment of GS.
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26
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Edwards LA, Li A, Berel D, Madany M, Kim NH, Liu M, Hymowitz M, Uy B, Jung R, Xu M, Black KL, Rentsendorj A, Fan X, Zhang W, Yu JS. ZEB1 regulates glioma stemness through LIF repression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:69. [PMID: 28246407 PMCID: PMC5427900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of a stem cell regulatory gene which is aberrantly expressed in glioma and associated with patient survival would increase the understanding of the role of glioma cancer stem cells (GCSCs) in the virulence of gliomas. Interrogating the genomes of over 4000 brain cancers we identified ZEB1 deletion in ~15% (grade II and III) and 50% of glioblastomas. Meta-analysis of ZEB1 copy number status in 2,988 cases of glioma revealed disruptive ZEB1 deletions associated with decreased survival. We identified ZEB1 binding sites within the LIF (stemness factor) promoter region, and demonstrate LIF repression by ZEB1. ZEB1 knockdown in GCSCs caused LIF induction commensurate with GCSC self-renewal and inhibition of differentiation. IFN-γ treatment to GCSCs induced ZEB1 expression, attenuating LIF activities. These findings implicate ZEB1 as a stem cell regulator in glioma which when deleted leads to increased stemness, tumorigenicity and shortened patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincoln A Edwards
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aiguo Li
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dror Berel
- Biostatistics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mecca Madany
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Nam-Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Minzhi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mitch Hymowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Benjamin Uy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rachel Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Minlin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Altan Rentsendorj
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xuemo Fan
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John S Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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27
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Glioblastoma, hypoxia and autophagy: a survival-prone 'ménage-à-trois'. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2434. [PMID: 27787518 PMCID: PMC5133985 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and the most aggressive primary brain tumor. It is characterized by a high degree of hypoxia and also by a remarkable resistance to therapy because of its adaptation capabilities that include autophagy. This degradation process allows the recycling of cellular components, leading to the formation of metabolic precursors and production of adenosine triphosphate. Hypoxia can induce autophagy through the activation of several autophagy-related proteins such as BNIP3, AMPK, REDD1, PML, and the unfolded protein response-related transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP. This review summarizes the most recent data about induction of autophagy under hypoxic condition and the role of autophagy in glioblastoma.
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28
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Abstract
Tenascins are a family of extracellular matrix molecules that are mainly expressed in embryonic development and down-regulated in adulthood. A re-expression in the adult occurs under pathological conditions such as inflammation, regeneration or neoplasia. As the most prominent member of the tenascin family, TN-C, is highly expressed in glioma tissue and rising evidence suggests that TN-C plays a crucial role in cell migration or invasion - the most fatal characteristics of glioma - also the other members of this protein family have been investigated with regard to their impact on glioma biology. For all tenascins correlations between the expression levels of the different family members and the degree of malignancy and invasiveness of glial tumors could be detected. Overall, the former and recent results in the research on glioma and tenascins point at distinct roles of each of the molecules in glioma biology and the devastating properties of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Brösicke
- a Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology ; Ruhr-University Bochum ; Bochum , Germany
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29
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Crespo I, Vital AL, Gonzalez-Tablas M, Patino MDC, Otero A, Lopes MC, de Oliveira C, Domingues P, Orfao A, Tabernero MD. Molecular and Genomic Alterations in Glioblastoma Multiforme. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1820-33. [PMID: 25976245 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, important advances have been achieved in the understanding of the molecular biology of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM); thus, complex genetic alterations and genomic profiles, which recurrently involve multiple signaling pathways, have been defined, leading to the first molecular/genetic classification of the disease. In this regard, different genetic alterations and genetic pathways appear to distinguish primary (eg, EGFR amplification) versus secondary (eg, IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation) GBM. Such genetic alterations target distinct combinations of the growth factor receptor-ras signaling pathways, as well as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog/AKT, retinoblastoma/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) N2A-p16(INK4A), and TP53/mouse double minute (MDM) 2/MDM4/CDKN2A-p14(ARF) pathways, in cells that present features associated with key stages of normal neurogenesis and (normal) central nervous system cell types. This translates into well-defined genomic profiles that have been recently classified by The Cancer Genome Atlas Consortium into four subtypes: classic, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural GBM. Herein, we review the most relevant genetic alterations of primary versus secondary GBM, the specific signaling pathways involved, and the overall genomic profile of this genetically heterogeneous group of malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Crespo
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Louisa Vital
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - María Gonzalez-Tablas
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Alvaro Otero
- Neurosurgery Service, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Celeste Lopes
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina de Oliveira
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patricia Domingues
- Centre for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, Faculties of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Tabernero
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Research (Centro de Investigación del Cáncer-Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer; Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad de Salamanca; Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Health Science Studies of Castilla and León Research Laboratory, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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30
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MRI findings and pathological features in early-stage glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:289-97. [PMID: 25939441 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1797-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic tool for glioblastoma, with almost all cases showing characteristic imaging findings such as a heterogeneous-ring enhanced pattern associated with significant edema. However, MRI findings for early-stage glioblastoma are less clear. In this study, a retrospective review of MRI findings in five patients showed slight T2WI signal changes on initial scans that developed into typical imaging findings of a ring-like or heterogeneously enhanced bulky tumor within 6 months. The diagnoses based on initial MRI were low grade glioma in three cases, venous thrombosis in one case, and uncertain in one case. Four cases were treated with gross total resection, while one case underwent biopsy. Immunohistochemical examinations showed that two cases were p53-positive, and that all cases were IDH1 R132H-negative and had overexpression of EGFR. FISH analysis showed that all cases were 1p19q LOH-negative. De novo glioblastoma was the final diagnosis in all cases. Our results show that initial MRI findings in early-stage glioblastoma of small ill-defined T2WI hyperintense lesions with poor contrast develop to bulky mass lesions with typical findings for glioblastoma in as short a period as 2.5 months. The early MRI findings are difficult to distinguish from those for non-neoplastic conditions, including ischemic, degenerative or demyelinating processes. Thus, there is a need for proactive diagnosis of glioblastoma using short-interval MRI scans over several weeks, other imaging modalities, and biopsy or resection, particularly given the extremely poor prognosis of this disease.
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31
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Biomarkers for glioma immunotherapy: the next generation. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:359-72. [PMID: 25724916 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term "biomarker" historically refers to a single parameter, such as the expression level of a gene or a radiographic pattern, used to indicate a broader biological state. Molecular indicators have been applied to several aspects of cancer therapy: to describe the genotypic and phenotypic state of neoplastic tissue for prognosis, to predict susceptibility to anti-proliferative agents, to validate the presence of specific drug targets, and to evaluate responsiveness to therapy. For glioblastoma (GBM), immunohistochemical and radiographic biomarkers accessible to the clinical lab have informed traditional regimens, but while immunotherapies have emerged as potentially disruptive weapons against this diffusely infiltrating, heterogeneous tumor, biomarkers with strong predictive power have not been fully established. The cancer immunotherapy field, through the recently accelerated expansion of trials, is currently leveraging this wealth of clinical and biological data to define and revise the use of biomarkers for improving prognostic accuracy, personalization of therapy, and evaluation of responses across the wide variety of tumors. Technological advancements in DNA sequencing, cytometry, and microscopy have facilitated the exploration of more integrated, high-dimensional profiling of the disease system-incorporating both immune and tumor parameters-rather than single metrics, as biomarkers for therapeutic sensitivity. Here we discuss the utility of traditional GBM biomarkers in immunotherapy and how the impending transformation of the biomarker paradigm-from single markers to integrated profiles-may offer the key to bringing predictive, personalized immunotherapy to GBM patients.
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32
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Dimitrov L, Hong CS, Yang C, Zhuang Z, Heiss JD. New developments in the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of the IDH1 mutation in glioma. Int J Med Sci 2015; 12:201-13. [PMID: 25678837 PMCID: PMC4323358 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.11047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last five years, IDH1 mutations in human malignancies have significantly shaped the diagnosis and management of cancer patients. Ongoing intense research efforts continue to alter our understanding of the role of the IDH1 mutation in tumor formation. Currently, evidence suggests the IDH1 mutation to be an early event in tumorigenesis with multiple downstream oncogenic consequences including maintenance of a hypermethylator phenotype, alterations in HIF signalling, and disruption of collagen maturation contributing to a cancer-promoting extracellular matrix. The most recent reports elucidating these mechanisms is described in this review with an emphasis on the pathogenesis of the IDH1 mutation in glioma. Conflicting findings from various studies are discussed, in order to highlight areas warranting further research. Finally, the latest progress in developing novel therapies against the IDH1 mutation is presented, including recent findings from ongoing phase 1 clinical trials and the exciting prospect of vaccine immunotherapy targeting the IDH1 mutant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Dimitrov
- 1. Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Greater London, E1 2AD, United Kingdom ; 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christopher S Hong
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Chunzhang Yang
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - John D Heiss
- 2. Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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33
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Alterations of the RRAS and ERCC1 genes at 19q13 in gemistocytic astrocytomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2014; 73:908-15. [PMID: 25192052 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gemistocytic astrocytoma (World Health Organization grade II) is a rare variant of diffuse astrocytoma that is characterized by the presence of neoplastic gemistocytes and has a significantly less favorable prognosis. Other than frequent TP53 mutations (>80%), little is known about its molecular profile. Here, we show that gemistocytic astrocytomas carry a lower frequency of IDH mutations than fibrillary astrocytomas (74% vs 92%; p = 0.0255) but have profiles similar to those of fibrillary astrocytomas with respect to TERT promoter mutations (5% vs 0%), 1p/19q loss (10% vs 8%), and loss of heterozygosity 10q (10% vs 12%). Exome sequencing in 5 gemistocytic astrocytomas revealed homozygous deletion of genes at 19q13 (i.e. RRAS [related RAS viral oncogene homolog; 2 cases] and ERCC1 [excision repair cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 1; 1 case]). Further screening showed RRAS homozygous deletion in 7 of 42 (17%) gemistocytic astrocytomas and in 3 of 24 (13%) IDH1 mutated secondary glioblastomas. Patients with gemistocytic astrocytoma and secondary glioblastoma with an RRAS deletion tended to have shorter survival rates than those without deletion. Differential polymerase chain reaction and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction revealed an ERCC1 homozygous deletion or promoter methylation in 10 of 42 (24%) gemistocytic astrocytomas and in 8 of 24 (33%) secondary glioblastomas. Alterations in RRAS and ERCC1 appear to be typical in gemistocytic astrocytomas and secondary glioblastomas, since they were not present in 49 fibrillary astrocytomas or 30 primary glioblastomas.
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34
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Renault IZ, Golgher D. Molecular genetics of glioblastomas: defining subtypes and understanding the biology. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2014; 25:97-103. [PMID: 25476515 DOI: 10.1016/j.nic.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite comprehensive therapy, which includes surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of glioblastoma multiforme is very poor. Diagnosed individuals present an average of 12 to 18 months of life. This article provides an overview of the molecular genetics of these tumors. Despite the overwhelming amount of data available, so far little has been translated into real benefits for the patient. Because this is such a complex topic, the goal is to point out the main alterations in the biological pathways that lead to tumor formation, and how this can contribute to the development of better therapies and clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Golgher
- Symbiosis-Biotechnology Consultancy, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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35
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Wilson TA, Karajannis MA, Harter DH. Glioblastoma multiforme: State of the art and future therapeutics. Surg Neurol Int 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24991467 PMCID: PMC4078454 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.132138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite the proven benefit of surgical resection and aggressive treatment with chemo- and radiotherapy, the prognosis remains very poor. Recent advances of our understanding of the biology and pathophysiology of GBM have allowed the development of a wide array of novel therapeutic approaches, which have been developed. These novel approaches include molecularly targeted therapies, immunotherapies, and gene therapy. METHODS We offer a brief review of the current standard of care, and a survey of novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of GBM. RESULTS Despite promising results in preclinical trials, many of these therapies have demonstrated limited therapeutic efficacy in human clinical trials. Thus, although survival of patients with GBM continues to slowly improve, treatment of GBM remains extremely challenging. CONCLUSION Continued research and development of targeted therapies, based on a detailed understanding of molecular pathogenesis can reasonably be expected to yield improved outcomes for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Wilson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - David H Harter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
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36
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Wang E, Zhang C, Polavaram N, Liu F, Wu G, Schroeder MA, Lau JS, Mukhopadhyay D, Jiang SW, O'Neill BP, Datta K, Li J. The role of factor inhibiting HIF (FIH-1) in inhibiting HIF-1 transcriptional activity in glioblastoma multiforme. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86102. [PMID: 24465898 PMCID: PMC3900478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) accounts for about 38% of primary brain tumors in the United States. GBM is characterized by extensive angiogenesis induced by vascular growth factors and cytokines. The transcription of these growth factors and cytokines is regulated by the Hypoxia-Inducible-Factor-1(HIF-1), which is a key regulator mediating the cellular response to hypoxia. It is known that Factor Inhibiting HIF-1, or FIH-1, is also involved in the cellular response to hypoxia and has the capability to physically interact with HIF-1 and block its transcriptional activity under normoxic conditions. Delineation of the regulatory role of FIH-1 will help us to better understand the molecular mechanism responsible for tumor growth and progression and may lead to the design of new therapies targeting cellular pathways in response to hypoxia. Previous studies have shown that the chromosomal region of 10q24 containing the FIH-1 gene is often deleted in GBM, suggesting a role for the FIH-1 in GBM tumorigenesis and progression. In the current study, we found that FIH-1 is able to inhibit HIF-mediated transcription of GLUT1 and VEGF-A, even under hypoxic conditions in human glioblastoma cells. FIH-1 has been found to be more potent in inhibiting HIF function than PTEN. This observation points to the possibility that deletion of 10q23-24 and loss or decreased expression of FIH-1 gene may lead to a constitutive activation of HIF-1 activity, an alteration of HIF-1 targets such as GLUT-1 and VEGF-A, and may contribute to the survival of cancer cells in hypoxia and the development of hypervascularization observed in GBM. Therefore FIH-1 can be potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM patients with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- Department of Neuro-Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Navatha Polavaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fengming Liu
- Department of Research and Development, Guangxi Medicinal Botanical Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Julie S. Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Shi-Wen Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health Hospital, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Brian Patrick O'Neill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kaustubh Datta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (JL)
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Biomedical Science, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Memorial Health Hospital, Savannah, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KD); (JL)
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37
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Rivera AL, Pelloski CE. Diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers in common adult gliomas. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:637-49. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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Takahashi K, Tsuda M, Kanno H, Murata J, Mahabir R, Ishida Y, Kimura T, Tanino M, Nishihara H, Nagashima K, Tanaka S. Differential diagnosis of small cell glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma: a case report of an elderly man. Brain Tumor Pathol 2013; 31:118-23. [PMID: 23979650 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-013-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Small cell glioblastoma is a histological subtype of glioblastoma with characteristic features of highly proliferative, monotonous small glial cells with high nuclear cytoplasm ratio. Morphologically, malignant lymphoma or small cell metastatic carcinoma should be carefully discriminated. Some cases are difficult to differentiate from anaplastic oligodendroglioma. In this report, we present a case of small cell glioblastoma of an elderly man. The lack of IDH1/2 mutation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and direct sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed the lower rates of chromosome 1p and 19q deletion. Microsatellite analysis disclosed partial 10q alteration near the PTEN locus. Not only morphological and immunohistochemical examinations, but also cytogenetical investigations for IDH1/2 mutation, 1p/19q loss, and PTEN alteration, are strongly supportive methods for the differential diagnosis of small cell glioblastoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15, W7 Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan,
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39
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Zainuddin N, Jaafart H, Isa MN, Abdullah JM. Loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 10q, 9p, 17p and 13q in Malays with malignant glioma. Neurol Res 2013; 26:88-92. [PMID: 14977064 DOI: 10.1179/016164104773026598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuro-oncology have revealed different pathways of molecular oncogenesis in malignant gliomas including loss of heterozygosity on chromosomal regions harboring tumor suppressor genes. In the present study, we performed polymerase chain reaction-loss of heterozygosity (PCR-LOH) analysis using microsatellite markers to identify loss of heterozygosity on chromosomes 10q, 9p, 17p and 13q in the Malays with malignant gliomas. Of 12 cases with allelic losses, seven (58.3%) cases showed LOH on chromosome 10q, three (25.0%) cases showed LOH on chromosome 9p, four (33.3%) cases showed LOH on chromosome 17p and two (16.7%) cases showed LOH on chromosome 13q. The cases include five (41.7%) cases of glioblastoma multiforme, three (25.0%) cases of anaplastic astrocytoma, three (25.0%) cases of anaplastic oligodendroglioma and one (8.3%) case of anaplastic ependymoma. Four cases showed loss of heterozygosity on more than one locus. Our findings showed that loss of heterozygosity on specific chromosomal regions contributes to the molecular pathway of glioma progression in Malay population. In addition, these data provide useful evidence of molecular genetic alterations of malignant glioma in South East Asian patients, particularly in the East Coast of Malaysia.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor/physiology
- Glioma/genetics
- Humans
- Loss of Heterozygosity/genetics
- Malaysia
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Norafiza Zainuddin
- Human Genome Centre, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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40
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Riezzo I, Zamparese R, Neri M, De Stefano F, Parente R, Pomara C, Turillazzi E, Ventura F, Fineschi V. Sudden, unexpected death due to glioblastoma: report of three fatal cases and review of the literature. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:73. [PMID: 23638625 PMCID: PMC3652782 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Sudden death from an undiagnosed primary intracranial neoplasm is an exceptionally rare event, with reported frequencies in the range of 0.02% to 2.1% in medico-legal autopsy series and only 12% of all cases of sudden, unexpected death due to primary intracranial tumors are due to glioblastomas. We present three cases of sudden, unexpected death due to glioblastoma, with different brain localization and expression. A complete methodological forensic approach by means of autopsy, histological and immunohistochemical examinations let us to conclude for an acute central dysregulation caused by glioblastoma and relative complication with rapid increase of intracranial pressure as cause of death. Although modern diagnostic imaging techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis of brain tumors, the autopsy and the careful gross examination and section of the fixed brain (with coronal section) is still the final word in determining exact location, topography, mass effects and histology and secondary damage of brain tumor and contributed the elucidation of the cause of death. Immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis are mandatory in such cases. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1218574899466985
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Riezzo
- Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale C, D'Avanzo, viale degli Aviatori, 1, Foggia 71100, Italy
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41
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent and malignant brain tumor. The vast majority of glioblastomas (~90%) develop rapidly de novo in elderly patients, without clinical or histologic evidence of a less malignant precursor lesion (primary glioblastomas). Secondary glioblastomas progress from low-grade diffuse astrocytoma or anaplastic astrocytoma. They manifest in younger patients, have a lesser degree of necrosis, are preferentially located in the frontal lobe, and carry a significantly better prognosis. Histologically, primary and secondary glioblastomas are largely indistinguishable, but they differ in their genetic and epigenetic profiles. Decisive genetic signposts of secondary glioblastoma are IDH1 mutations, which are absent in primary glioblastomas and which are associated with a hypermethylation phenotype. IDH1 mutations are the earliest detectable genetic alteration in precursor low-grade diffuse astrocytomas and in oligodendrogliomas, indicating that these tumors are derived from neural precursor cells that differ from those of primary glioblastomas. In this review, we summarize epidemiologic, clinical, histopathologic, genetic, and expression features of primary and secondary glioblastomas and the biologic consequences of IDH1 mutations. We conclude that this genetic alteration is a definitive diagnostic molecular marker of secondary glioblastomas and more reliable and objective than clinical criteria. Despite a similar histologic appearance, primary and secondary glioblastomas are distinct tumor entities that originate from different precursor cells and may require different therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ohgaki
- Molecular Pathology Section, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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42
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Kubiczkova L, Sedlarikova L, Hajek R, Sevcikova S. TGF-β - an excellent servant but a bad master. J Transl Med 2012; 10:183. [PMID: 22943793 PMCID: PMC3494542 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF-β) family of growth factors controls an immense number of cellular responses and figures prominently in development and homeostasis of most human tissues. Work over the past decades has revealed significant insight into the TGF-β signal transduction network, such as activation of serine/threonine receptors through ligand binding, activation of SMAD proteins through phosphorylation, regulation of target genes expression in association with DNA-binding partners and regulation of SMAD activity and degradation. Disruption of the TGF-β pathway has been implicated in many human diseases, including solid and hematopoietic tumors. As a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, TGF-β acts as a tumor suppressor; however in tumor cells, TGF-β looses anti-proliferative response and become an oncogenic factor. This article reviews current understanding of TGF-β signaling and different mechanisms that lead to its impairment in various solid tumors and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Kubiczkova
- Babak Myeloma Group, Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
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43
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DMBT1Homozygous Deletion in Diffuse Astrocytomas Is Associated With Unfavorable Clinical Outcome. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:702-7. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31825f2e5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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44
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Tanaka S, Kobayashi I, Oka H, Fujii K, Watanabe T, Nagashima T, Hori T. Drug-resistance gene expression and progression of astrocytic tumors. Brain Tumor Pathol 2012; 18:131-7. [PMID: 11908869 DOI: 10.1007/bf02479426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the influence of biochemotherapy on the progression of astrocytic tumors, the expression of O6-methylguanine DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) mRNA, as well as of other drug-resistance- and drug-sensitivity-related genes such as multidrug resistance gene 1, multidrug resistance-associated protein, glutathione S-transferase-pi, DNA topoisomerase II, and interferon receptor mRNA, and the interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 and -2 ratios in gliomas were investigated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mean MGMT/beta2-microglobulin (beta2-MG) ratio for 130 neuroepithelial tumors was 8.2 +/- 17.8. The mean ratio of 45 glioblastomas was significantly higher than that for the other 85 tumors. In contrast, the mean of 26 low-grade gliomas was significantly lower than that of other tumors. The mean IRF-1/IRF-2 ratio of 16 other brain tumors that mainly consisted of medulloblastomas was significantly greater than that of the other 114 tumors. Almost no significant differences were observed between primary and recurrent tumors in the expression of any gene, and before and after therapy with corresponding drugs. The mean MGMT/beta2-MG ratio in primary glioblastomas was significantly higher than that in secondary tumors. These findings suggest that native drug resistance is more important than acquired resistance when glioma therapy is considered.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/biosynthesis
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Astrocytoma/drug therapy
- Astrocytoma/genetics
- Astrocytoma/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Brain Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Brain Neoplasms/genetics
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/biosynthesis
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type I/genetics
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/biosynthesis
- DNA Topoisomerases, Type II/genetics
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glioblastoma/drug therapy
- Glioblastoma/genetics
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/biosynthesis
- O(6)-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase/genetics
- Receptors, Interferon/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato Institute Medical Center Hospital, Kitamoto, Saitama, Japan.
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45
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Abstract
Much progress has been made in understanding the molecular genetics of brain tumors, especially gliomas.The development and use of high-throughput platforms that can interrogate molecular lesions on a variety of platforms will increase our ability to identify molecular subclasses of these tumors. Future challenges will include the development of methods to integrate these data among different platforms in order to identify optimal biomarkers and robust subclasses. The ultimate challenge, however, remains the translation of this biological knowledge into improved therapies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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46
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Cao WD, Cheng G, Zhang YQ. Glioblastoma multiforme: Molecular characterization and current treatment strategy (Review). Exp Ther Med 2011; 3:9-14. [PMID: 22969836 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal malignant primary brain tumor. It is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the group of diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas, representing up to 50% of all primary brain gliomas, and carries the poorest prognosis. Aberrant genetic events and signaling pathways have clearly demonstrated that GBM is highly anaplastic and a morphologically highly heterogeneous tumor. Understanding the genetic alterations, specific molecular biomarkers and proliferative pathways may promote therapeutic development for the management of GBM. Age, Karnofsky performance score, histology, position and the extent of tumor resection have been identified as potential prognostic factors for patients with GBM. In this study, we review the molecular characterization of tumor cells, the current standard of care for patients diagnosed with GBM, including gross or near-total resection of the tumor, followed by radiotherapy, stereotactic brachytherapy, chemotherapy and new targeted therapies. Thus, we conclude that multimodal approaches for the treatment of patients with GBM may significantly improve their prognoses.
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47
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Fleischer M, Kessler R, Klammer A, Warnke JP, Eschrich K. LOH on 10p14-p15 targets the PFKFB3 gene locus in human glioblastomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 50:1010-20. [PMID: 21987444 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome arm 10p is very common in high-grade gliomas and is, among others, concentrated on the region 10p14-p15. Presence of multiple tumor suppressor genes is assumed, but until now only Krüpple-like transcription factor 6 (KLF6) has been suggested as possible target of LOH in this region. On the basis of the fact that the splice variant 4 (UBI2K4) of the PFKFB3 gene, located in 10p15.1, inhibits the anchorage-independent growth of U87 glioblastoma cells, we hypothesized that PFKFB3 is a target gene of LOH in glioblastomas. In this study, we analyzed 40 glioblastomas for LOH in 10p15, including the PFKFB3 and KLF6 loci, by PCR-based microsatellite analysis. We detected LOH of PFKFB3 in 55% (22/40) of glioblastomas. LOH of KLF6, mapped 2.5 cM telomerically to the PFKFB3 locus, was not stringently correlated to the PFKFB3 LOH. The allelic deletion of PFKFB3 resulted in a decrease of PFKFB3 mRNA level accompanied by a lower PFKFB3 protein level. The expression of growth-inhibiting splice variant UBI2K4 was effectively reduced in glioblastomas with PFKFB3 LOH and a positive correlation with overall PFKFFB3 expression was observed. The PFKFB3 LOH as well as the resulting low UBI2K4 expression level was associated with a poor prognosis of glioblastoma patients. We conclude that LOH on 10p14-p15 in glioblastomas targets PFKFB3 and in particular splice variant UBI2K4, a putative tumor suppressor protein in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fleischer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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48
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Mizoguchi M, Kuga D, Guan Y, Hata N, Nakamizo A, Yoshimoto K, Sasaki T. Loss of heterozygosity analysis in malignant gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2011; 28:191-6. [PMID: 21629980 DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of glioblastomas, patient outcomes for these highly malignant tumors remain poor. Research into the molecular pathology of glioblastoma has uncovered various genetic changes that contribute to malignancy. Some of the identified molecular markers--such as loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 1p/19q and chromosome 10, O6-methylguanine methyltransferase promoter hypermethylation, and mutation of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1--may help to predict patient outcomes. Indeed, LOH analysis is an effective approach to classify malignant gliomas. Genome-wide analyses have revealed that the extent and pattern of LOH regions may have important implications for the clinical course of the disease. As the genetic underpinnings of malignant gliomas are complex and varied, careful selection of the methods for genetic analysis in the clinic is important. The fundamental principles of each assay need to be understood to allow careful selection of practically useful methods. This review summarizes recent developments in the molecular analysis of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Mizoguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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49
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Broom BM, Sulman EP, Do KA, Edgerton ME. Bagged gene shaving for the robust clustering of high-throughput data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 6:326-43. [PMID: 20940121 DOI: 10.1504/ijbra.2010.035997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of high-throughput data sets, such as microarray data, often requires that individual variables (genes, for example) be grouped into clusters of variables with highly correlated values across all samples. Gene shaving is an established method for generating such clusters, but is overly sensitive to the input data: changing just one sample can determine whether or not an entire cluster is found. This paper describes a clustering method based on the bootstrap aggregation of gene shaving clusters, which overcomes this and other problems, and applies the new method to a large gene expression microarray dataset from brain tumour samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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50
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Genetic profile of astrocytic and oligodendroglial gliomas. Brain Tumor Pathol 2011; 28:177-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-011-0029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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