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Abdoul-Azize S, Hami R, Riou G, Derambure C, Charbonnier C, Vannier JP, Guzman ML, Schneider P, Boyer O. Glucocorticoids paradoxically promote steroid resistance in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through CXCR4/PLC signaling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4557. [PMID: 38811530 PMCID: PMC11136999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) resistance in childhood relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) represents an important challenge. Despite decades of clinical use, the mechanisms underlying resistance remain poorly understood. Here, we report that in B-ALL, GC paradoxically induce their own resistance by activating a phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated cell survival pathway through the chemokine receptor, CXCR4. We identify PLC as aberrantly activated in GC-resistant B-ALL and its inhibition is able to induce cell death by compromising several transcriptional programs. Mechanistically, dexamethasone (Dex) provokes CXCR4 signaling, resulting in the activation of PLC-dependent Ca2+ and protein kinase C signaling pathways, which curtail anticancer activity. Treatment with a CXCR4 antagonist or a PLC inhibitor improves survival of Dex-treated NSG mice in vivo. CXCR4/PLC axis inhibition significantly reverses Dex resistance in B-ALL cell lines (in vitro and in vivo) and cells from Dex resistant ALL patients. Our study identifies how activation of the PLC signalosome in B-ALL by Dex limits the upfront efficacy of this chemotherapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rihab Hami
- Univ Brest, Inserm, UMR 1101, F-29200, Brest, France
| | - Gaetan Riou
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, UMR 1234, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | | | | | | | - Monica L Guzman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pascale Schneider
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, UMR 1234, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immuno-Hemato-Oncology, F-76000, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Univ Rouen Normandie, Inserm, UMR 1234, F-76000, Rouen, France
- Rouen University Hospital, Department of Immunology and Biotherapy, F-76000, Rouen, France
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2
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Mogensen N, Kreicbergs U, Albertsen BK, Lähteenmäki P, Heyman M, Harila A. Parental experiences of the informed consent process in randomized clinical trials-A Nordic study. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30684. [PMID: 37728014 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are an essential part of improving acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment. This population-based questionnaire study investigated parents' experiences of the informed consent process in the RCTs within the Nordic NOPHO (Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology) ALL2008 trial. PROCEDURE Parents in Sweden, Denmark, and Finland whose child was alive and in first remission after end of therapy and who were asked to participate in any RCT in the ALL2008 protocol, were asked to complete 15 questions/items regarding their experience of the RCT consent process. RESULTS A total of 483 parents of 279 children met the inclusion criteria and answered the study questionnaire. Most (91%) agreed/strongly agreed to having received sufficient information to make a well-informed decision, felt confidence in the study design (86%), and thought that the process was satisfactory (86%). Those who did not consent reported a generally more negative experience of the process. More than a third of all parents and over half of parents who had refused participation felt that it was burdensome to decide. Most parents (66%) in general, and one-third of those with children 8 years or older, reported that their child was not involved in the process. CONCLUSIONS Parents were in general satisfied with the informed consent process, although many parents, particularly those who refused participation, reported it as burdensome to make the decision concerning RCT. Fewer than expected of the school-aged children were involved in the decision process, which calls for attention on how children are included in the consent procedure in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mogensen
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Kreicbergs
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Birgitte Klug Albertsen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Päivi Lähteenmäki
- Pediatric and Adolescent Hematology/Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Fican-West and Turku University, Turku, Finland
- Swedish Childhood Cancer Registry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Heyman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arja Harila
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University and Pediatric Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Zhang J, Li C, Ren K, Hong M, Cui J, Liu J. Cytotoxicity of alkaline serine protease (ASPNJ) on Jurkat cells and its correlation with changes in the expression of membrane-associated proteins. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23456. [PMID: 37439684 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
We aim to study the inhibitory effect of alkaline serine protease (ASPNJ) on lymphocytic leukemia Jurkat cells and its related mechanism through examining the expression of membrane proteins or membrane-associated proteins. MTT assay and trypan blue staining were used to detect the inhibitory effect of ASPNJ on the proliferation and growth of Jurkat cells. Wright-Giemsa staining was used to observe the effect of ASPNJ on the morphology of Jurkat cells. The effect of ASPNJ on Jurkat cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Two-dimensional electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (2-DE-MS) was used to detect and identify the differentially expressed proteins of Jurkat cells treated with ASPNJ (4 μg/mL, 3 h), of which three were selected and verified by Western blot. ASPNJ significantly inhibited the proliferation of leukemia cells (Raji, U937, and Jurkat), caused obvious morphological changes, and induced apoptosis of Jurkat cells. ASPNJ also increased the sensitivity of Jurkat cells to vincristine (VCR). Seven differentially expressed proteins were obtained through 2DE-MS, of which Peroxiredoxin-6 (PRDX6), Calcium-binding protein (CHP1), and 40S ribosomal protein SA (RPSA) were validated. ASPNJ can cause significant toxic effects on Jurkat cells and enhance the effects of VCR. The mechanism of action of ASPNJ on Jurkat cells may be related to differentially expressed proteins such as PRDX6. This study provides a new experimental basis and direction for antileukemia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Zhang
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Functional Science Experiment Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kai Ren
- Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Hong
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiayue Cui
- Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiankai Liu
- Biochemistry Department, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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4
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Barsan V, Li Y, Prabhu S, Baggott C, Nguyen K, Pacenta H, Phillips CL, Rossoff J, Stefanski H, Talano JA, Moskop A, Baumeister S, Verneris MR, Myers GD, Karras NA, Cooper S, Qayed M, Hermiston M, Satwani P, Krupski C, Keating A, Fabrizio V, Chinnabhandar V, Kunicki M, Curran KJ, Mackall CL, Laetsch TW, Schultz LM. Tisagenlecleucel utilisation and outcomes across refractory, first relapse and multiply relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective analysis of real-world patterns. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 65:102268. [PMID: 37954907 PMCID: PMC10632672 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tisagenlecleucel was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017 for refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and B-ALL in ≥2nd relapse. Outcomes of patients receiving commercial tisagenlecleucel upon 1st relapse have yet to be established. We aimed to report real-world tisagenlecleucel utilisation patterns and outcomes across indications, specifically including patients treated in 1st relapse, an indication omitted from formal FDA approval. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of real-world tisagenlecleucel utilisation patterns across 185 children and young adults treated between August 30, 2017 and March 6, 2020 from centres participating in the Pediatric Real-World CAR Consortium (PRWCC), within the United States. We described definitions of refractory B-ALL used in the real-world setting and categorised patients by reported Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell indication, including refractory, 1st relapse and ≥2nd relapse B-ALL. We analysed baseline patient characteristics and post-tisagenlecleucel outcomes across defined cohorts. Findings Thirty-six percent (n = 67) of our cohort received tisagenlecleucel following 1st relapse. Of 66 evaluable patients, 56 (85%, 95% CI 74-92%) achieved morphologic complete response. Overall-survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) at 1-year were 69%, (95% CI 58-82%) and 49%, (95% CI 37-64%), respectively, with survival outcomes statistically comparable to remaining patients (OS; p = 0.14, EFS; p = 0.39). Notably, toxicity was increased in this cohort, warranting further study. Interestingly, of 30 patients treated for upfront refractory disease, 23 (77%, 95% CI 58-90%) had flow cytometry and/or next-generation sequencing (NGS) minimum residual disease (MRD)-only disease at the end of induction, not meeting the historic morphologic definition of refractory. Interpretation Our findings suggested that tisagenlecleucel response and survival rates overlap across patients treated with upfront refractory B-ALL, B-ALL ≥2nd relapse and B-ALL in 1st relapse. We additionally highlighted that definitions of refractory B-ALL are evolving beyond morphologic measures of residual disease. Funding St. Baldrick's/Stand Up 2 Cancer, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Fund for Cancer Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Barsan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Snehit Prabhu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Christina Baggott
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Holly Pacenta
- Cook Children’s Hospital, 1500 Cooper St 5th Floor, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center/Children’s Health, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
| | - Christine L. Phillips
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Jenna Rossoff
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, 225 E Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Heather Stefanski
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2450 Riverside Ave S AO-102, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Julie-An Talano
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Amy Moskop
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Susanne Baumeister
- Dana Farber/Boston Children’s Hospital, 450 Brookline Avenue Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael R. Verneris
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado Children’s Hospital, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Nicole A. Karras
- Department of Pediatrics, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Rd, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Stacy Cooper
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Muna Qayed
- Emory University and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michelle Hermiston
- University of California San Francisco Benioff Children’s Hospital, 1975 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Prakash Satwani
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christa Krupski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Amy Keating
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado Children’s Hospital, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vanessa Fabrizio
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado Children’s Hospital, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vasant Chinnabhandar
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2450 Riverside Ave S AO-102, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Michael Kunicki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kevin J. Curran
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Crystal L. Mackall
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Division of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room H0101, Stanford, CA 94305-5623, USA
| | - Theodore W. Laetsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia/University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Liora M. Schultz
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1000 Welch Road, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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5
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Bai L, Zhan Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Shi L, Gupta S, Denburg A, Guan X. Evidence of clinical benefit of WHO essential anticancer medicines for children, 2011-2021. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 59:101966. [PMID: 37125406 PMCID: PMC10130597 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Access to essential cancer medicines is a key determinant of childhood cancer survival. WHO published the Model List of Essential Medicine for Children (EMLc) and updated it every two years since 2007 to promote better access to medicines for children. This study aimed to assess whether the inclusion of essential anticancer medicines for respective indications for children was based on evidence of significant clinical benefit between 2011 and 2021. Methods We identified all anticancer medicine indications added to the WHO EMLc Section 8 since 2011 and extracted evidence of benefit documented in the corresponding technical reports. Evidence in children was defined as evidence that included participants under 12, and graded into five levels, according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. We analyzed whether each anticancer medicine indication was listed with documented OS benefit or improvements in surrogate measures based on the highest level of documented evidence in children. Findings A total of 115 anticancer medicine indications were added to the EMLc from 2011 to 2021, of which 101 (87.8%) had some clinical evidence in children and 4 (3.5%) were added without any clinical evidence. Among the 101 medicine indications, none were added with level-1 evidence in children, and 43 (42.6%), 11 (10.9%), 41 (40.6%), and 6 (5.9%) were listed with level-2, level-3, level-4, and level-5 evidence in children, respectively. Only eight (7.9%) medicine indications were reported to have OS benefit, another 12 (11.9%) were reported to have improvements on surrogate measures, and 81 (80.2%) were listed in the EMLc without documented improvements in either OS or surrogate measures. Interpretation Most anticancer medicine indications of the WHO EMLc were added based on limited evidence of statistically significant clinical benefit in children. Our results suggest that WHO should refine requirements for clinical benefit criteria and permissible forms, quality, and reporting of evidence of essential anticancer medicines for children, specify whether anticancer medicine indications have required evidence of clinical benefit in children, and provide further details in its technical reports that summarise the available evidence. Funding Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuqi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Luwen Shi
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Avram Denburg
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Xiaodong Guan
- Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- International Research Center for Medicinal Administration, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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6
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Reglero C, Dieck CL, Zask A, Forouhar F, Laurent AP, Lin WHW, Albero R, Miller HI, Ma C, Gastier-Foster JM, Loh ML, Tong L, Stockwell BR, Palomero T, Ferrando AA. Pharmacologic Inhibition of NT5C2 Reverses Genetic and Nongenetic Drivers of 6-MP Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:2646-2665. [PMID: 35984649 PMCID: PMC9633388 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity maintenance therapy with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) limits the occurrence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) relapse and is central to the success of multiagent chemotherapy protocols. Activating mutations in the 5'-nucleotidase cytosolic II (NT5C2) gene drive resistance to 6-MP in over 35% of early relapse ALL cases. Here we identify CRCD2 as a first-in-class small-molecule NT5C2 nucleotidase inhibitor broadly active against leukemias bearing highly prevalent relapse-associated mutant forms of NT5C2 in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, CRCD2 treatment also enhanced the cytotoxic activity of 6-MP in NT5C2 wild-type leukemias, leading to the identification of NT5C2 Ser502 phosphorylation as a novel NT5C2-mediated mechanism of 6-MP resistance in this disease. These results uncover an unanticipated role of nongenetic NT5C2 activation as a driver of 6-MP resistance in ALL and demonstrate the potential of NT5C2 inhibitor therapy for enhancing the efficacy of thiopurine maintenance therapy and overcoming resistance at relapse. SIGNIFICANCE Relapse-associated NT5C2 mutations directly contribute to relapse in ALL by driving resistance to chemotherapy with 6-MP. Pharmacologic inhibition of NT5C2 with CRCD2, a first-in-class nucleotidase inhibitor, enhances the cytotoxic effects of 6-MP and effectively reverses thiopurine resistance mediated by genetic and nongenetic mechanisms of NT5C2 activation in ALL. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 2483.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Reglero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Clara Reglero, Chelsea L. Dieck
| | - Chelsea L. Dieck
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,These authors contributed equally: Clara Reglero, Chelsea L. Dieck
| | - Arie Zask
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Farhad Forouhar
- Proteomics and Macromolecular Crystallography Shared Resource, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anouchka P. Laurent
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W. Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Robert Albero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hannah I. Miller
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Cindy Ma
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Children’s Oncology Group, Arcadia, CA, USA
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant, and Cellular Therapies, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Liang Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northeast Structural Genomics Consortium, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, 701 Fairchild Center, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brent R. Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adolfo A. Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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7
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Yu CH, Wu G, Chang CC, Jou ST, Lu MY, Lin KH, Chen SH, Wu KH, Huang FL, Cheng CN, Chang HH, Hedges D, Wang JL, Yen HJ, Li MJ, Chou SW, Hung CT, Lin ZS, Lin CY, Chen HY, Ni YL, Hsu YC, Lin DT, Lin SW, Yang JJ, Pui CH, Yu SL, Yang YL. Sequential Approach to Improve the Molecular Classification of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Mol Diagn 2022; 24:1195-1206. [PMID: 35963521 PMCID: PMC9667711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of specific leukemia subtypes is a key to successful risk-directed therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is the best approach to identify virtually all specific leukemia subtypes, the routine use of this method is too costly for patients in resource-limited countries. This study enrolled 295 patients with pediatric ALL from 2010 to 2020. Routine screening could identify major cytogenetic alterations in approximately 69% of B-cell ALL (B-ALL) cases by RT-PCR, DNA index, and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. STIL-TAL1 was present in 33% of T-cell ALL (T-ALL) cases. The remaining samples were submitted for RNA-seq. More than 96% of B-ALL cases and 74% of T-ALL cases could be identified based on the current molecular classification using this sequential approach. Patients with Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL constituted only 2.4% of the entire cohort, a rate even lower than those with ZNF384-rearranged (4.8%), DUX4-rearranged (6%), and Philadelphia chromosome-positive (4.4%) ALL. Patients with ETV6-RUNX1, high hyperdiploidy, PAX5 alteration, and DUX4 rearrangement had favorable prognosis, whereas those with hypodiploid and KMT2A and MEF2D rearrangement ALL had unfavorable outcomes. With the use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, DNA index, and RT-PCR in B-ALL and RT-PCR in T-ALL followed by RNA-seq, childhood ALL can be better classified to improve clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chia-Ching Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiann-Tarng Jou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Huey Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hsi Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital and School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Liang Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Neng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Hao Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dale Hedges
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jinn-Li Wang
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ju Yen
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming Chiao-Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ju Li
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ting Hung
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ze-Shiang Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Lin
- Institute of Statistical Science Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Yu Chen
- Institute of Statistical Science Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Chen Hsu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Tsamn Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun J Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sung-Liang Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Centers of Genomic and Precision Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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8
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Veltri G, Sandei M, Silvestri D, Bresolin S, Pession A, Santoro N, Ziino O, Veltroni M, Rizzari C, Biffi A, Valsecchi MG, Conter V, Buldini B, Accordi B, Serafin V. NUP214-ABL1 fusion in childhood T-ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29643. [PMID: 35253360 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Veltri
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Max Sandei
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniela Silvestri
- Medical Statistics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Silvia Bresolin
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Department of Pediatrics, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Santoro
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Ottavio Ziino
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, ARNAS Civico Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marinella Veltroni
- Department of Pediatric Oncology-Hematology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Valsecchi
- Medical Statistics Unit, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Barbara Buldini
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Benedetta Accordi
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Maternal and Child Health Department, Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, University of Padova and Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padua, Italy
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9
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Impact of testicular boost in children with leukemia receiving total body irradiation and stem cell transplantation: a single-institution experience. Adv Radiat Oncol 2022; 8:101071. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2022.101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Veltri G, Lovisa F, Cortese G, Pillon M, Carraro E, Cesaro S, Provenzi M, Buffardi S, Francescato S, Biffi A, Buldini B, Conter V, Serafin V, Mussolin L. Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals a Different Proteomic Profile in Pediatric Patients With T-Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma or T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:913487. [PMID: 35875136 PMCID: PMC9304622 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.913487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) and lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) arise from the transformation of precursor T-cells sharing common morphological and immunophenotypic features. Despite this, T-LBL and T-ALL show different genomic/transcriptomic profiles and whether they represent two distinct disease entities or variant manifestations of the same disease is still a matter of debate. In this work, we performed a Reverse Phase Protein Array study on T-LBL and T-ALL samples and demonstrated that they are characterized by a different phosphoproteomic profile. Indeed, T-LBLs showed the hyperactivation of FAK/ERK1/2 and AKT/mTOR pathways, whereas JAK/STAT pathway was significantly hyperphosphorylated in T-ALLs. Moreover, since the only criteria for discriminating T-LBL from T-ALL is blasts’ infiltration below 25% in the bone marrow and lymphoma patients can present with a percentage of blasts close to this cut-off, a biomarker that could help distinguishing the two diseases would be of great help for the clinical diagnosis and treatment decision. Pursuing this aim, we identified a proteomic signature of six proteins whose expression/activation was able to discriminate stage IV T-LBL from T-ALL. Moreover, we demonstrated that AKT hyperphosphorylation alone was able to distinguish stage IV T-LBL from both T-ALL and stage III T-LBL. Concluding, these data demonstrate that T-ALL and T-LBL bear different phosphoproteomic profiles, further sustaining the hypothesis of the two disease as different entities and paving the way for the identification of new biomarkers able to distinguish stage IV T-LBL from T-ALL disease, so far based only on BM involvement criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Veltri
- Maternal and Child Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Oncohematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Research Area, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Lovisa
- Oncohematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Research Area, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
| | - Giuliana Cortese
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Pillon
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncohematology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Carraro
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncohematology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Woman and Child Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Provenzi
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Buffardi
- Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Department, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Biffi
- Maternal and Child Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncohematology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Buldini
- Maternal and Child Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Clinic of Pediatric Oncohematology, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza e Brianza per il Bambino e la sua Mamma (MBBM) Foundation, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentina Serafin
- Oncohematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Research Area, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, Oncology and Immunology Section, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lara Mussolin, ; Valentina Serafin,
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Maternal and Child Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Oncohematology, Stem Cell Transplant and Gene Therapy Research Area, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Padova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Lara Mussolin, ; Valentina Serafin,
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11
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Biondi A, Conter V, Chandy M, Ewald P, Lucia de Martino Lee M, Radhakrishnan VS, Rotchanapanya W, Scanlan P, Patrick Smith O, Togo B, Hokland P. Precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia-a global view. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:530-547. [PMID: 34931311 PMCID: PMC9300129 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As haematologists, we always seek to follow standardised guidelines for practice and apply the best treatment within our means for our patients with blood diseases. However, treatment can never follow an exact recipe. Opinions differ as to the best approach; sometimes more than one treatment approach results in identical outcomes, or treatments differ only by the manner in which they fail. Furthermore, the haematologist is faced with constraints relating to the local economic environment. Patients too are not the same the world over. Early presentation is commoner in the developed world, as is the patient’s understanding of the disease process. This in turn has an impact on the way patients are managed, the rigorousness of patient adhesion to the treatment schedule and the outcome. Here we take a look at the precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in an adolescent in a range of different settings from low‐ to high income countries with widely differing challenges for diagnosis, therpy and follow‐up. For these reasons, given the same starting conditions, patients will be treated differently according to the institute and the country they are in. Experts from around the world have been tasked to describe their management plan and rationale for a specific disease presentation. Here they explore the management of precursor B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (pre‐B ALL) in five different institutions worldwide with a focus on those with more or less strained economies. We end with a conclusion from an expert in the field comparing and contrasting these different management styles and considering their merits and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Biondi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione MBBM, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Valentino Conter
- Clinica Pediatrica, Fondazione MBBM, Università Milano Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Mammen Chandy
- Department of Clinical Haematology Oncology and HCT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Primus Ewald
- Muhimbili National Hospital and Tumaini la Maisha Children's Cancer Charity, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Vivek S Radhakrishnan
- Department of Clinical Haematology Oncology and HCT, Tata Medical Center, Kolkata, India
| | - Wannaphorn Rotchanapanya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Chiangrai Prachanukroh Hospital, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Patricia Scanlan
- Muhimbili National Hospital and Tumaini la Maisha Children's Cancer Charity, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Patrick Smith
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Boubacar Togo
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali
| | - Peter Hokland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Validation of a Tool to Assess the Multidimensional Needs of the Parents of Children With Cancer. Cancer Nurs 2021; 45:141-147. [PMID: 34406188 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An assessment of the supportive care needs that parents whose children are suffering from cancer is crucial to providing maximum quality care in pediatric oncology. OBJECTIVE To examine the psychometric properties of the Cancer Patient Needs Questionnaire (CPNQ) and validate the revised version (rCPNQ) of this multidimensional tool that evaluates the needs of parents whose child has cancer. METHODS The original rCPNQ comprised 45 items and 6 dimensions of need. The original rCPNQ was first translated into Italian and then validated for use by performing an exploratory factor analysis with a subsequent reliability analysis for the entire scale and each factor found. RESULTS One hundred forty-nine parents completed the Italian version of the rCPNQ, where a preliminary correlation analysis revealed the need for different psychometric item properties in the Italian population, with 22 items being excluded in the final model. The results of an exploratory factor analysis indicated a structure encompassing 4 factors of needs: (1) child-related emotional, (2) functional, (3) healthcare-related, and (4) emotional. The final version showed satisfactory internal consistency (subscales' Cronbach's α all >.80) and stability. CONCLUSION The Italian version of the rCPNQ is a shorter statistically validated version of the original scale and is a valid measure for professionals to use when assessing parents' supportive care requirements. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The Italian version of rCPNQ can be used with professionals when assessing parents of children with cancer to assess their perceptions of their ill child's emotional, functional, and healthcare needs.
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13
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Ampatzidou M, Florentin L, Papadakis V, Paterakis G, Tzanoudaki M, Bouzarelou D, Papadhimitriou SI, Polychronopoulou S. Copy Number Alteration Profile Provides Additional Prognostic Value for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients Treated on BFM Protocols. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133289. [PMID: 34209196 PMCID: PMC8268490 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Recent advances in genomic analyses of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have identified novel prognostic markers associated with patient outcome. In this frame, copy number alterations (CNAs) are constantly gaining relevance as potential risk stratification markers. Herein, we present our data of a proposed CNA-profile risk-index applied on a Greek ALLIC-BFM cohort. The results of our study demonstrate that EFS for GR(good-risk)-CNA-profile patients was 96.0% versus 57.6% of PR(poor-risk)-CNA-profile ones (p < 0.001) in the whole cohort. EFS within the IR-group for the GR-CNA vs. PR-CNA subgroups was 100.0% vs. 60.0% (p < 0.001), and within the HR-group, 88.2% vs. 55.6% (p = 0.047), respectively. The above results indicate that the application of the proposed CNA-profile classifier is feasible in BFM-based protocols, adding prognostic value to the existing prognostic markers and successfully stratifying patients within prognostic subgroups. This novel genomic risk index can be incorporated in future risk-stratification algorithms, further refining MRD-based stratification and possibly reassigning optimal treatment strategies. Abstract We present our data of a novel proposed CNA-profile risk-index, applied on a Greek ALLIC-BFM-treated cohort, aiming at further refining genomic risk-stratification. Eighty-five of 227 consecutively treated ALL patients were analyzed for the copy-number-status of eight genes (IKZF1/CDKN2A/2B/PAR1/BTG1/EBF1/PAX5/ETV6/RB1). Using the MLPA-assay, patients were stratified as: (1) Good-risk(GR)-CNA-profile (n = 51), with no deletion of IKZF1/CDKN2A/B/PAR1/BTG1/EBF1/PAX5/ETV6/RB1 or isolated deletions of ETV6/PAX5/BTG1 or ETV6 deletions with a single additional deletion of BTG1/PAX5/CDKN2A/B. (2) Poor-risk(PR)-CNA-profile (n = 34), with any deletion of ΙΚΖF1/PAR1/EBF1/RB1 or any other CNA. With a median follow-up time of 49.9 months, EFS for GR-CNA-profile and PR-CNA-profile patients was 96.0% vs. 57.6% (p < 0.001). For IR-group and HR-group patients, EFS for the GR-CNA/PR-CNA subgroups was 100.0% vs. 60.0% (p < 0.001) and 88.2% vs. 55.6% (p = 0.047), respectively. Among FC-MRDd15 + patients (MRDd15 ≥ 10−4), EFS rates were 95.3% vs. 51.7% for GR-CNA/PR-CNA subjects (p < 0.001). Similarly, among FC-MRDd33 + patients (MRDd33 ≥ 10−4), EFS was 92.9% vs. 27.3% (p < 0.001) and for patients FC-MRDd33 − (MRDd33 < 10−4), EFS was 97.2% vs. 72.7% (p = 0.004), for GR-CNA/PR-CNA patients, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, the CNA-profile was the most important outcome predictor. In conclusion, the CNA-profile can establish a new genomic risk-index, identifying a distinct subgroup with increased relapse risk among the IR-group, as well as a subgroup of patients with superior prognosis among HR-patients. The CNA-profile is feasible in BFM-based protocols, further refining MRD-based risk-stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Ampatzidou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lina Florentin
- Alfa Laboratory Diagnostic Center, YGEIA Hospital, 11524 Athens, Greece; (L.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Vassilios Papadakis
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Georgios Paterakis
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Department of Immunology, “G.Gennimatas” General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Marianna Tzanoudaki
- Department of Immunology, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Dimitra Bouzarelou
- Alfa Laboratory Diagnostic Center, YGEIA Hospital, 11524 Athens, Greece; (L.F.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefanos I. Papadhimitriou
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, “G.Gennimatas” General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sophia Polychronopoulou
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, “Aghia Sophia” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece; (V.P.); (S.P.)
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14
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Nguyen HTK, Terao MA, Green DM, Pui CH, Inaba H. Testicular involvement of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents: Diagnosis, biology, and management. Cancer 2021; 127:3067-3081. [PMID: 34031876 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adolescents can involve the testes at diagnosis or upon relapse. The testes were long considered pharmacologic sanctuary sites, presumably because of the blood-testis barrier, which prevents the entry of large-molecular-weight compounds into the seminiferous tubule. Patients with testicular involvement were historically treated with testicular irradiation or orchiectomy. With the advent of contemporary intensive chemotherapy, including high-dose methotrexate, vincristine/glucocorticoid pulses, and cyclophosphamide, testicular leukemia present at diagnosis can be eradicated, with the risk of testicular relapse being 2% or lower. However, the management of testicular leukemia is not well described in the recent literature and remains relevant in low- and middle-income countries where testicular relapse is still experienced. Chemotherapy can effectively treat late, isolated testicular B-cell ALL relapses without the need for irradiation or orchiectomy in patients with an early response and thereby preserve testicular function. For refractory or early-relapse testicular leukemia, newer treatment approaches such as chimeric antigen receptor-modified T (CAR-T) cell therapy are under investigation. The control of testicular relapse with CAR-T cells and their penetration of the blood-testis barrier have been reported. The outcome of pediatric ALL has been improved remarkably by controlling the disease in the bone marrow, central nervous system, and testes, and such success should be extended globally. LAY SUMMARY: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children and adolescents can involve the testes at diagnosis or upon relapse. Modern intensive chemotherapy has largely eradicated testicular relapse in high-income countries. Consequently, most current clinicians are not familiar with how to manage it if it does occur, and testicular relapse continues to be a significant problem in low- and middle-income countries that have not had access to modern intensive chemotherapy. The authors review the historical progress made in eradicating testicular ALL and use the lessons learned to make recommendations for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael A Terao
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Daniel M Green
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ching-Hon Pui
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Hiroto Inaba
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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15
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Zecca M, Ferrari A, Quarello P, Rabusin M, Balduzzi A, Buldini B, Rostagno E, Prete A, Favre C, Massimino M, Biondi A, Porta F, Biffi A, Locatelli F, Pession A, Fagioli F. Childhood cancer in Italy: background, goals, and achievements of the Italian Paediatric Hematology Oncology Association (AIEOP). TUMORI JOURNAL 2021; 107:370-375. [PMID: 33876662 DOI: 10.1177/03008916211007934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the primary goals and achievements of the Italian Association for Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (Associazione Italiana Ematologia Oncologia Pediatrica [AIEOP]), a national cooperative group that has been working for children and adolescents with cancer in Italy since 1975.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zecca
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferrari
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Quarello
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Torino, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Marco Rabusin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, "IRCCS Burlo Garofolo" Trieste, Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy
| | - Adriana Balduzzi
- Pediatric Department, University of Milano Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Barbara Buldini
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Mother and Child's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Elena Rostagno
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics - IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arcangelo Prete
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics - IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Favre
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology and HSCT Department, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, Firenze, Toscana, Italy
| | - Maura Massimino
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department, University of Milano Bicocca, MBBM Foundation, ASST Monza Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Fulvio Porta
- Pediatric Haematology Oncology and BMT Unit, Ospedale dei Bambini, ASST-Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Biffi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Mother and Child's Health Department, University of Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Roma, Lazio, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics - IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Franca Fagioli
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Division, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, University of Torino, Piemonte, Italy
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16
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Devilli L, Garonzi C, Balter R, Bonetti E, Chinello M, Zaccaron A, Vitale V, De Bortoli M, Caddeo G, Baretta V, Tridello G, Cesaro S. Long-term and quality of survival in patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia during the pediatric age. Hematol Rep 2021; 13:8847. [PMID: 33747412 PMCID: PMC7967269 DOI: 10.4081/hr.2021.8847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term survival for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children improved over the last three decades up to 80-90% of affected patients. Consequently, the quality of life of survivors has become increasingly important. This study analyses the clinical features and outcome of 119 children with ALL, focusing on the quality of long-term survival in a subset of 22 patients over 18 years of age. Among this group, the 10-year event-free survival and overall survival were 83.1% (C.I. 74.0-89.2) and 88.4% (C.I. 80.9-93.1), respectively. Treatment related long-term medical complications were reported only in 2 patients (9.1%). Secondary school was completed successfully in 20 of 22 patients (89.9%). The remaining 2 patients were still attending at the time of the analysis. In conclusion, current treatment for ALL is well tolerated and does not compromise significantly the quality of life of survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Devilli
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Garonzi
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita Balter
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Bonetti
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Matteo Chinello
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Ada Zaccaron
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Virginia Vitale
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimilano De Bortoli
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Caddeo
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Baretta
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Tridello
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Cesaro
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Mother and Child, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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Teachey DT, Hunger SP, Loh ML. Optimizing therapy in the modern age: differences in length of maintenance therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2021; 137:168-177. [PMID: 32877503 PMCID: PMC7820874 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of children and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are cured with contemporary multiagent chemotherapy regimens. The high rate of survival is largely the result of 70 years of randomized clinical trials performed by international cooperative groups. Contemporary ALL therapy usually consists of cycles of multiagent chemotherapy administered over 2 to 3 years that includes central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis, primarily consisting of CNS-penetrating systemic agents and intrathecal therapy. Although the treatment backbones vary among cooperative groups, the same agents are used, and the outcomes are comparable. ALL therapy typically begins with 5 to 9 months of more-intensive chemotherapy followed by a prolonged low-intensity maintenance phase. Historically, a few cooperative groups treated boys with 1 more year of maintenance therapy than girls; however, most groups treated boys and girls with equal therapy lengths. This practice arose because of inferior survival in boys with older less-intensive regimens. The extra year of therapy added significant burden to patients and families and involved short- and long-term risks that were potentially life threatening and debilitating. The Children's Oncology Group recently changed its approach as part of its current generation of trials in B-cell ALL and now treats boys and girls with the same duration of therapy. We discuss the rationale behind this change, review the data and differences in practice across cooperative groups, and provide our perspective regarding the length of maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Teachey
- Division of Oncology, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Oncology, Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, Benioff Children's Hospital, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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18
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Li XY, Li JQ, Luo XQ, Wu XD, Sun X, Xu HG, Li CG, Liu RY, Sun XF, Chen HQ, Lin YD, Li CK, Fang JP. Reduced intensity of early intensification does not increase the risk of relapse in children with standard risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia - a multi-centric clinical study of GD-2008-ALL protocol. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:59. [PMID: 33435902 PMCID: PMC7805214 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prognosis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is optimistic with a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70–85%. However, the major causes of mortality are chemotherapy toxicity, infection and relapse. The Guangdong (GD)-2008-ALL collaborative protocol was carried out to study the effect of reduced intensity on treatment related mortality (TRM) based on Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) 2002 backbone treatment. The study was designed to elucidate whether the reduced intensity is effective and safe for children with ALL. Methods The clinical data were obtained from February 28, 2008 to June 30, 2016. A total of 1765 childhood ALL cases from 9 medical centers were collected and data were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were stratified into 3 groups according to bone marrow morphology, prednisone response, age, genotype, and karyotype information: standard risk (SR), intermediate risk (IR) and high risk (HR). For SR group, daunorubicin was decreased in induction IA while duration was reduced in Induction Ib (2 weeks in place of 4 weeks). Doses for CAM were same in all risk groups - SR patients received one CAM, others got two CAMs. Results The 5-year and 8-year overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS) and cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) were 83.5±0.9% and 83.1±1.0%, 71.9±1.1% and 70.9±1.2%, and 19.5±1.0% and 20.5±1.1%, respectively. The 2-year treatment-related mortality (TRM) was 5.2±0.5%. The 5-year and 8-year OS were 90.7±1.4% and 89.6±1.6% in the SR group, while the 5-year and 8-year EFS were 81.5±1.8% and 80.0±2.0%. In the SR group, 74 (15.2%) patients measured minimal residual disease (MRD) on Day 15 and Day 33 of induction therapy. Among them, 7 patients (9.46%) were MRD positive (≥ 0.01%) on Day 33. The incidence of relapse in the MRD Day 33 positive group (n=7) was 28.6%, while in the MRD Day 33 negative group (n=67) was 7.5% (p=0.129). Conclusions The results of GD-2008-ALL protocol are outstanding for reducing TRM in childhood ALL in China with excellent long term EFS. This protocol provided the evidence for further reducing intensity of induction therapy in the SR group according to the risk stratification. MRD levels on Day 15 and Day 33 are appropriate indexes for stratification. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-020-07752-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Jia-Qiang Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xue-Qun Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xue-Dong Wu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Hong-Gui Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Chang-Gang Li
- Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Ri-Yang Liu
- Huizhou Municipal Central People's Hospital, Huizhou, 516001, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hui-Qin Chen
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Yu-Deng Lin
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chi-Kong Li
- Hong Kong Children Hospital and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jian-Pei Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.
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19
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Liu F, Chen XJ, Guo Y, Yang WY, Chen X, Zhang XY, Zhang RR, Ren YY, Zhu XF. [Efficacy and prognostic factors of the chemotherapy regimen of CCLG-ALL-2008 on pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with ETV6-RUNX1 rearrangement]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2020; 41:896-902. [PMID: 33333691 PMCID: PMC7767800 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the predictive role of ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene in protocol CCLG-ALL-2008 as well as identify the prognostic factors that influence the outcome of ALL with ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene. Methods: One hundred and seventy-eight patients newly diagnosed with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with ETV6-RUNX1 rearrangement from April 2008 to April 2015 were enrolled in CCLG-ALL-2008. The follow up period ended in July 2018; we performed retrospective analyses of their data to determine the efficacy of the regimen and the prognostic factors. Results: The median age of the study population (178 pediatric patients) , including 100 boys and 78 girls was 4 (1-13) y, and the median white blood cell count at diagnosis was 9.46 (1.25-239.83) ×10(9)/L. Three patients died, and 1 was lost to follow up by the end of the first induction chemotherapy, resulting in an induced remission rate of 97.8% (174/178) . The cumulative incidence of relapse was 15.9% with a median follow up of 73.5 mon. Total 83.3% of the relapse cases were those of isolated bone marrow relapse, while 79.2% of the cases were those of late relapse. The median interval time between relapse and first complete remission was 35.5 mon (range, 1-62 months) . One of the 5 patients with early recurrence and 7 of the 19 with late recurrence cases survived. The 5-year-OS and 5-year-EFS of ETV6-RUNX1 positive children was (89.4±2.4) % and (82.1±6.9) %, respectively. The estimated 10-year-OS and 10-year-EFS of ETV6-RUNX1 positive children was (88.6±2.5) % and (77.3±4.0) %, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used to estimate and compare the survival. Univariate statistical analysis showed that poor prognostic factors that influenced survival included central nervous system state 2 at diagnosis, poor prednisone response, high risk, gene positivity after induction chemotherapy, as well as MRD positivity and gene positivity at the 12(th) week. In the multivariate analysis, only the central nervous system state 2 at diagnosis and MRD positivity at the 12(th) week were associated with the outcome. Conclusion: ETV6-RUNX1-positive ALL is a subgroup with a favorable prognosis as per the CCLG-ALL-2008 protocol. Patients with ETV6-RUNX1 should be given more intensive therapy, including hematopoietic stem cell transplantation when they are CNS2 at diagnosis or have high level of MRD at the 12(th) week after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X J Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Y Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - W Y Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X Y Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - R R Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - Y Y Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
| | - X F Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology; National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases; Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China
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20
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Slayton WB, Schultz KR, Silverman LB, Hunger SP. How we approach Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28543. [PMID: 32779849 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for children with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia has changed radically over the past 20 years. This type of leukemia used to have dismal prognosis, but today cure rates have improved with combination of cytotoxic chemotherapy and a tyrosine kinase inhibitor such as imatinib or dasatinib, with hematopoietic stem cell transplant reserved for patients who are at high risk based on slow response to therapy or who relapse. Treating these patients can be challenging particularly if they are not enrolled on a clinical trial. Here, we describe our approach to these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Slayton
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Division of Pediatric-Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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21
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Olivier-Gougenheim L, Arfeuille C, Suciu S, Sirvent N, Plat G, Ferster A, de Moerloose B, Domenech C, Uyttebroeck A, Rohrlich PS, Cavé H, Bertrand Y. Pediatric randomized trial EORTC CLG 58951: Outcome for adolescent population with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Hematol Oncol 2020; 38:763-772. [PMID: 32809224 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, the prognosis of adolescents treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has improved. However, this age group still represents a challenge with an overall survival (OS) of 60% compared to 85% in younger children. Herein, we report the outcome of adolescents treated in the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) 58951 clinical trial. EORTC 58951 clinical trial included patients with de novo ALL between 1998 and 2008. For this study, we analyzed data of all adolescents between 15 and under 18. Data from 97 adolescents were analyzed, 70 had B-lineage and 27 had T-lineage ALL. The 8-year event-free survival (EFS) and OS for the B-cell precursor ALL cases were 72.3% (59.4%-81.7%) and 80.8% (67.4%-89.1%), respectively. For the T-lineage, the 8-year EFS and OS were 57.4% (36.1%-74.0%) and 59.0% (36.1%-76.2%), respectively. "B-other" ALL, defined as BCP-ALL lacking any known recurrent genetic abnormalities were more frequent in our adolescent population (52.8%) than in younger children (27.1%). Outcome of adolescents in the EORTC 58951 study is supporting the findings that adolescents have better outcome in pediatric compared to adults' trials. Nevertheless, in pediatric studies, adolescents still have a worse prognosis than younger children. Despite the fact that specific unfavorable characteristics may be linked to the adolescent population, a careful study and characterization of adolescents "B-other" genetic abnormalities in ALL is critical to improve the outcome of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Olivier-Gougenheim
- Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Chloe Arfeuille
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Suciu
- European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), EORTC Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Sirvent
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Hematology-Oncology, Arnaud de Villeneuve Children's Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Plat
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Alina Ferster
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Reine Fabiola Children Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Carine Domenech
- Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Helene Cavé
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP and University of Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Institute of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon I University, Lyon, France
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22
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The impact of donor type on the outcome of pediatric patients with very high risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A study of the ALL SCT 2003 BFM-SG and 2007-BFM-International SG. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 56:257-266. [PMID: 32753706 PMCID: PMC7796856 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-01014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic HSCT represents the only potentially curative treatment for very high risk (VHR) ALL. Two consecutive international prospective studies, ALL-SCT-(I)BFM 2003 and 2007 were conducted in 1150 pediatric patients. 569 presented with VHR disease leading to any kind of HSCT. All patients >2 year old were transplanted after TBI-based MAC. The median follow-up was 5 years. 463 patients were transplanted from matched donor (MD) and 106 from mismatched donor (MMD). 214 were in CR1. Stem cell source was unmanipulated BM for 330 patients, unmanipulated PBSC for 135, ex vivo T-cell depleted PBSC for 62 and cord-blood for 26. There were more advanced disease, more ex vivo T-cell depletion, and more chemotherapy based conditioning regimen for patients transplanted from MMD as compared to those transplanted from MSD or MD. Median follow up (reversed Kaplan Meier estimator) was 4.99 years, median follow up of survivals was 4.88, range (0.01–11.72) years. The 4-year CI of extensive cGvHD was 13 ± 2% and 17 ± 4% (p = NS) for the patients transplanted from MD and MMD, respectively. 4-year EFS was statistically better for patients transplanted from MD (60 ± 2% vs. 42 ± 5%, p < 0.001) for the whole cohort. This difference does not exist if considering separately patients treated in the most recent study. There was no difference in 4-year CI of relapse. The 4-year NRM was lower for patients transplanted from MD (9 ± 1% vs. 23 ± 4%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, donor-type appears as a negative risk-factor for OS, EFS, and NRM. This paper demonstrates the impact of donor type on overall results of allogeneic stem cell transplantation for very-high risk pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia with worse results when using MMD stem cell source.
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FPGS relapse-specific mutations in relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12074. [PMID: 32694622 PMCID: PMC7374087 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cure rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has exceeded 80% with contemporary therapy, relapsed ALL remains a leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Relapse-specific mutations can be identified by comprehensive genome sequencing and might have clinical significance. Applying whole-exome sequencing to eight triplicate samples, we identified in one patient relapse-specific mutations in the folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) gene, whose product catalyzes the addition of multiple glutamate residues (polyglutamation) to methotrexate upon their entry into the cells. To determine the prevalence of mutations of the FPGS mutations, and those of two important genes in the thiopurine pathway, NT5C2 and PRPS1, we studied 299 diagnostic and 73 relapsed samples in 372 patients. Three more FPGS mutants were identified in two patients, NT5C2 mutations in six patients, and PRPS1 mutants in two patients. One patient had both NT5C2 and PRPS1 mutants. None of these alterations were detected at diagnosis with a sequencing depth of 1000X, suggesting that treatment pressure led to increased prevalence of mutations during therapy. Functional characterization of the FPGS mutants showed that they directly resulted in decreased enzymatic activity, leading to significant reduction in methotrexate polyglutamation, and therefore likely contributed to drug resistance and relapse in these cases. Thus, besides genomic alterations in thiopurine metabolizing enzymes, the relapse-specific mutations of FPGS represent another critical mechanism of acquired antimetabolite drug resistance in relapsed childhood ALL.
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Capria S, Molica M, Mohamed S, Bianchi S, Moleti ML, Trisolini SM, Chiaretti S, Testi AM. A review of current induction strategies and emerging prognostic factors in the management of children and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:755-769. [PMID: 32419532 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1770591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is the most frequent hematologic malignancy in children. Almost 95% of children potentially achieve a complete remission after the induction treatment, but over the last years, new insights in the genomic disease profile and in minimal residual disease detection techniques have led to an improvement in the prognostic stratification, identifying selected patients' subgroups with peculiar therapeutic needs. AREAS COVERED According to a comprehensive search of peer-review literature performed in Pubmed, in this review we summarize the recent evidences on the induction treatment strategies comprised in the children acute lymphoblastic leukemia scenario, focusing on the role of key drugs such as corticosteroids and asparaginase and discussing the crucial significance of the genomic characterization at baseline which may drive the proper induction treatment choice. EXPERT OPINION Current induction strategies already produce durable remissions in a significant proportion of standard-risk children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A broader knowledge of the biologic features related to acute lymphoblastic leukemia subtypes with worse prognosis, and an optimization of targeted drugs now available, might lead to the achievement of long-term molecular remissions in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saveria Capria
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Molica
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Mohamed
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Bianchi
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Moleti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Trisolini
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Testi
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza" University of Rome , Rome, Italy
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Muffly L, Curran E. Pediatric-inspired protocols in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: are the results bearing fruit? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2019; 2019:17-23. [PMID: 31808881 PMCID: PMC6913493 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2019000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Observational findings demonstrating improved survival for younger adults following pediatric, as opposed to adult, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) regimens have been translated into international, prospective multicenter clinical trials testing the pediatric regimen in young adult ALL. The results of these studies confirm the feasibility of delivering the pediatric regimen in the adult oncology setting and establish the superiority of this approach relative to historical adult cooperative group regimen results. Specific toxicities, including thrombosis, hepatotoxicity, and osteonecrosis, are more prevalent in adults receiving the pediatric regimen relative to young children. Persistent minimal residual disease (MRD) is a strong prognostic indicator in adults receiving the pediatric regimen; sensitive, high-quality MRD evaluation should be performed in all patients receiving these therapies. Incorporation of targeted agents, particularly in the frontline and MRD+ setting, will usher in the next era of the pediatric regimen in adult ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Muffly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University, Stanford, CA; and
| | - Emily Curran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, The Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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Lanvers-Kaminsky C, Niemann A, Eveslage M, Beck J, Köhnke T, Martin S, de Wit M, Spriewald B, Hauspurg H, Hoelzer D, Boos J, Gökbuget N. Asparaginase activities during intensified treatment with pegylated E. coli asparaginase in adults with newly-diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2019; 61:138-145. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2019.1658099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lanvers-Kaminsky
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Andreas Niemann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Maria Eveslage
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Joachim Beck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Köhnke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Großhadern, München, Germany
| | - Sonja Martin
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Maike de Wit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Vivantes Klinikum Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Spriewald
- Department of Medicine 5, University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Hoelzer
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt A.M, Germany
| | - Joachim Boos
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children’s Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicola Gökbuget
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Frankfurt A.M, Germany
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Sarkar RR, Gloude NJ, Schiff D, Murphy JD. Cost-Effectiveness of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Pediatric Relapsed/Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:719-726. [PMID: 30551196 PMCID: PMC6624167 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is a promising new class of cancer therapy but has a high up-front cost. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of CAR-T therapy among pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). METHODS We built a microsimulation model for pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory B-ALL receiving either CAR-T therapy or standard of care. Outcomes included costs, quality of life (health utility), complications, and survival. We measured cost-effectiveness with the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER), with ICERs under $100 000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) considered cost effective. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to test model uncertainty. RESULTS Compared to standard of care, CAR-T therapy increased overall cost by $528 200 and improved effectiveness by 8.18 QALYs, resulting in an ICER of $64 600/QALY. The model was sensitive to assumptions about long-term CAR-T survival, the complete remission rate of CAR-T patients, and the health utility of long-term survivors. The base model assumed a 76.0% one-year survival with CAR-T, although if this decreased to 57.8%, then CAR-T was no longer cost effective. If the complete remission rate of CAR-T recipients decreased from 81% to 56.2%, or if the health utility of disease-free survivors decreased from 0.94 to 0.66, then CAR-T was no longer cost effective. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis found that CAR-T was cost effective in 94.8% of iterations at a willingness to pay of $100 000/QALY. CONCLUSION CAR-T therapy may represent a cost-effective option for pediatric relapsed/refractory B-ALL, although longer follow-up of CAR-T survivors is required to confirm validity of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reith R Sarkar
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nicholas J Gloude
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - Deborah Schiff
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
| | - James D Murphy
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, UCSD School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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28
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Albertsen BK, Grell K, Abrahamsson J, Lund B, Vettenranta K, Jónsson ÓG, Frandsen TL, Wolthers BO, Heyman M, Schmiegelow K. Intermittent Versus Continuous PEG-Asparaginase to Reduce Asparaginase-Associated Toxicities: A NOPHO ALL2008 Randomized Study. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37:1638-1646. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.18.01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Asparaginase is an essential drug in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy and is frequently given for months to obtain continuous asparagine depletion. We randomly assigned patients to continuous versus intermittent pegylated-asparaginase (PEG-asp) treatment, hypothesizing there would be decreased toxicity with unchanged efficacy. METHODS Children (median age, 4.2 years) treated for non–high-risk ALL according to the Nordic Society for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology ALL2008 protocol received five intramuscular PEG-asp injections (1,000 IU/m2) every two weeks and were then randomly assigned to additional three doses (6-week intervals [experimental arm], n = 309) versus 10 doses (2-week intervals [standard arm], n = 316). The primary end point was noninferior (6% margin) disease-free survival. Toxicity reduction was a secondary end point. Occurrence of asparaginase-associated hypersensitivity, pancreatitis, osteonecrosis, and thromboembolism were prospectively registered. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 4.1 years, the 5-year disease-free survival was 92.2% (95% CI, 88.6 to 95.8) and 90.8% (95% CI, 87.0 to 94.6) in the experimental and standard arms, respectively. The 3-year cumulative incidence of any first asparaginase-associated toxicity (hypersensitivity [n = 13]; osteonecrosis [n = 29]; pancreatitis [n = 24]; thromboembolism [n = 17]) was 9.3% in the experimental arm and 18.1% in the standard arm ( P = .001). Asparaginase-associated toxicity reduction was confirmed in sex- and risk-group–adjusted Cox regression analysis stratified by age (≥ 10 and < 10 years; hazard ratio, 0.48; P = .001). The experimental arm had the lowest incidences of all four toxicities, reaching significance for pancreatitis (6-month risk, 5.8% v 1.3%; P = .002). CONCLUSION The excellent cure rates and reduced toxicity risk support the use of intermittent PEG-asp therapy after the first 10 weeks in future childhood ALL trials that apply prolonged PEG-asp therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrine Grell
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bendik Lund
- Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Mats Heyman
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
- Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Hofmans M, Suciu S, Ferster A, Van Vlierberghe P, Mazingue F, Sirvent N, Costa V, Yakouben K, Paillard C, Uyttebroeck A, Plantaz D, Plat G, Simon P, Millot F, Poirée M, van der Werff ten Bosch J, Piette C, Minckes O, Rohrlich P, Girard S, Cavé H, Bertrand Y, De Moerloose B. Results of successive EORTC‐CLG 58 881 and 58 951 trials in paediatric T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). Br J Haematol 2019; 186:741-753. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hofmans
- Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Ghent University Hospital GhentBelgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences Ghent University GhentBelgium
| | | | - Alina Ferster
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Children's University Hospital Queen FabiolaUniversité Libre de Bruxelles BrusselsBelgium
| | - Pieter Van Vlierberghe
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent GhentBelgium
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Françoise Mazingue
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Lille LilleFrance
| | - Nicolas Sirvent
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Montpellier MontpellierFrance
- University Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Vitor Costa
- Paediatric Department Instituto Português de Oncologia Porto Portugal
| | - Karima Yakouben
- Department of Paediatric Haematology Hôpital Robert DebréAP‐HP ParisFrance
| | - Catherine Paillard
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Anne Uyttebroeck
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology University Hospital Gasthuisberg Leuven Belgium
| | - Dominique Plantaz
- Department of Paediatric Oncology University Hospital GrenobleFrance
| | - Geneviève Plat
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire, Hopital Purpan ToulouseFrance
| | - Pauline Simon
- Service Hématologie Oncologie Pédiatrique Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Besançon BesançonFrance
| | | | - Marilyne Poirée
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Nice Nice France
| | | | - Caroline Piette
- Service Universitaire d'Hémato‐Oncologie Pédiatrique Liégeois (SUHOPL)CHR Citadelle Liège Belgium
| | - Odile Minckes
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Caen CaenFrance
| | - Pierre Rohrlich
- Department of Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology Centre Hospitalo‐Universitaire de Nice Nice France
| | - Sandrine Girard
- Laboratory of Haematology Institute of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (IHOP)Hospices Civils de Lyon LyonFrance
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Département de Génétique Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP‐HP)Hôpital Robert Debré ParisFrance
- INSERM UMR_S1131 Institut de Recherche Saint‐LouisUniversité Paris Diderot ParisFrance
| | - Yves Bertrand
- Institute of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (IHOP) Haematology UnitHospices Civils de Lyon and Claude Bernard University Lyon France
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Paediatric Haematology‐Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Ghent University Hospital GhentBelgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent GhentBelgium
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30
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Ezgu MC, Kural C, Guler S, Izci Y. Port-a-cath and ventriculoatrial shunt at the same atrium: technical note. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:857-860. [PMID: 30726527 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a rare complication of brain involving acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The standard treatment is ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunting, while ventriculoatrial (VA) shunting is the second option in a case of VP shunt failure in young children. But the presence of port catheter at the right atrium restricts and makes a VA shunt difficult to place in the same atrium. We presented a 4-year-old boy who had the diagnoses of ALL and underwent chemotherapy through a port-a-cath. He also had hydrocephalus due to the brain invasion of the ALL. He firstly underwent VP shunting for the treatment of hydrocephalus, but it failed due to an intraabdominal cyst. Then, he underwent VA shunting through the left internal jugular vein. This is the first case in the literature showing both catheters in the right atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Can Ezgu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cahit Kural
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salih Guler
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Izci
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, 06010 Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
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31
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Yeh T, Liang D, Hou J, Jaing T, Lin D, Yang C, Peng C, Hung I, Lin K, Hsiao C, Jou S, Chiou S, Chen J, Wang S, Chang T, Wu K, Sheen J, Yen H, Chen S, Lu M, Li M, Chang T, Huang T, Chang Y, Chen S, Yang Y, Chang H, Chen B, Lin P, Cheng C, Chao Y, Yang S, Chao YY, Liu H. Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with delayed first intrathecal therapy and omission of prophylactic cranial irradiation: Results of the TPOG‐ALL‐2002 study. Cancer 2018; 124:4538-4547. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐Chi Yeh
- Division of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College Taipei Taiwan
| | - Der‐Cherng Liang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jen‐Yin Hou
- Division of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tang‐Her Jaing
- Department of Hematology‐Oncology Chang Gung Children’s Hospital–Linkou and Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Dong‐Tsamn Lin
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chao‐Ping Yang
- Department of Hematology‐Oncology Chang Gung Children’s Hospital–Linkou and Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Tien Peng
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology China Medical University Children’s Hospital Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology Asia University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Iou‐Jih Hung
- Department of Hematology‐Oncology Chang Gung Children’s Hospital–Linkou and Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Kai‐Hsin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Cheng Hsiao
- Department of Pediatrics Chang Gung Memorial Hospital‐Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shiann‐Tarng Jou
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shyh‐Shin Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Jiann‐Shiuh Chen
- Department of Pediatrics National Cheng Kung University Hospital Tainan Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Chung Wang
- Department of Pediatrics Changhua Christian Hospital Changhua Taiwan
| | - Te‐Kau Chang
- Department of Pediatrics Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Kang‐Hsi Wu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology China Medical University Children’s Hospital Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jiunn‐Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics Chang Gung Memorial Hospital‐Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Hsiu‐Ju Yen
- Department of Pediatrics Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang‐Ming University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Shih‐Hsiang Chen
- Department of Hematology‐Oncology Chang Gung Children’s Hospital–Linkou and Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Meng‐Yao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Meng‐Ju Li
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin–Chu Branch Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Tai‐Tsung Chang
- Department of Pediatrics Chia‐Yi Christian Hospital Chiayi Taiwan
| | - Ting‐Huan Huang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Hsiang Chang
- Department of Pediatrics Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Shu‐Huey Chen
- Department of Pediatrics Taipei Medical University–Shuang Ho Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yung‐Li Yang
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsiu‐Hao Chang
- Department of Pediatrics National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Bow‐Wen Chen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Koo Foundation Sun Yat‐Sen Cancer Center Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei‐Chin Lin
- Department of Pediatrics Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chao‐Neng Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics National Cheng Kung University Hospital Tainan Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Hua Chao
- Department of Pediatrics Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Shang‐Hsien Yang
- Department of Pediatrics Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital Hualien Taiwan
| | | | - Hsi‐Che Liu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology‐Oncology Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College Taipei Taiwan
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32
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Wang YZ, Hao L, Chang Y, Jiang Q, Jiang H, Zhang LP, He LL, Yuan XY, Qin YZ, Huang XJ, Liu YR. A seven-color panel including CD34 and TdT could be applied in >97% patients with T cell lymphoblastic leukemia for minimal residual disease detection independent of the initial phenotype. Leuk Res 2018; 72:12-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shen S, Cai J, Chen J, Xue H, Pan C, Gao Y, Tang Y, Wang J, Li B, Wang X, Chen J, Gu L, Tang J. Long-term results of the risk-stratified treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in China. Hematol Oncol 2018; 36:679-688. [PMID: 30133806 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhong Shen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Jiaoyang Cai
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Huiliang Xue
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Ci Pan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Yijin Gao
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Yanjing Tang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Benshang Li
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Longjun Gu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
| | - Jingyan Tang
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Key Lab of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology of China Ministry of Health; Shanghai China
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34
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McNeer JL, Bleyer A. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma in adolescents and young adults. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e26989. [PMID: 29418064 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Compared to younger and older age groups, the incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) has increased more in the adolescent and young adult (AYA) population, the cause of which is unknown. As of the last decade, only half of the AYA patients with these diseases were surviving 10 years. Strong evidence exists that favors "pediatric" treatment regimens for AYAs compared to "adult" treatment regimens in terms of survival rates, hospitalization time, toxicities, late effects, and quality of life both during and after treatment. Targeted agents are clinically accessible for certain subsets of patients with Philadelphia-like ALL, the incidence of which peaks in AYAs. Treatment teams must appreciate the complex psychosocial underpinnings in these patients in order to maximize compliance with the prolonged and complex treatment plans during the AYA years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McNeer
- Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplant, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Archie Bleyer
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Bend, Oregon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas
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35
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Slayton WB, Schultz KR, Kairalla JA, Devidas M, Mi X, Pulsipher MA, Chang BH, Mullighan C, Iacobucci I, Silverman LB, Borowitz MJ, Carroll AJ, Heerema NA, Gastier-Foster JM, Wood BL, Mizrahy SL, Merchant T, Brown VI, Sieger L, Siegel MJ, Raetz EA, Winick NJ, Loh ML, Carroll WL, Hunger SP. Dasatinib Plus Intensive Chemotherapy in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Philadelphia Chromosome-Positive Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results of Children's Oncology Group Trial AALL0622. J Clin Oncol 2018; 36:2306-2314. [PMID: 29812996 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.76.7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Addition of imatinib to intensive chemotherapy improved survival for children and young adults with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Compared with imatinib, dasatinib has increased potency, CNS penetration, and activity against imatinib-resistant clones. Patients and Methods Children's Oncology Group (COG) trial AALL0622 (Bristol Myers Squibb trial CA180-204) tested safety and feasibility of adding dasatinib to intensive chemotherapy starting at induction day 15 in patients with newly diagnosed Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia age 1 to 30 years. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) was recommended for patients at high risk based on slow response and for those with a matched family donor regardless of response after at least 11 weeks of therapy. Patients at standard risk based on rapid response received chemotherapy plus dasatinib for an additional 120 weeks. Patients with overt CNS leukemia received cranial irradiation. Results Sixty eligible patients were enrolled. Five-year overall (OS) and event-free survival rates (± standard deviations [SD]) were 86% ± 5% and 60% ± 7% overall, 87% ± 5% and 61% ± 7% for standard-risk patients (n = 48; 19% underwent HSCT), and 89% ± 13% and 67% ± 19% for high-risk patients (n = 9; 89% underwent HSCT), respectively. Five-year cumulative incidence (± SD) of CNS relapse was 15% ± 6%. Outcomes (± SDs) were similar to those in COG AALL0031, which used the same chemotherapy with continuous imatinib: 5-year OS of 81% ± 6% versus 86% ± 5% ( P = .63) and 5-year disease-free survival of 68% ± 7% versus 60% ± 7% ( P = 0.31) for AALL0031 versus AALL0622, respectively. IKZF1 deletions, present in 56% of tested patients, were associated with significantly inferior OS and event-free survival overall and in standard-risk patients. Conclusion Dasatinib was well tolerated with chemotherapy and provided outcomes similar to those with imatinib in COG AALL0031, where all patients received cranial irradiation. Our results support limiting HSCT to slow responders and suggest a potential role for transplantation in rapid responders with IKZF1 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Slayton
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Kirk R Schultz
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - John A Kairalla
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Xinlei Mi
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael A Pulsipher
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Bill H Chang
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Charles Mullighan
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Ilaria Iacobucci
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael J Borowitz
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Andrew J Carroll
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Nyla A Heerema
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Brent L Wood
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Sherri L Mizrahy
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Merchant
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Valerie I Brown
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Lance Sieger
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Marilyn J Siegel
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Naomi J Winick
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Mignon L Loh
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - William L Carroll
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- William B. Slayton, John A. Kairalla, Meenakshi Devidas, Xinlei Mi, and Sherri L. Mizrahy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Kirk R. Schultz, BC Children's Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael A. Pulsipher, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Lance Sieger, University of California Los Angles-Harbor, Torrance; Mignon L. Loh, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Bill H. Chang, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR; Charles Mullighan, Ilaria Iacobucci, and Thomas Merchant, St Jude's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Lewis B. Silverman, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Andrew J. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Nyla A. Heerema, Ohio State University; Julie M. Gastier-Foster, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA; Valerie I. Brown, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Marilyn J. Siegel, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and William L. Carroll, New York University Langone Health Center, New York, NY
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Dalle JH, Balduzzi A, Bader P, Lankester A, Yaniv I, Wachowiak J, Pieczonka A, Bierings M, Yesilipek A, Sedlaçek P, Ifversen M, Sufliarska S, Toporski J, Glogova E, Poetschger U, Peters C. Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation from HLA-Mismatched Donors for Pediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated According to the 2003 BFM and 2007 International BFM Studies: Impact of Disease Risk on Outcomes. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2018; 24:1848-1855. [PMID: 29772352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is beneficial for pediatric patients with relapsed or (very) high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in remission. A total of 1115 consecutive patients were included in the ALL SCT 2003 BFM study and the ALL SCT 2007 I-BFM study and were stratified according to relapse risk (standard versus high versus very high risk of relapse) and donor type (matched sibling versus matched donor versus mismatched donor). A total of 148 patients (60% boys; median age, 8.7 years; B cell precursor ALL, 75%) were transplanted from mismatched donors, which was defined as either less than 9/10 HLA-compatible donors or less than 5/6 unrelated cord blood after myeloablative conditioning regimen (total body irradiation based, 67%) for high relapse risk (HRR; n = 42) or very HRR (VHRR) disease (n = 106). The stem cell source was either bone marrow (n = 31), unmanipulated peripheral stem cells (n = 28), T cell ex vivo depleted peripheral stem cells (n = 59), or cord blood (n = 25). The median follow-up was 5.1 years. The 4-year rates of overall survival (OS) and event-free survival were 56% ± 4% and 52% ± 4%, respectively, for the entire cohort. Patients transplanted from mismatched donors for HRR disease obtained remarkable 4-year OS and event-free survival values of 82% ± 6% and 80% ± 6%, respectively, whereas VHRR patients obtained values of 45% ± 5% and 42% ± 5% (P < .001), respectively. The cumulative incidence of relapse was 29% ± 4% and that of nonrelapse mortality 19% ± 3%. The cumulative incidence of limited and extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease was 13% ± 3% and 15% ± 4%, respectively, among the 120 patients living beyond day 100. Multivariate analysis showed that OS was lower for transplanted VHRR patients (P = .002; hazard ratio [HR], 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60 to 8.20) and for patients beyond second complete remission (CR2) versus first complete remission (P < .001; HR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.79 to 7.56); relapse occurred more frequently in patients with VHRR disease (P = .026; HR, 3.30; 95% CI, 1.16 to 9.60) and for those beyond CR2 (P = .005; HR, 4.16; 95% CI, 1.52 to 10.59). Nonrelapse mortality was not significantly higher for cytomegalovirus-positive recipients receiving cytomegalovirus-negative grafts (P = .12; HR, 1.96; 95% CI, .84 to 4.58). HSCT with a mismatched donor is feasible in pediatric ALL patients but leads to inferior results compared with HSCT with better matched donors, at least for patients transplanted for VHRR disease. The results are strongly affected by disease status. The main cause of treatment failure is still relapse, highlighting the urgent need for interventional strategies after HSCT for patients with residual leukemia before and/or after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hugues Dalle
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Immunology, Hôpital Robert Debré and Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France.
| | - Adriana Balduzzi
- Clinica Pediatrica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Peter Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arjan Lankester
- Willem-Alexander Children's Hospital, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Isaac Yaniv
- The Raina Zaizov Pediatric Hematology Oncology Division, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Jacek Wachowiak
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and HSCT, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Pieczonka
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and HSCT, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marc Bierings
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Children, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Akif Yesilipek
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Medical Park Antalya Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Petr Sedlaçek
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Sabina Sufliarska
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, Comenius University Children's Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jacek Toporski
- Department of Hematology, Skanes University Hopsital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Evgenia Glogova
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Poetschger
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Peters
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendheilkunde, Medizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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Improving healthcare in pediatric oncology: development and testing of multiple indicators to evaluate a hub-and-spoke model. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 104:459-465. [DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Glucocorticoid resistance is reverted by LCK inhibition in pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2017; 130:2750-2761. [PMID: 29101238 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-05-784603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients often display resistance to glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. These patients, classified as prednisone poor responders (PPR), have poorer outcome than do the other pediatric T-ALL patients receiving a high-risk adapted therapy. Because glucocorticoids are administered to ALL patients during all the different phases of therapy, GC resistance represents an important challenge to improving the outcome for these patients. Mechanisms underlying resistance are not yet fully unraveled; thus our research focused on the identification of deregulated signaling pathways to point out new targeted approaches. We first identified, by reverse-phase protein arrays, the lymphocyte cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase (LCK) as aberrantly activated in PPR patients. We showed that LCK inhibitors, such as dasatinib, bosutinib, nintedanib, and WH-4-023, are able to induce cell death in GC-resistant T-ALL cells, and remarkably, cotreatment with dexamethasone is able to reverse GC resistance, even at therapeutic drug concentrations. This was confirmed by specific LCK gene silencing and ex vivo combined treatment of cells from PPR patient-derived xenografts. Moreover, we observed that LCK hyperactivation in PPR patients upregulates the calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells signaling triggering to interleukin-4 (IL-4) overexpression. GC-sensitive cells cultured with IL-4 display an increased resistance to dexamethasone, whereas the inhibition of IL-4 signaling could increase GC-induced apoptosis in resistant cells. Treatment with dexamethasone and dasatinib also impaired engraftment of leukemia cells in vivo. Our results suggest a quickly actionable approach to supporting conventional therapies and overcoming GC resistance in pediatric T-ALL patients.
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Ji H, Chen L, Dai Y, Sun X, Li X, Wang Q, Ma D, Du D, Zhao P, Wang Y. Aberrant expression of CD133 and CD82 in patients with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and the clinical significance. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:5811-5818. [PMID: 29113211 PMCID: PMC5661600 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation (CD)133 is considered to be a marker of leukemia stem cells (LSCs), which are one of the primary causes of occurrence, drug resistance and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CD82, an adhesion molecule, performs an important role in the interaction between LSCs and their niche. The purpose of the present study was to assess CD133 and CD82 expression in patients with pediatric ALL, and to evaluate the association with the clinical data. Using flow cytometric assessment and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, CD133 and CD82 expression levels were measured in the bone marrow (BM) of 37 patients with newly diagnosed (ND) pediatric ALL [ALL-ND; 30 B-cell-ALL (B-ALL) and 7 T-cell-ALL (T-ALL)], in 22 patients with complete remission pediatric ALL (ALL-CR) and in 16 age-matched children without BM disease. BM plasma CD82 concentrations were measured by ELISA. The CD82 mRNA expression level in the patients with ALL-ND was significantly higher compared with that in the controls. CD82 mRNA expression levels in pediatric patients with B cell-ALL (B-ALL) were higher than those in ALL-CR patients and controls. For T-ALL, CD82 expression in ND patients was higher than in controls. CD133 mRNA expression levels in patients with pediatric B-ALL-ND were higher than that of controls and patients with ALL-CR. The frequency of CD34+ cells in pediatric ALL was significantly higher than that in controls. Frequencies of CD34+CD133+ or CD34+CD82+ cells in pediatric ALL were higher than those in controls. A positive association was observed between CD133 and CD82 mRNA expression in patients with B-ALL. A significant association was observed between CD133 mRNA expression and the hyperdiploid karyotype. Therefore, it was considered that CD133 and CD82 may serve an important role in the evolution of pediatric ALL. CD133 and CD82 should be considered as potential markers for the prognosis of patients with ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ji
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230000, P.R. China
| | - Yunpeng Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiuli Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dongdong Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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Simbolon O, Yulistiani Y, Ugrasena IDG, Qibtiyah M. ANALYSIS OF INDUCTION PHASE GLUCOCORTICOID USE ON ADRENAL SUPPRESSION IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. FOLIA MEDICA INDONESIANA 2017. [DOI: 10.20473/fmi.v52i1.5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids play an important role in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, supraphysiological doses may cause suppression of the adrenal. Adrenal suppression resulting in reduced cortisol response may cause an inadequate host defence against infections, which remains a cause of morbidity and mortality in children with ALL. The occurrence of adrenal suppression before and after glucocorticoid therapy for childhood ALL is unclear. The aim of this study is to analysis the effect of glucocorticoid on cortisol levels during induction phase chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A cross-sectional, observational prospective study was conducted to determine the effect of glucocorticoid on cortisol levels in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Patients who met inclusion criteria were given dexamethasone or prednisone therapy for 49 days according to the 2013 Indonesian Chemotherapy ALL Protocol. Cortisol levels were measured on days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 of induction phase chemotherapy. There were 24 children, among 31 children recruited, who suffered from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Before treatment, the means of cortisol levels were 228.95 ng/ml in standard risk group (prednisone) and 199.67 ng/ml in high risk group (dexamethasone). In standard risk group, the adrenal suppression occurs at about day 56. There was a significant decrement of cortisol levels in high risk group in days 14, 28, 42 against days 0 of induction phase (p=0.001). Both groups displayed different peak cortisol levels after 6 week of induction phase (p=0.028). Dexamethasone resulted in lower cortisol levels than prednisone during induction phase chemotherapy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
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Zhao X, Hong Y, Qin Y, Xu Y, Chang Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Xu L, Huang X. The clinical significance of monitoring the expression of the SIL-TAL1 fusion gene in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Lab Hematol 2017; 39:613-619. [PMID: 28736882 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION SIL-TAL1 rearrangement is common in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). However, whether this fusion gene might be used as a reliable marker of minimal residual disease (MRD) following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) remains unknown METHODS: The clinical data of consecutive 29 patients with T-ALL who received allo-HSCT were collected. Their MRD were evaluated by SIL-TAL1, Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) expression, and the leukemia-associated immunophenotype (LAIP) . RESULTS The median follow-up was 354 days (71-2111 days). Of the enrolled patients, 14 (87.5%) patients died of leukemia relapse. A total of 15 (51.7%) patients experienced relapse at a median of 90 days (60-540 days) after transplantation. The SIL-TAL1 expression of 16 patients converted from negative prior to transplantation to positive at 77 days (30-281 days) following transplantation; furthermore, 15 (93.8%) of them eventually experienced relapse. In the 15 relapsed patients, 13 (86.7%) had increased SIL-TAL1 expression levels 30 days (11-220 days) earlier than the hematological relapse and the detection of abnormal WT1 and LAIP. CONCLUSION We are the first to demonstrate the reliability of the SIL-TAL1 fusion gene as a good MRD marker for patients with T-ALL after allo-HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Hong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Y Qin
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Y Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - Y Chang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Wang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - L Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China
| | - X Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Expression of Coagulation Factor XIII Subunit A Correlates with Outcome in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:345-352. [PMID: 28523449 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previously we identified B-cell lineage leukemic lymphoblasts as a new expression site for subunit A of blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIII-A). On the basis of FXIII-A expression, various subgroups of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) can be identified. Fifty-five children with BCP-ALL were included in the study. Bone marrow samples were obtained by aspiration and the presence of FXIII-A was detected by flow cytometry. G-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed according to standard procedures. The 10-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) rate of FXIII-A-positive and FXIII-A-negative patients showed significant differences (EFS: 84% vs. 61%, respectively; p = 0.031; OS: 89% vs. 61%; p = 0.008). Of all the parameters examined, there was correlation only between FXIII-A expression and 'B-other' genetic subgroup. Further multivariate Cox regression analysis of FXIII-subtype and genetic group or 'B-other' subgroup identified the FXIII-A negative characteristic as an independent factor associated with poor outcome in BCP-ALL. We found an excellent correlation between long-term survival and the FXIII-A-positive phenotype of BCP lymphoblasts at presentation. The results presented seem to be convincing enough to suggest a possible role for FXIII-A expression in the prognostic grouping of childhood BCP-ALL patients.
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43
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Ding J, Fishel ML, Reed AM, McAdams E, Czader MB, Cardoso AA, Kelley MR. Ref-1/APE1 as a Transcriptional Regulator and Novel Therapeutic Target in Pediatric T-cell Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1401-1411. [PMID: 28446640 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing characterization of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has led to the identification of multiple molecular targets but has yet to translate into more effective targeted therapies, particularly for high-risk, relapsed T-cell ALL. Searching for master regulators controlling multiple signaling pathways in T-ALL, we investigated the multifunctional protein redox factor-1 (Ref-1/APE1), which acts as a signaling "node" by exerting redox regulatory control of transcription factors important in leukemia. Leukemia patients' transcriptome databases showed increased expression in T-ALL of Ref-1 and other genes of the Ref-1/SET interactome. Validation studies demonstrated that Ref-1 is expressed in high-risk leukemia T cells, including in patient biopsies. Ref-1 redox function is active in leukemia T cells, regulating the Ref-1 target NF-κB, and inhibited by the redox-selective Ref-1 inhibitor E3330. Ref-1 expression is not regulated by Notch signaling, but is upregulated by glucocorticoid treatment. E3330 disrupted Ref-1 redox activity in functional studies and resulted in marked inhibition of leukemia cell viability, including T-ALL lines representing different genotypes and risk groups. Potent leukemia cell inhibition was seen in primary cells from ALL patients, relapsed and glucocorticoid-resistant T-ALL cells, and cells from a murine model of Notch-induced leukemia. Ref-1 redox inhibition triggered leukemia cell apoptosis and downregulation of survival genes regulated by Ref-1 targets. For the first time, this work identifies Ref-1 as a novel molecular effector in T-ALL and demonstrates that Ref-1 redox inhibition results in potent inhibition of leukemia T cells, including relapsed T-ALL. These data also support E3330 as a specific Ref-1 small-molecule inhibitor for leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1401-11. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixin Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - April M Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Erin McAdams
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Magdalena B Czader
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Angelo A Cardoso
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Long-term Results of the Risk-adapted Treatment for Childhood B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Report From the Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia Study ALL-97 Trial. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 39:81-89. [PMID: 28169879 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was conducted as the first clinical trial by Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia Study to improve the outcome of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and explore a less toxic reinduction block. PATIENTS AND METHODS From 1997 to 2002, 563 patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia aged 1 to 15 years were enrolled. The patients were assigned into 4 risk groups (standard, intermediate, high, or extremely high risk) and treated with regimens intensified according to the risk. Two randomized trials were conducted to compare 2 regimens with and without a 3-week reinduction therapy in the standard-risk group, and to compare the efficacy of pirarubicin with daunorubicin in the intermediate-risk and high-risk groups. Prophylactic cranial irradiation was restricted in patients with high or extremely high risk. RESULTS The event-free survival (EFS) rate at 10 years for all patients was 77.0%. Those in the standard-risk to extremely high-risk groups were 79.3%, 72.5%, 71.7%, and 66.3%, respectively. The 15-week induction/consolidation not followed by reinduction produced 76.4% of the EFS at 10 years comparable with the regimen with reinduction therapy. Pirarubicin at 25 mg/m administered 11 times throughout the treatment produced the EFS comparable with daunorubicin at 30 mg/m. CONCLUSION The trial produced high survival rates in NCI-HR patients, although the outcomes in NCI-SR patients were not satisfactory possibly due to less intensive central nervous system-directed therapy.
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Vestita M, Filoni A, Santoro N, Arcamone G, Bonamonte D. A single black ulcer in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia. An Bras Dermatol 2017; 91:815-816. [PMID: 28099607 PMCID: PMC5193196 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20164989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecthyma gangrenosum is an uncommon dermatological manifestation characterized by
round, indurated ulcers with a central necrotic black eschar and surrounding
erythema. This report describes the case of a 5-year-old girl, affected by acute
lymphocytic leukemia, presenting with a black eschar on her right thigh. Such
lesions should always be correctly identified to avoid potentially fatal
bacteraemia. Furthermore, because of its similar clinical presentation,
cutaneous anthrax must be ruled out.
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McNeer JL, Bleyer A, Conter V, Stock W. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. CANCER IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33679-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Wolthers BO, Frandsen TL, Abrahamsson J, Albertsen BK, Helt LR, Heyman M, Jónsson ÓG, Kõrgvee LT, Lund B, Raja RA, Rasmussen KK, Taskinen M, Tulstrup M, Vaitkevičienė GE, Yadav R, Gupta R, Schmiegelow K. Asparaginase-associated pancreatitis: a study on phenotype and genotype in the NOPHO ALL2008 protocol. Leukemia 2016; 31:325-332. [PMID: 27451978 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Asparaginase (ASP)-associated pancreatitis (AAP) occurs during acute lymphoblastic leukemia treatment. Among 1285 children (1.0-17.9 years) diagnosed during July 2008-December 2014 and treated according to the Nordic/Baltic ALL2008 protocol, 86 (cumulative incidence=6.8%) developed AAP. Seventy-three cases were severe (diagnostic AAP criteria persisting >72 h) and 13 mild. Cases were older than controls (median: 6.5 vs 4.5 years; P=0.001). Pseudocysts developed in 28%. Of the 20 re-exposed to ASP, 9 (45%) developed a second AAP. After a median follow-up of 2.3 years, 8% needed permanent insulin therapy, and 7% had recurrent abdominal pain. Germline DNA on 62 cases and 638 controls was genotyped on Omni2.5exome-8-v1.2 BeadChip arrays. Overall, the ULK2 variant rs281366 showed the strongest association with AAP (P=5.8 × 10-7; odds ratio (OR)=6.7). Cases with the rs281366 variant were younger (4.3 vs 8 years; P=0.015) and had lower risk of AAP-related complications (15% vs 43%; P=0.13) compared with cases without this variant. Among 45 cases and 517 controls <10 years, the strongest associations with AAP were found for RGS6 variant rs17179470 (P=9.8 × 10-9; OR=7.3). Rs281366 is located in the ULK2 gene involved in autophagy, and RGS6 regulates G-protein signaling regulating cell dynamics. More than 50% of AAP cases <10 years carried one or both risk alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Wolthers
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - T L Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Abrahamsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Queen Silvia's Children's Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B K Albertsen
- Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - L R Helt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Heyman
- Department of Pediatrics, Astrid Lindgrens Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ó G Jónsson
- Children's Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - B Lund
- Department of Paediatrics, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Medical Faculty, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R A Raja
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K K Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Taskinen
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Tulstrup
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G E Vaitkevičienė
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - R Yadav
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Gupta
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - K Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nadimi M, Rahgozar S, Moafi A, Tavassoli M, Mesrian Tanha H. Evaluation of rs62527607 [GT] single nucleotide polymorphism located in BAALC gene in children with acute leukemia using mismatch PCR-RFLP. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Chromosomal aberrations in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 15-year single center experience. Cancer Genet 2016; 209:340-7. [PMID: 27341996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genetic analysis of leukemic cells significantly impacts prognosis and treatment stratification in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Our retrospective single center study of 86 children with ALL enrolled into three consecutive treatment protocols (ALL-BFM 90, ALL-BFM 95 and ALL IC-BFM 2002) between 1991 and 2007 demonstrates the importance of conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Cytogenetic and FISH examinations were performed successfully in 82/86 (95.3%) patients and chromosomal changes were detected in 78 of the 82 (95.1%) patients: in 69/73 patients with B-cell precursor (BCP)-ALL and in 9/9 patients with T-lineage ALL (T-ALL). The most frequent chromosomal changes in subgroups divided according to WHO classification independent of treatment protocol and leukemia subtype were hyperdiploidy in 36 patients (with ≥50 chromosomes in 23 patients, with 47-49 chromosomes 13 patients) followed by translocation t(12;21) with ETV6/RUNX1 fusion detected by FISH in 18 (22%) patients. Additional changes were detected in 16/18 (88.8%) ETV6/RUNX1-positive ALL patients with predominant deletion or rearrangement of untranslocated ETV6 allele. Unique aberrations were detected in 4 patients and dicentric chromosomes in 8 patients, one with T-ALL. These results demonstrate that cytogenetics and FISH successfully provided important prognostic information and revealed not only recurrent but also new and rare rearrangements requiring further investigation in terms of prognostic significance.
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Larsen EC, Devidas M, Chen S, Salzer WL, Raetz EA, Loh ML, Mattano LA, Cole C, Eicher A, Haugan M, Sorenson M, Heerema NA, Carroll AA, Gastier-Foster JM, Borowitz MJ, Wood BL, Willman CL, Winick NJ, Hunger SP, Carroll WL. Dexamethasone and High-Dose Methotrexate Improve Outcome for Children and Young Adults With High-Risk B-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Report From Children's Oncology Group Study AALL0232. J Clin Oncol 2016; 34:2380-8. [PMID: 27114587 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Survival for children and young adults with high-risk B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia has improved significantly, but 20% to 25% of patients are not cured. Children's Oncology Group study AALL0232 tested two interventions to improve survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2004 and January 2011, AALL0232 enrolled 3,154 participants 1 to 30 years old with newly diagnosed high-risk B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By using a 2 × 2 factorial design, 2,914 participants were randomly assigned to receive dexamethasone (14 days) versus prednisone (28 days) during induction and high-dose methotrexate versus Capizzi escalating-dose methotrexate plus pegaspargase during interim maintenance 1. RESULTS Planned interim monitoring showed the superiority of the high-dose methotrexate regimens, which exceeded the predefined boundary and led to cessation of enrollment in January 2011. At that time, participants randomly assigned to high-dose methotrexate during interim maintenance 1 versus those randomly assigned to Capizzi methotrexate had a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) of 82% versus 75.4% (P = .006). Mature final data showed 5-year EFS rates of 79.6% for high-dose methotrexate and 75.2% for Capizzi methotrexate (P = .008). High-dose methotrexate decreased both marrow and CNS recurrences. Patients 1 to 9 years old who received dexamethasone and high-dose methotrexate had a superior outcome compared with those who received the other three regimens (5-year EFS, 91.2% v 83.2%, 80.8%, and 82.1%; P = .015). Older participants derived no benefit from dexamethasone during induction and experienced excess rates of osteonecrosis. CONCLUSION High-dose methotrexate is superior to Capizzi methotrexate for the treatment of high-risk B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with no increase in acute toxicity. Dexamethasone given during induction benefited younger children but provided no benefit and was associated with a higher risk of osteonecrosis among participants 10 years and older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Larsen
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Si Chen
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Wanda L Salzer
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth A Raetz
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mignon L Loh
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Leonard A Mattano
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Catherine Cole
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Alisa Eicher
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Maureen Haugan
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Mark Sorenson
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Nyla A Heerema
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Andrew A Carroll
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Julie M Gastier-Foster
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael J Borowitz
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Brent L Wood
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Cheryl L Willman
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Naomi J Winick
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - William L Carroll
- Eric C. Larsen, Maine Children's Cancer Program, Scarborough, ME; Meenakshi Devidas and Si Chen, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL; Wanda L. Salzer, US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Frederick; Michael J. Borowitz, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD; Elizabeth A. Raetz, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, Mignon L. Loh, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Leonard A. Mattano Jr, HARP Pharma Consulting, Mystic, CT; Catherine Cole, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children; University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Alisa Eicher, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland, OR; Maureen Haugan, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Mark Sorenson, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA; Nyla A. Heerema and Julie M. Gastier-Foster, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Andrew A. Carroll, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Brent L. Wood, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Cheryl L. Willman, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM; Naomi J. Winick, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Stephen P. Hunger, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; and William L. Carroll, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
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