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Taylor SJ, Hollis RL, Gourley C, Herrington CS, Langdon SP, Arends MJ. FANCD2 expression affects platinum response and further characteristics of high grade serous ovarian cancer in cells with different genetic backgrounds. Exp Mol Pathol 2024; 138:104916. [PMID: 38959632 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2024.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most prevalent subtype of ovarian cancer and demonstrates 5-year survival of just 40%. One of the major causes of mortality is the development of tumour resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy, which can be modulated by dysregulation of DNA damage repair pathways. We therefore investigated the contribution of the DNA interstrand crosslink repair protein FANCD2 to chemosensitivity in HGSOC. Increased FANCD2 protein expression was observed in some cell line models of platinum resistant HGSOC compared with paired platinum sensitive models. Knockdown of FANCD2 in some cell lines, including the platinum resistant PEO4, led to increased carboplatin sensitivity. Investigation into mechanisms of FANCD2 regulation showed that increased FANCD2 expression in platinum resistant cells coincides with increased expression of mTOR. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors resulted in FANCD2 depletion, suggesting that mTOR can mediate platinum sensitivity via regulation of FANCD2. Tumours from a cohort of HGSOC patients showed varied nuclear and cytoplasmic FANCD2 expression, however this was not significantly associated with clinical characteristics. Knockout of FANCD2 was associated with increased cell migration, which may represent a non-canonical function of cytoplasmic FANCD2. We conclude that upregulation of FANCD2, possibly mediated by mTOR, is a potential mechanism of chemoresistance in HGSOC and modulation of FANCD2 expression can influence platinum sensitivity and other tumour cell characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Taylor
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert L Hollis
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - C Simon Herrington
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Arends
- Edinburgh Pathology, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Iranpanah A, Majnooni MB, Biganeh H, Amirian R, Rastegari-Pouyani M, Filosa R, Cheang WS, Fakhri S, Khan H. Exploiting new strategies in combating head and neck carcinoma: A comprehensive review on phytochemical approaches passing through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3736-3762. [PMID: 38776136 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Recently, malignant neoplasms have growingly caused human morbidity and mortality. Head and neck cancer (HNC) constitutes a substantial group of malignancies occurring in various anatomical regions of the head and neck, including lips, mouth, throat, larynx, nose, sinuses, oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx, and salivary glands. The present study addresses the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as a possible therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Finding new multitargeting agents capable of modulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR and cross-linked mediators could be viewed as an effective strategy in combating HNC. Recent studies have introduced phytochemicals as multitargeting agents and rich sources for finding and developing new therapeutic agents. Phytochemicals have exhibited immense anticancer effects, including targeting different stages of HNC through the modulation of several signaling pathways. Moreover, phenolic/polyphenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenes/terpenoids, and other secondary metabolites have demonstrated promising anticancer activities because of their diverse pharmacological and biological properties like antiproliferative, antineoplastic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. The current review is mainly focused on new therapeutic strategies for HNC passing through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway as new strategies in combating HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Biganeh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roshanak Amirian
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastegari-Pouyani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Wai San Cheang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
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Wang W, Zheng P, Yan L, Chen X, Wang Z, Liu Q. Mechanism of non-thermal atmospheric plasma in anti-tumor: influencing intracellular RONS and regulating signaling pathways. Free Radic Res 2024; 58:333-353. [PMID: 38767976 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2024.2358026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric plasma (NTAP) has been proven to be an effective anti-tumor tool, with various biological effects such as inhibiting tumor proliferation, metastasis, and promoting tumor cell apoptosis. At present, the main conclusion is that ROS and RNS are the main effector components of NTAP, but the mechanisms of which still lack systematic summary. Therefore, in this review, we first summarized the mechanism by which NTAP directly or indirectly causes an increase in intracellular RONS concentration, and the multiple pathways dysregulation (i.e. NRF2, PI3K, MAPK, NF-κB) induced by intracellular RONS. Then, we generalized the relationship between NTAP induced pathways dysregulation and the various biological effects it brought. The summary of the anti-tumor mechanism of NTAP is helpful for its further research and clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peijia Zheng
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Peterson ER, Sajjakulnukit P, Scott AJ, Heaslip C, Andren A, Wilder-Romans K, Zhou W, Palavalasa S, Korimerla N, Lin A, O'Brien A, Kothari A, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Morgan MA, Venneti S, Koschmann C, Jabado N, Lyssiotis CA, Castro MG, Wahl DR. Purine salvage promotes treatment resistance in H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma. Cancer Metab 2024; 12:11. [PMID: 38594734 PMCID: PMC11003124 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-024-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are a fatal form of brain cancer. These tumors often carry a driver mutation on histone H3 converting lysine 27 to methionine (H3K27M). DMG-H3K27M are characterized by altered metabolism and resistance to standard of care radiation (RT) but how the H3K27M mediates the metabolic response to radiation and consequent treatment resistance is uncertain. METHODS We performed metabolomics on irradiated and untreated H3K27M isogenic DMG cell lines and observed an H3K27M-specific enrichment for purine synthesis pathways. We profiled the expression of purine synthesis enzymes in publicly available patient data and our models, quantified purine synthesis using stable isotope tracing, and characterized the in vitro and in vivo response to de novo and salvage purine synthesis inhibition in combination with RT. RESULTS DMG-H3K27M cells activate purine metabolism in an H3K27M-specific fashion. In the absence of genotoxic treatment, H3K27M-expressing cells have higher relative activity of de novo synthesis and apparent lower activity of purine salvage demonstrated via stable isotope tracing of key metabolites in purine synthesis and by lower expression of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), the rate-limiting enzyme of purine salvage into IMP and GMP. Inhibition of de novo guanylate synthesis radiosensitized DMG-H3K27M cells in vitro and in vivo. Irradiated H3K27M cells upregulated HGPRT expression and hypoxanthine-derived guanylate salvage but maintained high levels of guanine-derived salvage. Exogenous guanine supplementation decreased radiosensitization in cells treated with combination RT and de novo purine synthesis inhibition. Silencing HGPRT combined with RT markedly suppressed DMG-H3K27M tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that DMG-H3K27M cells rely on highly active purine synthesis, both from the de novo and salvage synthesis pathways. However, highly active salvage of free purine bases into mature guanylates can bypass inhibition of the de novo synthetic pathway. We conclude that inhibiting purine salvage may be a promising strategy to overcome treatment resistance in DMG-H3K27M tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Peterson
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter Sajjakulnukit
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew J Scott
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Caleb Heaslip
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Andren
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kari Wilder-Romans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sravya Palavalasa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Navyateja Korimerla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angelica Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra O'Brien
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayesha Kothari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zitong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Meredith A Morgan
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sriram Venneti
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carl Koschmann
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Costas A Lyssiotis
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Medical Science Unit I, 1301 Catherine Street, Rm 4433, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Chen YF, Pang YC, Wang HC, Wu PE, Chen ZJ, Huang D, Peng DL, Yan YM, Liu C, Wu LC, Fan XZ, Cheng YX, Liu YQ. Identification of arnicolide C as a novel chemosensitizer to suppress mTOR/E2F1/FANCD2 axis in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1221-1237. [PMID: 37926864 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays critical roles in intrinsic chemoresistance by regulating Fanconi anaemia complementation group D2 (FANCD2) expression. However, the mechanisms by which mTOR regulates FANCD2 expression and related inhibitors are not clearly elucidated. Extracts of Centipeda minima (C. minima) showed promising chemosensitizing effects by inhibiting FANCD2 activity. Here, we have aimed to identify the bioactive chemosensitizer in C. minima extracts and elucidate its underlying mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The chemosensitizing effects of arnicolide C (ArC), a bioactive compound in C. minima, on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were investigated using immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, the comet assay, small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection and animal models. The online SynergyFinder software was used to determine the synergistic effects of ArC and chemotherapeutic drugs on NSCLC cells. KEY RESULTS ArC had synergistic cytotoxic effects with DNA cross-linking drugs such as cisplatin and mitomycin C in NSCLC cells. ArC treatment markedly decreased FANCD2 expression in NSCLC cells, thus attenuating cisplatin-induced FANCD2 nuclear foci formation, leading to DNA damage and apoptosis. ArC inhibited the mTOR pathway and attenuated mTOR-mediated expression of E2F1, a critical transcription factor of FANCD2. Co-administration of ArC and cisplatin exerted synergistic anticancer effects in the A549 xenograft mouse model by suppressing mTOR/FANCD2 signalling in tumour tissues. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS ArC suppressed DNA cross-linking drug-induced DNA damage response by inhibiting the mTOR/E2F1/FANCD2 signalling axis, serving as a chemosensitizing agent. This provides insight into the anticancer mechanisms of ArC and offers a potential combinatorial anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fei Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chun Pang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han-Chen Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-En Wu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Jie Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Huang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ling Peng
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Yan
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Changhui Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Chuan Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Fan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- Institute for Inheritance-Based Innovation of Chinese Medicine, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Dongguan Institute of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Dongguan, China
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Zhou H, Wang YX, Wu M, Lan X, Xiang D, Cai R, Ma Q, Miao J, Fang X, Wang J, Luo D, He Z, Cui Y, Liang P, Wang Y, Bian XW. FANCD2 deficiency sensitizes SHH medulloblastoma to radiotherapy via ferroptosis. J Pathol 2024; 262:427-440. [PMID: 38229567 DOI: 10.1002/path.6245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the standard therapeutic regimens for medulloblastoma (MB). Tumor cells utilize DNA damage repair (DDR) mechanisms to survive and develop resistance during radiotherapy. It has been found that targeting DDR sensitizes tumor cells to radiotherapy in several types of cancer, but whether and how DDR pathways are involved in the MB radiotherapy response remain to be determined. Single-cell RNA sequencing was carried out on 38 MB tissues, followed by expression enrichment assays. Fanconi anemia group D2 gene (FANCD2) expression was evaluated in MB samples and public MB databases. The function of FANCD2 in MB cells was examined using cell counting assays (CCK-8), clone formation, lactate dehydrogenase activity, and in mouse orthotopic models. The FANCD2-related signaling pathway was investigated using assays of peroxidation, a malondialdehyde assay, a reduced glutathione assay, and using FerroOrange to assess intracellular iron ions (Fe2+ ). Here, we report that FANCD2 was highly expressed in the malignant sonic hedgehog (SHH) MB subtype (SHH-MB). FANCD2 played an oncogenic role and predicted worse prognosis in SHH-MB patients. Moreover, FANCD2 knockdown markedly suppressed viability, mobility, and growth of SHH-MB cells and sensitized SHH-MB cells to irradiation. Mechanistically, FANCD2 deficiency led to an accumulation of Fe2+ due to increased divalent metal transporter 1 expression and impaired glutathione peroxidase 4 activity, which further activated ferroptosis and reduced proliferation of SHH-MB cells. Using an orthotopic mouse model, we observed that radiotherapy combined with silencing FANCD2 significantly inhibited the growth of SHH-MB cell-derived tumors in vivo. Our study revealed FANCD2 as a potential therapeutic target in SHH-MB and silencing FANCD2 could sensitize SHH-MB cells to radiotherapy via inducing ferroptosis. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dongfang Xiang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ruili Cai
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Qinghua Ma
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jingya Miao
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xuanyu Fang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dan Luo
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhicheng He
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Youhong Cui
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Pathology, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University) and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology, Chongqing, PR China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Pathology, Chongqing, PR China
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7
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Peterson ER, Sajjakulnukit P, Scott AJ, Heaslip C, Andren A, Wilder-Romans K, Zhou W, Palavalasa S, Korimerla N, Lin A, Obrien A, Kothari A, Zhao Z, Zhang L, Morgan MA, Venneti S, Koschmann C, Jabado N, Lyssiotis CA, Castro MG, Wahl DR. Adaptive rewiring of purine metabolism promotes treatment resistance in H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline glioma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3317816. [PMID: 37790517 PMCID: PMC10543500 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3317816/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG), including diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), are a fatal form of brain cancer. These tumors often carry a driver mutation on histone H3 converting lysine 27 to methionine (H3K27M). DMG-H3K27M are characterized by altered metabolism and resistance to standard of care radiation (RT), but how the H3K27M mediates the metabolic response to radiation and consequent treatment resistance is uncertain. Methods We performed metabolomics on irradiated and untreated H3K27M isogenic DMG cell lines and observed an H3K27M-specific enrichment for purine synthesis pathways. We profiled the expression of purine synthesis enzymes in publicly available patient data and in our models, quantified purine synthetic flux using stable isotope tracing, and characterized the in vitro and in vivo response to de novo and salvage purine synthesis inhibition in combination with RT. Results DMG-H3K27M cells activate purine metabolism in an H3K27M-specific fashion. In the absence of genotoxic treatment, H3K27M-expressing cells have higher relative activity of de novosynthesis and lower activity of purine salvage due to decreased expression of the purine salvage enzymes. Inhibition of de novo synthesis radiosensitized DMG-H3K27M cells in vitro and in vivo. Irradiated H3K27M cells adaptively upregulate purine salvage enzyme expression and pathway activity. Silencing the rate limiting enzyme in purine salvage, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) when combined with radiation markedly suppressed DMG-H3K27M tumor growth in vivo. Conclusions H3K27M expressing cells rely on de novo purine synthesis but adaptively upregulate purine salvage in response to RT. Inhibiting purine salvage may help overcome treatment resistance in DMG-H3K27M tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caleb Heaslip
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
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8
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Liu C, Kuang S, Wu L, Cheng Q, Gong X, Wu J, Zhang L. Radiotherapy and radio-sensitization in H3 K27M -mutated diffuse midline gliomas. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023. [PMID: 37157237 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND H3K27M mutated diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs) are extremely aggressive and the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in pediatric brain tumors with 5-year survival <1%. Radiotherapy is the only established adjuvant treatment of H3K27M DMGs; however, the radio-resistance is commonly observed. METHODS We summarized current understandings of the molecular responses of H3K27M DMGs to radiotherapy and provide crucial insights into current advances in radiosensitivity enhancement. RESULTS Ionizing radiation (IR) can mainly inhibit tumor cell growth by inducing DNA damage regulated by the cell cycle checkpoints and DNA damage repair (DDR) system. In H3K27M DMGs, the aberrant genetic and epigenetic changes, stemness genotype, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) disrupt the cell cycle checkpoints and DDR system by altering the associated regulatory signaling pathways, which leads to the development of radio-resistance. CONCLUSIONS The advances in mechanisms of radio-resistance in H3K27M DMGs promote the potential targets to enhance the sensitivity to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwen Kuang
- Departments of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Gong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Longbo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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9
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Ma H, Liu S, Li S, Xia Y. Targeting Growth Factor and Cytokine Pathways to Treat Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918771. [PMID: 35721111 PMCID: PMC9204157 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease of unknown origin that usually results in death from secondary respiratory failure within 2–5 years of diagnosis. Recent studies have identified key roles of cytokine and growth factor pathways in the pathogenesis of IPF. Although there have been numerous clinical trials of drugs investigating their efficacy in the treatment of IPF, only Pirfenidone and Nintedanib have been approved by the FDA. However, they have some major limitations, such as insufficient efficacy, undesired side effects and poor pharmacokinetic properties. To give more insights into the discovery of potential targets for the treatment of IPF, this review provides an overview of cytokines, growth factors and their signaling pathways in IPF, which have important implications for fully exploiting the therapeutic potential of targeting cytokine and growth factor pathways. Advances in the field of cytokine and growth factor pathways will help slow disease progression, prolong life, and improve the quality of life for IPF patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shengming Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanrui Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu, China
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10
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Abbotts R, Dellomo AJ, Rassool FV. Pharmacologic Induction of BRCAness in BRCA-Proficient Cancers: Expanding PARP Inhibitor Use. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2640. [PMID: 35681619 PMCID: PMC9179544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) family of proteins has been implicated in numerous cellular processes, including DNA repair, translation, transcription, telomere maintenance, and chromatin remodeling. Best characterized is PARP1, which plays a central role in the repair of single strand DNA damage, thus prompting the development of small molecule PARP inhibitors (PARPi) with the intent of potentiating the genotoxic effects of DNA damaging agents such as chemo- and radiotherapy. However, preclinical studies rapidly uncovered tumor-specific cytotoxicity of PARPi in a subset of cancers carrying mutations in the BReast CAncer 1 and 2 genes (BRCA1/2), which are defective in the homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair pathway, and several PARPi are now FDA-approved for single agent treatment in BRCA-mutated tumors. This phenomenon, termed synthetic lethality, has now been demonstrated in tumors harboring a number of repair gene mutations that produce a BRCA-like impairment of HR (also known as a 'BRCAness' phenotype). However, BRCA mutations or BRCAness is present in only a small subset of cancers, limiting PARPi therapeutic utility. Fortunately, it is now increasingly recognized that many small molecule agents, targeting a variety of molecular pathways, can induce therapeutic BRCAness as a downstream effect of activity. This review will discuss the potential for targeting a broad range of molecular pathways to therapeutically induce BRCAness and PARPi synthetic lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anna J. Dellomo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Feyruz V. Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.J.D.); (F.V.R.)
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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11
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Quintanal-Villalonga A, Taniguchi H, Hao Y, Chow A, Zhan YA, Chavan SS, Uddin F, Allaj V, Manoj P, Shah NS, Chan JM, Offin M, Ciampricotti M, Ray-Kirton J, Egger J, Bhanot U, Linkov I, Asher M, Roehrl MH, Qiu J, de Stanchina E, Hollmann TJ, Koche RP, Sen T, Poirier JT, Rudin CM. Inhibition of XPO1 Sensitizes Small Cell Lung Cancer to First- and Second-Line Chemotherapy. Cancer Res 2022; 82:472-483. [PMID: 34815254 PMCID: PMC8813890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by early metastasis and extreme lethality. The backbone of SCLC treatment over the past several decades has been platinum-based doublet chemotherapy, with the recent addition of immunotherapy providing modest benefits in a subset of patients. However, nearly all patients treated with systemic therapy quickly develop resistant disease, and there is an absence of effective therapies for recurrent and progressive disease. Here we conducted CRISPR-Cas9 screens using a druggable genome library in multiple SCLC cell lines representing distinct molecular subtypes. This screen nominated exportin-1, encoded by XPO1, as a therapeutic target. XPO1 was highly and ubiquitously expressed in SCLC relative to other lung cancer histologies and other tumor types. XPO1 knockout enhanced chemosensitivity, and exportin-1 inhibition demonstrated synergy with both first- and second-line chemotherapy. The small molecule exportin-1 inhibitor selinexor in combination with cisplatin or irinotecan dramatically inhibited tumor growth in chemonaïve and chemorelapsed SCLC patient-derived xenografts, respectively. Together these data identify exportin-1 as a promising therapeutic target in SCLC, with the potential to markedly augment the efficacy of cytotoxic agents commonly used in treating this disease. SIGNIFICANCE: CRISPR-Cas9 screening nominates exportin-1 as a therapeutic target in SCLC, and exportin-1 inhibition enhances chemotherapy efficacy in patient-derived xenografts, providing a novel therapeutic opportunity in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Hirokazu Taniguchi
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuan Hao
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
- Applied Bioinformatics Laboratories, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrew Chow
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yingqian A Zhan
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Shweta S Chavan
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fathema Uddin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Viola Allaj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Parvathy Manoj
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Nisargbhai S Shah
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Joseph M Chan
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Program for Computational and Systems Biology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael Offin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Metamia Ciampricotti
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordana Ray-Kirton
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jacklynn Egger
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Umesh Bhanot
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Irina Linkov
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marina Asher
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael H Roehrl
- Precision Pathology Center, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Juan Qiu
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Elisa de Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Triparna Sen
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - John T Poirier
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York.
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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12
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A Multidrug Approach to Modulate the Mitochondrial Metabolism Impairment and Relative Oxidative Stress in Fanconi Anemia Complementation Group A. Metabolites 2021; 12:metabo12010006. [PMID: 35050128 PMCID: PMC8777953 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is a rare recessive genetic disorder characterized by aplastic anemia due to a defective DNA repair system. In addition, dysfunctional energy metabolism, lipid droplets accumulation, and unbalanced oxidative stress are involved in FA pathogenesis. Thus, to modulate the altered metabolism, Fanc-A lymphoblast cell lines were treated with quercetin, a flavonoid compound, C75 (4-Methylene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid), a fatty acid synthesis inhibitor, and rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, alone or in combination. As a control, isogenic FA cell lines corrected with the functional Fanc-A gene were used. Results showed that: (i) quercetin recovered the energy metabolism efficiency, reducing oxidative stress; (ii) C75 caused the lipid accumulation decrement and a slight oxidative stress reduction, without improving the energy metabolism; (iii) rapamycin reduced the aerobic metabolism and the oxidative stress, without increasing the energy status. In addition, all molecules reduce the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. Two-by-two combinations of the three drugs showed an additive effect compared with the action of the single molecule. Specifically, the quercetin/C75 combination appeared the most efficient in the mitochondrial and lipid metabolism improvement and in oxidative stress production reduction, while the quercetin/rapamycin combination seemed the most efficient in the DNA breaks decrement. Thus, data reported herein suggest that FA is a complex and multifactorial disease, and a multidrug strategy is necessary to correct the metabolic alterations.
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13
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Shen C, He Y, Chen Q, Feng H, Williams TM, Lu Y, He Z. Narrative review of emerging roles for AKT-mTOR signaling in cancer radioimmunotherapy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1596. [PMID: 34790802 PMCID: PMC8576660 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To summarize the roles of AKT-mTOR signaling in the regulation of the DNA damage response and PD-L1 expression in cancer cells, and propose a novel strategy of targeting AKT-mTOR signaling in combination with radioimmunotherapy in the era of cancer immunotherapy Background Immunotherapy has greatly improved the clinical outcomes of many cancer patients and has changed the landscape of cancer patient management. However, only a small subgroup of cancer patients (~20–30%) benefit from immune checkpoint blockade-based immunotherapy. The current challenge is to find biomarkers to predict the response of patients to immunotherapy and strategies to sensitize patients to immunotherapy. Methods Search and review the literature which were published in PUBMED from 2000–2021 with the key words mTOR, AKT, drug resistance, DNA damage response, immunotherapy, PD-L1, DNA repair, radioimmunotherapy. Conclusions More than 50% of cancer patients receive radiotherapy during their course of treatment. Radiotherapy has been shown to reduce the growth of locally irradiated tumors as well as metastatic non-irradiated tumors (abscopal effects) by affecting systemic immunity. Consistently, immunotherapy has been demonstrated to enhance radiotherapy with more than one hundred clinical trials of radiation in combination with immunotherapy (radioimmunotherapy) across cancer types. Nevertheless, current available data have shown limited efficacy of trials testing radioimmunotherapy. AKT-mTOR signaling is a major tumor growth-promoting pathway and is upregulated in most cancers. AKT-mTOR signaling is activated by growth factors as well as genotoxic stresses including radiotherapy. Importantly, recent advances have shown that AKT-mTOR is one of the main signaling pathways that regulate DNA damage repair as well as PD-L1 levels in cancers. These recent advances clearly suggest a novel cancer therapy strategy by targeting AKT-mTOR signaling in combination with radioimmunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changxian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuqi He
- Monash School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haihua Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Terence M Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yuanzhi Lu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengfu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Imran SAM, Yazid MD, Cui W, Lokanathan Y. The Intra- and Extra-Telomeric Role of TRF2 in the DNA Damage Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189900. [PMID: 34576063 PMCID: PMC8470803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) has a well-known function at the telomeres, which acts to protect the telomere end from being recognized as a DNA break or from unwanted recombination. This protection mechanism prevents DNA instability from mutation and subsequent severe diseases caused by the changes in DNA, such as cancer. Since TRF2 actively inhibits the DNA damage response factors from recognizing the telomere end as a DNA break, many more studies have also shown its interactions outside of the telomeres. However, very little has been discovered on the mechanisms involved in these interactions. This review aims to discuss the known function of TRF2 and its interaction with the DNA damage response (DDR) factors at both telomeric and non-telomeric regions. In this review, we will summarize recent progress and findings on the interactions between TRF2 and DDR factors at telomeres and outside of telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti A. M. Imran
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (S.A.M.I.); (M.D.Y.)
| | - Muhammad Dain Yazid
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (S.A.M.I.); (M.D.Y.)
| | - Wei Cui
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK;
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (S.A.M.I.); (M.D.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-9145-7704
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15
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Alemi F, Raei Sadigh A, Malakoti F, Elhaei Y, Ghaffari SH, Maleki M, Asemi Z, Yousefi B, Targhazeh N, Majidinia M. Molecular mechanisms involved in DNA repair in human cancers: An overview of PI3k/Akt signaling and PIKKs crosstalk. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:313-328. [PMID: 34515349 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular genome is frequently subjected to abundant endogenous and exogenous factors that induce DNA damage. Most of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PIKKs) family members are activated in response to DNA damage and are the most important DNA damage response (DDR) proteins. The DDR system protects the cells against the wrecking effects of these genotoxicants and repairs the DNA damage caused by them. If the DNA damage is severe, such as when DNA is the goal of chemo-radiotherapy, the DDR drives cells toward cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Some intracellular pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, which is overactivated in most cancers, could stimulate the DDR process and failure of chemo-radiotherapy with the increasing repair of damaged DNA. This signaling pathway induces DNA repair through the regulation of proteins that are involved in DDR like BRCA1, HMGB1, and P53. In this review, we will focus on the crosstalk of the PI3K/Akt and PIKKs involved in DDR and then discuss current achievements in the sensitization of cancer cells to chemo-radiotherapy by PI3K/Akt inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Alemi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aydin Raei Sadigh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Malakoti
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yusuf Elhaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hamed Ghaffari
- Department of Orthopedics, Shohada Medical Research & Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masomeh Maleki
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Niloufar Targhazeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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16
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Jiao L, Eickhoff R, Egners A, Jumpertz S, Roth J, Erdem M, Kroh A, Duimel H, López-Iglesias C, Caro P, Heij LR, Schmeding M, Meierhofer D, Neumann UP, Cramer T. Deletion of mTOR in liver epithelial cells enhances hepatic metastasis of colon cancer. J Pathol 2021; 255:270-284. [PMID: 34309874 DOI: 10.1002/path.5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is frequently found in cancer, but mTOR inhibitors have thus far failed to demonstrate significant antiproliferative efficacy in the majority of cancer types. Besides cancer cell-intrinsic resistance mechanisms, it is conceivable that mTOR inhibitors impact on non-malignant host cells in a manner that ultimately supports resistance of cancer cells. Against this background, we sought to analyze the functional consequences of mTOR inhibition in hepatocytes for the growth of metastatic colon cancer. To this end, we established liver epithelial cell (LEC)-specific knockout (KO) of mTOR (mTORLEC ) mice. We used these mice to characterize the growth of colorectal liver metastases with or without partial hepatectomy to model different clinical settings. Although the LEC-specific loss of mTOR remained without effect on metastasis growth in intact liver, partial liver resection resulted in the formation of larger metastases in mTORLEC mice compared with wildtype controls. This was accompanied by significantly enhanced inflammatory activity in LEC-specific mTOR KO livers after partial liver resection. Analysis of NF-ĸB target gene expression and immunohistochemistry of p65 displayed a significant activation of NF-ĸB in mTORLEC mice, suggesting a functional importance of this pathway for the observed inflammatory phenotype. Taken together, we show an unexpected acceleration of liver metastases upon deletion of mTOR in LECs. Our results support the notion that non-malignant host cells can contribute to resistance against mTOR inhibitors and encourage testing whether anti-inflammatory drugs are able to improve the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors for cancer therapy. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Jiao
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roman Eickhoff
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje Egners
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sandra Jumpertz
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johanna Roth
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Merve Erdem
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kroh
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Duimel
- Microscopy Core Lab, FHML and M4I Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen López-Iglesias
- Microscopy Core Lab, FHML and M4I Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pilar Caro
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lara R Heij
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,Pathology, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Schmeding
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Ulf P Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,ESCAM - European Surgery Center Aachen Maastricht, Aachen, Germany.,ESCAM - European Surgery Center Aachen Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Cramer
- Department of General, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,ESCAM - European Surgery Center Aachen Maastricht, Aachen, Germany.,NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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17
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Danesh Pazhooh R, Rahnamay Farnood P, Asemi Z, Mirsafaei L, Yousefi B, Mirzaei H. mTOR pathway and DNA damage response: A therapeutic strategy in cancer therapy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 104:103142. [PMID: 34102579 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine-protein kinase, comprising two subunit protein complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. In response to insult and cancer, the mTOR pathway plays a crucial role in regulating growth, metabolism, cell survival, and protein synthesis. Key subunits of mTORC1/2 catalyze the phosphorylation of various molecules, including eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), ribosomal protein S6 kinase β-1 (S6K1). The DNA damage response (DDR) maintains genomic stability and provides an opportunity for treating tumors with defects caused by DNA damaging agents. Many mTOR inhibitors are utilized for the treatment of cancers. However, several clinical trials are still assessing the efficacy of mTOR inhibitors. This paper discusses the role of the mTOR signaling pathway and its regulators in developing cancer. In the following, we will review the interaction between DDR and mTOR signaling and the innovative therapies applied in preclinical and clinical trials for treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Liaosadat Mirsafaei
- Department of Cardiology, Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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18
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He Z, Houghton PJ, Williams TM, Shen C. Regulation of DNA duplication by the mTOR signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:742-751. [PMID: 33691584 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.1897271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and complete DNA replication and separation are essential for genetic information inheritance and organism maintenance. Errors in DNA duplication are the main source of genetic instability. Understanding DNA duplication regulation is the key to elucidate the mechanisms and find treatment strategies for human genetic disorders, especially cancer. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell growth and proliferation by integrating and processing extracellular and intracellular signals to monitor the well-being of cell physiology. mTOR signaling dysregulation is associated with many human diseases including cancer and diabetes. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that mTOR signaling plays a key role in DNA duplication. We herein review the current knowledge of mTOR signaling in the regulation of DNA replication origin licensing, replication fork progression, and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfu He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter J Houghton
- The Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Terence M Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Changxian Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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19
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Nolan M, Knudson K, Holz MK, Chaudhury I. Fanconi anemia and mTOR pathways functionally interact during stalled replication fork recovery. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:595-603. [PMID: 33423298 PMCID: PMC7993987 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that Fanconi anemia (FA) proteins work in concert with other FA and non-FA proteins to mediate stalled replication fork restart. Previous studies suggest a connection between the FA protein FANCD2 and the non-FA protein mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). A recent study showed that mTOR is involved in actin-dependent DNA replication fork restart, suggesting possible roles in the FA DNA repair pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that during replication stress mTOR interacts and cooperates with FANCD2 to provide cellular stability, mediate stalled replication fork restart, and prevent nucleolytic degradation of the nascent DNA strands. Taken together, this study unravels a novel functional cross-talk between two important mechanisms: mTOR and FA DNA repair pathways that ensure genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Indrajit Chaudhury
- University of Minnesota, Morris, MN
- presently at St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St.
Mary’s City, MD
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20
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Lin HQ, Dai SH, Liu WC, Lin X, Yu BT, Chen SB, Liu S, Ling H, Tang J. Effects of prolonged cold-ischemia on autophagy in the graft lung in a rat orthotopic lung transplantation model. Life Sci 2021; 268:118820. [PMID: 33278393 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes present challenges in the field of graft transplantation which is also a major contributor to early graft dysfunction or failure after organ transplantation. The study focuses on the effects of prolonged cold-ischemia (CI) on the autophagic activity in the graft lung in a rat orthotopic lung transplantation model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Donor lungs were preserved under CI conditions for different periods. An orthotopic lung transplantation model was developed, and the lung tissues from donor lungs subjected to CI preservation and reperfusion were harvested. We evaluated the effects of different CI periods on autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose consumption. Additionally, the mechanism by which prolonged CI affected autophagy was investigated through determination of the molecules related to the mTOR pathway after treatment with 3-Methyladenine (3-MA), rapamycin and an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase inhibitor oligomycin (OM). RESULTS Prolonged CI led to increased activities of key glycolytic enzymes, glucose consumption and lactic acid production. Autophagy, ROS and glucose consumption were induced in the graft lung after I/R, which reached peak levels after 6 h and was gradually decreased. Most importantly, the perfusion treatment of 3-MA or OM decreased ROS level and autophagy, but increased the extent of mTOR phosphorylation, while the perfusion treatment of rapamycin induced ROS and autophagy. CONCLUSION Taken together, autophagy mediated by a prolonged CI preservation affects the glucose consumption and ROS production in the graft lung via the mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Shao-Hua Dai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Wei-Cheng Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiang Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Ben-Tong Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Shi-Biao Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hua Ling
- Department of Nursing, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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21
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Wang D, Cai J, Zeng Z, Gao X, Shao X, Ding Y, Feng X, Jing D. The interactions between mTOR and NF-κB: A novel mechanism mediating mechanical stretch-stimulated osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:4592-4603. [PMID: 33289098 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch is known to promote osteoblast differentiation in vitro and accelerate bone regeneration in vivo, whereas the relevant mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies have shown the importance of reciprocal interactions between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; two downstream molecules of Akt) in the regulation of tumor cells. Thus, we hypothesize that mTOR and NF-κB as well as their interconnection play a critical role in mediating stretch-induced osteogenic differentiation in osteoblasts. We herein found that mechanical stretch (10% elongation at six cycles/min) significantly promoted the expression of osteoblast differentiation-related markers (including ALP, BMP2, Col1α, OCN, and Runx2) in osteoblast-like MG-63 cells, accompanied by increased mTOR phosphorylation and NF-κB p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Blockade of mTOR by antagonist or small interfering RNA suppressed osteogenesis-related gene expression in response to mechanical stretch, whereas inhibition of NF-κB further increased stretch-induced osteoblast differentiation. Moreover, inhibition of mTOR decreased the phosphorylation of NF-κB, and blockade of NF-κB reduced the mTOR activation in MG63 cells under mechanical stretch. Coinhibition of mTOR and NF-κB abolishes the alteration of osteogenic differentiation induced by single mTOR or NF-κB inhibition under mechanical stretch, which is equivalent to the noninhibition level for osteoblasts under mechanical stretch. The expression levels of osteogenic differentiation in osteoblasts after inhibition of Akt were similar to those after co-inhibition of mTOR and NF-κB under mechanical stretch. This study for the first time reveals the reciprocal interconnection between mTOR and NF-κB in osteoblasts under mechanical stretch and indicates that mTOR and NF-κB as well as their interactions play a key role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis of osteoblasts in response to mechanical stretch. These findings are helpful for enriching our basic knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of osteoblast mechanotransduction, and also providing insight into the clinical therapeutic modality associated with mechanical stretch (e.g., distraction osteogenesis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, College of Basic Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Zhaobin Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command (Formerly General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area), Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanjun Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Da Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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22
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Turner JG, Cui Y, Bauer AA, Dawson JL, Gomez JA, Kim J, Cubitt CL, Nishihori T, Dalton WS, Sullivan DM. Melphalan and Exportin 1 Inhibitors Exert Synergistic Antitumor Effects in Preclinical Models of Human Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5344-5354. [PMID: 33023948 PMCID: PMC7718436 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy with melphalan followed by autologous transplantation is a first-line treatment for multiple myeloma. Here, we present preclinical evidence that this treatment may be significantly improved by the addition of exportin 1 inhibitors (XPO1i). The XPO1i selinexor, eltanexor, and KOS-2464 sensitized human multiple myeloma cells to melphalan. Human 8226 and U266 multiple myeloma cell lines and melphalan-resistant cell lines (8226-LR5 and U266-LR6) were highly sensitized to melphalan by XPO1i. Multiple myeloma cells from newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients were also sensitized by XPO1i to melphalan. In NOD/SCIDγ mice challenged with either parental 8226 or U266 multiple myeloma and melphalan-resistant multiple myeloma tumors, XPO1i/melphalan combination treatments demonstrated stronger synergistic antitumor effects than single-agent melphalan with minimal toxicity. Synergistic cell death resulted from increased XPO1i/melphalan-induced DNA damage in a dose-dependent manner and decreased DNA repair. In addition, repair of melphalan-induced DNA damage was inhibited by selinexor, which decreased melphalan-induced monoubiquitination of FANCD2 in multiple myeloma cells. Knockdown of FANCD2 was found to replicate the effect of selinexor when used with melphalan, increasing DNA damage (γH2AX) by inhibiting DNA repair. Thus, combination therapies that include selinexor or eltanexor with melphalan may have the potential to improve treatment outcomes of multiple myeloma in melphalan-resistant and newly diagnosed patients. The combination of selinexor and melphalan is currently being investigated in the context of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplant (NCT02780609). SIGNIFICANCE: Inhibition of exportin 1 with selinexor synergistically sensitizes human multiple myeloma to melphalan by inhibiting Fanconi anemia pathway-mediated DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel G Turner
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
| | - Yan Cui
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Alexis A Bauer
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jana L Dawson
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Juan A Gomez
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jongphil Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher L Cubitt
- Translational Research Core, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - William S Dalton
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel M Sullivan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Immunotherapy, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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23
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Tokumura K, Iwahashi S, Park G, Ochiai S, Okayama Y, Fusawa H, Fukasawa K, Iezaki T, Hinoi E. mTOR regulates skeletogenesis through canonical and noncanonical pathways. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:30-35. [PMID: 32917361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) regulates various cellular processes, in part through incorporation into distinct protein complexes. The mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) contains the Raptor subunit, while mTORC2 specifically contains the Rictor subunit. Mouse genetic studies, including ours, have revealed a critical role for mTOR in skeletogenesis through its expression in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. In addition, we have recently revealed that mTORC1 expression in chondrocytes is crucial for skeletogenesis. Recent work indicates that mTOR regulates cellular functions, depending on the context, through both complex-dependent (canonical pathway) and complex-independent roles (noncanonical pathway). Here, we determined that mTOR regulates skeletal development through the noncanonical pathway, as well as the canonical pathway, in a cell-type and context-specific manner. Inactivation of Mtor in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells or chondrocytes led to either severe hypoplasia in appendicular skeletons or a severe and generalized chondrodysplasia, respectively. Moreover, Rictor deletion in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells or chondrocytes led to mineralization defects in some skeletal components. Finally, we revealed that simultaneous deletion of Raptor and Rictor in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells recapitulated the appendicular skeletal phenotypes of Mtor deficiency, whereas chondrocyte-specific Raptor and Rictor double-mutants exhibited milder hypoplasia of appendicular and axial skeletons than those seen upon Mtor deletion. These findings indicate that mTOR regulates skeletal development mainly through the canonical pathway in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells, but at least in part through the noncanonical pathway in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tokumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayuki Iwahashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gyujin Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ochiai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuka Okayama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fusawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Iezaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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24
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Ge J, Yang H, Lu X, Wang S, Zhao Y, Huang J, Xi Z, Zhang L, Li R. Combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM 2.5: Hematopoietic toxicity and molecular mechanism in mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106050. [PMID: 32861163 PMCID: PMC7839661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 and formaldehyde (FA) are major outdoor and indoor air pollutants in China, respectively, and both are known to be harmful to human health and to be carcinogenic. Of all the known chronic health effects, leukaemia is one of the most serious health risks associated with these two pollutants. To explore the influence and underlying mechanisms of exposure to formaldehyde and PM2.5 on hematopoietic toxicity, we systematically studied the toxicity induced in hematopoietic organs: bone marrow (BM); spleen; and myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs). Male Balb/c mice were exposed to: PM2.5 (20, 160 μg/kg·d) at a dose of 40 μL per mouse or formaldehyde (0.5, 3.0 mg/m3) for 8 h per day for 2 weeks or co-exposed to formaldehyde and PM2.5 (20 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 0.5 mg/m3 FA, 20 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 3 mg/m3 FA, 160 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 0.5 mg/m3 FA, 160 μg/kg·d PM2.5 + 3 mg/m3 FA) for 2 weeks. Similar toxic effects were found in the formaldehyde-only and PM2.5-only groups, including significant decrease of blood cells and MPCs, along with decreased expression of hematopoietic growth factors. In addition, individual exposure of formaldehyde or PM2.5 increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and immune system disorder by destroying the balance of Th1/Th2, and Treg/Th17. DNA repair was markedly inhibited by deregulating the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Combined exposure to PM2.5 and formaldehyde led to more severe effects. Administration of Vitamin E (VE) was shown to attenuate these effects. In conclusion, our findings suggested that PM2.5 and formaldehyde may induce hematopoietic toxicity by reducing the expression of hematopoietic growth factors, increasing oxidative stress and DNA damage, activating the 'immune imbalance' pathway and suppressing the DNA-repair related mTOR pathway. The hematopoietic toxicity induced by combined exposure of PM2.5 and formaldehyde might provide further insights into the increased incidence of hematological diseases, including human myeloid leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ge
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Honglian Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xianxian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shenqi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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25
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Gremke N, Polo P, Dort A, Schneikert J, Elmshäuser S, Brehm C, Klingmüller U, Schmitt A, Reinhardt HC, Timofeev O, Wanzel M, Stiewe T. mTOR-mediated cancer drug resistance suppresses autophagy and generates a druggable metabolic vulnerability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4684. [PMID: 32943635 PMCID: PMC7499183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18504-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells have a characteristic metabolism, mostly caused by alterations in signal transduction networks rather than mutations in metabolic enzymes. For metabolic drugs to be cancer-selective, signaling alterations need to be identified that confer a druggable vulnerability. Here, we demonstrate that many tumor cells with an acquired cancer drug resistance exhibit increased sensitivity to mechanistically distinct inhibitors of cancer metabolism. We demonstrate that this metabolic vulnerability is driven by mTORC1, which promotes resistance to chemotherapy and targeted cancer drugs, but simultaneously suppresses autophagy. We show that autophagy is essential for tumor cells to cope with therapeutic perturbation of metabolism and that mTORC1-mediated suppression of autophagy is required and sufficient for generating a metabolic vulnerability leading to energy crisis and apoptosis. Our study links mTOR-induced cancer drug resistance to autophagy defects as a cause of a metabolic liability and opens a therapeutic window for the treatment of otherwise therapy-refractory tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Gremke
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Aaron Dort
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jean Schneikert
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Corinna Brehm
- Institute of Pathology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Schmitt
- Clinic for Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Christian Reinhardt
- Clinic for Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Oleg Timofeev
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Wanzel
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Marburg, Germany.
- Genomics Core Facility, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.
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26
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Temprine K, Campbell NR, Huang R, Langdon EM, Simon-Vermot T, Mehta K, Clapp A, Chipman M, White RM. Regulation of the error-prone DNA polymerase Polκ by oncogenic signaling and its contribution to drug resistance. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/629/eaau1453. [PMID: 32345725 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The DNA polymerase Polκ plays a key role in translesion synthesis, an error-prone replication mechanism. Polκ is overexpressed in various tumor types. Here, we found that melanoma and lung and breast cancer cells experiencing stress from oncogene inhibition up-regulated the expression of Polκ and shifted its localization from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This effect was phenocopied by inhibition of the kinase mTOR, by induction of ER stress, or by glucose deprivation. In unstressed cells, Polκ is continually transported out of the nucleus by exportin-1. Inhibiting exportin-1 or overexpressing Polκ increased the abundance of nuclear-localized Polκ, particularly in response to the BRAFV600E-targeted inhibitor vemurafenib, which decreased the cytotoxicity of the drug in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. These observations were analogous to how Escherichia coli encountering cell stress and nutrient deprivation can up-regulate and activate DinB/pol IV, the bacterial ortholog of Polκ, to induce mutagenesis that enables stress tolerance or escape. However, we found that the increased expression of Polκ was not excessively mutagenic, indicating that noncatalytic or other functions of Polκ could mediate its role in stress responses in mammalian cells. Repressing the expression or nuclear localization of Polκ might prevent drug resistance in some cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Temprine
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Tri-Institutional M.D./Ph.D. Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard Huang
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erin M Langdon
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Theresa Simon-Vermot
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Krisha Mehta
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Mollie Chipman
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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27
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Nolan M, Knudson K, Holz MK, Chaudhury I. Functional interaction between Fanconi anemia and mTOR pathways during stalled replication fork recovery.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.01.16.899211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTWe have previously demonstrated that Fanconi Anemia (FA) proteins work in concert with other FA and non-FA proteins to mediate stalled replication fork restart. Previous studies suggest a connection between FA protein FANCD2 and a non-FA protein mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). A recent study showed that mTOR is involved in actin-dependent DNA replication fork restart, suggesting possible roles in FA DNA repair pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that during replication stress mTOR interacts and cooperates with FANCD2 to provide cellular stability, mediates stalled replication fork restart and prevents nucleolytic degradation of the nascent DNA strands. Taken together, this study unravels a novel functional cross-talk between two important mechanisms: mTOR and FA DNA repair pathways that ensure genomic stability.
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Mahran AM, Mosad E, Abdel-Raheem MA, Ahmed EH, Abdel Motaleb AA, Hofny ER. The correlation between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene expression and sperm DNA damage among infertile patients with and without varicocele. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13341. [PMID: 31195431 DOI: 10.1111/and.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the possible correlation between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) gene expression and sperm DNA damage among infertile patients with and without varicocele. The study included sixty infertile males and fifty fertile males as controls. The infertile group was subdivided into the following subgroups: thirty males with varicocele and thirty males without varicocele. All subjects underwent medical history collection, clinical examination, semen analysis, sperm DNA integrity assessment, mTOR gene expression assessment and scrotal colour Doppler ultrasound. The mean mTOR gene expression in infertile patients with varicocele (23.52 ± 14.65) was significantly higher than that in infertile patients without varicocele (12.24 ± 12.44) and fertile control subjects (3.92 ± 3.26; p = 0.003 and p < 0.001 respectively). In the infertile varicocele-positive group, mTOR gene expression showed a significant negative correlation with sperm count (p = 0.028, r = -0.400) and progressive sperm motility (p = 0.038, r = -0.381), as well as a significant positive correlation with the sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI; p = 0.001, r = 0.578). In the infertile varicocele-negative group, mTOR gene expression showed a significant negative correlation with progressive sperm motility (p = 0.018, r = -0.429) and a significant positive correlation with sperm DFI (p < 0.001, r = 0.673). In conclusion, according to these results, there is a significant positive correlation between mTOR gene expression and sperm DFI among infertile patients with and without varicocele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Mahran
- Dermatology, Venereolgy and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman Mosad
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Eman H Ahmed
- Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amira Ali Abdel Motaleb
- Dermatology, Venereolgy and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eman R Hofny
- Dermatology, Venereolgy and Andrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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29
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Lamm N, Rogers S, Cesare AJ. The mTOR pathway: Implications for DNA replication. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 147:17-25. [PMID: 30991055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication plays a central role in genome health. Deleterious alteration of replication dynamics, or "replication stress", is a key driver of genome instability and oncogenesis. The replication stress response is regulated by the ATR kinase, which functions to mitigate replication abnormalities through coordinated efforts that arrest the cell cycle and repair damaged replication forks. mTOR kinase regulates signaling networks that control cell growth and metabolism in response to environmental cues and cell stress. In this review, we discuss interconnectivity between the ATR and mTOR pathways, and provide putative mechanisms for mTOR engagement in DNA replication and the replication stress response. Finally, we describe how connectivity between mTOR and replication stress may be exploited for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Lamm
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Samuel Rogers
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia
| | - Anthony J Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, 2145, Australia.
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30
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Zeng H, Hu M, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang S, Chen M, Shen M, Wang C, Chen F, Du C, Tang Y, Su Y, Chen S, Wang J. MicroRNA 34a promotes ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage repair in murine hematopoietic stem cells. FASEB J 2019; 33:8138-8147. [PMID: 30922079 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802639r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) establish the entire hematopoietic system and maintain lifelong hematopoiesis. Previous studies have reported the significance of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of self-renewal and differentiation of HSCs. In this study, we show that the expression of miRNA 34a (miR-34a) is markedly up-regulated in HSCs from mice subjected to ionizing radiation (IR). Reduced numbers and DNA damage repair, as well as increased apoptosis, are observed in HSCs from miR-34a-deficient mice induced by irradiation, although miR-34a is dispensable for steady-state hematopoiesis. Further investigations show that HSCs deficient in miR-34a exhibit decreased expressions of DNA repair-associated genes involved in homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining. Competitive transplantation confirms that loss of miR-34a leads to more severe impairment of the long-term hematopoietic function of HSCs after irradiation exposure. Consistently, treating mice with an miR-34a agomir can significantly alleviate irradiation-induced DNA damage in HSCs. Our findings demonstrate that miR-34a contributes to promoting HSCs' survival after irradiation, which provides a promising approach for protecting HSCs from IR.-Zeng, H., Hu, M., Lu, Y., Zhang, Z., Xu, Y., Wang, S., Chen, M., Shen, M., Wang, C., Chen, F., Du, C., Tang, Y., Su,Y., Chen, S., Wang, J. MicroRNA 34a promotes ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage repair in murine hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yukai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shilei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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31
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Shen X, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Hu Y, Guo J. Retinoic Acid-Induced Protein 14 (RAI14) Promotes mTOR-Mediated Inflammation Under Inflammatory Stress and Chemical Hypoxia in a U87 Glioblastoma Cell Line. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 39:241-254. [PMID: 30554401 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid-induced 14 is a developmentally regulated gene induced by retinoic acid and is closely associated with NIK/NF-κB signaling. In the present study, we examined the effect of RAI14 on mTOR-mediated glial inflammation in response to inflammatory factors and chemical ischemia. A U87 cell model of LPS- and TNF-α-induced inflammation was used to investigate the role of RAI14 in glial inflammation. U87 cells were treated with siR-RAI14 or everolimus to detect the correlation between mTOR, RAI14, and NF-κB. CoCl2-stimulated U87 cells were used to analyze the effect of RAI14 on mTOR-mediated NF-κB inflammatory signaling under chemical hypoxia. LPS and TNF-α stimulation resulted in the upregulation of RAI14 mRNA and protein levels in a dose- and time-dependent manner. RAI14 knockdown significantly attenuated the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine via inhibiting the IKK/NF-κB pathway. Treatment with an mTOR inhibitor (everolimus) ameliorated NF-κB activity and IKKα/β phosphorylation via RAI14 signaling. Notably, RAI14 also enhanced mTOR-mediated NF-κB activation under conditions of chemical hypoxia. These findings provide significant insight into the role of RAI14 in mTOR-induced glial inflammation, which is closely associated with infection and ischemia stimuli. Thus, RAI14 may be a potential drug target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoGang Shen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - JiaRui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - XiaoLong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - YiFan Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - YunFeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base For TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Drug for Degenerative Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine and Life Science, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Ma Y, Vassetzky Y, Dokudovskaya S. mTORC1 pathway in DNA damage response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1293-1311. [PMID: 29936127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms have evolved various mechanisms to control their metabolism and response to various stresses, allowing them to survive and grow in different environments. In eukaryotes, the highly conserved mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway integrates both intracellular and extracellular signals and serves as a central regulator of cellular metabolism, proliferation and survival. A growing body of evidence indicates that mTOR signaling is closely related to another cellular protection mechanism, the DNA damage response (DDR). Many factors important for the DDR are also involved in the mTOR pathway. In this review, we discuss how these two pathways communicate to ensure an efficient protection of the cell against metabolic and genotoxic stresses. We also describe how anticancer therapies benefit from simultaneous targeting of the DDR and mTOR pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinxing Ma
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR 8126, Université Paris-Sud 11, Institut Gustave Roussy, 114, rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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33
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Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent pathway is one of the most integral pathways linked to cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. This pathway is dysregulated in a variety of diseases, including neoplasia, immune-mediated diseases, and fibroproliferative diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis. The mTOR kinase is frequently referred to as the master regulator of this pathway. Alterations in mTOR signaling are closely associated with dysregulation of autophagy, inflammation, and cell growth and survival, leading to the development of lung fibrosis. Inhibitors of mTOR have been widely studied in cancer therapy, as they may sensitize cancer cells to radiation therapy. Studies also suggest that mTOR inhibitors are promising modulators of fibroproliferative diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF). Therefore, mTOR represents an attractive and unique therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the pathological role of mTOR kinase in pulmonary fibrosis and examine how mTOR inhibitors may mitigate fibrotic progression.
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34
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Piscitello D, Varshney D, Lilla S, Vizioli MG, Reid C, Gorbunova V, Seluanov A, Gillespie DA, Adams PD. AKT overactivation can suppress DNA repair via p70S6 kinase-dependent downregulation of MRE11. Oncogene 2018; 37:427-438. [PMID: 28967905 PMCID: PMC5799716 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated AKT kinase activity due to PTEN deficiency in cancer cells contributes to oncogenesis by incompletely understood mechanisms. Here, we show that PTEN deletion in HCT116 and DLD1 colon carcinoma cells leads to suppression of CHK1 and CHK2 activation in response to irradiation, impaired G2 checkpoint proficiency and radiosensitization. These defects are associated with reduced expression of MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1, components of the apical MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 (MRN) DNA damage response complex. Consistent with reduced MRN complex function, PTEN-deficient cells fail to resect DNA double-strand breaks efficiently after irradiation and show greatly diminished proficiency for DNA repair via the error-free homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway. MRE11 is highly unstable in PTEN-deficient cells but stability can be significantly restored by inhibiting mTORC1 or p70S6 kinase (p70S6K), downstream kinases whose activities are stimulated by AKT, or by mutating a residue in MRE11 that we show is phosphorylated by p70S6K in vitro. In primary human fibroblasts, activated AKT suppresses MRN complex expression to escalate RAS-induced DNA damage and thereby reinforce oncogene-induced senescence. Taken together, our data demonstrate that deregulation of the PI3K-AKT/ mTORC1/ p70S6K pathways, an event frequently observed in cancer, exert profound effects on genome stability via MRE11 with potential implications for tumour initiation and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Piscitello
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - D Varshney
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S Lilla
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, UK
| | - M G Vizioli
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Ageing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Reid
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Ageing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - V Gorbunova
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Seluanov
- Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - D A Gillespie
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - P D Adams
- Epigenetics of Cancer and Ageing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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35
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Xiong M, Zhu Z, Tian S, Zhu R, Bai S, Fu K, Davis JG, Sun Z, Baur JA, Zheng K, Ye L. Conditional ablation of
Raptor
in the male germline causes infertility due to meiotic arrest and impaired inactivation of sex chromosomes. FASEB J 2017; 31:3934-3949. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengneng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Suwen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Ruping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Shun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Kaiqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - James G. Davis
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and MetabolismDepartment of PhysiologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Joseph A. Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and MetabolismDepartment of PhysiologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Lan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive MedicineNanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina
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mTOR has a developmental stage-specific role in mitochondrial fitness independent of conventional mTORC1 and mTORC2 and the kinase activity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183266. [PMID: 28813526 PMCID: PMC5558967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), present in mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2, is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates nutrients, growth factors, and cellular energy status to control protein synthesis, cell growth, survival and metabolism. However, it remains elusive whether mTOR plays a developmental stage-specific role in tissue development and whether mTOR can function independent of its complexes and kinase activity. In this study, by inducible genetic manipulation approach, we investigated the role of mTOR and its dependence on mTOR complexes and kinase activity in mitochondrial fitness of early, progenitor stage (lineage-negative; Lin-) versus later, lineage-committed stage (lineage-positive; Lin+) of hematopoietic cells. We found that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), ATP production and mitochondrial DNA synthesis were decreased in mTOR-/- Lin- cells but increased in mTOR-/- Lin+ cells, suggesting that mTOR plays a developmental stage-specific role in OXPHOS, ATP production and mitochondrial DNA synthesis. In contrast to mTOR deletion, simultaneous deletion of Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, and Rictor, a key component of mTORC2, led to increased mitochondrial DNA in Lin- cells and decreased mitochondrial DNA and ATP production in Lin+ cells, suggesting that mTOR regulates mitochondrial DNA synthesis in Lin- and Lin+ cells and ATP production in Lin+ cells independent of mTORC1 and mTORC2. Similar to mTOR deletion, deletion of Raptor alone attenuated glycolysis and increased mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial membrane potential in Lin- cells and increased mitochondrial mass and OXPHOS in Lin+ cells, whereas deletion of Rictor alone had no effect on these mitochondrial parameters in Lin- and Lin+ cells, suggesting that mTOR regulates glycolysis and mitochondrial membrane potential in Lin- cells, OXPHOS in Lin+ cells, and mitochondrial mass in both Lin- and Lin+ cells dependent on mTORC1, but not mTORC2. Either Raptor deficiency or Rictor deficiency recapitulated mTOR deletion in decreasing OXPHOS in Lin- cells and glycolysis in Lin+ cells, suggesting that mTOR regulates OXPHOS in Lin- cells and glycolysis in Lin+ cells dependent on both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Finally, mice harboring a mTOR kinase dead D2338A knock-in mutant showed decreased glycolysis in Lin+ cells, as seen in mTOR-/- Lin+ cells, but no change in glycolysis in Lin- cells, in contrast to the decreased glycolysis in mTOR-/- Lin- cells, suggesting that mTOR regulates glycolysis in Lin+ cells dependent on its kinase activity, whereas mTOR regulates glycolysis in Lin- cells independent of its kinase activity.
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37
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Gole B, Mian E, Rall M, Wiesmüller L. Base excision repair proteins couple activation-induced cytidine deaminase and endonuclease G during replication stress-induced MLL destabilization. Leukemia 2017. [PMID: 28626219 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The breakpoint cluster region of the MLL gene (MLLbcr) is frequently rearranged in therapy-related and infant acute leukaemia, but the destabilizing mechanism is poorly understood. We recently proposed that DNA replication stress results in MLLbcr cleavage via endonuclease G (EndoG) and represents the common denominator of genotoxic therapy-induced MLL destabilization. Here we performed a siRNA screen for new factors involved in replication stress-induced MLL rearrangements employing an enhanced green fluorescent protein-based reporter system. We identified 10 factors acting in line with EndoG in MLLbcr breakage or further downstream in the repair of the MLLbcr breaks, including activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), previously proposed to initiate MLLbcr rearrangements in an RNA transcription-dependent mechanism. Further analysis connected AID and EndoG in MLLbcr destabilization via base excision repair (BER) components. We show that replication stress-induced recruitment of EndoG to the MLLbcr and cleavage are AID/BER dependent. Notably, inhibition of the core BER factor Apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 protects against MLLbcr cleavage in tumour and human cord blood-derived haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, harbouring the cells of origin of leukaemia. We propose that off-target binding of AID to the MLLbcr initiates BER-mediated single-stranded DNA cleavage, which causes derailed EndoG activity ultimately resulting in leukaemogenic MLLbcr rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Gole
- Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - E Mian
- Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Rall
- Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - L Wiesmüller
- Gynaecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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38
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Liu YC, Gao XX, Chen L, You XQ. Rapamycin suppresses Aβ 25-35- or LPS-induced neuronal inflammation via modulation of NF-κB signaling. Neuroscience 2017; 355:188-199. [PMID: 28504198 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin (RAPA), an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), exhibits a high neuroprotective action against neurodegenerative diseases in mouse models. Since neuroinflammation has been shown to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development and progression, the aim of this study was to examine the anti-inflammatory role of RAPA in AD in vivo and in vitro, and investigate the underlying mechanisms. We found that amyloid-β (Aβ) induced neuronal inflammation and a remarkable increase in mTOR activity in in-vivo and in-vitro models of inflammation, suggesting the critical role of mTOR signaling in neuronal inflammation. In addition, administration of RAPA was found to down-regulate mTOR, p-mTOR, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65, p-p65, TNF-α, IL-1β and Bax protein expression in Aβ25-35- or lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-treated mice and cultured Neuro-2a (N2a) cells. Moreover, RAPA disrupted Aβ25-35-induced nuclear translocation of mTOR and NF-κB. Our findings indicate that RAPA inhibits Aβ25-35- or LPS-induced neuronal inflammation through suppressing mTOR signaling and reducing nuclear import of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, China
| | - Xiao-Qing You
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, No. 1 Xueyuan Road, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province 350108, China.
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mTORC1 and -2 Coordinate Transcriptional and Translational Reprogramming in Resistance to DNA Damage and Replicative Stress in Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00577-16. [PMID: 27956700 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00577-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR coordinates growth signals with metabolic pathways and protein synthesis and is hyperactivated in many human cancers. mTOR exists in two complexes: mTORC1, which stimulates protein, lipid, and ribosome biosynthesis, and mTORC2, which regulates cytoskeleton functions. While mTOR is known to be involved in the DNA damage response, little is actually known regarding the functions of mTORC1 compared to mTORC2 in this regard or the respective impacts on transcriptional versus translational regulation. We show that mTORC1 and mTORC2 are both required to enact DNA damage repair and cell survival, resulting in increased cancer cell survival during DNA damage. Together mTORC1 and -2 enact coordinated transcription and translation of protective cell cycle and DNA replication, recombination, and repair genes. This coordinated transcriptional-translational response to DNA damage was not impaired by rapalog inhibition of mTORC1 or independent inhibition of mTORC1 or mTORC2 but was blocked by inhibition of mTORC1/2. Only mTORC1/2 inhibition reversed cancer cell resistance to DNA damage and replicative stress and increased tumor cell killing and tumor control by DNA damage therapies in animal models. When combined with DNA damage, inhibition of mTORC1/2 blocked transcriptional induction more strongly than translation of DNA replication, survival, and DNA damage response mRNAs.
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Phycocyanin Inhibits Tumorigenic Potential of Pancreatic Cancer Cells: Role of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34564. [PMID: 27694919 PMCID: PMC5046139 DOI: 10.1038/srep34564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal human malignancies, and unresponsive to current chemotherapies. Here we investigate the therapeutic potential of phycocyanin as an anti-PDA agent in vivo and in vitro. Phycocyanin, a natural product purified from Spirulina, effectively inhibits the pancreatic cancer cell proliferation in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Phycocyanin induces G2/M cell cycle arrest, apoptotic and autophagic cell death in PANC-1 cells. Inhibition of autophagy by targeting Beclin 1 using siRNA significantly suppresses cell growth inhibition and death induced by phycocyanin, whereas inhibition of both autophagy and apoptosis rescues phycocyanin-mediated cell death. Mechanistically, cell death induced by phycocyanin is the result of cross-talk among the MAPK, Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and NF-κB pathways. Phycocyanin is able to induce apoptosis of PANC-1 cell by activating p38 and JNK signaling pathways while inhibiting Erk pathway. On the other hand, phycocyanin promotes autophagic cell death by inhibiting PI3/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, phycocyanin promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which plays an important role in balancing phycocyanin-mediated apoptosis and autosis. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that phycocyanin exerts anti-pancreatic cancer activity by inducing apoptotic and autophagic cell death, thereby identifying phycocyanin as a promising anti-pancreatic cancer agent.
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Anuja K, Roy S, Ghosh C, Gupta P, Bhattacharjee S, Banerjee B. Prolonged inflammatory microenvironment is crucial for pro-neoplastic growth and genome instability: a detailed review. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:119-128. [PMID: 27653961 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0985-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammation can affect the normal cell homeostasis and metabolism by rendering the cells susceptible to genomic instability that may lead to uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation ensuing tumorigenesis. The causal agents for inflammation may be pathogenic infections like microbial agents ranging from viruses to bacteria. These infections lead to DNA damage or disruption of normal cell metabolism and alter the genome integrity. FINDINGS In this review, we have highlighted the role of recurrent infections in tumor microenvironment can lead to recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells, cytokines and growth factors to the site of inflammation. This makes the environment rich in cytokines, chemokines, DNA-damaging agents (ROS, RNS) and growth factors which activate DNA damage response pathway and help in sustained proliferation of the tumor cells. In any inflammatory response, the production of cytokines and related signaling molecules is self-regulating and limiting. But in case of neoplastic risk, deregulation of these factors may lead to abnormalities and related pathogenesis. CONCLUSION The scope of the present review is to explore the probable mechanistic link and factors responsible for chronic inflammation. The relation between chronic inflammation and DNA damage response was further elucidated to understand the mechanism by which it makes the cells susceptible to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Anuja
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Souvick Roy
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Chinmoy Ghosh
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Priya Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, Agartala, Tripura, 799022, India.
| | - Birendranath Banerjee
- Molecular Stress and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, 751024, India.
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Trehalose, sucrose and raffinose are novel activators of autophagy in human keratinocytes through an mTOR-independent pathway. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28423. [PMID: 27328819 PMCID: PMC4916512 DOI: 10.1038/srep28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a natural disaccharide that is found in a diverse range of organisms but not in mammals. Autophagy is a process which mediates the sequestration, lysosomal delivery and degradation of proteins and organelles. Studies have shown that trehalose exerts beneficial effects through inducing autophagy in mammalian cells. However, whether trehalose or other saccharides can activate autophagy in keratinocytes is unknown. Here, we found that trehalose treatment increased the LC3-I to LC3-II conversion, acridine orange-stained vacuoles and GFP-LC3B (LC3B protein tagged with green fluorescent protein) puncta in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line, indicating autophagy induction. Trehalose-induced autophagy was also observed in primary keratinocytes and the A431 epidermal cancer cell line. mTOR signalling was not affected by trehalose treatment, suggesting that trehalose induced autophagy through an mTOR-independent pathway. mTOR-independent autophagy induction was also observed in HaCaT and HeLa cells treated with sucrose or raffinose but not in glucose, maltose or sorbitol treated HaCaT cells, indicating that autophagy induction was not a general property of saccharides. Finally, although trehalose treatment had an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, it had a cytoprotective effect on cells exposed to UVB radiation. Our study provides new insight into the saccharide-mediated regulation of autophagy in keratinocytes.
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Abstract
The remarkable metabolic differences between cancer cells and normal cells result in the potential for targeted cancer therapy. The upregulation of glutaminolysis provides energetic advantages to cancer cells. The recently described link between glutaminolysis and autophagy, mediated by MTORC1, may constitute an attractive target for therapeutic strategies. A combination of therapies targeting simultane-ously cell signaling, cancer metabolism, and autophagy can solve therapy resistance and tumor relapse problems, commonly observed in patients treated with most of the current targeted therapies. In this review we summarize the mechanistic link between glutaminolysis and autophagy, and discuss the impacts of these processes on cancer progression and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
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Panday A, Inda ME, Bagam P, Sahoo MK, Osorio D, Batra S. Transcription Factor NF-κB: An Update on Intervention Strategies. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:463-483. [PMID: 27236331 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor (NF)-κB family of transcription factors are ubiquitous and pleiotropic molecules that regulate the expression of more than 150 genes involved in a broad range of processes including inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The chronic activation or dysregulation of NF-κB signaling is the central cause of pathogenesis in many disease conditions and, therefore, NF-κB is a major focus of therapeutic intervention. Because of this, understanding the relationship between NF-κB and the induction of various downstream signaling molecules is imperative. In this review, we provide an updated synopsis of the role of NF-κB in DNA repair and in various ailments including cardiovascular diseases, HIV infection, asthma, herpes simplex virus infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer. Furthermore, we also discuss the specific targets for selective inhibitors and future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Panday
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Departamento de Microbiología, CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional Rosario, Suipacha 531, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Environmental Toxicology PhD Program, 207 Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Malaya K Sahoo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Diana Osorio
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA. .,Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunotoxicology, Environmental Toxicology PhD Program, 207 Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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4EBP1/c-MYC/PUMA and NF-κB/EGR1/BIM pathways underlie cytotoxicity of mTOR dual inhibitors in malignant lymphoid cells. Blood 2016; 127:2711-22. [PMID: 26917778 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-02-629485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that regulates proliferation and apoptosis, has been extensively evaluated as a therapeutic target in multiple malignancies. Rapamycin analogs, which partially inhibit mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), exhibit immunosuppressive and limited antitumor activity, but sometimes activate survival pathways through feedback mechanisms involving mTORC2. Thus, attention has turned to agents targeting both mTOR complexes by binding the mTOR active site. Here we show that disruption of either mTOR-containing complex is toxic to acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells and identify 2 previously unrecognized pathways leading to this cell death. Inhibition of mTORC1-mediated 4EBP1 phosphorylation leads to decreased expression of c-MYC and subsequent upregulation of the proapoptotic BCL2 family member PUMA, whereas inhibition of mTORC2 results in nuclear factor-κB-mediated expression of the Early Growth Response 1 (EGR1) gene, which encodes a transcription factor that binds and transactivates the proapoptotic BCL2L11 locus encoding BIM. Importantly, 1 or both pathways contribute to death of malignant lymphoid cells after treatment with dual mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors. Collectively, these observations not only provide new insight into the survival roles of mTOR in lymphoid malignancies, but also identify alterations that potentially modulate the action of mTOR dual inhibitors in ALL.
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Kapelko-Slowik K, Owczarek TB, Grzymajlo K, Urbaniak-Kujda D, Jazwiec B, Slowik M, Kuliczkowski K, Ugorski M. Elevated PIM2 gene expression is associated with poor survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 57:2140-9. [PMID: 26764044 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1124991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The PIM2 gene encodes the serine/threonine kinase involved in cell survival and apoptosis. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of the PIM2 gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to examine its role in apoptosis of the blastic cells. We analyzed the PIM2 expression in 148 patients: 91 with AML, 57 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 24 healthy controls by Real-Time PCR and Western blot. Inhibition of the PIM2 gene in human leukemic HL60 cell line was performed with RNAi and apoptosis rate was analyzed. Our results indicate that overexpression of PIM2 in AML is associated with low complete remission rate, high-risk cytogenetics, shorter leukemia-free survival, and event-free survival. Cytometric analysis of HL60/PAC-GFP and HL60/PAC-GFP-shPIM2 cells revealed an increase in the number of apoptotic cells after inhibition of PIM2 gene. In summary, the elevated expression of PIM2 in blastic cells is associated with poor prognosis of AML patients and their resistance to induction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kapelko-Slowik
- a Department of Hematology, Neoplastic Blood Disorders and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Tomasz B Owczarek
- b Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland ;,c Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology , Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Krzysztof Grzymajlo
- c Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology , Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Donata Urbaniak-Kujda
- a Department of Hematology, Neoplastic Blood Disorders and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Bozena Jazwiec
- a Department of Hematology, Neoplastic Blood Disorders and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Miroslaw Slowik
- d Department of Ophthalmology , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kuliczkowski
- a Department of Hematology, Neoplastic Blood Disorders and Bone Marrow Transplantation , Wroclaw Medical University , Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Maciej Ugorski
- b Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy Polish Academy of Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland ;,c Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology , Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wroclaw , Poland
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Zhou YD, Cao XQ, Liu ZH, Cao YJ, Liu CF, Zhang YL, Xie Y. Rapamycin Inhibits Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Uptake in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via mTOR/NF-κB/LOX-1 Pathway. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146777. [PMID: 26752047 PMCID: PMC4709184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein-1 (LOX-1) is the major receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) uptake in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Previously, we found that rapamycin inhibited ox-LDL accumulation in HUVECs, and this effect was related to its role in increasing the activity of autophagy-lysosome pathway. In this study, we determined whether rapamycin could also reduce ox-LDL uptake in HUVECs and investigated the underlying signaling mechanisms. Results Flow cytometry and live cell imaging showed that rapamycin reduced Dil-ox-LDL accumulation in HUVECs. Furthermore, rapamycin reduced the ox-LDL-induced increase in LOX-1 mRNA and protein levels. Western blotting showed that rapamycin inhibited mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70s6k and IκBα phosphorylation triggered by ox-LDL. Flow cytometry implied that mTOR, NF-κB knockdown and NF-κB inhibitors significantly reduced Dil-ox-LDL uptake. Moreover, immunofluorescent staining showed that rapamycin reduced the accumulation of p65 in the nucleus after ox-LDL treatment for 30 h. mTOR knockdown decreased LOX-1 protein production and IκBα phosphorylation induced by ox-LDL. NF-κB knockdown and NF-κB inhibitors reduced LOX-1 protein production, but did not inhibit mTOR phosphorylation stimulated by ox-LDL. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that rapamycin reduce mTOR phosphorylation and subsequently inhibit NF-κB activation and suppresses LOX-1, resulting in a reduction in ox-LDL uptake in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-De Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-Qin Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong-Jun Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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CRISPR-Cas9-based target validation for p53-reactivating model compounds. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 12:22-8. [PMID: 26595461 PMCID: PMC4910870 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor by Mdm2 is one of the most frequent events in cancer, so compounds targeting the p53-Mdm2 interaction are promising for cancer therapy. Mechanisms conferring resistance to p53-reactivating compounds are largely unknown. Here we show using CRISPR-Cas9–based target validation in lung and colorectal cancer that the activity of nutlin, which blocks the p53-binding pocket of Mdm2, strictly depends on functional p53. In contrast, sensitivity to the drug RITA, which binds the Mdm2-interacting N terminus of p53, correlates with induction of DNA damage. Cells with primary or acquired RITA resistance display cross-resistance to DNA crosslinking compounds such as cisplatin and show increased DNA cross-link repair. Inhibition of FancD2 by RNA interference or pharmacological mTOR inhibitors restores RITA sensitivity. The therapeutic response to p53-reactivating compounds is therefore limited by compound-specific resistance mechanisms that can be resolved by CRISPR-Cas9-based target validation and should be considered when allocating patients to p53-reactivating treatments.
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49
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Mo W, Liu Q, Lin CCJ, Dai H, Peng Y, Liang Y, Peng G, Meric-Bernstam F, Mills GB, Li K, Lin SY. mTOR Inhibitors Suppress Homologous Recombination Repair and Synergize with PARP Inhibitors via Regulating SUV39H1 in BRCA-Proficient Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:1699-712. [PMID: 26546619 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly heterogeneous disease and has the worst outcome among all subtypes of breast cancers. Although PARP inhibitors represent a promising treatment in TNBC with BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations, there is great interest in identifying drug combinations that can extend the use of PARP inhibitors to a majority of TNBC patients with wild-type BRCA1/BRCA2 Here we explored whether mTOR inhibitors, through modulating homologous recombination (HR) repair, would provide therapeutic benefit in combination with PARP inhibitors in preclinical models of BRCA-proficient TNBC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have studied the effects of mTOR inhibitors on HR repair following DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). We further demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo activities of combined treatment of mTOR inhibitors with PARP inhibitors in BRCA-proficient TNBC. Moreover, microarray analysis and rescue experiments were used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of action. RESULTS We found that mTOR inhibitors significantly suppressed HR repair in two BRCA-proficient TNBC cell lines. mTOR inhibitors and PARP inhibitors in combination exhibited strong synergism against these TNBC cell lines. In TNBC xenografts, we observed enhanced efficacy of everolimus in combination with talazoparib (BMN673) compared with either drug alone. We further identified through microarray analysis and by rescue assays that mTOR inhibitors suppressed HR repair and synergized with PARP inhibitors through regulating the expression of SUV39H1 in BRCA-proficient TNBCs. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings strongly suggest that combining mTOR inhibitors and PARP inhibitors would be an effective therapeutic approach to treat BRCA-proficient TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingxin Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Curtis Chun-Jen Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hui Dai
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yulong Liang
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Guang Peng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kaiyi Li
- The Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Shiaw-Yih Lin
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Studebaker A, Bondra K, Seum S, Shen C, Phelps DA, Chronowski C, Leasure J, Smith PD, Kurmasheva RT, Mo X, Fouladi M, Houghton PJ. Inhibition of MEK confers hypersensitivity to X-radiation in the context of BRAF mutation in a model of childhood astrocytoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1768-74. [PMID: 25981859 PMCID: PMC4561855 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Curative therapy for childhood glioma presents challenges when complete resection is not possible. Patients with recurrent low-grade tumors or anaplastic astrocytoma may receive radiation treatment; however, the long-term sequellae from radiation treatment can be severe. As many childhood gliomas are associated with activation of BRAF, we have explored the combination of ionizing radiation with MEK inhibition in a model of BRAF-mutant anaplastic astrocytoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The regulation of TORC1 signaling by BRAF was examined in BT-40 (BRAF mutant) and BT-35 (BRAF wild type) xenografts, in a cell line derived from the BT-40 xenograft and two adult BRAF mutant glioblastoma cell lines. The effect of MEK inhibition (selumetinib), XRT (total dose 10 Gy as 2 Gy daily fractions), or the combination of selumetinib and XRT was evaluated in subcutaneous BT-40 xenografts. RESULTS Inhibition of MEK signaling by selumetinib suppressed TORC1 signaling only in the context of the BRAF-mutant both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of MEK signaling in BT-40 cells or in xenografts lead to a complete suppression of FANCD2 and conferred hypersensitivity to XRT in BT-40 xenografts without increasing local skin toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Selumetinib suppressed TORC1 signaling in the context of BRAF mutation. Selumetinib caused a rapid downregulation of FANCD2 and markedly potentiated the effect of XRT. These data suggest the possibility of potentiating the effect of XRT selectively in tumor cells by MEK inhibition in the context of mutant BRAF or maintaining tumor control at lower doses of XRT that would decrease long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Studebaker
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Kathryn Bondra
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute
| | - Star Seum
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute
| | - Changxian Shen
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Doris A. Phelps
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Christopher Chronowski
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute
| | - Justin Leasure
- Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute
| | - Paul D. Smith
- Astrazeneca Ltd., Oncology iMed, Macclesfield, United Kingdom
| | - Raushan T. Kurmasheva
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University
| | | | - Peter J. Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205
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