1
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Wang L, Matsumoto M, Akahori Y, Seo N, Shirakura K, Kato T, Katsumoto Y, Miyahara Y, Shiku H. Preclinical evaluation of a novel CAR-T therapy utilizing a scFv antibody highly specific to MAGE-A4 p230-239/HLA-A∗02:01 complex. Mol Ther 2024; 32:734-748. [PMID: 38243600 PMCID: PMC10928314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the revolutionary success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy for hematological malignancies, successful CAR-T therapies for solid tumors remain limited. One major obstacle is the scarcity of tumor-specific cell-surface molecules. One potential solution to overcome this barrier is to utilize antibodies that recognize peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHCs) in a T cell receptor (TCR)-like fashion, allowing CAR-T cells to recognize intracellular tumor antigens. This study reports a highly specific single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody against the MAGE-A4p230-239/human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A∗02:01 complex (MAGE-A4 pMHC), screened from a human scFv phage display library. Indeed, retroviral vectors encoding CAR, utilizing this scFv antibody as a recognition component, efficiently recognized and lysed MAGA-A4+ tumor cells in an HLA-A∗02:01-restricted manner. Additionally, the adoptive transfer of T cells modified by the CAR-containing glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related receptor (GITR) intracellular domain (ICD), but not CD28 or 4-1BB ICD, significantly suppressed the growth of MAGE-A4+ HLA-A∗02:01+ tumors in an immunocompromised mouse model. Of note, a comprehensive analysis revealed that a broad range of amino acid sequences of the MAGE-A4p230-239 peptide were critical for the recognition of MAGE-A4 pMHC by these CAR-T cells, and no cross-reactivity to analogous peptides was observed. Thus, MAGE-A4-targeted CAR-T therapy using this scFv antibody may be a promising and safe treatment for solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Wang
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsumoto
- Tokyo Laboratory 11, R&D Center, Sony Group Corporation, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yasushi Akahori
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Center for Comprehensive Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Naohiro Seo
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shirakura
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takuma Kato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yoichi Katsumoto
- Tokyo Laboratory 11, R&D Center, Sony Group Corporation, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyahara
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Center for Comprehensive Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Shiku
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan; Center for Comprehensive Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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2
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Ornelas MY, Cournoyer JE, Bram S, Mehta AP. Evolution and synthetic biology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 76:102394. [PMID: 37801925 PMCID: PMC10842511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary observations have often served as an inspiration for biological design. Decoding of the central dogma of life at a molecular level and understanding of the cellular biochemistry have been elegantly used to engineer various synthetic biology applications, including building genetic circuits in vitro and in cells, building synthetic translational systems, and metabolic engineering in cells to biosynthesize and even bioproduce complex high-value molecules. Here, we review three broad areas of synthetic biology that are inspired by evolutionary observations: (i) combinatorial approaches toward cell-based biomolecular evolution, (ii) engineering interdependencies to establish microbial consortia, and (iii) synthetic immunology. In each of the areas, we will highlight the evolutionary premise that was central toward designing these platforms. These are only a subset of the examples where evolution and natural phenomena directly or indirectly serve as a powerful source of inspiration in shaping synthetic biology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marya Y Ornelas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jason E Cournoyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Stanley Bram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Angad P Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, United States.
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3
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Bai G, Sun C, Guo Z, Wang Y, Zeng X, Su Y, Zhao Q, Ma B. Accelerating antibody discovery and design with artificial intelligence: Recent advances and prospects. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 95:13-24. [PMID: 37355214 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are the largest class of biotherapeutics and have been successful in treating human diseases. However, the design and discovery of antibody drugs remains challenging and time-consuming. Recently, artificial intelligence technology has had an incredible impact on antibody design and discovery, resulting in significant advances in antibody discovery, optimization, and developability. This review summarizes major machine learning (ML) methods and their applications for computational predictors of antibody structure and antigen interface/interaction, as well as the evaluation of antibody developability. Additionally, this review addresses the current status of ML-based therapeutic antibodies under preclinical and clinical phases. While many challenges remain, ML may offer a new therapeutic option for the future direction of fully computational antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuance Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ziang Guo
- Cancer Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yangjing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xincheng Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuhong Su
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao Special Administrative Region of China.
| | - Buyong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Digiwiser BioTechnolgy, Limited, Shanghai 201203, China.
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4
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Huang S, Xing F, Dai Y, Zhang Z, Zhou G, Yang S, Liu YC, Yuan Z, Luo KQ, Ying T, Chu D, Liu TM, Deng CX, Zhao Q. Navigating chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells as drug carriers via three-dimensional mapping of the tumor microenvironment. J Control Release 2023; 362:524-535. [PMID: 37673307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified natural killer (NK) cells are recognized as promising immunotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment. However, the efficacy and trafficking of CAR-NK cells in solid tumors are hindered by the complex barriers present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). We have developed a novel strategy that utilizes living CAR-NK cells as carriers to deliver anticancer drugs specifically to the tumor site. We also introduce a time-lapse method for evaluating the efficacy and tumor specificity of CAR-NK cells using a two-photon microscope in live mouse models and three-dimensional (3D) tissue slide cultures. Our results demonstrate that CAR-NK cells exhibit enhanced antitumor immunity when combined with photosensitive chemicals in both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Additionally, we have successfully visualized the trafficking, infiltration, and accumulation of drug-loaded CAR-NK cells in deeply situated TME using non-invasive intravital two-photon microscopy. Our findings highlight that tumor infiltration of CAR-NK cells can be intravitally monitored through the two-photon microscope approach. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the successful integration of CAR-NK cells as drug carriers and paves the way for combined cellular and small-molecule therapies in cancer treatment. Furthermore, our 3D platform offers a valuable tool for assessing the behavior of CAR cells within solid tumors, facilitating the development and optimization of immunotherapeutic strategies with clinical imaging approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigao Huang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; Department of Cell Biology of National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Radiation Oncology of Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi' an, China
| | - Fuqiang Xing
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yeneng Dai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Synthetic Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dafeng Chu
- Geneleap Biotechnology LLC, Woburn, MA, USA.
| | - Tzu-Ming Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Qi Zhao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
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5
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Zeng X, Bai G, Sun C, Ma B. Recent Progress in Antibody Epitope Prediction. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:52. [PMID: 37606436 PMCID: PMC10443277 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in epitope prediction has shown promising results in the development of vaccines and therapeutics against various diseases. However, the overall accuracy and success rate need to be improved greatly to gain practical application significance, especially conformational epitope prediction. In this review, we examined the general features of antibody-antigen recognition, highlighting the conformation selection mechanism in flexible antibody-antigen binding. We recently highlighted the success and warning signs of antibody epitope predictions, including linear and conformation epitope predictions. While deep learning-based models gradually outperform traditional feature-based machine learning, sequence and structure features still provide insight into antibody-antigen recognition problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Ganggang Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Chuance Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.Z.); (C.S.)
| | - Buyong Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (X.Z.); (C.S.)
- Shanghai Digiwiser Biological, Inc., Shanghai 200131, China
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6
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Zhu I, Piraner DI, Roybal KT. Synthesizing a Smarter CAR T Cell: Advanced Engineering of T-cell Immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2023; 11:1030-1043. [PMID: 37429007 PMCID: PMC10527511 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-22-0962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The immune system includes an array of specialized cells that keep us healthy by responding to pathogenic cues. Investigations into the mechanisms behind immune cell behavior have led to the development of powerful immunotherapies, including chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Although CAR T cells have demonstrated efficacy in treating blood cancers, issues regarding their safety and potency have hindered the use of immunotherapies in a wider spectrum of diseases. Efforts to integrate developments in synthetic biology into immunotherapy have led to several advancements with the potential to expand the range of treatable diseases, fine-tune the desired immune response, and improve therapeutic cell potency. Here, we examine current synthetic biology advances that aim to improve on existing technologies and discuss the promise of the next generation of engineered immune cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iowis Zhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Dan I. Piraner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kole T. Roybal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA 8Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Gladstone UCSF Institute for Genetic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- UCSF Cell Design Institute, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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7
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Niktoreh N, Weber L, Walter C, Karimifard M, Hoffmeister LM, Breiter H, Thivakaran A, Soldierer M, Drexler HG, Schaal H, Sendker S, Reinhardt D, Schneider M, Hanenberg H. Understanding WT1 Alterations and Expression Profiles in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3491. [PMID: 37444601 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
WT1 is a true chameleon, both acting as an oncogene and tumor suppressor. As its exact role in leukemogenesis is still ambiguous, research with model systems representing natural conditions surrounding the genetic alterations in WT1 is necessary. In a cohort of 59 leukemia/lymphoma cell lines, we showed aberrant expression for WT1 mRNA, which does not always translate into protein levels. We also analyzed the expression pattern of the four major WT1 protein isoforms in the cell lines and primary AML blasts with/without WT1 mutations and demonstrated that the presence of mutations does not influence these patterns. By introduction of key intronic and exonic sequences of WT1 into a lentiviral expression vector, we developed a unique tool that can stably overexpress the four WT1 isoforms at their naturally occurring tissue-dependent ratio. To develop better cellular model systems for WT1, we sequenced large parts of its gene locus and also other important myeloid risk factor genes and revealed previously unknown alterations. Functionally, inhibition of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay machinery revealed that under natural conditions, the mutated WT1 alleles go through a robust degradation. These results offer new insights and model systems regarding the characteristics of WT1 in leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Niktoreh
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lisa Weber
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Christiane Walter
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Mahshad Karimifard
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Lina Marie Hoffmeister
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hannah Breiter
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aniththa Thivakaran
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Maren Soldierer
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Günther Drexler
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Technical University of Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Heiner Schaal
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephanie Sendker
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhardt
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Gerber HP, Presta LG. TCR mimic compounds for pHLA targeting with high potency modalities in oncology. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1027548. [PMID: 36338746 PMCID: PMC9635445 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1027548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
pHLA complexes represent the largest class of cell surface markers on cancer cells, making them attractive for targeted cancer therapies. Adoptive cell therapies expressing TCRs that recognize tumor specific pHLAs take advantage of the unique selectivity and avidity of TCR: pHLA interactions. More recently, additional protein binding domains binding to pHLAs, known as TCR mimics (TCRm), were developed for tumor targeting of high potency therapeutic modalities, including bispecifics, ADCs, CAR T and -NK cells. TCRm compounds take advantage of the exquisite tumor specificity of certain pHLA targets, including cell lineage commitment markers and cancer testis antigens (CTAs). To achieve meaningful anti-tumor responses, it is critical that TCRm compounds integrate both, high target binding affinities and a high degree of target specificity. In this review, we describe the most advanced approaches to achieve both criteria, including affinity- and specificity engineering of TCRs, antibodies and alternative protein scaffolds. We also discuss the status of current TCRm based therapeutics developed in the clinic, key challenges, and emerging trends to improve treatment options for cancer patients treated with TCRm based therapeutics in Oncology.
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Klatt MG, Dao T, Yang Z, Liu J, Mun SS, Dacek MM, Luo H, Gardner TJ, Bourne C, Peraro L, Aretz ZEH, Korontsvit T, Lau M, Kharas MG, Liu C, Scheinberg DA. A TCR mimic CAR T cell specific for NDC80 is broadly reactive with solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Blood 2022; 140:861-874. [PMID: 35427421 PMCID: PMC9412008 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021012882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Target identification for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies remains challenging due to the limited repertoire of tumor-specific surface proteins. Intracellular proteins presented in the context of cell surface HLA provide a wide pool of potential antigens targetable through T-cell receptor mimic antibodies. Mass spectrometry (MS) of HLA ligands from 8 hematologic and nonhematologic cancer cell lines identified a shared, non-immunogenic, HLA-A*02-restricted ligand (ALNEQIARL) derived from the kinetochore-associated NDC80 gene. CAR T cells directed against the ALNEQIARL:HLA-A*02 complex exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for recognition and killing of multiple cancer types, especially those of hematologic origin, and were efficacious in mouse models against a human leukemia and a solid tumor. In contrast, no toxicities toward resting or activated healthy leukocytes as well as hematopoietic stem cells were observed. This shows how MS can inform the design of broadly reactive therapeutic T-cell receptor mimic CAR T-cell therapies that can target multiple cancer types currently not druggable by small molecules, conventional CAR T cells, T cells, or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G Klatt
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Tao Dao
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Sung Soo Mun
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Megan M Dacek
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Hanzhi Luo
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Thomas J Gardner
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Christopher Bourne
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
- Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis Program and
| | - Leila Peraro
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Zita E H Aretz
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
- Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Tanya Korontsvit
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | - Michael Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Michael G Kharas
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
| | | | - David A Scheinberg
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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10
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Li Y, Jiang W, Mellins ED. TCR-like antibodies targeting autoantigen-mhc complexes: a mini-review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968432. [PMID: 35967436 PMCID: PMC9363607 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptide antigens bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (p/MHC) that are expressed on cell surfaces; while B cell-derived antibodies (Abs) recognize soluble or cell surface native antigens of various types (proteins, carbohydrates, etc.). Immune surveillance by T and B cells thus inspects almost all formats of antigens to mount adaptive immune responses against cancer cells, infectious organisms and other foreign insults, while maintaining tolerance to self-tissues. With contributions from environmental triggers, the development of autoimmune disease is thought to be due to the expression of MHC risk alleles by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) presenting self-antigen (autoantigen), breaking through self-tolerance and activating autoreactive T cells, which orchestrate downstream pathologic events. Investigating and treating autoimmune diseases have been challenging, both because of the intrinsic complexity of these diseases and the need for tools targeting T cell epitopes (autoantigen-MHC). Naturally occurring TCRs with relatively low (micromolar) affinities to p/MHC are suboptimal for autoantigen-MHC targeting, whereas the use of engineered TCRs and their derivatives (e.g., TCR multimers and TCR-engineered T cells) are limited by unpredictable cross-reactivity. As Abs generally have nanomolar affinity, recent advances in engineering TCR-like (TCRL) Abs promise advantages over their TCR counterparts for autoantigen-MHC targeting. Here, we compare the p/MHC binding by TCRs and TCRL Abs, review the strategies for generation of TCRL Abs, highlight their application for identification of autoantigen-presenting APCs, and discuss future directions and limitations of TCRL Abs as immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang, ; Elizabeth D. Mellins,
| | - Elizabeth D. Mellins
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Human Gene Therapy and Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wei Jiang, ; Elizabeth D. Mellins,
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11
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Rettko NJ, Campisi J, Wells JA. Engineering Antibodies Targeting p16 MHC-Peptide Complexes. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:545-555. [PMID: 35212540 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Senescent cells undergo a permanent cell cycle arrest and drive a host of age-related pathologies. Recent transgenic mouse models indicate that removing cells expressing the senescence marker p16Ink4a (p16) can increase median lifespan and delay the onset of many aging phenotypes. However, identifying and eliminating native human cells expressing p16 has remained a challenge. We hypothesize that senescent cells display peptides derived from p16 in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes on the cell surface that could serve as targetable antigens for antibody-based biologics. Using Fab-phage display technology, we generated antibodies that bind to a p16 MHC-peptide complex from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele HLA-B*35:01. When converted to single-chain Fab chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs, these antibodies can recognize naturally presented p16 MHC-peptide complexes on the surface of cells and activate Jurkat cells. Furthermore, we developed antibodies against predicted p16 MHC-peptide complexes for HLA-A*02:01 that specifically recognize their respective antigen on the surface of cells. These tools establish a platform to survey the surface of senescent cells and provide a potential novel senolytic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Rettko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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12
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Yamaguchi Y, Wakaizumi N, Irisa M, Maruno T, Shimada M, Shintani K, Nishiumi H, Yogo R, Yanaka S, Higo D, Torisu T, Kato K, Uchiyama S. The Fab portion of immunoglobulin G has sites in the CL domain that interact with Fc gamma receptor IIIa. MAbs 2022; 14:2038531. [PMID: 35291930 PMCID: PMC8932917 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2038531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between IgG and Fc gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) is essential for mediating immune responses. Recent studies have shown that the antigen binding fragment (Fab) and Fc are involved in IgG-FcγRIII interactions. Here, we conducted bio-layer interferometry (BLI) and isothermal titration calorimetry to measure the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters that define the role of Fab in forming the IgG-FcγRIII complex using several marketed therapeutic antibodies. Moreover, hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and crosslinking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) were used to clarify the interaction sites and structural changes upon formation of these IgG-FcγRIII complexes. The results showed that Fab in IgG facilitates the interaction via slower dissociation and a larger enthalpy gain. However, a larger entropy loss led to only a marginal change in the equilibrium dissociation constant. Combined HDX-MS and XL-MS analysis revealed that the CL domain of Fab in IgG was in close proximity to FcγRIIIa, indicating that this domain specifically interacts with the extracellular membrane-distal domain (D1) and membrane-proximal domain (D2) of FcγRIIIa. Together with previous studies, these results demonstrate that IgG-FcγRIII interactions are predominantly mediated by the binding of Fc to D2, and the Fab-FcγRIII interaction stabilizes complex formation. These interaction schemes were essentially fucosylation-independent, with Fc-D2 interactions enhanced by afucosylation and the contribution of Fab slightly reduced. Furthermore, the influence of antigen binding on IgG-FcγRIII interactions was also investigated. Combined BLI and HDX-MS results indicate that structural alterations in Fab caused by antigen binding facilitate stabilization of IgG-FcγRIII interactions. This report provides a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between IgG and FcγRIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mine Irisa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Shimada
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koya Shintani
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruka Nishiumi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rina Yogo
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Saeko Yanaka
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Torisu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Kato
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science (IMS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
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13
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Fabian KP, Hodge JW. The emerging role of off-the-shelf engineered natural killer cells in targeted cancer immunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:266-276. [PMID: 34761106 PMCID: PMC8560822 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that recognize and clear infected and transformed cells. The importance of NK cells in tumor surveillance underlies the development of NK cell therapy as cancer treatment. The NK-92 cell line has been successfully modified to express high-affinity CD16 receptor for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that can recognize antigens expressed on tumor cells and mediate NK cell activation. Since there is no need for human leukocyte antigen matching or prior exposure to the tumor antigens, NK-92 provides an opportunity for the development of next-generation off-the-shelf cell therapy platforms. CAR-engineered NK-92 cells have demonstrated robust antitumor activity in in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies, propelling the clinical development of CAR NK-92 cells. Preliminary phase 1 data indicate that CAR NK-92 can be safely administered in the clinic. In this review, we provide an overview of recent advances in the research and clinical application of this novel cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye P Fabian
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B09, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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14
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A Novel Peptide-MHC Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Forms a T Cell-like Immune Synapse. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121875. [PMID: 34944696 PMCID: PMC8699022 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a promising form of adoptive cell therapy that re-engineers patient-derived T cells to express a hybrid receptor specific to a tumour-specific antigen of choice. Many well-characterised tumour antigens are intracellular and therefore not accessible to antibodies at the cell surface. Therefore, the ability to target peptide-MHC tumour targets with antibodies is key for wider applicability of CAR T cell therapy in cancer. One way to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of ligating tumour target cells is studying the immune synapse. Here we generated a second-generation CAR to targeting the HLA-A*02:01 restricted H3.3K27M epitope, identified as a possible therapeutic target in ~75% of diffuse midline gliomas, used as a model antigen to study the immune synapse. The pMHCI-specific CAR demonstrated specificity, potent activation, cytokine secretion and cytotoxic function. Furthermore, we characterised killing kinetics using live cell imaging as well as CAR synapse confocal imaging. Here we provide evidence of robust CAR targeting of a model peptide-MHC antigen and that, in contrast to protein-specific CARs, these CARs form a TCR-like immune synapse which facilitates TCR-like killing kinetics.
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15
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Bashiri Dezfouli A, Yazdi M, Pockley AG, Khosravi M, Kobold S, Wagner E, Multhoff G. NK Cells Armed with Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CAR): Roadblocks to Successful Development. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123390. [PMID: 34943898 PMCID: PMC8699535 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, cell-based immunotherapies have demonstrated promising results in the treatment of cancer. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) arm effector cells with a weapon for targeting tumor antigens, licensing engineered cells to recognize and kill cancer cells. The quality of the CAR-antigen interaction strongly depends on the selected tumor antigen and its expression density on cancer cells. CD19 CAR-engineered T cells approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been most frequently applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies. Clinical challenges in their application primarily include cytokine release syndrome, neurological symptoms, severe inflammatory responses, and/or other off-target effects most likely mediated by cytotoxic T cells. As a consequence, there remains a significant medical need for more potent technology platforms leveraging cell-based approaches with enhanced safety profiles. A promising population that has been advanced is the natural killer (NK) cell, which can also be engineered with CARs. NK cells which belong to the innate arm of the immune system recognize and kill virally infected cells as well as (stressed) cancer cells in a major histocompatibility complex I independent manner. NK cells play an important role in the host’s immune defense against cancer due to their specialized lytic mechanisms which include death receptor (i.e., Fas)/death receptor ligand (i.e., Fas ligand) and granzyme B/perforin-mediated apoptosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, as well as their immunoregulatory potential via cytokine/chemokine release. To develop and implement a highly effective CAR NK cell-based therapy with low side effects, the following three principles which are specifically addressed in this review have to be considered: unique target selection, well-designed CAR, and optimized gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bashiri Dezfouli
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einstein Str. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-4140-6013
| | - Mina Yazdi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.Y.); (E.W.)
| | - Alan Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Mohammad Khosravi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-831351, Iran;
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 80337 Munich, Germany;
- German Center for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.Y.); (E.W.)
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research Technische Universität München (TranslaTUM), Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Einstein Str. 25, 81675 Munich, Germany;
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16
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Robinson RA, McMurran C, McCully ML, Cole DK. Engineering soluble T-cell receptors for therapy. FEBS J 2021; 288:6159-6173. [PMID: 33624424 PMCID: PMC8596704 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy approaches that target peptide-human leukocyte antigen (pHLA) complexes are becoming highly attractive because of their potential to access virtually all foreign and cellular proteins. For this reason, there has been considerable interest in the development of the natural ligand for pHLA, the T-cell receptor (TCR), as a soluble drug to target disease-associated pHLA presented at the cell surface. However, native TCR stability is suboptimal for soluble drug development, and natural TCRs generally have weak affinities for pHLAs, limiting their potential to reach efficacious receptor occupancy levels as soluble drugs. To overcome these limitations and make full use of the TCR as a soluble drug platform, several protein engineering solutions have been applied to TCRs to enhance both their stability and affinity, with a focus on retaining target specificity and selectivity. Here, we review these advances and look to the future for the next generation of soluble TCR-based therapies that can target monomorphic HLA-like proteins presenting both peptide and nonpeptide antigens.
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17
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Wang X, Sandberg ML, Martin AD, Negri KR, Gabrelow GB, Nampe DP, Wu ML, McElvain ME, Toledo Warshaviak D, Lee WH, Oh J, Daris ME, Chai F, Yao C, Furney J, Pigott C, Kamb A, Xu H. Potent, Selective CARs as Potential T-Cell Therapeutics for HPV-positive Cancers. J Immunother 2021; 44:292-306. [PMID: 34432728 PMCID: PMC8415731 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation T-cell therapies will likely continue to utilize T-cell receptors (TCRs) and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) because each receptor type has advantages. TCRs often possess exceptional properties even when tested unmodified from patients' T cells. CARs are generally less sensitive, possibly because their ligand-binding domains are grafted from antibodies selected for binding affinity or avidity and not broadly optimized for a functional response. Because of the disconnect between binding and function among these receptor types, the ultimate potential of CARs optimized for sensitivity and selectivity is not clear. Here, we focus on a thoroughly studied immuno-oncology target, the HLA-A*02/HPV-E629-38 complex, and show that CARs can be optimized by a combination of high-throughput binding screens and low-throughput functional assays to have comparable activity to clinical TCRs in acute assays in vitro. These results provide a case study for the challenges and opportunities of optimizing high-performing CARs, especially in the context of targets utilized naturally by TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julyun Oh
- A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, CA
| | | | - Falene Chai
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christine Yao
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James Furney
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Craig Pigott
- Innovative Targeting Solutions, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Han Xu
- A2 Biotherapeutics, Agoura Hills, CA
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18
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Duan Z, Ho M. T-Cell Receptor Mimic Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1533-1541. [PMID: 34172530 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapies show clinical effectiveness in various cancer types. However, the target repertoire is limited to surface or soluble antigens, which are a relatively small percentage of the cancer proteome. Most proteins of the human proteome are intracellular. Short peptides from intracellular targets can be presented by MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules on cell surface, making them potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. Antibodies can be developed to target these peptide/MHC complexes, similar to the recognition of such complexes by the T-cell receptor (TCR). These antibodies are referred to as T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) or TCR-like antibodies. Ongoing preclinical and clinical studies will help us understand their mechanisms of action and selection of target epitopes for immunotherapy. The present review will summarize and discuss the selection of intracellular antigens, production of the peptide/MHC complexes, isolation of TCRm antibodies for therapeutic applications, limitations of TCRm antibodies, and possible ways to advance TCRm antibody-based approaches into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Duan
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mitchell Ho
- Antibody Engineering Program, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. .,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Poorebrahim M, Mohammadkhani N, Mahmoudi R, Gholizadeh M, Fakhr E, Cid-Arregui A. TCR-like CARs and TCR-CARs targeting neoepitopes: an emerging potential. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:581-589. [PMID: 33654227 PMCID: PMC8203496 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00307-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neoepitopes or neoantigens are a spectrum of unique mutations presented in a particular patient's tumor. Neoepitope-based adoptive therapies have the potential of tumor eradication without undue damaging effect on normal tissues. In this context, methods based on the T cell receptor (TCR) engineering or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown great promise. This review focuses on the TCR-like CARs and TCR-CARs directed against tumor-derived epitopes, with a concerted view on neoepitopes. We also address the current limitations of the field to know how to harness the full benefits of this approach and thereby design a sustained and specific antitumor therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Poorebrahim
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Niloufar Mohammadkhani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Monireh Gholizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Fakhr
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angel Cid-Arregui
- Targeted Tumor Vaccines Group, Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Vanhooren J, Derpoorter C, Depreter B, Deneweth L, Philippé J, De Moerloose B, Lammens T. TARP as antigen in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3061-3068. [PMID: 34050774 PMCID: PMC8164403 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02972-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, immunotherapy has become a pivotal element in cancer treatment. A remaining challenge is the identification of cancer-associated antigens suitable as targets for immunotherapeutics with potent on-target and few off-tumor effects. The T-cell receptor gamma (TCRγ) chain alternate reading frame protein (TARP) was first discovered in the human prostate and androgen-sensitive prostate cancer. Thereafter, TARP was also identified in breast and endometrial cancers, salivary gland tumors, and pediatric and adult acute myeloid leukemia. Interestingly, TARP promotes tumor cell proliferation and migration, which is reflected in an association with worse survival. TARP expression in malignant cells, its role in oncogenesis, and its limited expression in normal tissues raised interest in its potential utility as a therapeutic target, and led to development of immunotherapeutic targeting strategies. In this review, we provide an overview of TARP expression, its role in different cancer types, and currently investigated TARP-directed immunotherapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Vanhooren
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Derpoorter
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara Depreter
- Department of Haematology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Larissa Deneweth
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Philippé
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Barbara De Moerloose
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim Lammens
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Chaudhry K, Dowlati E, Bollard CM. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells: a promising cancer immunotherapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:643-659. [PMID: 33821731 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1911648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:Widespread success of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of hematological malignancies have shifted the focus from conventional cancer treatments toward adoptive immunotherapy. There are major efforts to improve CAR constructs and to identify new target antigens. Even though the Food and Drug Administration has approved commercialization of some CD19 CART cell therapies, there are still some limitations that restrict their widespread clinical use. The manufacture of autologous products for individual patients is logistically cumbersome and expensive and allogeneic T cell products may pose an appreciable risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).Areas covered:Natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive alternative for CART-based immunotherapies. They have the innate ability to detect and eliminate malignant cells and are safer in the 'off-the-shelf' setting. This review discusses the current progress within the CAR NK cell field, including the challenges, and future prospects. Gene engineered NK cells was used as the search term in PubMed and Google Scholar through to December 2020.Expert opinion:CAR NK cell therapies hold promise as an 'off-the-shelf' cell therapy for cancer. It is hoped that an enhanced understanding of their immunobiology and molecular mechanisms of action will improve their in vivo potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Chaudhry
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA
| | - Ehsan Dowlati
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA.,GW Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, WA, USA.,Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, WA, USA
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22
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Greenman R, Pizem Y, Haus-Cohen M, Horev G, Denkberg G, Shen-Orr S, Rubinstein J, Reiter Y. Phenotypic Models of CAR T-Cell Activation Elucidate the Pivotal Regulatory Role of CAR Downmodulation. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:946-957. [PMID: 33649103 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) showed limited potency in solid tumors, despite durable remissions for hematopoietic malignancies. Therefore, an investigation of ways to enhance the efficacy of CARs' antitumor response has been engaged upon. We previously examined the interplay between the biophysical parameters of CAR binding (i.e., affinity, avidity, and antigen density), as regulators of CAR T-cell activity and detected nonmonotonic behaviors of affinity and antigen density and an interrelation between avidity and antigen density. Here, we built an evolving phenotypic model of CAR T-cell regulation, which suggested that receptor downmodulation is a key determinant of CAR T-cell function. We verified this assumption by measuring and manipulating receptor downmodulation and intracellular signaling processes. CAR downmodulation inhibition, via actin polymerization inhibition, but not inhibition of regulatory inhibitory phosphatases, was able to increase CAR T-cell responses. In addition, we documented trogocytosis in CAR T cells that depends on actin polymerization. In summary, our study modeled the parameters that govern CAR T-cell engagement and revealed an underappreciated mechanism of T-cell regulation. These results have a potential to predict and therefore advance the rational design of CAR T cells for adoptive cell treatments.See related article on p. 872.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Greenman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoav Pizem
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Haus-Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Horev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Shai Shen-Orr
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jacob Rubinstein
- Faculty of Mathematics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Reiter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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23
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Greenman R, Pizem Y, Haus-Cohen M, Goor A, Horev G, Denkberg G, Sinik K, Elbaz Y, Bronner V, Levin AG, Horn G, Shen-Orr S, Reiter Y. Shaping Functional Avidity of CAR T Cells: Affinity, Avidity, and Antigen Density That Regulate Response. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:872-884. [PMID: 33649106 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are immunoreceptors that redirect T cells to selectively kill tumor cells. Given their clinical successes in hematologic malignancies, there is a strong aspiration to advance this immunotherapy for solid cancers; hence, molecular CAR design and careful target choice are crucial for their function. To evaluate the functional significance of the biophysical properties of CAR binding (i.e., affinity, avidity, and antigen density), we generated an experimental system in which these properties are controllable. We constructed and characterized a series of CARs, which target the melanoma tumor-associated antigen Tyr/HLA-A2, and in which the affinity of the single-chain Fv binding domains ranged in KD from 4 to 400 nmol/L. These CARs were transduced into T cells, and each CAR T-cell population was sorted by the level of receptor expression. Finally, the various CAR T cells were encountered with target cells that present different levels of the target antigen. We detected nonmonotonic behaviors of affinity and antigen density, and an interrelation between avidity and antigen density. Antitumor activity measurements in vitro and in vivo corroborated these observations. Our study contributes to the understanding of CAR T-cell function and regulation, having the potential to improve therapies by the rational design of CAR T cells.See related article on p. 946.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raanan Greenman
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoav Pizem
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maya Haus-Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alona Goor
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Guy Horev
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Galit Horn
- Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center (TASMC), Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Shen-Orr
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Reiter
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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24
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Lee SY, Ko DH, Son MJ, Kim JA, Jung K, Kim YS. Affinity Maturation of a T-Cell Receptor-Like Antibody Specific for a Cytomegalovirus pp65-Derived Peptide Presented by HLA-A*02:01. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052349. [PMID: 33652936 PMCID: PMC7956451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is widespread among adults (60–90%) and is usually undetected in healthy individuals without symptoms but can cause severe diseases in immunocompromised hosts. T-cell receptor (TCR)-like antibodies (Abs), which recognize complex antigens (peptide–MHC complex, pMHC) composed of MHC molecules with embedded short peptides derived from intracellular proteins, including pathogenic viral proteins, can serve as diagnostic and/or therapeutic agents. In this study, we aimed to engineer a TCR-like Ab specific for pMHC comprising a CMV pp65 protein-derived peptide (495NLVPMVATV503; hereafter, CMVpp65495-503) in complex with MHC-I molecule human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*02:01 (CMVpp65495-503/HLA-A*02:01) to increase affinity by sequential mutagenesis of complementarity-determining regions using yeast surface display technology. Compared with the parental Ab, the final generated Ab (C1-17) showed ~67-fold enhanced binding affinity (KD ≈ 5.2 nM) for the soluble pMHC, thereby detecting the cell surface-displayed CMVpp65495-503/HLA-A*02:01 complex with high sensitivity and exquisite specificity. Thus, the new high-affinity TCR-like Ab may be used for the detection and treatment of CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Young Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (D.-H.K.); (M.-J.S.); (J.-A.K.)
| | - Deok-Han Ko
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (D.-H.K.); (M.-J.S.); (J.-A.K.)
| | - Min-Jeong Son
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (D.-H.K.); (M.-J.S.); (J.-A.K.)
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (D.-H.K.); (M.-J.S.); (J.-A.K.)
| | - Keunok Jung
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea; (S.-Y.L.); (D.-H.K.); (M.-J.S.); (J.-A.K.)
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-219-2662; Fax: +82-31-219-1610
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25
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Zuo Z, Wu T, Pan L, Zuo C, Hu Y, Luo X, Jiang L, Xia Z, Xiao X, Liu J, Ye M, Deng M. Modalities and Mechanisms of Treatment for Coronavirus Disease 2019. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:583914. [PMID: 33643033 PMCID: PMC7908061 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.583914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading rapidly throughout the world. Although COVID-19 has a relatively low case severity rate compared to SARS and Middle East Respiratory syndrome it is a major public concern because of its rapid spread and devastating impact on the global economy. Scientists and clinicians are urgently trying to identify drugs to combat the virus with hundreds of clinical trials underway. Current treatments could be divided into two major part: anti-viral agents and host system modulatory agents. On one hand, anti-viral agents focus on virus infection process. Umifenovir blocks virus recognizing host and entry. Remdesivir inhibits virus replication. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine involve preventing the whole infection process, including virus transcription and release. On the other hand, host system modulatory agents are associated with regulating the imbalanced inflammatory reaction and biased immune system. Corticosteroid is believed to be commonly used for repressing hyper-inflammation, which is one of the major pathologic mechanisms of COVID-19. Convalescent plasma and neutralizing antibodies provide essential elements for host immune system and create passive immunization. Thrombotic events are at high incidence in COVID-19 patients, thus anti-platelet and anti-coagulation are crucial, as well. Here, we summarized these current or reproposed agents to better understand the mechanisms of agents and give an update of present research situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liangyu Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chenzhe Zuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingchuo Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Hunan Yuanpin Cell Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Liping Jiang
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zanxian Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Molecular Engineering for Theranostics, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Meichun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics and Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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26
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Holland CJ, Crean RM, Pentier JM, de Wet B, Lloyd A, Srikannathasan V, Lissin N, Lloyd KA, Blicher TH, Conroy PJ, Hock M, Pengelly RJ, Spinner TE, Cameron B, Potter EA, Jeyanthan A, Molloy PE, Sami M, Aleksic M, Liddy N, Robinson RA, Harper S, Lepore M, Pudney CR, van der Kamp MW, Rizkallah PJ, Jakobsen BK, Vuidepot A, Cole DK. Specificity of bispecific T cell receptors and antibodies targeting peptide-HLA. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2673-2688. [PMID: 32310221 DOI: 10.1172/jci130562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated peptide-human leukocyte antigen complexes (pHLAs) represent the largest pool of cell surface-expressed cancer-specific epitopes, making them attractive targets for cancer therapies. Soluble bispecific molecules that incorporate an anti-CD3 effector function are being developed to redirect T cells against these targets using 2 different approaches. The first achieves pHLA recognition via affinity-enhanced versions of natural TCRs (e.g., immune-mobilizing monoclonal T cell receptors against cancer [ImmTAC] molecules), whereas the second harnesses an antibody-based format (TCR-mimic antibodies). For both classes of reagent, target specificity is vital, considering the vast universe of potential pHLA molecules that can be presented on healthy cells. Here, we made use of structural, biochemical, and computational approaches to investigate the molecular rules underpinning the reactivity patterns of pHLA-targeting bispecifics. We demonstrate that affinity-enhanced TCRs engage pHLA using a comparatively broad and balanced energetic footprint, with interactions distributed over several HLA and peptide side chains. As ImmTAC molecules, these TCRs also retained a greater degree of pHLA selectivity, with less off-target activity in cellular assays. Conversely, TCR-mimic antibodies tended to exhibit binding modes focused more toward hot spots on the HLA surface and exhibited a greater degree of crossreactivity. Our findings extend our understanding of the basic principles that underpin pHLA selectivity and exemplify a number of molecular approaches that can be used to probe the specificity of pHLA-targeting molecules, aiding the development of future reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rory M Crean
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry and.,Doctoral Training Centre in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ben de Wet
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Katy A Lloyd
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul J Conroy
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Hock
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Brian Cameron
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Malkit Sami
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Milos Aleksic
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Marco Lepore
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - David K Cole
- Immunocore Ltd., Milton Park, Abingdon, United Kingdom.,Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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27
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Caldwell KJ, Gottschalk S, Talleur AC. Allogeneic CAR Cell Therapy-More Than a Pipe Dream. Front Immunol 2021; 11:618427. [PMID: 33488631 PMCID: PMC7821739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.618427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy using immune cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown promise, particularly for the treatment of hematological malignancies. To date, the majority of clinically evaluated CAR cell products have been derived from autologous immune cells. While this strategy can be effective it also imposes several constraints regarding logistics. This includes i) availability of center to perform leukapheresis, ii) necessity for shipment to and from processing centers, and iii) time requirements for product manufacture and clinical release testing. In addition, previous cytotoxic therapies can negatively impact the effector function of autologous immune cells, which may then affect efficacy and/or durability of resultant CAR products. The use of allogeneic CAR cell products generated using cells from healthy donors has the potential to overcome many of these limitations, including through generation of “off the shelf” products. However, allogeneic CAR cell products come with their own challenges, including potential to induce graft-versus-host-disease, as well as risk of immune-mediated rejection by the host. Here we will review promises and challenges of allogeneic CAR immunotherapies, including those being investigated in preclinical models and/or early phase clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J Caldwell
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Aimee C Talleur
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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28
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Dragon AC, Zimmermann K, Nerreter T, Sandfort D, Lahrberg J, Klöß S, Kloth C, Mangare C, Bonifacius A, Tischer-Zimmermann S, Blasczyk R, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Uchanska-Ziegler B, Abken H, Schambach A, Hudecek M, Eiz-Vesper B. CAR-T cells and TRUCKs that recognize an EBNA-3C-derived epitope presented on HLA-B*35 control Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferation. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000736. [PMID: 33127653 PMCID: PMC7604878 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunosuppressive therapy or T-cell depletion in transplant patients can cause uncontrolled growth of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected B cells resulting in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). Current treatment options do not distinguish between healthy and malignant B cells and are thereby often limited by severe side effects in the already immunocompromised patients. To specifically target EBV-infected B cells, we developed a novel peptide-selective chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) based on the monoclonal antibody TÜ165 which recognizes an Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA)−3C-derived peptide in HLA-B*35 context in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-like manner. In order to attract additional immune cells to proximity of PTLD cells, based on the TÜ165 CAR, we moreover generated T cells redirected for universal cytokine-mediated killing (TRUCKs), which induce interleukin (IL)-12 release on target contact. Methods TÜ165-based CAR-T cells (CAR-Ts) and TRUCKs with inducible IL-12 expression in an all-in-one construct were generated. Functionality of the engineered cells was assessed in co-cultures with EBNA-3C-peptide-loaded, HLA-B*35-expressing K562 cells and EBV-infected B cells as PTLD model. IL-12, secreted by TRUCKs on target contact, was further tested for its chemoattractive and activating potential towards monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Results After co-cultivation with EBV target cells, TÜ165 CAR-Ts and TRUCKs showed an increased activation marker expression (CD137, CD25) and release of proinflammatory cytokines (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α). Moreover, TÜ165 CAR-Ts and TRUCKs released apoptosis-inducing mediators (granzyme B and perforin) and were capable to specifically lyse EBV-positive target cells. Live cell imaging revealed a specific attraction of TÜ165 CAR-Ts around EBNA-3C-peptide-loaded target cells. Of note, TÜ165 TRUCKs with inducible IL-12 showed highly improved effector functions and additionally led to recruitment of monocyte and NK cell lines. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that TÜ165 CAR-Ts recognize EBV peptide/HLA complexes in a TCR-like manner and thereby allow for recognizing an intracellular EBV target. TÜ165 TRUCKs equipped with inducible IL-12 expression responded even more effectively and released IL-12 recruited additional immune cells which are generally missing in proximity of lymphoproliferation in immunocompromised PTLD patients. This suggests a new and promising strategy to specifically target EBV-infected cells while sparing and mobilizing healthy immune cells and thereby enable control of EBV-associated lymphoproliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christina Dragon
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Katharina Zimmermann
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Thomas Nerreter
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Deborah Sandfort
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Julia Lahrberg
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Stephan Klöß
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Christina Kloth
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Caroline Mangare
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Agnes Bonifacius
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Sabine Tischer-Zimmermann
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Rainer Blasczyk
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | | | - Hinrich Abken
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Department of Genetic Immunotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute for Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Hudecek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Wuerzburg, Bayern, Germany
| | - Britta Eiz-Vesper
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Niedersachsen, Germany
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29
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Ortega PA, Silva-Miranda M, Torres-Larios A, Campos-Chávez E, Franken KCLCM, Ottenhoff THM, Ivanyi J, Espitia C. Selection of a Single Domain Antibody, Specific for an HLA-Bound Epitope of the Mycobacterial Ag85B Antigen. Front Immunol 2020; 11:577815. [PMID: 33117380 PMCID: PMC7564862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells recognizing epitopes on the surface of mycobacteria-infected macrophages can impart protection, but with associated risk for reactivation to lung pathology. We aimed to identify antibodies specific to such epitopes, which carry potentials for development toward novel therapeutic constructs. Since epitopes presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex alleles are rarely recognized by naturally produced antibodies, we used a phage display library for the identification of monoclonal human single domain antibody producing clones. The selected 2C clone displayed T cell receptor-like recognition of an HLA-A*0201 bound 199KLVANNTRL207 peptide from the Ag85B antigen, which is known to be an immunodominant epitope for human T cells. The specificity of the selected domain antibody was demonstrated by solid phase immunoassay and by immunofluorescent surface staining of peptide loaded cells of the T2 cell line. The antibody affinity binding was determined by biolayer interferometry. Our results validated the used technologies as suitable for the generation of antibodies against epitopes on the surface of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected cells. The potential approaches forward the development of antibody in immunotherapy of tuberculosis have been outlined in the discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola A Ortega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mayra Silva-Miranda
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,CONACyT-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfredo Torres-Larios
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Eduardo Campos-Chávez
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Kees C L C M Franken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Juraj Ivanyi
- Center for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Espitia
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México.,Center for Host-Microbiome Interactions, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Zhu L, Yang X, Zhong D, Xie S, Shi W, Li Y, Hou X, HuaYao, Zhou H, Zhao M, Ding Z, Zhao X, Mo F, Yin S, Liu A, Lu X. Single-Domain Antibody-Based TCR-Like CAR-T: A Potential Cancer Therapy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:2454907. [PMID: 32964055 PMCID: PMC7492946 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2454907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retargeting the antigen-binding specificity of T cells to intracellular antigens that are degraded and presented on the tumor surface by engineering chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), also named TCR-like antibody CAR-T, remains limited. With the exception of the commercialized CD19 CAR-T for hematological malignancies and other CAR-T therapies aiming mostly at extracellular antigens achieving great success, the rareness and scarcity of TCR-like CAR-T therapies might be due to their current status and limitations. This review provides the probable optimized initiatives for improving TCR-like CAR-T reprogramming and discusses single-domain antibodies administered as an alternative to conventional scFvs and secreted by CAR-T cells, which might be of great value to the development of CAR-T immunotherapies for intracellular antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/adverse effects
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichen Zhu
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Dani Zhong
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Department of Chemotherapy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shenxia Xie
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yangzi Li
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Hou
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- School of Preclinical Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - HuaYao
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Huihui Zhou
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Minlong Zhao
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xinyue Zhao
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Fengzhen Mo
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Shihua Yin
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Aiqun Liu
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Nanobody Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- School of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
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31
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Kurosawa N, Midorikawa A, Ida K, Fudaba YW, Isobe M. Development of a T-cell receptor mimic antibody targeting a novel Wilms tumor 1-derived peptide and analysis of its specificity. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3516-3526. [PMID: 32770595 PMCID: PMC7540971 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is an intracellular tumor‐associated antigen that remains inaccessible to antibodies. Recently, T‐cell receptor (TCR) mimic antibodies (TCRm‐Abs), which recognize peptides loaded on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) with higher specificity and affinity than TCR, have been developed as a new antibody class that can target intracellular antigens. To expand the therapeutic targets in tumors with WT1, we developed TCRm‐Abs targeting a novel HLA‐A*02:01‐restricted peptide, WT1C (ALLPAVPSL), and validated their specificity using multiple techniques. Screening of these antibodies by ELISA with a panel of peptide/HLA complexes and by glycine scanning of peptide‐pulsed T2 cells identified one specific clone, #25‐8. Despite the low risk for eliciting broad cross–reactivity of this TCRm‐Ab, analysis of a panel of cell lines, in conjunction with exogenous expression of either or both the HLA‐A*02:01 and WT1 genes in HeLa cells, revealed that #25‐8 reacts with WT1C but also with unknown peptides in the context of HLA‐A*02:01. This potentially dangerous cross–reactivity was confirmed through analysis using chimeric antigen receptor T‐cells carrying the single‐chain variable fragment of #25‐8, which targets WT1‐negative HeLa/A02 cells. To determine the cross–reactive profiles of #25‐8, we applied the PresentER antigen presentation platform with the #25‐8‐recognition motif, which enables the identification of potential off–target peptides expressed in the human proteome. Our results demonstrate the potential of TCRm‐Abs to target a variety of peptides in the context of HLA but also depict the need for systematic validation to identify the cross–reactive peptides for the prediction of off–target toxicity in future clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kurosawa
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Aki Midorikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kenta Ida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering for Education, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuka Wakata Fudaba
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Isobe
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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32
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Ishay Y, Kessler A, Schwarts A, Ilan Y. Antibody response to SARS-Co-V-2, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:1731-1743. [PMID: 32904861 PMCID: PMC7461510 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is comprised of both cellular and humoral arms. While current diagnostic methods are mainly based on PCR, they suffer from insensitivity. Therefore, antibody-based serological tests are being developed to achieve higher sensitivity and specificity. Current efforts in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection include blocking of viral entry into the host cells, prohibiting viral replication and survival in the host cells, or reducing the exaggerated host immune response. Administration of convalescent plasma containing anti-viral antibodies was proposed to improve the outcome in severe cases. In this paper, we review some of the aspects associated with the development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and their potential use for improved diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Asa Kessler
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Asaf Schwarts
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Department of Medicine Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center Jerusalem Israel
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33
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Adaptive T cell immunotherapy in cancer. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:363-371. [PMID: 32712831 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1713-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired tumor-specific effector T cells contribute to tumor progression and unfavorable clinical outcomes. As a compensatory T cell-dependent cancer immunoediting strategy, adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has achieved encouraging therapeutic results, and this strategy is now on the center stage of cancer treatment and research. ACT involves the ex vivo stimulation and expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with inherent tumor reactivity or T cells that have been genetically modified to express the cognate chimeric antigen receptor or T cell receptor (CAR/TCR), followed by the passive transfer of these cells into a lymphodepleted host. Primed T cells must provide highly efficient and long-lasting immune defense against transformed cells during ACT. Anin-depth understanding of the basic mechanisms of these living drugs can help us improve upon current strategies and design better next-generation T cell-based immunotherapies. From this perspective, we provide an overview of current developments in different ACT strategies, with a focus on frontier clinical trials that offer a proof of principle. Meanwhile, insights into the determinants of ACT are discussed, which will lead to more rational, potent and widespread applications in the future.
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34
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Shirayanagi T, Aoki S, Fujimori S, Watanabe K, Aida T, Hirasawa M, Kumagai K, Hoshino T, Ito K. Detection of Abacavir-Induced Structural Alterations in Human Leukocyte Antigen-B*57 : 01 Using Phage Display. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1007-1015. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Shirayanagi
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Shigeki Aoki
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Sota Fujimori
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Tetsuo Aida
- Medicinal Safety Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | - Makoto Hirasawa
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd
| | | | - Tyuji Hoshino
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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35
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Zhou G, Zhao Q. Perspectives on therapeutic neutralizing antibodies against the Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1718-1723. [PMID: 32226289 PMCID: PMC7098029 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly identified novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is causing pneumonia-associated respiratory syndrome across the world. Epidemiology, genomics, and pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 show high homology with that of SARS-CoV. Current efforts are focusing on development of specific antiviral drugs. Therapeutic neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 will be greatly important therapeutic agents for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Herein, the host immune responses against SARS-CoV discussed in this review provide implications for developing NAbs and understanding clinical interventions against SARS-CoV-2. Further, we describe the benefits, challenges and considerations of NAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Although many challenges exist, NAbs still offer a therapeutic option to control the current pandemic and the possible re-emergence of the virus in the future, and their development therefore remains a high priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SPR, China
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36
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Akatsuka Y. TCR-Like CAR-T Cells Targeting MHC-Bound Minor Histocompatibility Antigens. Front Immunol 2020; 11:257. [PMID: 32184779 PMCID: PMC7058980 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAgs) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are highly immunogenic as they are foreign antigens and cause polymorphism between donors and recipients. Adoptive cell therapy with mHAg-specific T cells may be an effective option for therapy against recurring hematological malignancies following transplantation. Genetically modified T cells with T cell receptors (TCRs) specific to mHAgs have been developed, but formation of mispaired chimeric TCRs between endogenous and exogenous TCR chains may compromise their function. An alternative approach is the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells with TCR-like specificity whose CAR transmembrane and intracellular domains do not compete with endogenous TCR for CD3 complexes and transmit their own activation signals. However, it has been shown that the recognition of low-density antigens by high-affinity CAR-T cells has poor sensitivity and specificity. This mini review focuses on the potential for and limitations of TCR-like CAR-T cells in targeting human leukocyte antigen-bound peptide antigens, based on their recognition mechanisms and their application in targeting mHAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Akatsuka
- Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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37
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Finding the Keys to the CAR: Identifying Novel Target Antigens for T Cell Redirection Immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020515. [PMID: 31947597 PMCID: PMC7014258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncology immunotherapy has been a significant advancement in cancer treatment and involves harnessing and redirecting a patient’s immune response towards their own tumour. Specific recognition and elimination of tumour cells was first proposed over a century ago with Paul Erlich’s ‘magic bullet’ theory of therapy. In the past decades, targeting cancer antigens by redirecting T cells with antibodies using either bispecific T cell engagers (BiTEs) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has achieved impressive clinical responses. Despite recent successes in haematological cancers, linked to a high and uniformly expressed CD19 antigen, the efficacy of T cell therapies in solid cancers has been disappointing, in part due to antigen escape. Targeting heterogeneous solid tumours with T cell therapies will require the identification of novel tumour specific targets. These targets can be found among a range of cell-surface expressed antigens, including proteins, glycolipids or carbohydrates. In this review, we will introduce the current tumour target antigen classification, outline existing approaches to discover novel tumour target antigens and discuss considerations for future design of antibodies with a focus on their use in CAR T cells.
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38
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Vanmeerbeek I, Sprooten J, De Ruysscher D, Tejpar S, Vandenberghe P, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Garg AD. Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in immuno-oncology. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1703449. [PMID: 32002302 PMCID: PMC6959434 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1703449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The term ‘immunogenic cell death’ (ICD) denotes an immunologically unique type of regulated cell death that enables, rather than suppresses, T cell-driven immune responses that are specific for antigens derived from the dying cells. The ability of ICD to elicit adaptive immunity heavily relies on the immunogenicity of dying cells, implying that such cells must encode and present antigens not covered by central tolerance (antigenicity), and deliver immunostimulatory molecules such as damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines (adjuvanticity). Moreover, the host immune system must be equipped to detect the antigenicity and adjuvanticity of dying cells. As cancer (but not normal) cells express several antigens not covered by central tolerance, they can be driven into ICD by some therapeutic agents, including (but not limited to) chemotherapeutics of the anthracycline family, oxaliplatin and bortezomib, as well as radiation therapy. In this Trial Watch, we describe current trends in the preclinical and clinical development of ICD-eliciting chemotherapy as partner for immunotherapy, with a focus on trials assessing efficacy in the context of immunomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaure Vanmeerbeek
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Sprooten
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology (MAASTRO Clinic), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Tejpar
- Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenberghe
- Department of Haematology, UZ Leuven, and Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,INSERM, U1015, Villejuif, France.,Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research & Therapy (CDRT) unit, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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39
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Targeting mutant p53-expressing tumours with a T cell receptor-like antibody specific for a wild-type antigen. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5382. [PMID: 31772160 PMCID: PMC6879612 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of mutant p53 proteins is frequently found in a wide range of cancers. While conventional antibodies fail to target intracellular proteins, proteosomal degradation results in the presentation of p53-derived peptides on the tumour cell surface by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Elevated levels of such p53-derived peptide-MHCs on tumour cells potentially differentiate them from healthy tissues. Here, we report the engineering of an affinity-matured human antibody, P1C1TM, specific for the unmutated p53125-134 peptide in complex with the HLA-A24 class I MHC molecule. We show that P1C1TM distinguishes between mutant and wild-type p53 expressing HLA-A24+ cells, and mediates antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity of mutant p53 expressing cells in vitro. Furthermore, we show that cytotoxic PNU-159682-P1C1TM drug conjugates specifically inhibit growth of mutant p53 expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. Hence, p53-associated peptide-MHCs are attractive targets for the immunotherapy against mutant p53 expressing tumours. Several cancers harbour mutant p53 and express higher levels of p53-derived peptide-MHCs. Here, the authors report affinity matured human antibody, P1C1TM, specific for the p53125-134 peptide in complex with the HLA-A24 class I MHC molecule and show its efficacy and specificity for mutant p53 expressing tumours.
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40
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Yang X, Xie S, Yang X, Cueva JC, Hou X, Tang Z, Yao H, Mo F, Yin S, Liu A, Lu X. Opportunities and Challenges for Antibodies against Intracellular Antigens. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:7792-7806. [PMID: 31695801 PMCID: PMC6831482 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are one most significant advances in immunotherapy, the development of antibodies against disease-associated MHC-peptide complexes led to the introduction of TCR-like antibodies. TCR-like antibodies combine the recognition of intracellular proteins with the therapeutic potency and versatility of monoclonal antibodies (mAb), offering an unparalleled opportunity to expand the repertoire of therapeutic antibodies available to treat diseases like cancer. This review details the current state of TCR-like antibodies and describes their production, mechanisms as well as their applications. In addition, it presents an insight on the challenges that they must overcome in order to become commercially and clinically validated.
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41
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Novel chimeric antigen receptor T cells based on T-cell receptor-like antibodies. BLOOD SCIENCE 2019; 1:144-147. [PMID: 35402807 PMCID: PMC8975006 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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42
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He Q, Liu Z, Liu Z, Lai Y, Zhou X, Weng J. TCR-like antibodies in cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:99. [PMID: 31521180 PMCID: PMC6744646 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been regarded as the most significant scientific breakthrough of 2013, and antibody therapy is at the core of this breakthrough. Despite significant success achieved in recent years, it is still difficult to target intracellular antigens of tumor cells with traditional antibodies, and novel therapeutic strategies are needed. T cell receptor (TCR)-like antibodies comprise a novel family of antibodies that can recognize peptide/MHC complexes on tumor cell surfaces. TCR-like antibodies can execute specific and significant anti-tumor immunity through several distinct molecular mechanisms, and the success of this type of antibody therapy in melanoma, leukemia, and breast, colon, and prostate tumor models has excited researchers in the immunotherapy field. Here, we summarize the generation strategy, function, and molecular mechanisms of TCR-like antibodies described in publications, focusing on the most significant discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua He
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Yuxiong Lai
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xinke Zhou
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Jinsheng Weng
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1414 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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43
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Shen Y, Li YM, Zhou JJ, Zhou Z, Xu YC, Zhao WB, Chen SQ. The Antitumor Activity of TCR-Mimic Antibody-Drug Conjugates (TCRm-ADCs) Targeting the Intracellular Wilms Tumor 1 (WT1) Oncoprotein. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163912. [PMID: 31408937 PMCID: PMC6720711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) oncoprotein is an intracellular oncogenic transcription factor which is barely expressed in normal adult tissues but over expressed in a variety of leukemias and solid cancers. WT1-derived HLA-A*02:01 T cell epitope, RMFPNAPYL (RMF), is a validated target for T cell-based immunotherapy. We generated two T cell receptor mimic antibody-drug conjugates (TCRm-ADCs), ESK-MMAE, and Q2L-MMAE, against WT1 RMF/HLA-A*02:01 complex with distinct affinities, which mediate specific antitumor activity. Although ESK-MMAE showed higher tumor growth inhibition ratio in vivo, the efficacy of them was not so promising, which might be due to low expression of peptide/HLA targets. Therefore, we explored a bispecific TCRm-ADC that exerted more potent tumor cytotoxicity compared with TCRm-ADCs. Hence, our findings validate the feasibility of the presenting intracellular peptides as the targets of ADCs, which broadens the antigen selection range of antibody-based drugs and provides new strategies for precision medicine in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying-Chun Xu
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhao
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shu-Qing Chen
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Biopharmaceutics & Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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44
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Chen S, Zha X, Wei W, Li Y. Identification of TCR Vβ11-2- Dβ1- Jβ1-1 T cell clone specific for WT1 peptides using high-throughput TCRβ gene sequencing. Biomark Res 2019; 7:12. [PMID: 31223481 PMCID: PMC6570921 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a TCR Vβ21 T cell clone which was specific to CML patients, and demonstrated that TCR Vα13/β21 gene-modified CD3+ T cells had specific cytotoxicity for HLA-A11+ K562 cells. However, it remains unclear which antigen is specifically recognized by the TCR Vβ21 T cell clone. In this study, CD3+ T cells from healthy donor peripheral blood were stimulated with the WT1 peptide or mixed BCR-ABL peptides in the presence or absence of IL-2 and IL-7. The distribution of the TCR Vβ repertoire was analyzed after different stimulations. We found that the mixed BCR-ABL peptides induced clonally expanded Vβ7-9-Dβ2-Jβ2-7 T cells while the Wilms Tumor 1 peptide induced clonally expanded Vβ11-2-Dβ1-Jβ1-1 T cells by high-throughput TCRβ sequencing and GeneScan. Interestingly, the sequence and CDR3 motif of Vβ11-2 T cell clone are similar to the TCR Vβ21 (a different TCR V region naming system) T cell clone that we previously found in CML patients. Thus, our findings suggest that the TCR Vβ21 T cell clone found in CML patients might be a T cell clone that specifically recognizes WT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Ling Xu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Zha
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632 China
| | - Wei Wei
- Guangzhou Municipality Tianhe Nuoya Bio-engineering Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510663 China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, 601 Huang Pu Da Dao Xi, 510632 Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Novel TCR-based biologics: mobilising T cells to warm 'cold' tumours. Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 77:35-43. [PMID: 31207478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic strategies have revolutionised cancer therapy in recent years, bringing meaningful improvements in outcomes for patients with previously intractable conditions. These successes have, however, been largely limited to certain types of liquid tumours and a small subset of solid tumours that are known to be particularly immunogenic. Broadening these advances across the majority of tumour indications, which are characterised by an immune-excluded, immune-deserted or immune-suppressed ('cold') phenotype, will require alternative approaches that are able to specifically address this unique biological environment. Several newer therapeutic modalities, including adoptive cell therapy and T cell redirecting bispecific molecules, are considered to hold particular promise and are being investigated in early phase clinical trials across various solid tumour indications. ImmTAC molecules are a novel class of T cell redirecting bispecific biologics that exploit TCR-based targeting of tumour cells; providing potent and highly specific access to the vast landscape of intracellular targets. The first of these reagents to reach the clinic, tebentafusp (IMCgp100), has generated demonstrable clinical efficacy in an immunologically cold solid tumour with a high unmet need. Here, we highlight the key elements of the ImmTAC platform that make it ideally positioned to overcome the cold tumour microenvironment in an off-the-shelf format.
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Targeting the MHC Ligandome by Use of TCR-Like Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8020032. [PMID: 31544838 PMCID: PMC6640717 DOI: 10.3390/antib8020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are valuable as research reagents, in diagnosis and in therapy. Their high specificity, the ease in production, favorable biophysical properties and the opportunity to engineer different properties make mAbs a versatile class of biologics. mAbs targeting peptide–major histocompatibility molecule (pMHC) complexes are often referred to as “TCR-like” mAbs, as pMHC complexes are generally recognized by T-cell receptors (TCRs). Presentation of self- and non-self-derived peptide fragments on MHC molecules and subsequent activation of T cells dictate immune responses in health and disease. This includes responses to infectious agents or cancer but also aberrant responses against harmless self-peptides in autoimmune diseases. The ability of TCR-like mAbs to target specific peptides presented on MHC allows for their use to study peptide presentation or for diagnosis and therapy. This extends the scope of conventional mAbs, which are generally limited to cell-surface or soluble antigens. Herein, we review the strategies used to generate TCR-like mAbs and provide a structural comparison with the analogous TCR in pMHC binding. We further discuss their applications as research tools and therapeutic reagents in preclinical models as well as challenges and limitations associated with their use.
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Mardiana S, Lai J, House IG, Beavis PA, Darcy PK. Switching on the green light for chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1046. [PMID: 31073403 PMCID: PMC6500780 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy involving genetic modification of T cells with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) transgene offers a promising strategy to broaden the efficacy of this approach for the effective treatment of cancer. Although remarkable antitumor responses have been observed following CAR T‐cell therapy in a subset of B‐cell malignancies, this has yet to be extended in the context of solid cancers. A number of promising strategies involving reprogramming the tumor microenvironment, increasing the specificity and safety of gene‐modified T cells and harnessing the endogenous immune response have been tested in preclinical models that may have a significant impact in patients with solid cancers. This review will discuss these exciting new developments and the challenges that must be overcome to deliver a more sustained and potent therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherly Mardiana
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Junyun Lai
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Imran Geoffrey House
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Paul Andrew Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia
| | - Phillip Kevin Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne VIC Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Pathology University of Melbourne Parkville VIC Australia.,Department of Immunology Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
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48
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Liu J, Zhou G, Zhang L, Zhao Q. Building Potent Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells With CRISPR Genome Editing. Front Immunol 2019; 10:456. [PMID: 30941126 PMCID: PMC6433930 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have shown great promise in the treatment of hematological and solid malignancies. However, despite the success of this field, there remain some major challenges, including accelerated T cell exhaustion, potential toxicities, and insertional oncogenesis. To overcome these limitations, recent advances in CRISPR technology have enabled targetable interventions of endogenous genes in human CAR T cells. These CRISPR genome editing approaches have unleashed the therapeutic potential of CAR T cell therapy. Here, we summarize the potential benefits, safety concerns, and difficulties in the generation of gene-edited CAR T cells using CRISPR technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Guangyu Zhou
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
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49
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Lee JB, Chen B, Vasic D, Law AD, Zhang L. Cellular immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia: How specific should it be? Blood Rev 2019; 35:18-31. [PMID: 30826141 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements in the survival of patients with hematological cancers following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provide evidence supporting the potency of immune cell-mediated anti-leukemic effects. Studies focusing on immune cell-based cancer therapies have made significant breakthroughs in the last few years. Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, in particular, has significantly increased the survival of patients with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and aggressive B cell lymphoma. Despite antigen-negative relapses and severe toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome after treatment, CAR-T cell therapies have been approved by the FDA in some conditions. Although a number of studies have tried to achieve similar results for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), clinical outcomes have not been as promising. In this review, we summarize recent and ongoing studies on cellular therapies for AML patients, with a focus on antigen-specific versus -nonspecific approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bok Lee
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 2-207 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Branson Chen
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 2-207 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Daniel Vasic
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 2-207 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Arjun D Law
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 6-711 700 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1Z5, Canada.
| | - Li Zhang
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 2-207 101 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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50
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Zhu L, Li P, Gao D, Liu J, Liu Y, Sun C, Xu M, Chen X, Sheng Z, Wang R, Yuan Z, Cai L, Ma Y, Zhao Q. pH-sensitive loaded retinal/indocyanine green micelles as an “all-in-one” theranostic agent for multi-modal imaging in vivo guided cellular senescence-photothermal synergistic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6209-6212. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02567g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
pH-sensitive loaded retinal/indocyanine green (ICG) micelles were developed for cellular senescence-photothermal synergistic therapy.
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