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Chen Y, Sun H, Luo Z, Mei Y, Xu Z, Tan J, Xie Y, Li M, Xia J, Yang B, Su B. Crosstalk between CD8 + T cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in intestine homeostasis and immunity. Adv Immunol 2024; 162:23-58. [PMID: 38866438 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The intestine represents the most complex cellular network in the whole body. It is constantly faced with multiple types of immunostimulatory agents encompassing from food antigen, gut microbiome, metabolic waste products, and dead cell debris. Within the intestine, most T cells are found in three primary compartments: the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, the lamina propria, and the epithelium. The well-orchestrated epithelial-immune-microbial interaction is critically important for the precise immune response. The main role of intestinal mesenchymal stromal cells is to support a structural framework within the gut wall. However, recent evidence from stromal cell studies indicates that they also possess significant immunomodulatory functions, such as maintaining intestinal tolerance via the expression of PDL1/2 and MHC-II molecules, and promoting the development of CD103+ dendritic cells, and IgA+ plasma cells, thereby enhancing intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize the current understanding of CD8+ T cells and stromal cells alongside the intestinal tract and discuss the reciprocal interactions between T subsets and mesenchymal stromal cell populations. We will focus on how the tissue residency, migration, and function of CD8+ T cells could be potentially regulated by mesenchymal stromal cell populations and explore the molecular mediators, such as TGF-β, IL-33, and MHC-II molecules that might influence these processes. Finally, we discuss the potential pathophysiological impact of such interaction in intestine hemostasis as well as diseases of inflammation, infection, and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengnan Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yisong Mei
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmei Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengda Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beichun Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Cheng L, Becattini S. Intestinal CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cells: From generation to function. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1547-1560. [PMID: 35985020 PMCID: PMC9804592 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (Trm), and particularly the CD8+ subset, have been shown to play a pivotal role in protection against infections and tumors. Studies in animal models and human tissues have highlighted that, while a core functional program is shared by Trm at all anatomical sites, distinct tissues imprint unique features through specific molecular cues. The intestinal tissue is often the target of pathogens for local proliferation and penetration into the host systemic circulation, as well as a prominent site of tumorigenesis. Therefore, promoting the formation of Trm at this location is an appealing therapeutic option. The various segments composing the gastrointestinal tract present distinctive histological and functional characteristics, which may reflect on the imprinting of unique functional features in the respective Trm populations. What these features are, and whether they can effectively be harnessed to promote local and systemic immunity, is still under investigation. Here, we review how Trm are generated and maintained in distinct intestinal niches, analyzing the required molecular signals and the models utilized to uncover them. We also discuss evidence for a protective role of Trm against infectious agents and tumors. Finally, we integrate the knowledge obtained from animal models with that gathered from human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Simone Becattini
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland,Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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Koelle DM, Dong L, Jing L, Laing KJ, Zhu J, Jin L, Selke S, Wald A, Varon D, Huang ML, Johnston C, Corey L, Posavad CM. HSV-2-Specific Human Female Reproductive Tract Tissue Resident Memory T Cells Recognize Diverse HSV Antigens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867962. [PMID: 35432373 PMCID: PMC9009524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific TRM persist and protect against skin or female reproductive tract (FRT) HSV infection. As the pathogenesis of HSV differs between humans and model organisms, we focus on humans with well-characterized recurrent genital HSV-2 infection. Human CD8+ TRM persisting at sites of healed human HSV-2 lesions have an activated phenotype but it is unclear if TRM can be cultivated in vitro. We recovered HSV-specific TRM from genital skin and ectocervix biopsies, obtained after recovery from recurrent genital HSV-2, using ex vivo activation by viral antigen. Up to several percent of local T cells were HSV-reactive ex vivo. CD4 and CD8 T cell lines were up to 50% HSV-2-specific after sorting-based enrichment. CD8 TRM displayed HLA-restricted reactivity to specific HSV-2 peptides with high functional avidities. Reactivity to defined peptides persisted locally over several month and was quite subject-specific. CD4 TRM derived from biopsies, and from an extended set of cervical cytobrush specimens, also recognized diverse HSV-2 antigens and peptides. Overall we found that HSV-2-specific TRM are abundant in the FRT between episodes of recurrent genital herpes and maintain competency for expansion. Mucosal sites are accessible for clinical monitoring during immune interventions such as therapeutic vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kerry J. Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jia Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stacy Selke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Dana Varon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Meei-Li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine Johnston
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
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4
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Mendoza JL, Fischer S, Gee MH, Lam LH, Brackenridge S, Powrie FM, Birnbaum M, McMichael AJ, Garcia KC, Gillespie GM. Interrogating the recognition landscape of a conserved HIV-specific TCR reveals distinct bacterial peptide cross-reactivity. eLife 2020; 9:58128. [PMID: 32716298 PMCID: PMC7384859 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell cross-reactivity ensures that diverse pathogen-derived epitopes encountered during a lifetime are recognized by the available TCR repertoire. A feature of cross-reactivity where previous exposure to one microbe can alter immunity to subsequent, non-related pathogens has been mainly explored for viruses. Yet cross-reactivity to additional microbes is important to consider, especially in HIV infection where gut-intestinal barrier dysfunction could facilitate T cell exposure to commensal/pathogenic microbes. Here we evaluated the cross-reactivity of a ‘public’, HIV-specific, CD8 T cell-derived TCR (AGA1 TCR) using MHC class I yeast display technology. Via screening of MHC-restricted libraries comprising ~2×108 sequence-diverse peptides, AGA1 TCR specificity was mapped to a central peptide di-motif. Using the top TCR-enriched library peptides to probe the non-redundant protein database, bacterial peptides that elicited functional responses by AGA1-expressing T cells were identified. The possibility that in context-specific settings, MHC class I proteins presenting microbial peptides influence virus-specific T cell populations in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L Mendoza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Suzanne Fischer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Marvin H Gee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Lilian H Lam
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Brackenridge
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Birnbaum
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Koch Institute at MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | - Andrew J McMichael
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Geraldine M Gillespie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Old Road Campus, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hu MD, Jia L, Edelblum KL. Policing the intestinal epithelial barrier: Innate immune functions of intraepithelial lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 6:35-46. [PMID: 29755893 PMCID: PMC5943048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will explore the contribution of IELs to mucosal innate immunity and highlight the similarities in IEL functional responses to bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasite invasion. RECENT FINDINGS IELs rapidly respond to microbial invasion by activating host defense responses, including the production of mucus and antimicrobial peptides to prevent microbes from reaching the epithelial surface. During active infection, IELs promote epithelial cytolysis, cytokine and chemokine production to limit pathogen invasion, replication and dissemination. Commensal-induced priming of IEL effector function or continuous surveillance of the epithelium may be important contributing factors to the rapidity of response. SUMMARY Impaired microbial recognition, dysregulated innate immune signaling or microbial dysbiosis may limit the protective function of IELs and increase susceptibility to disease. Further understanding of the mechanisms regulating IEL surveillance and sentinel function may provide insight into the development of more effective targeted therapies designed to reinforce the mucosal barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine D Hu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Luo Jia
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
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Policing the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier: Innate Immune Functions of Intraepithelial Lymphocytes. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-018-0157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Navarro J, Gozalbo-López B, Méndez AC, Dantzer F, Schreiber V, Martínez C, Arana DM, Farrés J, Revilla-Nuin B, Bueno MF, Ampurdanés C, Galindo-Campos MA, Knobel PA, Segura-Bayona S, Martin-Caballero J, Stracker TH, Aparicio P, Del Val M, Yélamos J. PARP-1/PARP-2 double deficiency in mouse T cells results in faulty immune responses and T lymphomas. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41962. [PMID: 28181505 PMCID: PMC5299517 DOI: 10.1038/srep41962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of T-cell homeostasis must be tightly regulated. Here, we have identified a coordinated role of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2 in maintaining T-lymphocyte number and function. Mice bearing a T-cell specific deficiency of PARP-2 in a PARP-1-deficient background showed defective thymocyte maturation and diminished numbers of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Meanwhile, peripheral T-cell number was not affected in single PARP-1 or PARP-2-deficient mice. T-cell lymphopenia was associated with dampened in vivo immune responses to synthetic T-dependent antigens and virus, increased DNA damage and T-cell death. Moreover, double-deficiency in PARP-1/PARP-2 in T-cells led to highly aggressive T-cell lymphomas with long latency. Our findings establish a coordinated role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 in T-cell homeostasis that might impact on the development of PARP-centred therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Navarro
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gozalbo-López
- Inmunología Viral, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea C Méndez
- Inmunología Viral, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, UMR7242-CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, Illkirch, France
| | - Valérie Schreiber
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, UMR7242-CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, Illkirch, France
| | - Carlos Martínez
- Experimental Pathology Unit, IMIB-LAIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - David M Arana
- Inmunología Viral, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Farrés
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Revilla-Nuin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.,Genomic Unit. IMIB-LAIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María F Bueno
- Inmunología Viral, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Ampurdanés
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Galindo-Campos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip A Knobel
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Segura-Bayona
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Travis H Stracker
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Aparicio
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Margarita Del Val
- Inmunología Viral, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Jia Q, Yang Y, Wan Y. Tumor-infiltrating memory T-lymphocytes for prognostic prediction in cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:1803-1813. [PMID: 25932108 PMCID: PMC4402755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathological evidence has continually supported the prognostic value of tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes for several solid tumours across diverse patient cohorts. To investigate the clinical relevance of tumour-infiltrating memory T lymphocytes, we investigated relevant publications to identify the significance of memory tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) in predicting survival in cancer patients and analysed the influence of variations in the tumour stage and the infiltrated location thereon. METHODS Relevant publications that assessed the clinical relevance of memory TILs to the patient's overall survival (OS) were investigated. Disease-free survival (DFS) was also evaluated where possible. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was investigated with stratified analysis and I(2) statistics. RESULTS In total, 16 relevant publications, including 4248 cancer patients, were analysed. In the pooled analysis, intra-tumour accumulation of memory TILs correlated positively with favourable clinical outcomes for both OS (pooled HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.76-2.40) and DFS (pooled HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.67-3.19). Various effects of the tumour stage and the anatomical region where the cells infiltrated were identified in survival prediction, using memory TILs. CONCLUSIONS Overall, infiltration of memory TILs can serve as a biomarker for survival prediction in cancer. Additional heterogeneous effects of the associated factors should be considered when categorizing high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhu Jia
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of CytomicsChongqing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of CytomicsChongqing, China
| | - Ying Wan
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical UniversityChongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of CytomicsChongqing, China
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Apoptosis of antigen-specific CTLs contributes to low immune response in gut-associated lymphoid tissue post vaccination. Vaccine 2014; 32:5198-205. [PMID: 25066739 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) represents a major reservoir of HIV in infected individuals. Vaccines can induce strong systemic immune responses but these have less impact on CD4 T cells activity and numbers in GALT. In this study, we vaccinated mice with an adenovirus vector that expressed the envelope gene from HIV and observed immune responses in the peripheral blood, spleen, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. We found that (1) the number of HIV-specific CD8 T cells was dramatically lower in GALT than in other tissues; (2) the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) was expressed at high levels in HIV-specific CD8 T cells including memory T cells in GALT; and (3) high levels of HIV-specific CD8 T cell apoptosis were occurring in GALT. These results suggest that contributing to GALT becoming an HIV reservoir during infection is a combination of exhaustion and/or dysfunction of HIV-specific CTLs at that site. These results emphasize the importance of developing of an effective mucosal vaccine against HIV.
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Gebhardt T, Mackay LK. Local immunity by tissue-resident CD8(+) memory T cells. Front Immunol 2012; 3:340. [PMID: 23162555 PMCID: PMC3493987 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial infection primes a CD8+ cytotoxic T cell response that gives rise to a long-lived population of circulating memory cells able to provide protection against systemic reinfection. Despite this, effective CD8+ T cell surveillance of barrier tissues such as skin and mucosa typically wanes with time, resulting in limited T cell-mediated protection in these peripheral tissues. However, recent evidence suggests that a specialized subset of CD103+ memory T cells can permanently lodge and persist in peripheral tissues, and that these cells can compensate for the loss of peripheral immune surveillance by circulating memory T cells. Here, we review evolving concepts regarding the generation and long-term persistence of these tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in epithelial and neuronal tissues. We further discuss the role of TRM cells in local infection control and their contribution to localized immune phenomena, in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Isakov D, Dzutsev A, Berzofsky JA, Belyakov IM. Lack of IL-7 and IL-15 signaling affects interferon-γ production by, more than survival of, small intestinal intraepithelial memory CD8+ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2012; 41:3513-28. [PMID: 21928282 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Survival of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs during viral infection is known to be dependent predominantly on IL-7 and IL-15. However, little is known about a possible influence of tissue environmental factors on this process. To address this question, we studied survival of memory antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the small intestine. Here, we show that 2 months after vaccinia virus infection, B8R(20-27) /H2-K(b) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells in the small intestinal intraepithelial (SI-IEL) layer are found in mice deficient in IL-15 expression. Moreover, SI-IEL and lamina propria lymphocytes do not express the receptor for IL-7 (IL-7Rα/CD127). In addition, after in vitro stimulation with B8R(20-27) peptide, SI-IEL cells do not produce high amounts of IFN-γ neither at 5 days nor at 2 months postinfection (p.i.). Importantly, the lack of IL-15 was found to shape the functional activity of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells, by narrowing the CTL avidity repertoire. Taken together, these results reveal that survival factors, as well as the functional activity, of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the SI-IEL compartments may markedly differ from their counterparts in peripheral lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Isakov
- Molecular Immunogenetics and Vaccine Research Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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