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Chang C, Louie A, Zhou Y, Gupta R, Liang F, Xanthou G, Ereso J, Koletic C, Yang JC, Sedighian F, Lagishetty V, Arias-Jayo N, Altuwayjiri A, Tohidi R, Navab M, Reddy ST, Sioutas C, Hsiai T, Araujo JA, Jacobs JP. Ambient Particulate Matter Induces In Vitro Toxicity to Intestinal Epithelial Cells without Exacerbating Acute Colitis Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate or 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7184. [PMID: 39000289 PMCID: PMC11241079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an immunologically complex disorder involving genetic, microbial, and environmental risk factors. Its global burden has continued to rise since industrialization, with epidemiological studies suggesting that ambient particulate matter (PM) in air pollution could be a contributing factor. Prior animal studies have shown that oral PM10 exposure promotes intestinal inflammation in a genetic IBD model and that PM2.5 inhalation exposure can increase intestinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. PM10 and PM2.5 include ultrafine particles (UFP), which have an aerodynamic diameter of <0.10 μm and biophysical and biochemical properties that promote toxicity. UFP inhalation, however, has not been previously studied in the context of murine models of IBD. Here, we demonstrated that ambient PM is toxic to cultured Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and examined whether UFP inhalation affected acute colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid. C57BL/6J mice were exposed to filtered air (FA) or various types of ambient PM reaerosolized in the ultrafine size range at ~300 μg/m3, 6 h/day, 3-5 days/week, starting 7-10 days before disease induction. No differences in weight change, clinical disease activity, or histology were observed between the PM and FA-exposed groups. In conclusion, UFP inhalation exposure did not exacerbate intestinal inflammation in acute, chemically-induced colitis models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace Chang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allen Louie
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Fengting Liang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Jason Ereso
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Carolina Koletic
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Julianne Ching Yang
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Farzaneh Sedighian
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Nerea Arias-Jayo
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
| | - Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.A.); (R.T.); (C.S.)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramin Tohidi
- USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.A.); (R.T.); (C.S.)
- Air Quality Planning and Science Division, California Air Resources Board, 4001 Iowa Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
| | - Srinivasa Tadiparthi Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
- West China Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
- Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (A.A.); (R.T.); (C.S.)
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
- Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (A.L.); (R.G.); (M.N.); (S.T.R.); (T.H.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (F.L.); (G.X.); (J.E.); (C.K.); (J.C.Y.); (F.S.); (V.L.); (N.A.-J.)
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Goodman-Luskin Microbiome Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Secher T, Couturier A, Huot L, Bouscayrol H, Grandjean T, Boulard O, Hot D, Ryffel B, Chamaillard M. A Protective Role of NOD2 on Oxazolone-induced Intestinal Inflammation Through IL-1β-mediated Signalling Pathway. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:111-122. [PMID: 35917251 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NOD2 has emerged as a critical player in the induction of both Th1 and Th2 responses for potentiation and polarisation of antigen-dependent immunity. Loss-of-function mutations in the NOD2-encoding gene and deregulation of its downstream signalling pathway have been linked to Crohn's disease. Although it is well documented that NOD2 is capable of sensing bacterial muramyl dipeptide, it remains counter-intuitive to link development of overt intestinal inflammation to a loss of bacterial-induced inflammatory response. We hypothesised that a T helper bias could also contribute to an autoimmune-like colitis different from inflammation that is fully fledged by Th1 type cells. METHODS An oedematous bowel wall with a mixed Th1/Th2 response was induced in mice by intrarectal instillation of the haptenating agent oxazolone. Survival and clinical scoring were evaluated. At several time points after instillation, colonic damage was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. To evaluate the involvement of NOD2 in immunochemical phenomena, quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and flow cytometry analysis were performed. Bone marrow chimera experimentation allowed us to evaluate the role of haematopoietic/non-hematopoietic NOD2-expressing cells. RESULTS Herein, we identified a key regulatory circuit whereby NOD2-mediated sensing of a muramyl dipeptide [MDP] by radio-resistant cells improves colitis with a mixed Th1/Th2 response that is induced by oxazolone. Genetic ablation of either Nod2 or Ripk2 precipitated oxazolone colitis that is predominantly linked to a lack of interferon-gamma. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that inactivation of Nod2 signalling in non-haematopoietic cells is causing a biased M1-M2 polarisation of macrophages and a decreased frequency of splenic regulatory T cells that correlates with an impaired activation of CD4 + T cells within mesenteric lymph nodes. Mechanistically, mice were protected from oxazolone-induced colitis upon administration of MDP in an interleukin-1- and interleukin-23-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Nod2 signalling may prevent pathological conversion of T helper cells for maintenance of tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Secher
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France.,CEPR, Tours University, INSERM U1100, F-37000, Tours, France
| | | | - Ludovic Huot
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Helene Bouscayrol
- Service d'oncologie-radiothérapie, CHR d'Orléans-La Source, Orléans, France
| | - Teddy Grandjean
- Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHRU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR 9017, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Olivier Boulard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Inserm U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- CEPR, Tours University, INSERM U1100, F-37000, Tours, France.,University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UAR 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- INEM, Orléans University, CNRS UMR 7355, F-45071, Orléans, France
| | - Mathias Chamaillard
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Inserm U1003, University of Lille, Lille, France
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3
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The role of NOD2 in intestinal immune response and microbiota modulation: A therapeutic target in inflammatory bowel disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Illig D, Kotlarz D. Dysregulated inflammasome activity in intestinal inflammation - Insights from patients with very early onset IBD. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027289. [PMID: 36524121 PMCID: PMC9744759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disorder triggered by imbalances of the microbiome and immune dysregulations in genetically susceptible individuals. Several mouse and human studies have demonstrated that multimeric inflammasomes are critical regulators of host defense and gut homeostasis by modulating immune responses to pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns. In the context of IBD, excessive production of pro-inflammatory Interleukin-1β has been detected in patient-derived intestinal tissues and correlated with the disease severity or failure to respond to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Correspondingly, genome-wide association studies have suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms in inflammasome components might be associated with risk of IBD development. The relevance of inflammasomes in controlling human intestinal homeostasis has been further exemplified by the discovery of very early onset IBD (VEO-IBD) patients with monogenic defects affecting different molecules in the complex regulatory network of inflammasome activity. This review provides an overview of known causative monogenic entities of VEO-IBD associated with altered inflammasome activity. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling inflammasomes in monogenic VEO-IBD may open novel therapeutic avenues for rare and common inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Illig
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kotlarz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany,Institute of Translational Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany,*Correspondence: Daniel Kotlarz,
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5
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Intrarectal Capsazepine Administration Modulates Colonic Mucosal Health in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179577. [PMID: 36076974 PMCID: PMC9455796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of transient receptor potential vanniloid-1 (TRPV1) and desensitization of transient receptor potential ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) nociceptors alleviate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)-associated chronic pain. However, there is limited literature available about their role in regulating the mucosal layer, its interaction with host physiology, and luminal microbial community. The present study focuses on the effects’ intra rectal administration of capsazepine (modulator of TRPA1/TRPV1 expressing peptidergic sensory neurons) on colonic mucus production and gut health. We performed histological analysis, gut permeability alteration, gene expression changes, metabolite profiling, and gut microbial abundance in the ileum, colon, and cecum content of these animals. Intra rectal administration of capsazepine modulates TRPA1/TRPV1-positive nociceptors (behavioral pain assays) and resulted in damaged mucosal lining, increased gut permeability, and altered transcriptional profile of genes for goblet cell markers, mucus regulation, immune response, and tight junction proteins. The damage to mucosal lining prevented its role in enterosyne (short chain fatty acids) actions. These results suggest that caution must be exercised before employing TRPA1/TRPV1 modulation as a therapeutic option to alleviate pain caused due to IBD.
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6
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of Pre-Clinical Murine Models of Human Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169344. [PMID: 36012618 PMCID: PMC9409205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both highly inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, collectively known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although the cause of IBD is still unclear, several experimental IBD murine models have enabled researchers to make great inroads into understanding human IBD pathology. Here, we discuss the current pre-clinical experimental murine models for human IBD, including the chemical-induced trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) model, oxazolone and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) models, the gene-deficient I-kappa-B kinase gamma (Iκκ-γ) and interleukin(IL)-10 models, and the CD4+ T-cell transfer model. We offer a comprehensive review of how these models have been used to dissect the etiopathogenesis of disease, alongside their limitations. Furthermore, the way in which this knowledge has led to the translation of experimental findings into novel clinical therapeutics is also discussed.
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7
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Qing F, Xie T, Xie L, Guo T, Liu Z. How Gut Microbiota Are Shaped by Pattern Recognition Receptors in Colitis and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153821. [PMID: 35954484 PMCID: PMC9367250 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The pathogenesis of intestinal inflammatory disorders such as colitis and colorectal cancer is complicated and dysregulation of gut microbiota is considered an important contributing factor. Inflammation is often initiated by the activation of pattern recognition receptors. However, the relationship between these innate immune receptors and gut microbiota is not fully understood. Here, we show that pattern recognition receptors not only recognize pathogens and initiate inflammatory signal transduction to induce immune responses, but also influence the composition of intestinal microorganisms, thus affecting the development of intestinal inflammation and cancer through various mechanisms. This suggests that the modification of innate immune receptors and relevant molecules could be therapeutic targets for the treatment of colitis and colorectal cancer by regulating gut microbiota. Abstract Disorders of gut microbiota have been closely linked to the occurrence of various intestinal diseases including colitis and colorectal cancer (CRC). Specifically, the production of beneficial bacteria and intestinal metabolites may slow the development of some intestinal diseases. Recently, it has been proposed that pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) not only recognize pathogens and initiate inflammatory signal transduction to induce immune responses but also influence the composition of intestinal microorganisms. However, the mechanisms through which PRRs regulate gut microbiota in the setting of colitis and CRC have rarely been systematically reviewed. Therefore, in this paper, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how PRRs shape gut microbiota and how this influences the development of colitis and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Qing
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Graduate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tao Xie
- Center for Scientific Research, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Lu Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Tianfu Guo
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Center for Scientific Research, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (Z.L.)
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8
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Selvakumar D, Evans D, Coyte KZ, McLaughlin J, Brass A, Hancock L, Cruickshank S. Understanding the development and function of the gut microbiota in health and inflammation. Frontline Gastroenterol 2022; 13:e13-e21. [PMID: 35812026 PMCID: PMC9234741 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2022-102119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is known to play an important role in maintaining gut health through a symbiotic relationship with the host. Altered gut microbiota is a common feature of several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract; however, the causal relationship between microbiota and disease pathogenesis is poorly understood. Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are both severe inflammatory diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Although they affect very different patient populations, with NEC primarily being a disease of prematurity and IBD predominantly affecting adults although children can be affected, they both demonstrate common features of gut microbial dysbiosis and a dysregulated host immune response. By comparing and contrasting the changes in gut microbiota, host immune response and function, we aim to highlight common features in diseases that may seem clinically unrelated. Key areas of interest are the role of pattern recognition receptors in altered recognition and responses to the gut microbiota by the host immune system and the associated dysfunctional gut epithelial barrier. The challenge of identifying causal relationships between microbiota and disease is ever-present; however, considering a disease-agnostic approach may help to identify mechanistic pathways shared across several clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Selvakumar
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Dolan Evans
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Katharine Z Coyte
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John McLaughlin
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andy Brass
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laura Hancock
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK,Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sheena Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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9
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Takada R, Watanabe T, Hara A, Sekai I, Kurimoto M, Otsuka Y, Masuta Y, Yoshikawa T, Kamata K, Minaga K, Kudo M. NOD2 deficiency protects mice from the development of adoptive transfer colitis through the induction of regulatory T cells expressing forkhead box P3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 568:55-61. [PMID: 34186435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular receptor for muramyl dipeptide derived from the intestinal microbiota. Loss-of-function mutations in Nod2 are associated with the development of Crohn's disease, suggesting that NOD2 signaling plays critical roles in the maintenance of intestinal immune homeostasis. Although NOD2 activation prevents the development of short-term experimental colitis, it remains unknown whether the sensitivity to long-term experimental colitis is influenced by NOD2. In this study, we explored the roles played by NOD2 in the development of long-term adoptive transfer colitis. Unexpectedly, we found that Rag1-/-Nod2-/- mice were more resistant to adoptive transfer colitis than Rag1-/- mice and had reduced proinflammatory cytokine responses and enhanced accumulation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing forkhead box P3 in the colonic mucosa. Prevention of colitis in Rag1-/-Nod2-/- mice was mediated by TGF-β1 because neutralization of TGF-β1 resulted in the development of more severe colitis due to reduced accumulation of Tregs. Such paradoxical Treg responses in the absence of NOD2 could explain why Nod2 mutations in humans are not sufficient to cause Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Takada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Akane Hara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikue Sekai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kurimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Otsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Masuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoe Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Takagawa T, Kitani A, Fuss I, Levine B, Brant SR, Peter I, Tajima M, Nakamura S, Strober W. An increase in LRRK2 suppresses autophagy and enhances Dectin-1-induced immunity in a mouse model of colitis. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/444/eaan8162. [PMID: 29875204 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan8162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The LRRK2/MUC19 gene region constitutes a high-risk genetic locus for the occurrence of both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and Parkinson's disease. We show that dendritic cells (DCs) from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients without CD but bearing a high-risk allele (rs11564258) at this locus as heterozygotes exhibited increased LRRK2 expression in vitro. To investigate the immunological consequences of this increased LRRK2 expression, we conducted studies in transgenic mice overexpressing Lrrk2 and showed that these mice exhibited more severe colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) than did littermate control animals. This increase in colitis severity was associated with lamina propria DCs that showed increased Dectin-1-induced NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion. Colitis severity was driven by LRRK2 activation of NF-κB pathway components including the TAK1 complex and TRAF6. Next, we found that membrane-associated LRRK2 (in association with TAB2) caused inactivation of Beclin-1 and inhibition of autophagy. HCT116 colon epithelial cells lacking Beclin-1 exhibited increased LRRK2 expression compared to wild-type cells, suggesting that inhibition of autophagy potentially could augment LRRK2 proinflammatory signaling. We then showed that LRRK2 inhibitors decreased Dectin-1-induced TNF-α production by mouse DCs and ameliorated DSS-induced colitis, both in control and Lrrk2 transgenic animals. Finally, we demonstrated that LRRK2 inhibitors blocked TNF-α production by cultured DCs from patients with CD. Our findings suggest that normalization of LRRK2 activation could be a therapeutic approach for treating IBD, regardless of whether a LRRK2 risk allele is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takagawa
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan.,Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Atsushi Kitani
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivan Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Beth Levine
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, Center for Autophagy Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Steven R Brant
- Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Masaki Tajima
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shiro Nakamura
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Vargas-Robles H, Castro-Ochoa KF, Citalán-Madrid AF, Schnoor M. Beneficial effects of nutritional supplements on intestinal epithelial barrier functions in experimental colitis models in vivo. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4181-4198. [PMID: 31435172 PMCID: PMC6700707 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic colitis affect a huge proportion of the population world-wide. The etiology of colitis cases can be manifold, and diet can significantly affect onset and outcome of colitis. While many forms of acute colitis are easily treatable, chronic forms of colitis such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (summarized as inflammatory bowel diseases) are multifactorial with poorly understood pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by exacerbated immune responses causing epithelial dysfunction and bacterial translocation. There is no cure and therapies aim at reducing inflammation and restoring intestinal barrier function. Unfortunately, most drugs can have severe side effects. Changes in diet and inclusion of nutritional supplements have been extensively studied in cell culture and animal models, and some supplements have shown promising results in clinical studies. Most of these nutritional supplements including vitamins, fatty acids and phytochemicals reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and have shown beneficial effects during experimental colitis in rodents induced by dextran sulphate sodium or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, which remain the gold standard in pre-clinical colitis research. Here, we summarize the mechanisms through which such nutritional supplements contribute to epithelial barrier stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Vargas-Robles
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | | | | | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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12
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Butera A, Sanchez M, Pronio A, Amendola A, De Nitto D, Di Carlo N, Lande R, Frasca L, Borrini F, Pica R, Boirivant M. CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-Regulatory Cells of the Colonic Lamina Propria Limit Disease Extension in Ulcerative Colitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2511. [PMID: 30425718 PMCID: PMC6219428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: In ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammation begins in the rectum and can extend proximally throughout the entire colon. The extension of inflammation is an important determinant of disease course, and may be limited by the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the relationship between UC extension and the proportions of CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-Tregs in the colonic lamina propria (LP) of 79 UC patients and 29 controls. The role of these cells in UC extension was also investigated in the murine oxazolone-induced colitis model. Methods: Patients: Disease extension was classified according to the Montreal classification. Where possible, endoscopic biopsies of involved and uninvolved tissue were obtained from UC patients. Mouse model: Colitis was induced by intrarectal oxazolone administration. Lamina propria mononuclear cells were isolated from patient biopsies and mouse colon tissue using enzymatic method and the percentage of CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-cells evaluated by immunofluorescence. Confocal microscopy was applied for the visualization and quantification of CD4+LAP+ cells on tissue histological sections. Results: In UC patients with distal colitis the proportion of LP CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs was significantly higher in inflamed tissue than uninvolved tissue. As opposite, the proportion of LP CD3+CD4+LAP+ Tregs was significantly higher in uninvolved tissue than involved tissue. Both LP CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and LP CD3+CD4+LAP+ Tregs proportion in involved tissue was significantly higher than in controls irrespective of the extension of inflammation. In mice with oxazolone-induced distal colitis, treatment with LAP-depleting antibody was associated with the development of extensive colitis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-Tregs limit the extension of inflammatory lesions in UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Butera
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Cytometry Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pronio
- Department of General Surgery "P. Stefanini", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Unit of Arbo, Hanta and Emerging Viruses, National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nazzareno Di Carlo
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Lande
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Frasca
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Pica
- IBD, GE Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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13
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NOD2 Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Protects Toward the Development of Inflammation and Associated Carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:357-369. [PMID: 30704984 PMCID: PMC6357788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response including epithelial and immune cells. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies including Crohn's disease (CD), graft-versus-host diseases, or Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in inflammatory response and the associated-carcinogenesis development. Since its identification in 2001 and its association with CD, the role of NOD2 in epithelial cells and immune cells has been investigated extensively but the precise mechanism by which NOD2 mutations lead to CD and the associated carcinogenesis development is largely unknown. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 inside epithelial cells on the control of the inflammatory process and its linked carcinogenesis development.
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14
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Butera A, Di Paola M, Pavarini L, Strati F, Pindo M, Sanchez M, Cavalieri D, Boirivant M, De Filippo C. Nod2 Deficiency in mice is Associated with Microbiota Variation Favouring the Expansion of mucosal CD4+ LAP+ Regulatory Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14241. [PMID: 30250234 PMCID: PMC6155205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-2 (NOD2) mutations are associated with an increased risk to develop Crohn's Disease. In previous studies, we have shown that Nod2-/- mice manifest increased proportion of Lamina Propria (LP) CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- regulatory cells, when compared with Nod2+/+ mice, while CD4+ Foxp3 + regulatory cells were not affected. Here, we investigated the Nod2 gut microbiota, by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, at steady state and after TNBS-colitis induction in mice reared separately or in cohousing, correlating the microbial profiles with LP regulatory T cells proportion and tissue cytokines content. We found that enrichment of Rikenella and Alistipes (Rikenellaceae) in Nod2-/- mice at 8 weeks of age reared separately was associated with increased proportion of CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- cells and less severe TNBS-colitis. In co-housed mice the acquisition of Rickenellaceae by Nod2+/+ mice was associated with increased CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- proportion and less severe colitis. Severe colitis was associated with enrichment of gram-negative pathobionts (Escherichia and Enterococcus), while less severe colitis with protective bacteria (Barnesiella, Odoribacter and Clostridium IV). Environmental factors acting on genetic background with different outcomes according to their impact on microbiota, predispose in different ways to inflammation. These results open a new scenario for therapeutic attempt to re-establish eubiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients with NOD2 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butera
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Di Paola
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - L Pavarini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - F Strati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - M Pindo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - M Sanchez
- Cytometry Unit - Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - D Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Boirivant
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - C De Filippo
- Institute of Biology and Agrarian Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
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15
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Goethel A, Croitoru K, Philpott DJ. The interplay between microbes and the immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. J Physiol 2018; 596:3869-3882. [PMID: 29806140 DOI: 10.1113/jp275396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear but involves a complex interplay between genetic risk, environmental exposures, the immune system and the gut microbiota. Nearly two decades ago, the first susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, NOD2, was identified within the IBD 1 locus. Since then, over 230 genetic risk loci have been associated with IBD and yet NOD2 remains the strongest association to date. As an intracellular innate immune sensor of bacteria, investigations into host-microbe interactions, involving both innate and adaptive immune responses, have become of particular interest in understanding the pathogenesis of IBD. Advancements in sequencing technology have lead to the groundbreaking characterization of the gut microbiota and its role in health and disease. While an altered microbiome has been described for IBD, whether it is a cause or an effect of the intestinal inflammation has yet to be determined. Moreover, the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system adds to the multifaceted complexity of intestinal homeostasis. A better understanding of how host genetics, including NOD2, influence immune-microbe interactions and alter susceptibility to IBD is necessary in order to develop therapeutic and preventative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Goethel
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Croitoru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Ong HS, Yim HCH. Microbial Factors in Inflammatory Diseases and Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1024:153-174. [PMID: 28921469 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal microbes form a symbiotic relationship with their human host to harvest energy for themselves and their host and to shape the immune system of their host. However, alteration of this relationship, which is named as a dysbiosis, has been associated with the development of different inflammatory diseases and cancers. It is found that metabolites, cellular components, and virulence factors derived from the gut microbiota interact with the host locally or systemically to modulate the dysbiosis and the development of these diseases. In this book chapter, we discuss the role of these microbial factors in regulating the host signaling pathways, the composition and load of the gut microbiota, the co-metabolism of the host and the microbiota, the host immune system, and physiology. In particular, we highlight how each microbial factor can contribute in the manifestation of many diseases such as cancers, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, obesity, type-2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Ong
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Building 131, Garran Road, Acton, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Howard Chi Ho Yim
- Department of Medicine, St George & Sutherland Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia, Level 2 Clinical Sciences (WR Pitney) Building, St George Hospital, Short St, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
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17
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Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) protein, NOD2, belonging to the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, detects conserved motifs in bacterial peptidoglycan and promotes their clearance through activation of a proinflammatory transcriptional program and other innate immune pathways, including autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress. An inactive form due to mutations or a constitutive high expression of NOD2 is associated with several inflammatory diseases, suggesting that balanced NOD2 signaling is critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In this review, we discuss recent developments about the pathway and mechanisms of regulation of NOD2 and illustrate the principal functions of the gene, with particular emphasis on its central role in maintaining the equilibrium between intestinal microbiota and host immune responses to control inflammation. Furthermore, we survey recent studies illustrating the role of NOD2 in several inflammatory diseases, in particular, inflammatory bowel disease, of which it is the main susceptibility gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Negroni
- Division of Health Protection Technologies, Territorial and Production Systems Sustainability Department, ENEA, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pierdomenico
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucchiara
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Stronati
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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18
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de Bruyn M, Vermeire S. NOD2 and bacterial recognition as therapeutic targets for Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1123-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali de Bruyn
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Complementary Roles of Nod2 in Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Cells in Preventing Gut Barrier Dysfunction Dependent on MLCK Activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1109-1119. [PMID: 28520587 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) pathogenesis is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental factors. Loss of function mutations in the nucleotide oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) gene are the main genetic risk factor for CD. Like patients with CD, Nod2 mice are characterized by an enhanced Th1 immune response and a defective mucosal barrier function evidenced by increased intestinal permeability. We previously showed that the latter is related to hematopoietic Nod2 deficiency. Our aim was to explore the mechanisms by which Nod2 expressed in the hematopoietic and in the nonhematopoietic compartments interplay to control epithelial paracellular permeability. METHODS Depletion of CD4 T cells in Nod2 mice and treatments with inhibitors were conducted in chimeric mice transplanted with bone marrow cells from Nod2-deficient donors into Nod2-sufficient recipients or vice versa. Caco-2 cells overexpressing a NOD2 gene which did or did not include a CD-associated polymorphism were treated with inhibitors or siRNAs and cocultured with hematopoietic cells from Peyer's patches. RESULTS In vivo and in vitro Nod2 in hematopoietic cells regulates epithelial paracellular permeability through cytokine production influencing myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity. Indeed, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ secretion by CD4 T cells upregulated expression and activity of epithelial MLCK leading to increased epithelial tight junction opening. When stimulated by muramyl dipeptide, Nod2 in the nonhematopoietic compartment normalized the permeability and T-cell cytokine secretion and regulated MLCK activity. This MLCK regulation is mediated by TAK1 and RICK-dependent mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates how hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic Nod2 regulate intestinal barrier function, improving our knowledge on the mechanisms involved in CD pathogenesis.
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20
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Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) is an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that senses bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN)-conserved motifs in cytosol and stimulates host immune response. The association of NOD2 mutations with a number of inflammatory pathologies, including Crohn disease (CD), Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and Blau syndrome, highlights its pivotal role in host–pathogen interactions and inflammatory response. Stimulation of NOD2 by its ligand (muramyl dipeptide) activates pro-inflammatory pathways such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Caspase-1. A loss of NOD2 function may result in a failure in the control of microbial infection, thereby initiating systemic responses and aberrant inflammation. Because the ligand of Nod2 is conserved in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, NOD2 detects a wide variety of microorganisms. Furthermore, current literature evidences that NOD2 is also able to control viruses’ and parasites’ infections. In this review, we present and discuss recent developments about the role of NOD2 in shaping the gut commensal microbiota and pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and the mechanisms by which Nod2 mutations participate in disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Dietrich
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Laboratoire Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR 1149, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
| | - Frederick Barreau
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (JPH); (FB)
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21
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WATANABE T, ASANO N, KUDO M, STROBER W. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 and gastrointestinal disorders. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:578-599. [PMID: 29021509 PMCID: PMC5743859 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) is an intracellular sensor that detects small peptides derived from the cell wall component of intestinal microflora. NOD1 is expressed in both non-hematopoietic cells such as epithelial cells and hematopoietic cells such as antigen-presenting cells. Detection of its ligand by NOD1 leads to innate immune responses through activation of nuclear factor kappa B and type I interferon as well as induction of autophagy. Innate immune responses through NOD1 activation play an indispensable role both in host defense against microbial infection and in the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Of particular importance, NOD1-mediated innate immune responses are associated with mucosal host defenses against Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of the stomach and with the development of pancreatitis. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which NOD1 activation leads to the development of H. pylori-related gastric diseases and pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro WATANABE
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
- Correspondence should be addressed: T. Watanabe, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Ohnohigashi Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Naoki ASANO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi KUDO
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Warren STROBER
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
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22
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Al Nabhani Z, Lepage P, Mauny P, Montcuquet N, Roy M, Le Roux K, Dussaillant M, Berrebi D, Hugot JP, Barreau F. Nod2 Deficiency Leads to a Specific and Transmissible Mucosa-associated Microbial Dysbiosis Which Is Independent of the Mucosal Barrier Defect. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:1428-1436. [PMID: 27147452 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease [CD] is a complex disorder characterised by an inappropriate immune response, impaired barrier function and microbial dysbiosis. Mutations in nucleotide oligomeriation domain 2 [NOD2] are CD risk factors. Increase of intestinal permeability, CD4+ T cell infiltration, and bacterial dysbiosis are also seen in Nod2-knockout [Nod2 KO] mice. However, the specificity and relationship between these Nod2-associated abnormalities remain largely unexplored. METHODS Wild-type [WT], Nod1-knockout [Nod1 KO] and Nod2 KO mice were analysed in parallel. Microbial composition was defined by 454-pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Mucin and antimicrobial peptide expression was assessed by RT-PCR. Cell populations from Peyer's patches were determined by flow cytometry. Ussing chambers were used to measure intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation. Finally, to explore the impact of colonisation with mother's microbiota at birth, analyses were also performed in Nod2 KO and WT mice born from WT surrogate mothers after embryo transfer. RESULTS Nod2 KO mice exhibited colonic bacterial dysbiosis different from WT and Nod1 KO mice. Altered expression of antimicrobial peptides and mucins in ileum and colon was associated with the microbial composition. Bacterial composition of Nod2 KO and WT mice obtained by embryo transfer was similar to that observed in Nod2 KO mice, arguing for a dominant effect of Nod2 KO-associated dysbiosis. In contrast, increased levels of CD4+ T cells and gut barrier defects across Peyer's patches were specific to Nod2 deficiency and independent of Microbial dysbiosis. CONCLUSIONS Nod2 deficiency is associated with a specific dominant dysbiosis which does not drive mucosal tissue and immune alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad Al Nabhani
- Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France.,INSERM, UMR 1149, F-75018 Paris, France.,INRA, MICALIS-UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, MICALIS-UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patricia Lepage
- INRA, MICALIS-UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, MICALIS-UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Nicolas Montcuquet
- INSERM, UMR 989, F-75015 Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut IMAGINE, Paris, France
| | - Maryline Roy
- Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France.,INSERM, UMR 1149, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Karine Le Roux
- INRA, MICALIS-UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,AgroParisTech, MICALIS-UMR1319, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Monique Dussaillant
- Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France.,INSERM, UMR 1149, F-75018 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Berrebi
- Services d'anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Robert Debré, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France.,UMR996, Cytokines, chimiokines et immunopathologie, Clamart, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France.,INSERM, UMR 1149, F-75018 Paris, France.,Services des maladies digestives et respiratoires de l'enfant et service d'anatomie pathologique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Frédérick Barreau
- Laboratoire d'excellence Inflamex, Université Paris-Diderot Sorbonne Paris-Cité, France .,INSERM, UMR 1149, F-75018 Paris, France.,Institut de Recherche en Santé Digestive, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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23
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Uniken Venema WT, Voskuil MD, Dijkstra G, Weersma RK, Festen EA. The genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease: from correlation to causality. J Pathol 2016; 241:146-158. [PMID: 27785786 DOI: 10.1002/path.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have greatly improved our insight into the genetic background of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). New high-throughput technologies and large-scale international collaborations have contributed to the identification of 200 independent genetic risk loci for IBD. However, in most of these loci, it is unclear which gene conveys the risk for IBD. More importantly, it is unclear which variant within or near the gene is causal to the disease. Using targeted GWAS, imputation, resequencing of risk loci, and in silico fine-mapping of densely typed loci, several causal variants have been identified in IBD risk genes, and various pathological pathways have been uncovered. Current research in the field of IBD focuses on the effect of these causal variants on gene expression and protein function. However, more elements than only the genome must be taken into account to disentangle the multifactorial pathology of IBD. The genetic risk loci identified to date only explain a small part of genetic variance in disease risk. Currently, large multi-omics studies are incorporating factors ranging from the gut microbiome to the environment. In this review, we present the progress that has been made in IBD genetic research and stress the importance of studying causality to increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD. We highlight important causal genetic variants in the candidate genes NOD2, ATG16L1, IRGM, IL23R, CARD9, RNF186, and PRDM1. We describe their downstream effects on protein function and their direct effects on the gut immune system. Furthermore, we discuss the future role of genetics in unravelling disease mechanisms in IBD. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werna Tc Uniken Venema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel D Voskuil
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse K Weersma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Am Festen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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24
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Sidiq T, Yoshihama S, Downs I, Kobayashi KS. Nod2: A Critical Regulator of Ileal Microbiota and Crohn's Disease. Front Immunol 2016; 7:367. [PMID: 27703457 PMCID: PMC5028879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal tract harbors large bacterial community consisting of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic strains, which are constantly interacting with the intestinal immune system. This interaction elicits a non-pathological basal level of immune responses and contributes to shaping both the intestinal immune system and bacterial community. Recent studies on human microbiota are revealing the critical role of intestinal bacterial community in the pathogenesis of both systemic and intestinal diseases, including Crohn’s disease (CD). NOD2 plays a key role in the regulation of microbiota in the small intestine. NOD2 is highly expressed in ileal Paneth cells that provide critical mechanism for the regulation of ileal microbiota through the secretion of anti-bacterial compounds. Genome mapping of CD patients revealed that loss of function mutations in NOD2 are associated with ileal CD. Genome-wide association studies further demonstrated that NOD2 is one of the most critical genetic factor linked to ileal CD. The bacterial community in the ileum is indeed dysregulated in Nod2-deficient mice. Nod2-deficient ileal epithelia exhibit impaired ability of killing bacteria. Thus, altered interactions between ileal microbiota and mucosal immunity through NOD2 mutations play significant roles in the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis in CD patients, thereby depicting NOD2 as a critical regulator of ileal microbiota and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabasum Sidiq
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Sayuri Yoshihama
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Isaac Downs
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
| | - Koichi S Kobayashi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University , College Station, TX , USA
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25
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Costa FRC, Françozo MCS, de Oliveira GG, Ignacio A, Castoldi A, Zamboni DS, Ramos SG, Câmara NO, de Zoete MR, Palm NW, Flavell RA, Silva JS, Carlos D. Gut microbiota translocation to the pancreatic lymph nodes triggers NOD2 activation and contributes to T1D onset. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1223-39. [PMID: 27325889 PMCID: PMC4925011 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptozotocin causes T1D by inducing the translocation of intestinal bacteria into pancreatic lymph nodes and driving the development of pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cells through NOD2 receptor. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors, resulting in the destruction of pancreatic β cells. The disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and consequent escape of microbial products may be one of these environmental triggers. However, the immune receptors that are activated in this context remain elusive. We show here that during streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1D, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), but not NOD1, participates in the pathogenesis of the disease by inducing T helper 1 (Th1) and Th17 cells in the pancreatic LNs (PLNs) and pancreas. Additionally, STZ-injected wild-type (WT) diabetic mice displayed an altered gut microbiota compared with vehicle-injected WT mice, together with the translocation of bacteria to the PLNs. Interestingly, WT mice treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics (Abx) were fully protected from STZ-induced T1D, which correlated with the abrogation of bacterial translocation to the PLNs. Notably, when Abx-treated STZ-injected WT mice received the NOD2 ligand muramyl dipeptide, both hyperglycemia and the proinflammatory immune response were restored. Our results demonstrate that the recognition of bacterial products by NOD2 inside the PLNs contributes to T1D development, establishing a new putative target for intervention during the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico R C Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela C S Françozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Ignacio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels O Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science (ICB), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcel R de Zoete
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Noah W Palm
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, The Anlyan Center, New Haven, CT 06519 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - João S Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Carlos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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D’Ambrosio A, Cossu A, Amendola A, Zandri A, Butera A, Sanchez M, Biffoni M, Pronio A, Montesani C, Kohn A, Pica R, Boirivant M. Lamina Propria CD4+LAP+ Regulatory T Cells Are Increased in Active Ulcerative Colitis but Show Increased IL-17 Expression and Reduced Suppressor Activity. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:346-53. [PMID: 26589955 PMCID: PMC4957478 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A CD4+CD25- regulatory T cell population expressing the surface TGF-β in its latent form LAP+ [latency associated peptide] cells was proved to be protective in experimental colitis and to be suppressive of human peripheral blood [PB] T proliferation. We investigated the frequency and function of lamina propria [LP] CD4+LAP+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients. METHODS Specimens from patients undergoing colonoscopy or bowel resection for IBD and colonic cancer were used as source of lamina propria mononuclear cells [LPMC]. The ulcerative colitis [UC] group was divided according to endoscopic activity evaluated with modified Baron Score. IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-10, LAP, and Foxp3 expression in CD3+CD8- [CD4] or CD3+/CD4+ gated cell population was assessed by immunofluorescence. The ability of FACS-sorted LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+CD25- to inhibit stimulated autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP- CD25- cells proliferation was assessed. RESULTS LP CD4LAP+ cells were significantly increased, when compared with controls, in active UC patients and not in Crohn's disease patients. The majority of LP CD4+LAP+ cells were Foxp3-. The percentage of IL-17+ cells in LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells was significantly higher in active UC patients when compared with controls. LP CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP+CD25- isolated from UC patients showed reduced or no ability to inhibit autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP-CD25- cell proliferation when compared with controls. Removal of IL-17+ cells from LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells increases their suppressive ability. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of LP CD4LAP+ cells is increased in active UC, showing reduced suppressor activity due to their increased proportion of intracellular IL-17 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D’Ambrosio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossu
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties,, University ‘Sapienza,’Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zandri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Butera
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pronio
- Department of General Surgery, ‘P. Stefanini’, University ‘Sapienza’,Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Montesani
- Department of General Surgery, ‘P. Stefanini’, University ‘Sapienza’,Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Kohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Pica
- IBD, GE Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
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27
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Low-level regulatory T-cell activity is essential for functional type-2 effector immunity to expel gastrointestinal helminths. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:428-43. [PMID: 26286232 PMCID: PMC4677460 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infection is frequently associated with the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppression of immune responses to bystander antigens. We show that infection of mice with the chronic gastrointestinal helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus drives rapid polyclonal expansion of Foxp3(+)Helios(+)CD4(+) thymic (t)Tregs in the lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes while Foxp3(+)Helios(-)CD4(+) peripheral (p)Treg expand more slowly. Notably, in partially resistant BALB/c mice parasite survival positively correlates with Foxp3(+)Helios(+)CD4(+) tTreg numbers. Boosting of Foxp3(+)Helios(+)CD4(+) tTreg populations by administration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2):anti-IL-2 (IL-2C) complex increased worm persistence by diminishing type-2 responsiveness in vivo, including suppression of alternatively activated macrophage and granulomatous responses at the sites of infection. IL-2C also increased innate lymphoid cell (ILC) numbers, indicating that Treg functions dominate over ILC effects in this setting. Surprisingly, complete removal of Tregs in transgenic Foxp3-DTR mice also resulted in increased worm burdens, with "immunological chaos" evident in high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and interferon-γ. In contrast, worm clearance could be induced by anti-CD25 antibody-mediated partial depletion of early Treg, alongside increased T helper type 2 responses and without incurring pathology. These findings highlight the overarching importance of the early Treg response to infection and the non-linear association between inflammation and the prevailing Treg frequency.
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28
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Strober W, Asano N, Fuss I, Kitani A, Watanabe T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NOD2 risk-associated polymorphisms in Crohn's disease. Immunol Rev 2015; 260:249-60. [PMID: 24942694 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that polymorphisms in the NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2) gene are associated with a greatly increased risk for the development of Crohn's disease has provided a means to achieve a deeper understanding of the dysregulation of mucosal immune responses to the commensal intestinal organisms that is thought to underlie this disease. NOD2 is a NOD-like receptor (NLR) family member that senses and responds to bacterial wall peptides; thus, the most widely held view of the relation of the NOD2 polymorphisms with Crohn's disease is that these polymorphisms lead to deficient immune responses to gut bacteria, and these, in turn, lead to quantitative or qualitative changes in the bacterial population in the gut lumen or lamina propria that cause inflammation at this site. Initially, this view was based mainly on the observation that defective NOD2 function can result in reduced α-defensin production by intestinal Paneth cells and that such impairment leads to loss of host defense against gut bacteria. In this review, we reconsider this possibility and marshal evidence that it is not in fact likely to be a prime element of Crohn's disease causation. More recently, evidence has been accumulating that the NOD2 dysfunction leads to Crohn's inflammation by inducing changes in the gut microbiome that influence immune effector or regulatory function. We review the strengths and weaknesses of this emerging hypothesis. Finally, we consider the possibility that NOD2 dysfunction can lead to inflammation because of a second and somewhat overlooked aspect of its function, that as an immunoregulator of innate immune responses. In particular, we review the body of evidence that NOD2 stimulation activates a cross-tolerance response that downregulates and thus prevents excessive TLR responses that cause Crohn's inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, LHD, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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29
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Abstract
The understanding of the intestinal inflammation occurring in the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) has been immeasurably advanced by the development of the now numerous murine models of intestinal inflammation. The usefulness of this research tool in IBD studies has been enabled by our improved knowledge of mucosal immunity and thus our improved ability to interpret the complex responses of mice with various causes of colitis; in addition, it has been powered by the availability of models in which the mice have specific genetic and/or immunologic defects that can be related to the origin of the inflammation. Finally, and more recently, it has been enhanced by our newly acquired ability to define the intestinal microbiome under various conditions and thus to understand how intestinal microorganisms impact on inflammation. In this brief review of murine models of intestinal inflammation we focus mainly on the most often used models that are, not incidentally, also the models that have yielded major insights into IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Warren Strober
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Warren Strober, MD, National Institutes of Health, Mucosal Immunity Section, 10 Center Drive, CRC Bldg. 10 5west-3940, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. fax: (301) 402-2240.
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30
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Lupfer CR, Anand PK, Liu Z, Stokes KL, Vogel P, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Reactive oxygen species regulate caspase-11 expression and activation of the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome during enteric pathogen infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004410. [PMID: 25254654 PMCID: PMC4178001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic bacterial infections in humans are a severe cause of morbidity and mortality. Although NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NOD2 and NLRP3 have important roles in the generation of protective immune responses to enteric pathogens, whether there is crosstalk among NLRs to regulate immune signaling is not known. Here, we show that mice and macrophages deficient in NOD2, or the downstream adaptor RIP2, have enhanced NLRP3- and caspases-11-dependent non-canonical inflammasome activation in a mouse model of enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Mechanistically, NOD2 and RIP2 regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Increased ROS in Rip2-deficient macrophages subsequently enhances c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling resulting in increased caspase-11 expression and activation, and more non-canonical NLRP3-dependant inflammasome activation. Intriguingly, this leads to protection of the colon epithelium for up to 10 days in Rip2-deficient mice infected with C. rodentium. Our findings designate NOD2 and RIP2 as key regulators of cellular ROS homeostasis and demonstrate for the first time that ROS regulates caspase-11 expression and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the JNK pathway. Caspase-11 is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death in response to certain gram-negative bacterial infections like Citrobacter rodentium. However, how C. rodentium drives caspase-11 expression and activation is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the NOD2-RIP2 pathway regulates reactive oxygen species production and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling to control caspase-11 expression and subsequent activation of caspase-11 and the NLRP3 inflammasome during C. rodentium infection. In the absence of NOD2-RIP2 signaling, increased inflammasome activation results in lower bacteria numbers in the colon and less tissue damage during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Lupfer
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paras K. Anand
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kate L. Stokes
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Tigno-Aranjuez JT, Benderitter P, Rombouts F, Deroose F, Bai X, Mattioli B, Cominelli F, Pizarro TT, Hoflack J, Abbott DW. In vivo inhibition of RIPK2 kinase alleviates inflammatory disease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29651-64. [PMID: 25213858 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RIPK2 kinase transduces signaling downstream of the intracellular peptidoglycan sensors NOD1 and NOD2 to promote a productive inflammatory response. However, excessive NOD2 signaling has been associated with numerous diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sarcoidosis and inflammatory arthritis, making pharmacologic inhibition of RIPK2 an appealing strategy. In this work, we report the generation, identification, and evaluation of novel RIPK2 specific inhibitors. These compounds potently inhibit the RIPK2 tyrosine kinase activity in in vitro biochemical assays and cellular assays, as well as effectively reduce RIPK2-mediated effects in an in vivo peritonitis model. In conjunction with the development of these inhibitors, we have also defined a panel of genes whose expression is regulated by RIPK2 kinase activity. Such RIPK2 activation markers may serve as a useful tool for predicting settings likely to benefit from RIPK2 inhibition. Using these markers and the FDA-approved RIPK2 inhibitor Gefitinib, we show that pharmacologic RIPK2 inhibition drastically improves disease in a spontaneous model of Crohn Disease-like ileitis. Furthermore, using novel RIPK2-specific inhibitors, we show that cellular recruitment is inhibited in an in vivo peritonitis model. Altogether, the data presented in this work provides a strong rationale for further development and optimization of RIPK2-targeted pharmaceuticals and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal Benderitter
- Oncodesign S.A., 20, Rue Jean Mazen, B.P. 27 627, 21 076 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Frederik Rombouts
- Janssen Research & Development, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Deroose
- Asclepia Outsourcing Solutions, Damvalleistraat 49, B-9070 Destelbergen, Belgium
| | - XiaoDong Bai
- RNA Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973, and
| | - Benedetta Mattioli
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973
| | - Jan Hoflack
- Oncodesign S.A., 20, Rue Jean Mazen, B.P. 27 627, 21 076 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Derek W Abbott
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4973,
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32
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Valdez Y, Brown EM, Finlay BB. Influence of the microbiota on vaccine effectiveness. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:526-37. [PMID: 25113637 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the relationship between the microbiome and the development and function of the immune system are demonstrating novel concepts that could significantly alter the way we treat disease and promote wellness. Several diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, allergy/asthma, and diabetes, are associated with changes in composition of the microbiome. Recent findings suggest novel complex mechanisms by which the microbiome impacts immune cell development and differentiation. A major implication of these findings is that the composition of microbiome may ultimately affect vaccine efficacy. We explore here the potential role of the microbiome in vaccine responses in the context of our growing understanding of the relationship between the gastrointestinal microbiota, resident immune cell populations, and systemic immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanet Valdez
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric M Brown
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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33
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Basso PJ, Fonseca MTC, Bonfá G, Alves VBF, Sales-Campos H, Nardini V, Cardoso CRB. Association among genetic predisposition, gut microbiota, and host immune response in the etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:727-37. [PMID: 25075576 PMCID: PMC4143199 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic disorder that affects thousands of people around the world. These diseases are characterized by exacerbated uncontrolled intestinal inflammation that leads to poor quality of life in affected patients. Although the exact cause of IBD still remains unknown, compelling evidence suggests that the interplay among immune deregulation, environmental factors, and genetic polymorphisms contributes to the multifactorial nature of the disease. Therefore, in this review we present classical and novel findings regarding IBD etiopathogenesis. Considering the genetic causes of the diseases, alterations in about 100 genes or allelic variants, most of them in components of the immune system, have been related to IBD susceptibility. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota also plays a role in the initiation or perpetuation of gut inflammation, which develops under altered or impaired immune responses. In this context, unbalanced innate and especially adaptive immunity has been considered one of the major contributing factors to IBD development, with the involvement of the Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector population in addition to impaired regulatory responses in CD or UC. Finally, an understanding of the interplay among pathogenic triggers of IBD will improve knowledge about the immunological mechanisms of gut inflammation, thus providing novel tools for IBD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Basso
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - M T C Fonseca
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - G Bonfá
- Departamento de Imunologia e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - V B F Alves
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - H Sales-Campos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - V Nardini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - C R B Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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Wang C, Yuan X, Ma E, Mendonsa GR, Plantinga TS, Kiemeney LA, Vermeulen SH, Mysorekar IU. NOD2 is dispensable for ATG16L1 deficiency-mediated resistance to urinary tract infection. Autophagy 2013; 10:331-8. [PMID: 24384785 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2) functions as a pathogen sensor and is involved in development of Crohn disease, a form of inflammatory bowel disease. NOD2 functions in concert with the autophagy protein ATG16L1, which is also implicated in Crohn disease. Recently, we identified a novel protective role of ATG16L1 deficiency in uropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced urinary tract infections (UTIs), which are common infectious diseases in humans. Given the known roles of NOD2 in recruiting ATG16L1 to the bacterial entry site, autophagy induction, and Crohn disease, we hypothesized that NOD2 may also play an important role in UTI pathogenesis. Instead, we found evidence that NOD2 is dispensable in the pathogenesis of UTIs in mice and humans. First, loss of Nod2 did not affect the clearance of bacteriuria and the recruitment of innate immune cells to the bladder. Second, we showed that, although nod2(-/-) mice display increased kidney abscesses in the upper urinary tract, there were no increased bacterial loads or persistence in this niche. Third, although a previous study indicates that loss of Nod2 reverses the protection from intestinal infection afforded by loss of ATG16L1 in mice, we found NOD2 deficiency did not reverse the ATG16L1-deficiency-induced protection from UTI. Finally, a population-based study of a cohort of 1819 patients did not reveal any association of NOD2 polymorphisms with UTI incidence. Together, our data indicated that NOD2 is dispensable for UTI pathogenesis in both mice and humans and does not contribute to ATG16L1-deficiency-induced resistance to UTI in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, MO USA
| | - Xuejun Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, MO USA
| | - Emily Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, MO USA
| | - Graziella R Mendonsa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, MO USA
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- Department of Medicine; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lambertus A Kiemeney
- Department for Health Evidence/Department of Urology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sita H Vermeulen
- Department for Health Evidence/Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Indira U Mysorekar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, MO USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology; Washington University School of Medicine; St Louis, MO USA
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