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Butera A, De Simone R, Potenza RL, Sanchez M, Armida M, Campanile D, Di Carlo N, Trenta F, Boirivant M, Ricceri L. Effects of a gut-selective integrin-targeted therapy in male mice exposed to early immune activation, a model for the study of autism spectrum disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:89-100. [PMID: 37793488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the role of gut mucosal immunity in ASD, we evaluated, in the early-life immune activation (EIA) mouse model, the effects of administration of a monoclonal antibody directed against the integrin alpha4 beta7 (α4β7 mAb), blocking the leukocyte homing into the gut mucosa. EIA is a double-hit variant of the maternal immune-activation (MIA) model, including both prenatal (Poly I:C) and postnatal (LPS) immune challenges. In C57BL6/J EIA male adult offspring mice, IL-1β and IL-17A mRNA colonic tissue content increased when compared with controls. Cytofluorimetric analyses of lymphocytes isolated from mesenteric lymph-nodes (MLN) and spleens of EIA mice show increased percentage of total and CD4+α4β7+, unstimulated and stimulated IL-17A+ and stimulated IFN-γ+ lymphocytes in MLN and CD4+α4β7+ unstimulated and stimulated IL-17A+ and stimulated IFN-γ+ lymphocytes in the spleen. Treatment with anti-α4β7 mAb in EIA male mice was associated with colonic tissue IL-1β, and IL-17A mRNA content and percentage of CD4+ IL-17A+ and IFN-γ+ lymphocytes in MLN and spleens comparable to control mice. The anti-α4β7 mAb treatment rescue social novelty deficit showed in the three-chamber test by EIA male mice. Increased levels of IL-6 and IL-1β and decreased CD68 and TGF-β mRNAs were also observed in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of EIA male mice together with a reduction of BDNF mRNA levels in all brain regions examined. Anti-α4β7 mAb treatment restored the expression of BDNF, TGF-β and CD68 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Improvement of the gut inflammatory status, obtained by a pharmacological agent acting exclusively at gut level, ameliorates some ASD behavioral features and the neuroinflammatory status. Data provide the first preclinical indication for a therapeutic strategy against gut-immune activation in ASD subjects with peripheral increase of gut-derived (α4β7+) lymphocytes expressing IL-17A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Butera
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta De Simone
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Luisa Potenza
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Cytometry Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Armida
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Doriana Campanile
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Di Carlo
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Trenta
- Center for Behavioral Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Center for Behavioral Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Butera A, Quaranta MT, Crippa L, Spinello I, Saulle E, Di Carlo N, Campanile D, Boirivant M, Labbaye C. CD147 Targeting by AC-73 Induces Autophagy and Reduces Intestinal Fibrosis Associated with TNBS Chronic Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1751-1761. [PMID: 35833587 PMCID: PMC9683082 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases. Medical treatment of intestinal fibrosis is an unmet therapeutic need. CD147 overexpression can induce myofibroblast differentiation associated with extracellular matrix deposition, favouring the development of fibrosis. To understand whether CD147 may promote intestinal fibrosis, we analysed its expression and blocked its function by using its specific inhibitor AC-73 [3-{2-[([1,1'-biphenyl]-4-ylmethyl) amino]-1-hydroxyethyl} phenol] in the murine TNBS [trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid]-chronic colitis model associated with intestinal fibrosis. METHODS TNBS chronic colitis was induced by weekly intrarectal administration of escalating doses of TNBS. Ethanol-treated and untreated mice were used as controls. Separated groups of TNBS, ethanol-treated or untreated mice received AC-73 or vehicle administered intraperitoneally from day 21 to day 49. At day 49, mice were killed, and colons collected for histological analysis, protein and RNA extraction. CD147, α-SMA and activated TGF-β1 protein levels, CD147/ERK/STAT3 signalling pathway and autophagy were assessed by Western blot, collagen and inflammatory/fibrogenic cytokines mRNA tissue content by quantitative PCR. RESULTS In mice with chronic TNBS colitis, CD147 protein level increased during fibrosis development in colonic tissue, as compared to control mice. CD147 inhibition by AC-73 treatment reduced intestinal fibrosis, collagen and cytokine mRNA tissue content, without significant modulation of activated TGF-β1 protein tissue content. AC-73 inhibited CD147/ERK1/2 and STAT3 signalling pathway activation and induced autophagy. CONCLUSIONS CD147 is a potential new target for controlling intestinal fibrosis and its inhibitor, AC-73, might represent a potential new anti-fibrotic therapeutic option in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luca Crippa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Isabella Spinello
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernestina Saulle
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Di Carlo
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Doriana Campanile
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Corresponding authors: Monica Boirivant, MD, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale R. Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy. Tel: +39 0649902976; E-mail:
| | - Catherine Labbaye
- Catherine Labbaye, PhD, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale R. Elena, 299, 00161 Roma, Italy. Tel: +39 0649902418; E-mail:
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De Simone R, Butera A, Armida M, Pezzola A, Boirivant M, Potenza RL, Ricceri L. Beneficial Effects of Fingolimod on Social Interaction, CNS and Peripheral Immune Response in the BTBR Mouse Model of Autism. Neuroscience 2020; 435:22-32. [PMID: 32229233 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by social communication deficits and repetitive/stereotyped behaviours. We evaluated the effects of a chronic treatment with the immunomodulator drug Fingolimod (FTY720 - a non-selective Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor ligand) in an ASD model, the BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mouse strain. In adult BTBR males, chronic FTY720 treatment (4 weeks) increased social and vocal response during a male-female interaction and hippocampal expression of BDNF and Neuregulin 1, two trophic factors reduced in BTBR when compared to control C57 mice. FTY720 also re-established the expression of IL-1β and MnSOD in the hippocampus, whereas it did not modify IL-6 mRNA content. In addition to its central effect, FTY720 modulated the activation state of peripheral macrophages in the BTBR model, both in basal conditions and after stimulation with an immune challenge. Furthermore, IL-6 mRNA colonic content of BTBR mice, reduced when compared with C57 mice, was normalized by chronic treatment with FTY720. Our study, while indicating FTY720 as a tool to attenuate relevant alterations of the BTBR neurobehavioural phenotype, emphasizes the importance of gut mucosal immune evaluation as an additional target that deserve to be investigated in preclinical studies of anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Simone
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Butera
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Armida
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Pezzola
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Luisa Potenza
- National Centre for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Butera A, Di Paola M, Vitali F, De Nitto D, Covotta F, Borrini F, Pica R, De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Giuliani A, Pronio A, Boirivant M. IL-13 mRNA Tissue Content Identifies Two Subsets of Adult Ulcerative Colitis Patients With Different Clinical and Mucosa-Associated Microbiota Profiles. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:369-380. [PMID: 31501882 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A personalized approach to therapy hold great promise to improve disease outcomes. To this end, the identification of different subsets of patients according to the prevalent pathogenic process might guide the choice of therapeutic strategy. We hypothesize that ulcerative colitis [UC] patients might be stratified according to distinctive cytokine profiles and/or to a specific mucosa-associated microbiota. METHODS In a cohort of clinically and endoscopic active UC patients and controls, we used quantitative PCR to analyse the mucosal cytokine mRNA content and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to assess the mucosa-associated microbiota composition. RESULTS We demonstrate, by means of data-driven approach, the existence of a specific UC patient subgroup characterized by elevated IL-13 mRNA tissue content separate from patients with low IL-13 mRNA tissue content. The two subsets differ in clinical-pathological characteristics. High IL-13 mRNA patients are younger at diagnosis and have a higher prevalence of extensive colitis than low IL-13 mRNA patients. They also show more frequent use of steroid/immunosuppressant/anti-tumour necrosis factor α therapy during 1 year of follow-up. The two subgroups show differential enrichment of mucosa-associated microbiota genera with a prevalence of Prevotella in patients with high IL-13 mRNA tissue content and Sutterella and Acidaminococcus in patients with low IL-13 mRNA tissue content. CONCLUSION Assessment of mucosal IL-13 mRNA might help in the identification of a patient subgroup that might benefit from a therapeutic approach modulating IL-13. PODCAST This article has an associated podcast which can be accessed at https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/pages/podcast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Butera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Covotta
- University "Sapienza", Dept General Surgery, "P. Stefanini", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Pica
- Sandro Pertini Hospital, IBD, GE Unit, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta De Filippo
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Annamaria Pronio
- University "Sapienza", Dept General Surgery, "P. Stefanini", Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Rome, Italy
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Butera A, Sanchez M, Pronio A, Amendola A, De Nitto D, Di Carlo N, Lande R, Frasca L, Borrini F, Pica R, Boirivant M. CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-Regulatory Cells of the Colonic Lamina Propria Limit Disease Extension in Ulcerative Colitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2511. [PMID: 30425718 PMCID: PMC6219428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: In ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammation begins in the rectum and can extend proximally throughout the entire colon. The extension of inflammation is an important determinant of disease course, and may be limited by the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the relationship between UC extension and the proportions of CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-Tregs in the colonic lamina propria (LP) of 79 UC patients and 29 controls. The role of these cells in UC extension was also investigated in the murine oxazolone-induced colitis model. Methods: Patients: Disease extension was classified according to the Montreal classification. Where possible, endoscopic biopsies of involved and uninvolved tissue were obtained from UC patients. Mouse model: Colitis was induced by intrarectal oxazolone administration. Lamina propria mononuclear cells were isolated from patient biopsies and mouse colon tissue using enzymatic method and the percentage of CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-cells evaluated by immunofluorescence. Confocal microscopy was applied for the visualization and quantification of CD4+LAP+ cells on tissue histological sections. Results: In UC patients with distal colitis the proportion of LP CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs was significantly higher in inflamed tissue than uninvolved tissue. As opposite, the proportion of LP CD3+CD4+LAP+ Tregs was significantly higher in uninvolved tissue than involved tissue. Both LP CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ and LP CD3+CD4+LAP+ Tregs proportion in involved tissue was significantly higher than in controls irrespective of the extension of inflammation. In mice with oxazolone-induced distal colitis, treatment with LAP-depleting antibody was associated with the development of extensive colitis. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CD3+CD4+LAP+Foxp3-Tregs limit the extension of inflammatory lesions in UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Butera
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Cytometry Unit-Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pronio
- Department of General Surgery "P. Stefanini", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Unit of Arbo, Hanta and Emerging Viruses, National Reference Laboratory for Arboviruses, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nazzareno Di Carlo
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Lande
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Frasca
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Pica
- IBD, GE Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Butera A, Di Paola M, Pavarini L, Strati F, Pindo M, Sanchez M, Cavalieri D, Boirivant M, De Filippo C. Nod2 Deficiency in mice is Associated with Microbiota Variation Favouring the Expansion of mucosal CD4+ LAP+ Regulatory Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14241. [PMID: 30250234 PMCID: PMC6155205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain-2 (NOD2) mutations are associated with an increased risk to develop Crohn's Disease. In previous studies, we have shown that Nod2-/- mice manifest increased proportion of Lamina Propria (LP) CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- regulatory cells, when compared with Nod2+/+ mice, while CD4+ Foxp3 + regulatory cells were not affected. Here, we investigated the Nod2 gut microbiota, by 16S rRNA pyrosequencing, at steady state and after TNBS-colitis induction in mice reared separately or in cohousing, correlating the microbial profiles with LP regulatory T cells proportion and tissue cytokines content. We found that enrichment of Rikenella and Alistipes (Rikenellaceae) in Nod2-/- mice at 8 weeks of age reared separately was associated with increased proportion of CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- cells and less severe TNBS-colitis. In co-housed mice the acquisition of Rickenellaceae by Nod2+/+ mice was associated with increased CD4+ LAP+ Foxp3- proportion and less severe colitis. Severe colitis was associated with enrichment of gram-negative pathobionts (Escherichia and Enterococcus), while less severe colitis with protective bacteria (Barnesiella, Odoribacter and Clostridium IV). Environmental factors acting on genetic background with different outcomes according to their impact on microbiota, predispose in different ways to inflammation. These results open a new scenario for therapeutic attempt to re-establish eubiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients with NOD2 polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Butera
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Di Paola
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - L Pavarini
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - F Strati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - M Pindo
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione E. Mach, S. Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - M Sanchez
- Cytometry Unit - Core Facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - D Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - M Boirivant
- Pharmacological Research and Experimental Therapy Section, National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - C De Filippo
- Institute of Biology and Agrarian Biotechnology (IBBA), National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy.
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D’Ambrosio A, Cossu A, Amendola A, Zandri A, Butera A, Sanchez M, Biffoni M, Pronio A, Montesani C, Kohn A, Pica R, Boirivant M. Lamina Propria CD4+LAP+ Regulatory T Cells Are Increased in Active Ulcerative Colitis but Show Increased IL-17 Expression and Reduced Suppressor Activity. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:346-53. [PMID: 26589955 PMCID: PMC4957478 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A CD4+CD25- regulatory T cell population expressing the surface TGF-β in its latent form LAP+ [latency associated peptide] cells was proved to be protective in experimental colitis and to be suppressive of human peripheral blood [PB] T proliferation. We investigated the frequency and function of lamina propria [LP] CD4+LAP+ T cells in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients. METHODS Specimens from patients undergoing colonoscopy or bowel resection for IBD and colonic cancer were used as source of lamina propria mononuclear cells [LPMC]. The ulcerative colitis [UC] group was divided according to endoscopic activity evaluated with modified Baron Score. IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-10, LAP, and Foxp3 expression in CD3+CD8- [CD4] or CD3+/CD4+ gated cell population was assessed by immunofluorescence. The ability of FACS-sorted LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+CD25- to inhibit stimulated autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP- CD25- cells proliferation was assessed. RESULTS LP CD4LAP+ cells were significantly increased, when compared with controls, in active UC patients and not in Crohn's disease patients. The majority of LP CD4+LAP+ cells were Foxp3-. The percentage of IL-17+ cells in LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells was significantly higher in active UC patients when compared with controls. LP CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP+CD25- isolated from UC patients showed reduced or no ability to inhibit autologous PB CD3+CD8-[CD4]LAP-CD25- cell proliferation when compared with controls. Removal of IL-17+ cells from LP CD3+CD8-[CD4] LAP+ cells increases their suppressive ability. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of LP CD4LAP+ cells is increased in active UC, showing reduced suppressor activity due to their increased proportion of intracellular IL-17 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D’Ambrosio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossu
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy,Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties,, University ‘Sapienza,’Roma, Italy
| | - Antonello Amendola
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zandri
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessia Butera
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pronio
- Department of General Surgery, ‘P. Stefanini’, University ‘Sapienza’,Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Montesani
- Department of General Surgery, ‘P. Stefanini’, University ‘Sapienza’,Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Kohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Pica
- IBD, GE Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Monica Boirivant
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
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Pronio A, Di Filippo AR, Mariani P, Vestri A, Montesani C, Boirivant M. Endoluminal calprotectin measurement in assessment of pouchitis and a new index of disease activity: A pilot study. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2016; 108:190-5. [DOI: 10.17235/reed.2016.4066/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Boirivant M. Experimental Models of Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abadie V, Abraham C, Adams DH, Agace WW, Alexander-Brett J, Alkhairy O, Ambite I, Anderson DJ, Artis D, Atmar RL, Aymeric L, Bachert C, Bakema JE, Baker K, Beagley KW, Befus A, Bemark M, Berin MC, Berings M, Berzofsky JA, Bilej M, Biswas N, Blumberg RS, Bienenstock J, Bogdanos D, Boirivant M, Boonnak K, Bracke KR, Brandtzaeg P, Braun J, Bringer MA, Broadbent AJ, Bronson R, Brusselle GG, Bulmer JN, Butler J, Cardenas PA, Cebra JJ, Cella M, Cerutti A, Challacombe SJ, Chattha K, Cheroutre H, Chiba T, Chorny A, Clements JD, Colonna M, Cookson WO, Corbeil LB, Corthésy B, Cripps AW, van Crombruggen K, Pires da Cunha A, Cunningham-Rundles S, Curtiss R, Darfeuille-Michaud A, de Jonge WJ, Deban L, Denning TL, Di Santo JP, Diefenbach A, DiRita VJ, Downey J, Du MQ, Edelblum KL, van Egmond M, Epple HJ, Fagarasan S, Fahey JV, Ferris MJ, Fichtner-Feigl S, Fidel PL, Flach M, Flavell R, Fleit HB, Franchini G, Freytag LC, Fuchs A, Fujihashi K, Fuss IJ, Gagliani N, Garcia MR, Garrett WS, Gershwin ME, Gevaert P, Gleeson M, Godaly G, Goldblum RM, Gour N, Gursel M, Hajishengallis G, Hammad H, Hammarström L, Hänninen A, Hanson LÅ, Hayday A, Herzog R, Hodgins DC, Holgate ST, Holmgren J, Holtzman MJ, Hook EW, Huber S, Hurwitz JL, Ivanyi J, Iwasaki A, Jabri B, Jackson S, Jacobs J, Jalkanen S, Janoff EN, Jerse AE, Jeyanathan M, Julian BA, Kacskovics I, Kaetzel CS, Kaushic C, Kelsall BL, Kessans S, Kesselring R, Kilian M, Kiyono H, Klinman DM, Korotkova M, Kronenberg M, Krysko O, Kurono Y, Kverka M, Lambrecht BN, Lamm ME, Lantz O, Lash GE, Lavelle E, Lefrancois L, Leung PS, Levine MM, Lim DJ, Lippolis J, Louis NA, Luster AD, Lutay N, Lycke N, Macpherson AJ, Mantis NJ, Marcotte H, Martin DH, Mason HS, Massa HM, Matoba N, Mayer L, Maynard CL, McElrath MJ, McEntee C, McGhee JR, McGuckin MA, Mestecky J, Mikhak Z, Miller RD, Moldoveanu Z, Montgomery PC, Mor T, Neurath MF, Neyt K, Nicholson LK, Novak J, Nowicki S, O’Hagan D, O’Sullivan NL, Ogra P, Orihuela C, Ouellette AJ, Owen RL, Pabst O, Parkos CA, Parreño V, Patel MV, Perez-Novo C, Perkins DJ, Prussin C, Pudney J, Raghavan S, Rainard P, Ramani S, Randall TD, Raska M, Renukaradhya GJ, Rescigno M, Rosenthal KL, Rothenberg ME, Ruemmele FM, Russell MW, Saif LJ, Salinas I, Salmi M, Salmon H, Sampson HA, Sansonetti P, Schneider T, Serafini N, Sharma D, Shen Z, Shi HN, Shirlaw PJ, Shivhare SB, Smith PD, Smith PM, Smith DJ, Smythies LE, Spencer J, Strober W, Subbarao K, Svanborg C, Svennerholm AM, Taubman MA, Telemo E, Thornhill MH, Thornton DJ, Thuenemann E, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H, Tristram D, Trivedi P, Tuomanen E, Turanek J, Turner JR, Underdown BJ, van Helden MJ, Veazey RS, Verdu EF, Vlasova A, Vliagoftis H, Vogel SN, Walker WA, Wang X, Watanabe T, Weaver CT, Weiner HL, Wells JM, Wen T, Whittum-Hudson J, Whitsett JA, Williams IR, Wills-Karp M, Wira CR, Woof JM, Wotherspoon AC, Xing Z, Xu H, Zaph C, Zeissig S, Zeitz M. Contributors. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.01002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Barletta B, Rossi G, Schiavi E, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Boirivant M, Di Felice G. Probiotic VSL#3-induced TGF-β ameliorates food allergy inflammation in a mouse model of peanut sensitization through the induction of regulatory T cells in the gut mucosa. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2233-44. [PMID: 23943347 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Among food allergies, peanut allergy is frequently associated with severe anaphylactic reactions. In the need for safe and effective therapeutic strategies, probiotics may be considered on the basis of their immunomodulatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunological mediators involved in the effects of probiotic VSL#3 oral supplementation on Th2 inflammation and anaphylaxis in a mouse model of peanut allergy. METHODS AND RESULTS VSL#3 supplementation to peanut-sensitized mice was effective in ameliorating anaphylaxis and Th2-mediated inflammation, by promoting regulatory responses in the jejunum mucosa and in the mesenteric lymph node, as evaluated by ELISA, real-time PCR, histologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. Probiotic-induced TGF-β mediates its protective effects through the induction of regulatory T cells expressing FOXP3 and/or latency-associated peptide, as proven by in vivo blockade of TGF-β in VSL#3-treated mice with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody one day before challenge. CONCLUSION TGF-β, induced in the gut by VSL#3 supplementation, is capable of reducing the Th2 inflammation associated with food anaphylaxis in a mouse model of peanut sensitization. TGF-β acts through the induction/maintenance of regulatory T cells expressing FOXP3 and/or latency-associated peptide. Probiotics supplementation may represent an effective and safe strategy for treating food allergies in adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barletta
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Cossu A, Biancone L, Ascolani M, Pallone F, Boirivant M. "In vitro" azathioprine-induced changes in peripheral T cell apoptosis and IFN-γ production associate with drug response in patients with Crohn's Disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:441-50. [PMID: 22840925 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The use of the highly effective thiopurines as early therapeutic option in Crohn's Disease (CD) may be discouraged by the long time interval required to obtain clinical efficacy as also by their potential side effects. The development of non-invasive markers of responsiveness to thiopurines represents a major attempt in the clinical management of CD patients. Azathioprine is able to induce apoptosis of T cells. We studied the effect of thiopurines on "in vitro" T cell apoptosis, IFN-γ and IL-10 production in a group of CD patients with known response to a previous treatment with AZA. METHODS Heparinized blood samples were drawn from 25 CD patients showing or not a previous responsiveness to a conventional azathioprine treatment (n=17 and n=8, respectively). CD4+ T cells were stimulated "in vitro" with aCD3/28 mAbs in the presence or absence of azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine or 6-thioguanine. Apoptosis was assessed using Annexin V staining, and IFN-γ and IL-10 production in cell culture supernatants was evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS Apoptosis stimulation index (% of apoptotic cells in the presence of thiopurine/% of apoptotic cells in the absence of thiopurine) and IFN-γ stimulation index (IFN-γ production in the presence of thiopurine/IFN-γ production in the absence of thiopurine) were, respectively, significantly lower and higher in non-responder when compared to responder patients. No variation was observed in IL-10 production. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of apoptosis and IFN-γ stimulation index of peripheral CD4+ T cell may be useful for a proper selection of CD patients candidate to thiopurine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossu
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Policlinico Umberto I, University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy.
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Abstract
This review focuses on the prominent etiological and pathogenetic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with particular attention being paid to the mucosal immune response to commensal micro-organisms in health and disease. Pathogenetic implications for target therapy will also be discussed. The clinical presentation, diagnostic aspects, and currently recommended therapeutic options for the two main types of IBD are also taken into consideration, including manifestations of these conditions in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boirivant
- Immune-mediated Disease Section, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Disease, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
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Schiavi E, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Boirivant M, Di Felice G. Oral therapeutic administration of a probiotic mixture suppresses established Th2 responses and systemic anaphylaxis in a murine model of food allergy. Allergy 2011; 66:499-508. [PMID: 21058959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No effective treatment is available for food allergy and its primary management still consists of avoiding relevant allergens. Probiotics are claimed to beneficially affect the immune system. We sought to investigate the therapeutic potential of VSL#3 probiotic mixture on specific immune responses and anaphylactic reaction induced in mice by the major food allergen shrimp tropomyosin (ST). METHODS The cytokine production by spleen cell from ST-sensitized mice upon allergen re-stimulation in the presence of VSL#3 was analysed. Next, the effects of oral administration of VSL#3 on allergen-induced anaphylaxis and Th2 response in the murine model of food allergy to ST was investigated by evaluating symptom score and histamine content in the faeces after allergen challenge, antibody response in serum and faeces, and cytokine and transcription factor expression in the jejunum. RESULTS The in vitro studies on mouse spleen cells indicates that the VSL#3 preparation has the capacity to shift a polarized Th2 response to a Th1/T regulatory-type profile. Oral therapeutic administration of VSL#3 to ST-sensitized mice significantly reduces symptom score and histamine release in the faeces following allergen challenge, as well as specific IgE response. In the jejunum, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 tissue content was significantly reduced, whereas FOXP3 and IL-27 mRNA expression, IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ tissue content were up-regulated. CONCLUSIONS Oral therapeutic treatment with the probiotic mixture VSL#3 is effective in redirecting allergen-specific Th2-polarized immune responses towards Th1-T regulatory responses and in the protection against anaphylactic reactions induced by the allergen in a murine model of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schiavi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Olivieri A, De Angelis S, Dionisi S, D'Annunzio G, Locatelli M, Marinaro M, Bonato V, Amendola A, Songini M, Velluzzi F, Schirru C, Cotichini R, Stazi MA, Dotta F, Lorini R, Bottazzo GF, Boirivant M. Serum transforming growth factor β1 during diabetes development in non-obese diabetic mice and humans. Clin Exp Immunol 2010; 162:407-14. [PMID: 20819089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data show that regulatory cells with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-dependent activity are able to restore self-tolerance in overtly diabetic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Thus, TGF-β1 seems to have a relevant role in protection from autoimmune diabetes. Our aim was to investigate the possible significance of serum TGF-β1 measurement in the natural history of diabetes in NOD mice, as well as in children positive for at least one islet-related antibody. Serum TGF-β1 (both total and active) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at monthly intervals in 26 NOD mice during the spontaneous development of diabetes and, on a yearly basis, in nine siblings of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) with a follow-up of 4 years. Diabetes appeared between the 12th week of age and the end of the study period (36 weeks) in 17 mice. TGF-β1 serum level variations occurred in the prediabetic period in both NOD mice and humans and diabetes diagnosis followed a continuing reduction of active TGF-β1 (aTGF-β1) serum levels. In mice, aTGF-β1 serum levels measured at 4 weeks of age correlated positively with severity of insulitis, and negatively with percentage of insulin-positive cells. Our findings suggest that in NOD mice serum TGF-β1 levels during the natural history of the diabetes reflect the course of islet inflammation. The measurement of aTGF-β1 in islet-related antibody-positive subjects may provide insights into the natural history of prediabetic phase of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olivieri
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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De Vincenzi M, Vincentini O, Di Nardo G, Boirivant M, Gazza L, Pogna N. Two prolamin peptides from durum wheat preclude celiac disease-specific T cell activation by gluten proteins. Eur J Nutr 2009; 49:251-5. [PMID: 19894071 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-009-0080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent intolerance to wheat prolamins and related proteins displayed by genetically susceptible individuals. Blocking or modulation of CD-specific T cell response by altered prolamin peptides are currently considered as a potential alternative to the only effective therapy of CD based on a life-long gluten-free diet. Two prolamin peptides, the 9-mer ASRVAPGQQ and the 10-mer GTVGVAPGQQ sequences, were identified by mass spectrometry in the peptic/tryptic digest of prolamins (PTP) from durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) cv. Adamello, and investigated for their ability to preclude the stimulation of CD-specific mucosal T cells by gluten proteins. METHODS Gluten-specific polyclonal intestinal T cell lines from five CD children (mean age 5 years) were exposed to 50 microg/ml of a deamidated PTP from whole flour of common wheat (T. aestivum) cv. San Pastore, and tested for proliferation and production of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). The same experiment was performed in the presence of 20 microg/ml of the 9-mer or the 10-mer peptide. RESULTS T cells exposed to PTP showed a threefold increase in proliferation and INF-gamma production, and a significant (P <or= 0.05) reduction in IL-10 secretion as compared with control cells incubated with the culture medium. Addition of either the 9-mer or the 10-mer peptide to PTP downregulated T cell proliferation and INF-gamma production, and caused a significant (P <or= 0.05) increase in IL-10 secretion. CONCLUSIONS The T cell reactivity elicited by PTP is precluded by both the 9-mer and the 10-mer sequence, suggesting that over-expression of these proteolytically stable peptides may result in a wheat flour with reduced toxicity for CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo De Vincenzi
- Division of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Mastrangeli G, Corinti S, Butteroni C, Afferni C, Bonura A, Boirivant M, Colombo P, Di Felice G. Effects of live and inactivated VSL#3 probiotic preparations in the modulation of in vitro and in vivo allergen-induced Th2 responses. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2009; 150:133-43. [PMID: 19439979 DOI: 10.1159/000218116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunological mechanisms responsible for the immunomodulatory and anti-allergic effects of probiotic bacteria are still poorly defined. The combined effects of mixtures of different species of probiotic bacteria have been explored only in part. The present study describes the immunomodulatory activity of the VSL#3 probiotic preparation in in vitro and in vivo systems. METHODS The activation and cytokine production by in vitro probiotic-stimulated bone-marrow dendritic cells (BM-DCs) and spleen cells isolated from naïve or Par j 1-sensitized mice were investigated. Mice were intranasally administered a sonicate preparation of VSL#3 before immunization with rPar j 1. Serum antibody levels and cytokine expression in the lung were determined. RESULTS Both live and sonicated VSL#3 preparations induced maturation and cytokine production by BM-DCs. Cytokine production by spleen cells from naïve or Par j 1-sensitized mice was modulated by the probiotic preparations towards a Treg/Th0 profile, characterized by increased IL-10 and IFN-gamma production. In vivo prophylactic treatment with VSL#3 induced a significant reduction of serum specific IgG1. At lung level, VSL#3 pre-treatment remarkably reduced IL-13 and IL-4 mRNA expression and increased IL-10 expression. CONCLUSIONS The VSL#3 preparations have not only the capacity to bias primary immune responses towards a Treg/Th0-type profile, but also to modify in the same way the functional characteristics of established in vitro Th2 responses. In vivo studies on a mouse model of Par j 1 sensitization indicate that the prophylactic intranasal treatment with probiotic bacteria is able to modulate the development of Th2-biased responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Mastrangeli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
There are two types of magnetic cell isolation technologies, one column-based and the other tube-based. The column-based technology utilizes nano-sized particles that need to pass through a ferromagnetic spheres column to increase cell-capture capacity. The tube-based system utilizes micron-sized beads that can be selected using a magnet applied to the tube. The beads are used for direct or indirect labeling of cells. Direct labeling is achieved with antibodies coupled to magnetic particles directly added to the cell suspension. For indirect labeling the cells are first labeled with the antibody of interest; the antibody can be simple, biotinylated, or fluorochrome-conjugated. Subsequently, beads coated with streptavidin or anti-immunoglobulin, anti-biotin, anti-fluorochrome antibodies are used to specifically mark the subpopulation of interest. Separation of target cells can be achieved using positive or negative selection or a combination of the two. Quality of the sample preparation is critical to obtain good purification and yield.
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Boirivant M, Amendola A, Butera A, Sanchez M, Xu L, Marinaro M, Kitani A, Di Giacinto C, Strober W, Fuss IJ. A transient breach in the epithelial barrier leads to regulatory T-cell generation and resistance to experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1612-1623.e5. [PMID: 18765239 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 07/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies have indicated that a defective epithelial barrier leads to inflammation of the underlying lamina propria. Nevertheless, it is likely that physiologic breaks in the barrier must occur for homeostatic regulatory T cells to develop. We determined the effect of agents that disrupt epithelial tight junctions (ethanol and AT1002, a Vibrio cholerae zonula occludens toxin hexapeptide) on regulatory T-cell induction and resistance to induction of colitis by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). METHODS The effects of ethanol and AT1002 on colon immune function were evaluated by their capacity to induce direct phenotypic or functional changes in effector and regulatory cell populations and their indirect effect on the development of TNBS-induced colitis. The basis of regulatory cell development was evaluated with in vitro studies of isolated dendritic cell populations. The role of innate immunity was evaluated by in vivo gene silencing studies utilizing Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS Both ethanol and AT1002 induced persistent latency-associated peptide-positive CD4(+) regulatory T cells that, as shown in adoptive transfer studies, render mice resistant to the induction of TNBS colitis. The development of these cells requires the presence of an intact microflora and the activity of CD11c(+) dendritic cells. Their induction is also influenced by innate immune factors operating through TLR-2, because attenuation of TLR-2 signaling by in vivo TLR-2 siRNA administration prevents their development. CONCLUSIONS A mild and/or transient breach in epithelial barrier function leads to dominant regulatory T-cell responses that protect the mucosa from inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boirivant
- Immune-Mediated Diseases Section, Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Boirivant M, Amendola A, Butera A, Sanchez M, Xu L, Marinaro M, Kitani A, Di Giacinto C, Strober W, Fuss IJ. 160 A transient breach in the epithelial barrier leads to regulatory T-cell generation and resistance to TNBS-colitis induction. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Di Felice G, Barletta B, Butteroni C, Corinti S, Tinghino R, Colombo P, Boirivant M. Use of probiotic bacteria for prevention and therapy of allergic diseases: studies in mouse model of allergic sensitization. J Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42 Suppl 3 Pt 1:S130-2. [PMID: 18806704 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e318169c463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria as modulators of the immune response have been intensively studied in reducing the risk of immune-mediated diseases, including atopic diseases. Results from in vitro studies demonstrated that probiotics may modify the polarization of immune cells, supporting potential therapeutic effects in atopic diseases. Several clinical studies have been designed to explore the effective role of probiotics in the modulation of allergic diseases. The results of these studies, although promising, are not conclusive yet and are considered insufficient to recommend probiotics as a part of standard therapy in any allergic conditions. In vivo studies on animal models can provide useful information on the immunologic mechanisms responsible for the potential antiallergic effects of probiotic bacteria. The immunomodulatory activity of the probiotic mixture VSL#3 has been studied in the mouse models of allergic sensitization and anaphylaxis developed in our laboratory with inhalant and food allergens, according to a prophylactic setting by the intranasal route (inhalant allergy model) or a therapeutic setting by the oral route (food allergy model). Intranasally delivered probiotic bacteria prevented the development of Parietaria major allergen-specific response, by down-regulating T helper cell 2 responses at the local and systemic level. Oral therapeutic treatment was able to reduce both systemic and local anaphylactic symptoms induced by oral challenge with the sensitizing allergen Shrimp Tropomyosin. The induction of protective immune responses at the sites of allergen exposure linked to counterregulatory local and systemic immune responses by mucosal delivery of probiotic bacteria mixtures might become an effective strategy in the prevention and therapy of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Di Felice
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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D'Ambrosio A, Colucci M, Pugliese O, Quintieri F, Boirivant M. Cholera toxin B subunit promotes the induction of regulatory T cells by preventing human dendritic cell maturation. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:661-8. [PMID: 18562485 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1207850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) is an efficient mucosal carrier molecule for the generation of immune responses to linked antigens. There is also good evidence that CTB acts as an immunosuppressant, as it is able to down-modulate human monocyte/macrophage cell line activation and to suppress Th1-type responses. In the present study, we examined the possibility that recombinant CTB (rCTB) may affect human dendritic cell (DC) functions in response to LPS stimulation and may induce the generation of DC with the capacity to generate CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). Our findings show that rCTB partially prevents the LPS-induced maturation process of monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) and decreases their IL-12 production with no relevant effect on IL-10 production. LPS-stimulated MDDC pretreated with rCTB are able to promote the induction of low proliferating T cells, which show an enhanced IL-10 production associated with a reduced IFN-gamma production and the same high levels of TGF-beta as the control. These T cells suppress proliferation of activated autologous T cells. Transwell experiments and blockade of IL-10R and TGF-beta showed that the immunomodulatory effect is mediated by soluble factors. Thus, T cells induced by rCTB-conditioned MDDC acquire a regulatory phenotype and activity similar to those described for type 1 Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella D'Ambrosio
- Immune-Mediated Section, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
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Pronio A, Montesani C, Butteroni C, Vecchione S, Mumolo G, Vestri A, Vitolo D, Boirivant M. Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:662-8. [PMID: 18240282 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and appear to regulate mucosal immune response through reductions in proinflammatory cytokines. The probiotic VSL#3 prevents pouchitis if started within a week of ileostomy closure and maintains remission following antibacterial treatment in patients with refractory or recurrent pouchitis. However, the efficacy of probiotics and their effects on regulatory cells if started at a greater time after surgery in patients undergoing ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis are unknown. METHODS We conducted an open-label study in which 31 patients at different periods from surgery without signs and symptoms of pouchitis were randomized to 2 sachets of VSL#3 once daily or no treatment for 12 months. Pouchitis disease activity index (PDAI) was evaluated at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing CD25 and the inactive form of transforming growth factor-beta [latency-associated peptide (LAP)] were evaluated at baseline and after 3 and 6 months in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and mucosal biopsies. Variation in tissue interleukin-1beta and Foxp3 mRNA expression was also evaluated. RESULTS During the study period, VSL#3-treated patients showed a significant reduction in PDAI score and a significant increase in the percentage of mucosal CD4+CD25(high) and CD4+ LAP-positive cells compared with baseline values. Tissue samples at different points showed a significant reduction in IL-1beta mRNA expression, and a significant increase in Foxp3 mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that VSL#3 administration in patients with IPAA modulates the PDAI and expands the number of mucosal regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pronio
- Department of General Surgery, P. Stefanini, University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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Fina D, Sarra M, Fantini MC, Rizzo A, Caruso R, Caprioli F, Stolfi C, Cardolini I, Dottori M, Boirivant M, Pallone F, Macdonald TT, Monteleone G. Regulation of gut inflammation and th17 cell response by interleukin-21. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1038-48. [PMID: 18395085 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)-21, a T-cell-derived cytokine, is overproduced in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), but its role in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation remains unknown. We here examined whether IL-21 is necessary for the initiation and progress of experimental colitis and whether it regulates specific pathways of inflammation. METHODS Both dextran sulfate sodium colitis and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-relapsing colitis were induced in wild-type and IL-21-deficient mice. CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells from wild-type and IL-21-deficient mice were differentiated in T helper cell (Th)17-polarizing conditions, with or without IL-21 or an antagonistic IL-21R/Fc. We also examined whether blockade of IL-21 by anti-IL-21 antibody reduced IL-17 in cultures of IBD lamina propria CD3(+) T lymphocytes. Cytokines were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS High IL-21 was seen in wild-type mice with dextran sulfate sodium- and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-relapsing colitis. IL-21-deficient mice were largely protected against both colitides and were unable to up-regulate Th17-associated molecules during gut inflammation, thus suggesting a role for IL-21 in controlling Th17 cell responses. Indeed, naïve T cells from IL-21-deficient mice failed to differentiate into Th17 cells. Treatment of developing Th17 cells from wild-type mice with IL-21R/Fc reduced IL-17 production. Moreover, in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta1, exogenous IL-21 substituted for IL-6 in driving IL-17 induction. Neutralization of IL-21 reduced IL-17 secretion by IBD lamina propria lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that IL-21 is a critical regulator of inflammation and Th17 cell responses in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fina
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Centro di Eccellenza per lo studio delle malattie complesse e multifattoriali, Università Tor Vergata, Rome
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Probiotics are a heterogeneous group of nonpathologic bacteria that are functionally defined by their ability to allay inflammation when introduced into the inflamed intestine. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent data bearing on the possible mechanisms of action of these bacteria, with a particular focus on the relation of these mechanisms to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, their main arena of use. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of probiotic activity in recent years provide evidence that probiotics counter experimental and human gastrointestinal inflammation (human inflammatory bowel disease) by their effects on epithelial cell function, including epithelial cell barrier function, epithelial cytokine secretion, and their antibacterial effects relating to colonization of the epithelial layer. In addition, there is emerging evidence that probiotics induce regulatory T cells that act as a break on the effector T cells that would otherwise cause inflammation. SUMMARY This review of probiotics and inflammatory bowel disease marshals support for the concept that administration of probiotics ameliorates inflammation by exerting positive effects on the epithelial cell dysfunction and mucosal immune system dysfunction that forms the basis of the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boirivant
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
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Peluso I, Fantini MC, Fina D, Caruso R, Boirivant M, MacDonald TT, Pallone F, Monteleone G. IL-21 counteracts the regulatory T cell-mediated suppression of human CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Immunol 2007; 178:732-9. [PMID: 17202333 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.2.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
High expression of IL-21 and/or IL-21R has been described in T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases characterized by defects of counterregulatory mechanisms. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are a T cell subset involved in the control of the immune responses. A diminished ability of these cells to inhibit T cell activation has been documented in immune-inflammatory diseases, raising the possibility that inflammatory stimuli can block the regulatory properties of Treg. We therefore examined whether IL-21 controls CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell function. We demonstrate in this study that IL-21 markedly enhances the proliferation of human CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells and counteracts the suppressive activities of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells on CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells without affecting the percentage of Foxp3(+) cells or survival of Treg. Additionally, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells induced in the presence of IL-21 maintain the ability to suppress alloresponses. Notably, IL-21 enhances the growth of CD8(+)CD25(-) T cells but does not revert the CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-mediated suppression of this cell type, indicating that IL-21 makes CD4(+) T cells resistant to suppression rather than inhibiting CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell activity. Finally, we show that IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, but not IL-21, reverse the anergic phenotype of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. Data indicate that IL-21 renders human CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells resistant to Treg-mediated suppression and suggest a novel mechanism by which IL-21 could augment T cell-activated responses in human immune-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Peluso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, Italy
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Boirivant M, Pallone F, Di Giacinto C, Fina D, Monteleone I, Marinaro M, Caruso R, Colantoni A, Palmieri G, Sanchez M, Strober W, MacDonald TT, Monteleone G. Inhibition of Smad7 with a specific antisense oligonucleotide facilitates TGF-beta1-mediated suppression of colitis. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1786-98. [PMID: 17087939 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Defective transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 signaling due to high levels of Smad7 is a feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this study, we analyzed the effect of reducing Smad7 levels with antisense oligonucleotide on mouse models of colitis. METHODS Mucosal samples taken from colitic tissue of mice with colitis due to either haptenating reagents (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid [TNBS] or oxazolone) or to transfer of T cells (SCID transfer colitis) were analyzed for Smad3 and/or Smad7 expression by Western blotting and, in some cases, content of TGF-beta1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The effect of oral Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide on mucosal inflammation was assessed. RESULTS TGF-beta1 levels were increased in the inflamed tissues of mice with colitis induced by either TNBS or oxazolone. Nevertheless, TGF-beta1 did not exert a regulatory effect, probably because TGF-beta1 signaling was blocked, as indicated by the presence of reduced Smad3 phosphorylation and high levels of Smad7. Oral administration of Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide to colitic mice restored TGF-beta1 signaling via Smad3 and ameliorated inflammation in hapten-induced colitis. In addition, Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide had a therapeutic effect on relapsing TNBS-induced colitis but not on cell-transfer colitis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that colitis models associated with high endogenous TGF-beta1 levels and defective TGF-beta1 signaling due to high levels of Smad7 can be ameliorated by down-regulation of Smad7 and by oral administration of Smad7 antisense oligonucleotide. This may represent a new approach to the control of IBD, particularly during active phases when its Smad7 profile resembles that of hapten-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boirivant
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Coccia EM, Remoli ME, Di Giacinto C, Del Zotto B, Giacomini E, Monteleone G, Boirivant M. Cholera toxin subunit B inhibits IL-12 and IFN-{gamma} production and signaling in experimental colitis and Crohn's disease. Gut 2005; 54:1558-64. [PMID: 16105891 PMCID: PMC1774744 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.062174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) is a powerful modulator of immune responses. The authors have previously demonstrated that oral administration of recombinant CT-B (rCT-B) is able to prevent and cure the Crohn's disease (CD)-like trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) mediated colitis. In this study they extended their observations and examined if rCT-B interferes with the molecular signaling underlying the Th1 type response both in TNBS colitis and in ex vivo human CD explants. METHODS TNBS treated mice were fed with rCT-B, and IFN-gamma and IL-12 production by colonic lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) was examined by ELISA. In vitro culture of mucosal explants from CD patients and non-inflammatory bowel disease controls, pre-incubated with rCT-B, were examined for IFN-gamma and IL-12 production by ELISA and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. STAT-1, -4, -6 activation and T-bet expression were examined following rCT-B treatment by western blotting both in TNBS treated mice and in human mucosal explants. RESULTS rCT-B significantly reduced IL-12 and IFN-gamma secretion by LPMC from TNBS treated mice. Consistent with this, rCT-B inhibited both STAT-4 and STAT-1 activation and downregulated T-bet expression. Inhibition of Th1 signaling by CT-B associated with no change in IL-4 synthesis and expression of active STAT-6 indicating that rCT-B does not enhance Th2 cell responses. Moreover, in vitro treatment of CD mucosal explants with rCT-B resulted in reduced secretion of IL-12/IFN-gamma and inhibition of STAT-4/STAT-1 activation and T-bet expression. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that CT-B inhibits mucosal Th1 cell signaling and suggest that rCT-B may be a promising candidate for CD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Coccia
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Calcinaro F, Dionisi S, Marinaro M, Candeloro P, Bonato V, Marzotti S, Corneli RB, Ferretti E, Gulino A, Grasso F, De Simone C, Di Mario U, Falorni A, Boirivant M, Dotta F. Oral probiotic administration induces interleukin-10 production and prevents spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic mouse. Diabetologia 2005; 48:1565-75. [PMID: 15986236 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent observations suggest the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in the pathogenesis of islet autoimmunity. Thus, the modulation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue may represent a means to affect the natural history of the disease. Oral administration of probiotic bacteria can modulate local and systemic immune responses; consequently, we investigated the effects of oral administration of the probiotic compound VSL#3 on the occurrence of diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. METHODS VSL#3 was administered to female NOD mice three times a week starting from 4 weeks of age. A control group received PBS. Whole blood glucose was measured twice a week. IFN-gamma and IL-10 production/expression was evaluated by ELISA in culture supernatants of mononuclear cells isolated from Peyer's patches and the spleen, and by real-time PCR in the pancreas. Insulitis was characterised by immunohistochemistry and histomorphometric studies. RESULTS Early oral administration of VSL#3 prevented diabetes development in NOD mice. Protected mice showed reduced insulitis and a decreased rate of beta cell destruction. Prevention was associated with an increased production of IL-10 from Peyer's patches and the spleen and with increased IL-10 expression in the pancreas, where IL-10-positive islet-infiltrating mononuclear cells were detected. The protective effect of VSL#3 was transferable to irradiated mice receiving diabetogenic cells and splenocytes from VSL#3-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Orally administered VSL#3 prevents autoimmune diabetes and induces immunomodulation by a reduction in insulitis severity. Our results provide a sound rationale for future clinical trials of the primary prevention of type 1 diabetes by oral VSL#3 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Calcinaro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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Di Giacinto C, Marinaro M, Sanchez M, Strober W, Boirivant M. Probiotics ameliorate recurrent Th1-mediated murine colitis by inducing IL-10 and IL-10-dependent TGF-beta-bearing regulatory cells. J Immunol 2005; 174:3237-46. [PMID: 15749854 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.6.3237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies of murine models of mucosal inflammation suggest that, whereas some kinds of bacterial microflora are inducers of disease, others, known as probiotics, prevent disease. In the present study, we analyzed the regulatory cytokine and cell response to probiotic (VSL#3) administration in the context of the Th1 T cell colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid treatment of SJL/J mice. Daily administration of probiotics for 3 wk to mice during a remission period between a first and second course of colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, resulted in a milder form of recurrent colitis than observed in mice administered PBS during this same period. This protective effect was attributable to effects on the lamina propria mononuclear cell (LPMC) population, because it could be transferred by LPMC from probiotic-treated mice to naive mice. Probiotic administration was associated with an early increase in the production of IL-10 and an increased number of regulatory CD4+ T cells bearing surface TGF-beta in the form of latency-associated protein (LAP) (LAP+ T cells). The latter were dependent on the IL-10 production because administration of anti-IL-10R mAb blocked their appearance. Finally, the LAP+ T cells were essential to the protective effect of probiotics because administration of anti-IL-10R or anti-TGF-beta at the initiation of recurrent colitis induction or depletion of LAP+ T cells from LPMC abolished the latter's capacity to transfer protection to naive recipients. These studies show that probiotic (VSL#3) administration during a remission period ameliorates the severity of recurrent colitis by inducing an immunoregulatory response involving TGF-beta-bearing regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Giacinto
- Immune-Mediated Diseases Section, Department of Infectious, Parasitic, and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
In previous studies, we have shown that the oral administration of colonic proteins that have been haptenated (i.e., haptenated colonic proteins [HCPs]) with trinitrophenol (TNP) can protect mice from the subsequent induction of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis. Inasmuch as this protection was mediated by regulatory cells that express the antigen-non-specific suppressor factors transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10, we reasoned that TNP-HCP feeding would also "cross-protect" mice from colitis induced by a different hapten, oxazolone. Indeed, we found that feeding TNP-HCP protected mice from the development of oxazolone-colitis, albeit to a lesser extent than it protected mice from trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis. In addition, we showed that protection was associated with the appearance of mononuclear cells producing regulatory cytokines. These data strongly imply that the cells induced by feeding 1 type of haptenated protein are capable of cross-reacting with antigens present in colitis produced by a second type of haptenated protein. The cross-protection demonstrated in this study holds promise for the treatment of humans with inflammatory bowel disease because it shows that an appropriate fed antigen can induce regulatory cells that have the potential to suppress an inflammation induced by the unknown antigens causing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Boirivant
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases. Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
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Strober W, Fuss I, Boirivant M, Kitani A. Insights into the Mechanism of Oral Tolerance Derived from the Study of Models of Mucosal Inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1029:115-31. [PMID: 15681751 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1309.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine models of mucosal inflammation are frequently due to the inability of the mouse to mount a regulatory T cell response. To the extent that such responses arise from oral tolerance mechanisms, these models provide a unique way of studying oral tolerance. In this paper we focus on the regulatory cells generated in two of the most well-studied of such models, the cell-transfer model and the TNBS-colitis model. Our analysis leads to the view that regulatory cells generated by the oral tolerance seen in mucosal inflammation are, at least in part, cells that recognize self-antigens or antigens in the mucosal microflora whose effector function relies on the expression of TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Strober
- The Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defense, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Fuss IJ, Heller F, Boirivant M, Leon F, Yoshida M, Fichtner-Feigl S, Yang Z, Exley M, Kitani A, Blumberg RS, Mannon P, Strober W. Nonclassical CD1d-restricted NK T cells that produce IL-13 characterize an atypical Th2 response in ulcerative colitis. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:1490-7. [PMID: 15146247 PMCID: PMC406524 DOI: 10.1172/jci19836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2003] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While Crohn disease (CD) has been clearly identified as a Th1 inflammation, the immunopathogenesis of its counterpart inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis (UC), remains enigmatic. Here we show that lamina propria T (LPT) cells from UC patients produce significantly greater amounts of IL-13 (and IL-5) than control cells and little IFN-gamma, whereas comparable cells from CD patients produce large amounts of IFN-gamma and small amounts of IL-13. We then show that stimulation of UC LPT cells bearing an NK marker (CD161) with anti-CD2/anti-CD28 or with B cells expressing transfected CD1d induces substantial IL-13 production. While this provided firm evidence that the IL-13-producing cell is an NK T (NKT) cell, it became clear that this cell does not express invariant NKT cell receptors characteristic of most NKT cells since there was no increase in cells binding alpha-galactosylceramide-loaded tetramers, and alpha-galactosylceramide did not induce IL-13 secretion. Finally, we show that both human NKT cell lines as well as UC CD161(+) LPT cells are cytotoxic for HT-29 epithelial cells and that this cytotoxicity is augmented by IL-13. These studies show that UC is associated with an atypical Th2 response mediated by nonclassical NKT cells producing IL-13 and having cytotoxic potential for epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA.
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Orlandi A, Grasso F, Corinti S, Marinaro M, Bonura A, Boirivant M, Colombo P, Di Felice G. The recombinant major allergen of Parietaria judaica and its hypoallergenic variant: in vivo evaluation in a murine model of allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:470-7. [PMID: 15005743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Par j 1 represents the major allergenic component of Parietaria judaica pollen. Its three-dimensional structure is stabilized by four disulphide bridges. A family of three-dimensional mutants of the recombinant Par j 1 (rPar j 1) allergen, showing reduced allergenicity and retained T cell recognition has been recently developed by site-directed mutagenesis. OBJECTIVE To develop and characterize a murine model of IgE sensitization to rPar j 1. To evaluate similarities between the murine model and the human IgE response. To investigate in this model the recognition of a hypoallergenic mutant of Par j 1, and to study the immune responses elicited in mice by the mutant itself. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized by two intraperitoneal immunizations with rPar j 1 in alum on days 0 and 21. Allergen-specific serum IgE and IgG responses were studied by direct ELISA and immunoblotting, ELISA inhibition and competitive ELISA. Cell proliferation was evaluated in splenocyte cultures. RESULTS Sensitization with rPar j 1 induced high levels of IgE and IgG1 vs. low levels of IgG2a. Mouse antibodies specific to rPar j 1 were able to compete with human IgE for recognition of rPar j 1. IgE from mice immunized with rPar j 1 showed a significantly reduced binding activity towards the hypoallergenic variant rPjC, which lacks three disulphide bridges. On the contrary, rPjC was recognized by IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies as well as rPar j 1. The proliferative response to rPjC by splenocytes from mice immunized with rPar j 1 was comparable to that stimulated by rPar j 1. Immunization with rPjC induced low levels of IgE antibodies to the rPjC itself, while IgG and proliferative responses were similar to those induced by rPar j 1. CONCLUSION Conformational variants of allergens, displaying reduced allergenicity accompanied by retained IgG and T cell recognition, offer a safe, specific and flexible approach to immunotherapy of type I allergy. Our mouse model of IgE sensitization to a recombinant allergen, mimicking the human response to its native counterpart, could provide valuable information for pre-clinical testing of such hypoallergenic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Orlandi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Del Zotto B, Mumolo G, Pronio AM, Montesani C, Tersigni R, Boirivant M. TGF-beta1 production in inflammatory bowel disease: differing production patterns in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:120-6. [PMID: 12974764 PMCID: PMC1808847 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is an inhibitory cytokine recognized as a key regulator of immunological homeostasis and inflammatory responses. TGF-beta is involved in experimental models of oral tolerance and in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have inappropriate T cell responses to antigenic components of their own intestinal microflora, suggesting the presence of a disorder in the normal mucosal immune mechanism that ensures the down-regulation of responses to harmless constituents in the microflora. To evaluate the contribution of TGF-beta to this imbalance, we measured TGF-beta1 production by lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and T cells isolated from tissue specimens of patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and controls. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of anti-CD2 plus anti-CD28 MoAbs and TGF-beta1 production in culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. LPMC isolated from CD patients produced significantly less TGF-beta1 than controls when stimulated via CD2 plus CD28 pathways (P = 0.001)] conversely, in UC patients increased production of TGF-beta1 compared to controls was observed (P = 0.0005). These differences were also observed with purified lamina propria (LP) T cells in both diseases and were associated with the presence of inflammation. Thus, TGF-beta1 production shows contrasting secretion in CD and in UC, probably as a consequence of the different Th polarization. The absolute or relative defect in TGF-beta1 production observed in CD and UC may contribute to the perpetuation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Del Zotto
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Superiore di Sanita', Rome, Italy
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Olivieri A, De Angelis S, Vaccari V, Valensise H, Magnani F, Stazi MA, Cotichini R, Gilardi E, Cordeddu V, Sorcini M, Boirivant M. Postpartum thyroiditis is associated with fluctuations in transforming growth factor-beta1 serum levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:1280-4. [PMID: 12629119 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-020990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum thyroiditis (PPT) is characterized by a rapid evolution and recovery of euthyroidism. Therefore, it can represent a good model to study early cytokine fluctuations in autoimmune thyroid diseases. TGFbeta1 is an immunosuppressive cytokine, as it inhibits T and B cell proliferation, natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, and the generation of T cell cytotoxicity. The aim of this study was to assess serum concentrations of TGFbeta1 during pregnancy and to study possible serum fluctuations of this cytokine during the different phases of PPT. Thyroid biochemical pattern, antithyroid autoantibodies (ATA), and total and active TGFbeta1 (aTGFbeta1) serum concentrations were evaluated in 63 pregnant women. Thirty-four of them were ATA(+), and 29 were ATA(-). Twenty of the 34 ATA(+) women were followed in the postpartum year. Nine of these 20 women developed PPT; 11 remained euthyroid. All of the PPT women became euthyroid during the follow-up. Our results showed 1) detectable serum levels of aTGFbeta1 in 50% of ATA(+) pregnant women, suggesting that the presence of autoantibodies may characterize a favorable condition for TGFbeta1 activation; and 2) decreased total TGFbeta1 and increased aTGFbeta1 serum levels during the active phase of PPT in ATA(+) women. This seems to suggest that inflammation may be responsible for TGFbeta1 activation and autoantibody increase because of antigen release. Although further studies of women with persistent hypothyroidism after the postpartum year are needed, the possibility that the enhanced activation of TGFbeta1 may contribute to resolution of thyroid inflammation postpartum cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olivieri
- Metabolism and Pathological Biochemistry Laboratory, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
In the present study, we define the relation between TGF-beta and IL-10 in the regulation of the Th1-mediated inflammation occurring in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-colitis. In initial studies, we showed that the feeding of trinitrophenol-haptenated colonic protein to SJL/J mice induces CD4(+) regulatory T cells that transfer protection from induction of TNBS-colitis, and that such protection correlates with cells producing TGF-beta, not IL-10. Further studies in which SJL/J mice were fed haptenated colonic protein, and then administered either anti-TGF-beta or anti-IL-10 at the time of subsequent TNBS administration per rectum, showed that while both Abs abolished protection, anti-TGF-beta administration prevented TGF-beta secretion, but left IL-10 secretion intact; whereas anti-IL-10 administration prevented both TGF-beta secretion and IL-10 secretion. Thus, it appeared that the protective effect of IL-10 was an indirect consequence of its effect on TGF-beta secretion. To establish this point further, we conducted adoptive transfer studies and showed that anti-IL-10 administration had no effect on induction of TGF-beta producing T cells in donor mice. However, it did inhibit their subsequent expansion in recipient mice, probably by regulating the magnitude of the Th1 T cell response which would otherwise inhibit the TGF-beta response. Therefore, these studies suggest that TGF-beta production is a primary mechanism of counter-regulation of Th1 T cell-mediated mucosal inflammation, and that IL-10 is necessary as a secondary factor that facilitates TGF-beta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J Fuss
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Boirivant M, Fuss IJ, Ferroni L, De Pascale M, Strober W. Oral administration of recombinant cholera toxin subunit B inhibits IL-12-mediated murine experimental (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid) colitis. J Immunol 2001; 166:3522-32. [PMID: 11207312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.5.3522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis is an IL-12-driven, Th1 T cell-mediated colitis that resembles human Crohn's disease. In the present study, we showed initially that the oral administration of recombinant subunit B of cholera toxin (rCT-B) at the time of TNBS-induced colitis by intrarectal TNBS instillation inhibits the development of colitis or, at later time when TNBS-induced colitis is well established, brings about resolution of the colitis. Dose-response studies showed that a majority of mice (68%) treated with rCT-B at a dose of 100 microg (times four daily doses) exhibited complete inhibition of the development of colitis, whereas a minority (30%) treated with rCT-B at a dose of 10 microg (times four daily doses) exhibited complete inhibition; in both cases, however, the remaining mice exhibited some reduction in the severity of inflammation. In further studies, we showed that rCT-B administration is accompanied by prevention/reversal of increased IFN-gamma secretion (the hallmark of a Th1 response) without at the same time causing an increase in IL-4 secretion. This decreased IFN-gamma secretion was not associated with the up-regulation of the secretion of counterregulatory cytokines (IL-10 or TGF-beta), but was associated with a marked inhibition of IL-12 secretion, i.e., the secretion of the cytokine driving the Th1 response. Finally, we showed that rCT-B administration results in increased apoptosis of lamina propria cells, an effect previously shown to be indicative of IL-12 deprivation. From these studies, rCT-B emerges as a powerful inhibitor of Th1 T cell-driven inflammation that can conceivably be applied to the treatment of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boirivant
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Neurath MF, Finotto S, Fuss I, Boirivant M, Galle PR, Strober W. Regulation of T-cell apoptosis in inflammatory bowel disease: to die or not to die, that is the mucosal question. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:21-6. [PMID: 11286687 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(00)01798-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T-cell resistance against apoptosis contributes to inappropriate T-cell accumulation and the perpetuation of chronic mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Anti-interleukin-12 (IL-12) and anti-IL-6 receptor antibodies suppress colitis activity by the induction of T-cell apoptosis. These findings have important implications for the design of effective treatment regimens in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Neurath
- Laboratory of Immunology, I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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41
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Boirivant M, Marini M, Di Felice G. [Functional status of intestinal t lymphocytes, regulatory mechanisms, and their variations in the course of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis]. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2000; 35:283-9. [PMID: 10645662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the phenotype, proliferative responsiveness, cytokine production and apoptosis susceptibility of lamina propria lymphocytes to different activation pathways. Lamina propria lymphocytes is a population enriched of activated lymphocytes showing a "memory" phenotype. As opposite to peripheral blood lymphocytes, lamina propria lymphocytes show proliferative hyporesponsiveness when stimulated via TCR/CD3 pathway while proliferative response to the CD2 activation pathway is relatively preserved. Under the latter activation pathway, cytokine production, especially IL-4 and IFN-gamma, is higher than that observed in peripheral lymphocytes. When compared to controls, lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) show distinctive variation in the cytokine production. In particular, Crohn's disease is characterized by an increased production of IFN-gamma, while in ulcerative colitis an increased production of IL-5 is observable. Among the different regulatory mechanisms contributing to maintain immunological homeostasis we analyzed the susceptibility to apoptosis of lamina propria lymphocytes. We found that CD2-activation pathway is regulated by Fas-mediated apoptosis, which regulates proliferation and cytokine production. In inflammatory bowel disease this apoptosis is defective thus contributing to the chronic inflammation and cytokine dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boirivant
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma
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Abstract
The presence of HIV-1 in the intestinal mucosa of AIDS patients has been reported and human intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) have been proposed as important targets for HIV-1 infection. However, little information is available concerning the permissiveness of human intestinal CD4+ T lymphocytes to HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that human LPL, in contrast to autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), are permissive to both X4 T-tropic and R5 M-tropic strains of HIV-1, as well as to clinical isolates, in the absence of exogenous stimuli. Flow cytometry showed that the vast majority of T LPL were CD45RO+ and CD69+, and that CD4+ T LPL highly expressed CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) as compared to PBL, while CX chemokine receptor 4 was equally expressed on LPL and PBL. Exogenous RANTES and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (natural CCR5 ligands) virtually abolished the entry of the R5 M-tropic strain HIV-1 into human LPL. Thus, we infer that human intestinal CD4+ T lymphocytes are naturally susceptible to HIV-1 infection, due to their physiological state of activation and to marked expression of HIV-1 coreceptors, independently of the route of primary (either mucosal or parental) infection and the shifts of the virus phenotype occurring during the course of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lapenta
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Lapenta C, Boirivant M, Marini M, Santini SM, Logozzi M, Viora M, Belardelli F, Fais S. Human intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes are naturally permissive to HIV-1 infection. Eur J Immunol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199904)29:04%3c1202::aid-immu1202%3e3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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Boirivant M, Marini M, Di Felice G, Pronio AM, Montesani C, Tersigni R, Strober W. Lamina propria T cells in Crohn's disease and other gastrointestinal inflammation show defective CD2 pathway-induced apoptosis. Gastroenterology 1999; 116:557-65. [PMID: 10029614 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Normal human lamina propria lymphocytes manifest increased unstimulated apoptosis compared with peripheral lymphocytes, which are enhanced after stimulation via the CD2 activation pathway. This activation-induced apoptosis down-regulates cell expansion and cytokine production. In previous studies, it was shown that lamina propria T cells from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis manifest abnormal proliferation and cytokine production. It was therefore of interest to determine if such cells also showed abnormal patterns of apoptosis. METHODS Apoptosis was evaluated by propidium iodide staining of cells followed by flow cytometric analysis. Fas expression and Bcl-2 levels in cells were evaluated by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Lamina propria lymphocytes from patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as well as from 2 patients with diverticulitis showed defective CD2 pathway-induced apoptosis. Studies of the mechanisms of this defect focusing on cells from patients with Crohn's disease showed that Crohn's disease lamina propria lymphocytes from inflamed tissues express the same amount of cell surface Fas but are less sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis than control cells. In addition, lamina propria lymphocytes from inflamed Crohn's disease tissues manifest increased expression of Bcl-2 after CD2 pathway stimulation and elevated Bcl-2 levels in cultures of unstimulated T cells. CONCLUSIONS T cells isolated from areas of inflammation in Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and other inflammatory states manifest decreased CD2 pathway-induced apoptosis. Studies of cells from inflamed Crohn's disease tissue indicate that this defect is accompanied by elevated Bcl-2 levels. These changes are probably caused by the chronic inflammation and may aggravate the underlying disease processes that are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boirivant
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome
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Boirivant M, Fuss IJ, Chu A, Strober W. Oxazolone colitis: A murine model of T helper cell type 2 colitis treatable with antibodies to interleukin 4. J Exp Med 1998; 188:1929-39. [PMID: 9815270 PMCID: PMC2212414 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.10.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/1998] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we describe oxazolone colitis, a new form of experimental colitis. This model is induced in SJL/J mice by the rectal instillation of the haptenating agent, oxazolone, and is characterized by a rapidly developing colitis confined to the distal half of the colon; it consists of a mixed neutrophil/lymphocyte infiltration limited to the superficial layer of the mucosa which is associated with ulceration. Oxazolone colitis is a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated process since stimulated T cells from lesional tissue produce markedly increased amounts of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5; in addition, anti-IL-4 administration leads to a striking amelioration of disease, whereas anti-IL-12 administration either has no effect or exacerbates disease. Finally, this proinflammatory Th2 cytokine response is counterbalanced by a massive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) response which limits both the extent and duration of disease: lesional (distal) T cells manifest a 20-30-fold increase in TGF-beta production, whereas nonlesional (proximal) T cells manifest an even greater 40-50-fold increase. In addition, anti-TGF-beta administration leads to more severe inflammation which now involves the entire colon. The histologic features and distribution of oxazolone colitis have characteristics that resemble ulcerative colitis (UC) and thus sharply distinguish this model from most other models, which usually resemble Crohn's disease. This feature of oxazolone colitis as well as its cytokine profile have important implications to the pathogenesis and treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boirivant
- Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Strober W, Fuss IJ, Ehrhardt RO, Neurath M, Boirivant M, Lúdvíksson BR. Mucosal immunoregulation and inflammatory bowel disease: new insights from murine models of inflammation. Scand J Immunol 1998; 48:453-8. [PMID: 9822251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Strober
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1890, USA
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Viora M, Di Genova G, Quaranta MG, Boirivant M, Camponeschi B. Lack of immunotoxicity of saquinavir (Ro 31-8959) used alone or in double or triple combination with AZT and ddC. J Clin Immunol 1998; 18:346-54. [PMID: 9793827 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023243016224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Saquinavir (Ro 31-8959; SQV) has been demonstrated to be a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinases and acts synergistically with dideoxynucleoside analogues. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of SQV on normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and on lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC). We used the drug either alone or in double and triple combination with AZT and ddC to assess whether SQV enhances the immunomodulatory effects induced by AZT and ddC that we previously observed. We demonstrated that SQV did not induce any modulation of the proliferative response either in PBMC or in LPMC. Similarly, NK cell-mediated cytotoxic activity and cytokine production were not modified by SQV. More importantly, SQV/AZT, SQV/ddC, and SQV/AZT/ddC combinations did not strengthen neither the inhibition of PBMC and LPMC proliferative response or the modulation of cytokine production induced by AZT, ddC, and AZT/ddC. On the other hand, the increased IL-2 production induced by AZT and ddC was not observed adding SQV to the dideoxynucleoside analogues. In conclusion, we demonstrated that SQV used in combination with AZT and ddC did not add any further immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viora
- Immunology Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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Letizia C, Boirivant M, De Toma G, Cerci S, Subioli S, Scuro L, Ferrari P, Pallone F. Plasma levels of endothelin-1 in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 30:266-9. [PMID: 9759593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to investigate the behavior of circulating endothelin-1, a vasoconstrictor and mitogenic peptide, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. PATIENTS We investigated plasma endothelin-1 levels in 29 patients with Crohn's disease, 13 with ulcerative colitis and 26 healthy subjects as controls. METHODS Erythrocyte sedimentation and C-reactive protein were also measured in all patients. Plasma endothelin-1 was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and expressed as pg/ml. RESULTS Both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients showed a significant increase in plasma endothelin-1 concentration (22.3 +/- 8.2 pg/ml and 11.2 +/- 2.7 pg/ml, respectively) when compared to healthy subjects (6.2 +/- 1.5 pg/ml). Moreover, plasma endothelin-1 levels were significantly higher in Crohn's disease patients than those in ulcerative colitis patients (22.3 +/- 8.2 pg/ml vs 11.2 +/- 2.7 pg/ml; p < 0.001, respectively). A weak correlation (r = 0.645; p < 0.013) between erythrocyte sedimentation and endothelin-1 levels was observed in Crohn's disease patients. Age, sex, clinical activity of the disease, duration of history, anatomical localization of disease and therapy had no influence on plasma endothelin-1 levels. CONCLUSION Our results show that plasma endothelin-1 levels increase in chronic inflammatory bowel disease and mainly in Crohn's disease. This observation leads us on to believe that endothelin-1 has a important role in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Letizia
- 2nd Institute of Internal Medicine, Rome, Italy
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Boirivant M, Viora M, Giordani L, Luzzati AL, Pronio AM, Montesani C, Pugliese O. HIV-1 gp120 accelerates Fas-mediated activation-induced human lamina propria T cell apoptosis. J Clin Immunol 1998; 18:39-47. [PMID: 9475352 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023235803948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucosa represents an important portal of entry of HIV and a site of virus reservoir and active replication. Recently, in HIV patients, an early depletion of intestinal lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPT) has been described. HIV-1 gp120 has been demonstrated to promote apoptosis in noninfected isolated peripheral blood T cells, therefore we investigated whether gpl20 modulates apoptosis of normal human intestinal lamina propria T cells. Purified T cells were obtained by immunomagnetic negative selection from human lamina propria mononuclear cells isolated from surgical specimens by enzymatic procedure. Cells were incubated with or without recombinant gpl20 (10 microg/ml) and cultured either in the absence of any stimulus or in the presence of plate-bound anti-CD3 Ab (OKT3) or soluble anti-CD2 Ab (T11(2) + T11[3]). Apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometric analysis after propidium iodide staining. We demonstrated that preincubation of normal LPT cells with HIV-1 gpl20 accelerates the apoptosis observed during CD2-pathway stimulation of LPT cells. This process is mediated by Fas/Fas ligand interaction and related to an increased induction of Fas ligand mRNA by gpl20. Therefore HIV-1 gp120 could contribute to the depletion of noninfected LPT cells inducing a premature cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boirivant
- Immunology Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
We investigated the role of some gp120 peptides on the apoptosis induction in malignant T cell lines. We took advantage of recent findings reporting that three major regions of gp120 are important for CD4 binding. They consist of residues 256-262 in the C2 domain, residues 368-389 in the C3 domain, and residues 421-457 in C4 domain. We used a peptide from C2 domain (aa 250-263) the homologous major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II peptide (aa 135-155) and three peptides from domain C4 (aa 414-434; 419-430; 428-445). We selected for this study the following human cell lines: CEM and Jurkat, two lymphoblastoid CD4-positive T cell line and U937, a myelomonocytic CD4 positive cell line. We demonstrated that the CD4-positive T cell lines, in the presence of gp120 250-263 peptide and DR 135-155 peptide, can be induced to accelerate apoptosis, while no effect in apoptosis induction was observed in the presence of 414-424 gp120 peptide. Interestingly, we have shown by fluorescence study, that the small sequence 414-419 must be responsible for the inhibition of binding of gp120 to the CD4 molecule. Indeed while 414-424 gp120 peptide is very efficient in CD4-gp120 binding inhibition, no effect is observed in the presence of either 419-430 or 428-445 peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pugliese
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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