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Wan H, Deng K, Huang Z, Yang Y, Jing B, Feng Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Lu M, Zhao X. Pathogen-Mimicking Nanoparticles Based on Rigid Nanomaterials as an Efficient Subunit Vaccine Delivery System for Intranasal Immunization. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401120. [PMID: 38888501 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Despite the safety profile of subunit vaccines, the inferior immunogenicity hinders their application in the nasal cavity. This study introduces a novel antigen delivery and adjuvant system utilizing mucoadhesive chitosan-catechol (Chic) on silica spiky nanoparticles (Ssp) to enhance immunity through multiple mechanisms. The Chic functionalizes the Ssp surface and incorporates with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and toll-like receptor (TLR)9 agonist unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) motif, forming uniform virus-like nanoparticles (Ssp-Chic-RBD-CpG) via electrostatic and covalent interactions. Ssp-Chic-RBD-CpG, mimicking the morphology and function of inactive virions, effectively prolongs the retention time of RBD in the nasal mucosa by 3.92-fold compared to RBD alone, enhances the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and facilitates the antigen trafficking to the draining lymph nodes, which subsequently induces a stronger mucosal immunity. Mechanistically, the enhanced chemokine chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20)-driven DCs recruitment and maturation by Ssp-Chic-RBD-CpG are evidenced by a cell co-culture model. In addition, the overexpression of TLR4/9 and activation of MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in activation of DCs are observed. Proof of principle is obtained for RBD, but similar delivery mechanisms can be applied in other protein-based subunit vaccines as well when intranasal administration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongping Wan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Zhengqun Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yunhan Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Mingqin Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Deng K, Huang Z, Jing B, Zhu L, Feng Y, Jiang Q, Xu Z, Wan H, Zhao X. Mucoadhesive chitosan-catechol as an efficient vaccine delivery system for intranasal immunization. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133008. [PMID: 38852736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
The mucosal barrier and scavenging effect of the mucosal layer are two main obstacles in inducing mucosal immunization. To overcome these obstacles, we synthesized a bio-inspired mucoadhesive material, chitosan-catechol (ChiC), for surface modification of inactive porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Studies have revealed that PEDV particles can be facilely and mildly modified by Chi-C forming Chi-C-PEDV nanoparticles (Chic-Ps) through the covalent and electrostatic bond, which effectively prolongs the retention time of PEDV in the nasal mucosa. The cell co-culture model demonstrated that Chic-Ps exhibit enhanced recruitment of dendritic cells via the secretion of stimulating chemokine CCL20 and improving antigen permeability by disruption the distribution of ZO-1 protein in epithelial cells. Additionally, the flow cytometry (FCM) analysis revealed that Chic-Ps facilitate trafficking to lymph nodes and induce stronger cellular and humoral immune responses compared to unmodified PEDV. Notably, Chic-Ps induced a higher level of PEDV neutralizing antibody was induced by Chic-Ps in the nasal washes, as confirmed by a plaque reduction neutralization test. These results demonstrate that Chi-C is a promising nasal delivery system for vaccines. Proof of principle was obtained for inactivated PEDV, but similar delivery mechanisms could be applied in other vaccines when intranasal administration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Deng
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengqun Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yumei Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University at Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- College of Environmental Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongping Wan
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Center for Infectious Diseases Control (CIDC), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Center for Sustainable Antimicrobials, Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Stanifer ML, Karst SM, Boulant S. Regionalization of the antiviral response in the gastrointestinal tract to provide spatially controlled host/pathogen interactions. mBio 2023; 14:e0279122. [PMID: 37260237 PMCID: PMC10470817 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02791-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As the largest mucosal surface, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a key role in protecting the host against pathogen infections. It is a first line of defense against enteric viruses and must act to control infection while remaining tolerant to the high commensal bacteria load found within the GI tract. The GI tract can be divided into six main sections (stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and rectum), and enteric pathogens have evolved to infect distinct parts of the GI tract. The intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) lining the GI tract are immune competent and can counteract these infections through their intrinsic immune response. Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are antiviral cytokines that play a key role in protecting IECs against viruses with the type III IFN being the most important. Recent work has shown that IECs derived from the different sections of the GI tract display a unique expression of pattern recognition receptors used to fight pathogen infections. Additionally, it was also shown that these cells show a section-specific response to enteric viruses. This mini-review will discuss the molecular strategies used by IECs to detect and combat enteric viruses highlighting the differences existing along the entero-caudal axis of the GI tract. We will provide a perspective on how these spatially controlled mechanisms may influence virus tropism and discuss how the intestinal micro-environment may further shape the response of IECs to virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Stanifer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Qin T, Feng D, Zhou B, Bai L, Zhou S, Du J, Xu G, Yin Y. Melatonin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced immune dysfunction in dendritic cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 120:110282. [PMID: 37224647 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a ubiquitous hormone, is principally secreted from pineal gland in mammals and possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its specific roles in the immune functions of dendritic cells (DCs) during acute lung injury (ALI) remain unknown. In this study, we found that melatonin restored the body weight, decreased the lung weight/body weight ratio, alleviated the histopathological lung injury, and decreased the levels of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-12p70, IL-17, and IL-10) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI murine model. Moreover, melatonin inhibited the major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) expression of lung CD11b+ DCs after LPS challenge in vivo. In vitro, melatonin reversed the shape index, promoted the endocytosis, and inhibited phenotypic expression of MHCII, CD40, CD80, and CD86 in LPS-activated DCs. Furthermore, melatonin decreased the expression of an activated marker, CD69, and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-12p70, and IL-17) after LPS challenge. It hampered the LPS-activated DCs migration by downregulating the C-C chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) expression, and then weakened the ability of LPS-induced DCs to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cell proliferation. Melatonin shaped the immune function of DCs in a nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) axis-dependent manner. These findings indicate that melatonin protects DCs from ALI-induced immunological stress and may be used to develop novel DC-targeting strategies for ALI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Danni Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bangyue Zhou
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lirong Bai
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengjie Zhou
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangtao Du
- Laboratory Animal Center, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yinyan Yin
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China; Guangling College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Status and Challenges for Vaccination against Avian H9N2 Influenza Virus in China. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091326. [PMID: 36143363 PMCID: PMC9505450 DOI: 10.3390/life12091326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become widely prevalent in poultry, causing huge economic losses after secondary infection with other pathogens. Importantly, H9N2 AIV continuously infects humans, and its six internal genes frequently reassort with other influenza viruses to generate novel influenza viruses that infect humans, threatening public health. Inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been used to control H9N2 AIV in China for more than 20 years, and they can alleviate clinical symptoms after immunization, greatly reducing economic losses. However, H9N2 AIVs can still be isolated from immunized chickens and have recently become the main epidemic subtype. A more effective vaccine prevention strategy might be able to address the current situation. Herein, we analyze the current status and vaccination strategy against H9N2 AIV and summarize the progress in vaccine development to provide insight for better H9N2 prevention and control.
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Cai G, Yang Y, Gu P, Li K, Adelijiang W, Zhu T, Liu Z, Wang D. The secretion of sIgA and dendritic cells activation in the intestinal of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice are regulated by Alhagi honey polysaccharides. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154232. [PMID: 35675749 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains a huge challenge to recover the intestine immune function for the treatment of intestinal mucosal damage from chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide (CY). Alhagi honey polysaccharide (AH) has immunomodulation pharmacological activity, but the effect and mechanism on the intestinal immune system of CY-mice remain unclear. PURPOSE In this experiment, the immunomodulatory activity of AH on intestinal immune in CY-mice and its mechanism of regulating the intestinal immune system was investigated. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS The experiment studied the immunomodulatory activity of AH on the intestinal immune system and its mechanism for the first time from in vitro and in vivo experiments. We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of AH on Caco-2 and dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro by using western blot (WB), flow cytometry, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and ELISA methods. In vivo experiment, the immunosuppressive mouse model was established through being given intraperitoneal injection with CY (80 mg/kg) for 3 days. Then, mice oral administration of 800 mg/kg AH and 40 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride for a week. Immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, ELISA, qPCR and WB were applied to examine the immunomodulatory activity of AH on the intestinal immune function of CY-mice, as well as the function of AH on the concentration of SCFAs in cecum by Gas chromatographic analysis. RESULTS In vitro experiments, AH could significantly stimulate the expression of pIgR protein in Caco-2. It could also induce the DCs maturation and release the cytokines to regulate the immune response. In vivo experiments, AH could remarkably stimulate the DCs maturation and secrete more CCL20 to recruit DCs, then induce the T (CD4+ and CD8+) and B cells proliferation and activation. Moreover, it could further induce T helper cells to differentiate and secrete cytokines to enhance the secretion of sIgA. Furthermore, it also directly activated DCs and released cytokines to increase the content of pIgR, J-chain, and IgA+ cells in intestine, thereby enhancing the secretion of sIgA to protect the intestine. In addition, AH could obviously strengthen the SCFAs production in cecum to regulate the intestinal immune dysfunction induced by CY. CONCLUSION In summary, oral administrated AH exhibits great benefits for treating CY-induced intestinal immunosuppression, and the mechanism of action mainly involves sIgA, DCs, SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Cai
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Kui Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wusiman Adelijiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Li Y, Ma Y, Jin Y, Peng X, Wang X, Zhang P, Liu P, Liang C, Yang Q. Porcine intraepithelial lymphocytes undergo migration and produce an antiviral response following intestinal virus infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:252. [PMID: 35318455 PMCID: PMC8941121 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The location of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) between epithelial cells provide a first line of immune defense against enteric infection. It is assumed that IELs migrate only along the basement membrane or into the lateral intercellular space (LIS) between epithelial cells. Here, we identify a unique transepithelial migration of porcine IELs as they move to the free surface of the intestinal epithelia. The major causative agent of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), increases the number of IELs entering the LIS and free surface of the intestinal epithelia, driven by chemokine CCL2 secreted from virus-infected intestinal epithelial cells. Remarkably, only virus pre-activated IELs inhibits PEDV infection and their antiviral activity depends on the further activation by virus-infected cells. Although high levels of perforin is detected in the co-culture system, the antiviral function of activated IELs is mainly mediated by IFN-γ secretion inducing robust antiviral response in virus-infected cells. Our results uncover a unique migratory behavior of porcine IELs as well as their protective role in the defense against intestinal infection. When piglets are infected with intestinal virus, porcine intraepithelial lymphocytes undergo intra-and trans-epithelial migration promoted by chemokines from infected epithelial cells and produce an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yichao Ma
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Xuebin Peng
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Xiuyu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Penghao Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Chun Liang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, college of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Du L, Hou L, Yu X, Cheng H, Chen J, Zheng Q, Hou J. Pattern-Recognition Receptor Agonist-Containing Immunopotentiator CVC1302 Boosts High-Affinity Long-Lasting Humoral Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:697292. [PMID: 34867941 PMCID: PMC8637734 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideally, a vaccine should provide life-long protection following a single administered dose. In our previous study, the immunopotentiator CVC1302, which contains pattern- recognition receptor (PRR) agonists, was demonstrated to prolong the lifetime of the humoral immune response induced by killed foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) vaccine. To elucidate the mechanism by which CVC1302 induces long-term humoral immunity, we used 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NP)-OVA as a pattern antigen and administered it to mice along with CVC1302, emulsified together with Marcol 52 mineral oil (NP-CVC1302). From the results of NP-specific antibody levels, we found that CVC1302 could induce not only higher levels of NP-specific antibodies but also high-affinity NP-specific antibody levels. To detect the resulting NP-specific immune cells, samples were taken from the injection sites, draining lymph nodes (LNs), and bone marrow of mice injected with NP-CVC1302. The results of these experiments show that, compared with mice injected with NP alone, those injected with NP-CVC1302 had higher percentages of NP+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the injection sites and draining LNs, higher percentages of follicular helper T cells (TFH), germinal center (GC) B cells, and NP+ plasma-blasts in the draining LNs, as well as higher percentages of NP+ long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) in the bone marrow. Additionally, we observed that the inclusion of CVC1302 in the immunization prolonged the lifetime of LLPCs in the bone marrow by improving the transcription expression of anti-apoptotic transcription factors such as Mcl-1, Bcl-2, BAFF, BCMA, Bax, and IRF-4. This research provides a blueprint for designing new generations of immunopotentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Du
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Liting Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiwei Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Qisheng Zheng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Jibo Hou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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Yin Y, Wang J, Xu X, Zhou B, Chen S, Qin T, Peng D. Riboflavin as a Mucosal Adjuvant for Nasal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111296. [PMID: 34835227 PMCID: PMC8617635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Intranasal immunization with whole inactivated virus (WIV) is an important strategy used for influenza prevention and control. However, a powerful mucosal adjuvant is required to improve nasal vaccine efficacy. Riboflavin, as a food additive with the advantages of being safe and low-cost, widely exists in living organisms. In this paper, the mucosal adjuvant function of riboflavin was studied. After intranasal immunization with H1N1 WIV plus riboflavin in mice, we found that the mucosal immunity based on the secretory IgA (sIgA) levels in the nasal cavity, trachea, and lung were strongly enhanced compared with H1N1 WIV alone. Meanwhile, the IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a levels in serum also showed a high upregulation and a decreased ratio of IgG1/IgG2a, which implied a bias in the cellular immune response. Moreover, riboflavin strongly improved the protection level of H1N1 inactivated vaccine from a lethal influenza challenge. Furthermore, riboflavin was found to possess the capacity to induce dendritic cell (DC) phenotypic (MHCII, CD40, CD80, and CD86) and functional maturation, including cytokine secretion (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-12p70, and IL-10) and the proliferation of allogeneic T cells. Lastly, we found that the DC maturation induced by riboflavin was dependent on the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which plays an important role in immune regulation. Therefore, riboflavin is expected to be developed as an alternative mucosal adjuvant for influenza nasal vaccine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyan Yin
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jinyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xing Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bangyue Zhou
- College of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.Y.); (B.Z.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Non-Coding RNA Research, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (J.W.); (X.X.); (S.C.); (T.Q.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Astaxanthin Provides Antioxidant Protection in LPS-Induced Dendritic Cells for Inflammatory Control. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19100534. [PMID: 34677433 PMCID: PMC8540215 DOI: 10.3390/md19100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, originating from marine organisms, is a natural bioactive compound with powerful antioxidant activity. Here, we evaluated the antioxidant ability of astaxanthin on dendritic cells (DCs), a key target of immune regulation, for inflammatory control in a sepsis model. Our results showed that astaxanthin suppressed nitric oxide (NO) production, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and lipid peroxidation activities in LPS-induced DCs and LPS-challenged mice. Moreover, the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and the GSH/GSSG ratio were increased, suggesting that astaxanthin elevated the level of cellular reductive status. Meanwhile, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were significantly upregulated. Astaxanthin also inhibited the LPS-induced secretions of IL-1β, IL-17, and TGF-β cytokines. Finally, we found that the expressions of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were significantly upregulated by astaxanthin in LPS-induced DCs, suggesting that the HO-1/Nrf2 pathway plays a significant role in the suppression of oxidative stress. These results suggested that astaxanthin possesses strong antioxidant characteristics in DC-related inflammatory responses, which is expected to have potential as a method of sepsis treatment.
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11
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Astaxanthin Protects Dendritic Cells from Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immune Dysfunction. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19060346. [PMID: 34204220 PMCID: PMC8235365 DOI: 10.3390/md19060346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin, originating from seafood, is a naturally occurring red carotenoid pigment. Previous studies have focused on its antioxidant properties; however, whether astaxanthin possesses a desired anti-inflammatory characteristic to regulate the dendritic cells (DCs) for sepsis therapy remains unknown. Here, we explored the effects of astaxanthin on the immune functions of murine DCs. Our results showed that astaxanthin reduced the expressions of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and phenotypic markers (MHCII, CD40, CD80, and CD86) by DCs. Moreover, astaxanthin promoted the endocytosis levels in LPS-treated DCs, and hindered the LPS-induced migration of DCs via downregulating CCR7 expression, and then abrogated allogeneic T cell proliferation. Furthermore, we found that astaxanthin inhibited the immune dysfunction of DCs induced by LPS via the activation of the HO-1/Nrf2 axis. Finally, astaxanthin with oral administration remarkably enhanced the survival rate of LPS-challenged mice. These data showed a new approach of astaxanthin for potential sepsis treatment through avoiding the immune dysfunction of DCs.
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12
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Zuo J, Cao Y, Wang Z, Shah AU, Wang W, Dai C, Chen M, Lin J, Yang Q. The mechanism of antigen-presentation of avian bone marrowed dendritic cells suppressed by infectious bronchitis virus. Genomics 2021; 113:1719-1732. [PMID: 33865956 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are first guard to defend avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection and invasion. While IBV always suppress dendritic cells and escape the degradation and presentation, which might help viruses to transfer and migrant. Initially, we compared two IBV's function in activating avian bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) and found that both IBV (QX and M41) did not significantly increase surface marker of avian BMDCs. Moreover, a significant decrease of m6A modification level in mRNA, but an increased in the ut RNA were observed in avian BMDCs upon the prevalent IBV (QX) infection. Further study found that both non-structural protein 7 (NSP7) and NSP16 inhibited the maturation and cytokines secretion of BMDCs, as well as their antigen-presentation ability. Lastly, we found that gga-miR21, induced by both NSP7 and NSP16, inhibited the antigen presentation of avian BMDCs. Taken together, our results illustrated how IBV inhibited the antigen-presentation of avian DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiao Zuo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yanan Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Abid Ullah Shah
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Wenlei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Chen Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Mingjia Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
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Li Q, Li Y, Wang Y, Xu L, Guo Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Guo C. Oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve promotes antitumor efficacy via dendritic cells-derived interleukin 12. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1868122. [PMID: 33537172 PMCID: PMC7833736 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1868122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in immunotherapy, as a part of the multidisciplinary therapy, has gradually gained more attention. However, only a small proportion of patients who sensitive to the therapy could gain benefits. An increasing number of studies indicate that intestinal microbiota could enhance the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy. As one of the main probiotics, Bifidobacterium plays an important role in immune regulation, which has been proved by animal research and human clinical study. But the detailed mechanism was not clearly elucidated. Here we found oral administration of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) lw01 could significantly inhibit tumor growth and up-regulate tumor cell apoptosis, which relied on the recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) in tumor microenvironment, but not Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) CGMCC 1.3724 or Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655. In the in situ ligated intestine loop model, B. breve’s stimulation triggered the upregulated expression of DC-related chemokine CCL20 and recruited more DCs in the intestinal villi. Further study revealed the enhancement of interleukin 12 (IL-12) secretion derived from DCs is essential to B. breve’s antitumor effect, which was counteracted by the treatment of neutralizing antibody for IL-12. Meanwhile, the modulation of intestinal microbiota caused by exogenous B. breve might enhance its antitumor effect. This study provides a simple and easy way to promote antitumor immunity via B. breve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbin Guo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Qin T, Ma S, Miao X, Tang Y, Huangfu D, Wang J, Jiang J, Xu N, Yin Y, Chen S, Liu X, Yin Y, Peng D, Gao L. Mucosal Vaccination for Influenza Protection Enhanced by Catalytic Immune-Adjuvant. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000771. [PMID: 32999833 PMCID: PMC7509716 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza poses a severe threat to global health. Despite the whole inactivated virus (WIV)-based nasal vaccine being a promising strategy for influenza protection, the mucosal barrier is still a bottleneck of the nasal vaccine. Here, a catalytic mucosal adjuvant strategy for an influenza WIV nasal vaccine based on chitosan (CS) functionalized iron oxide nanozyme (IONzyme) is developed. The results reveal that CS-IONzyme increases antigen adhesion to nasal mucosa by 30-fold compared to H1N1 WIV alone. Next, CS-IONzyme facilitates H1N1 WIV to enhance CCL20-driven submucosal dendritic cell (DC) recruitment and transepithelial dendrite(TED) formation for viral uptake via the toll-like receptor(TLR) 2/4-dependent pathway. Moreover, IONzyme with enhanced peroxidase (POD)-like activity by CS modification catalyzes a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent DC maturation, which further enhances the migration of H1N1 WIV-loaded DCs into the draining lymph nodes for antigen presentation. Finally, CS-IONzyme-based nasal vaccine triggers an 8.9-fold increase of IgA-mucosal adaptive immunity in mice, which provides a 100% protection against influenza, while only a 30% protection by H1N1 WIV alone. This work provides an antiviral alternative for designing nasal vaccines based on IONzyme to combat influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural‐ProductsYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Shang Ma
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Miao
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yan Tang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Dandan Huangfu
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural‐ProductsYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural‐ProductsYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural‐ProductsYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry DiseaseYangzhou225009P. R. China
| | - Lizeng Gao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, School of MedicineYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for NanozymeInstitute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhouJiangsu225009P. R. China
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Zhang S, Mou C, Cao Y, Zhang E, Yang Q. Immune response in piglets orally immunized with recombinant Bacillus subtilis expressing the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:23. [PMID: 32046726 PMCID: PMC7014726 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and is associated with a number of other diseases. PCV2 is widely distributed in most developed swine industries, and is a severe economic burden. With an eye to developing an effective, safe, and convenient vaccine against PCV2-associated diseases, we have constructed a recombinant Bacillus subtilis strain (B. subtilis-Cap) that expresses the PCV2 capsid protein (Cap). METHODS Electroporation of a plasmid shuttle vector encoding the PCV2 Cap sequence was use to transform Bacillus subtilis. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate in vitro bone marrow derived dendritic cell (BM-DC) maturation and T cell proliferation induced by B. subtilis-Cap. Orally inoculated piglets were used for in vivo experiments; ELISA and western blotting were used to evaluate B. subtilis-Cap induced PCV2-specific IgA and IgG levels, as well as the secretion of cytokines and the expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). RESULTS We evaluated the immune response to B. subtilis-Cap in vitro using mouse BM-DCs and in vivo using neonatal piglets orally inoculated with B. subtilis-Cap. Our results showed that the recombinant B. subtilis-Cap activated BM-DCs, significantly increased co-stimulatory molecules (CD40 and CD80) and major histocompatibility complex II, and induced allogenic T cells proliferation. Piglets immunized with B. subtilis-Cap had elevated levels of PCV2-specific IgA in the mucosal tissues of the digestive and respiratory tract, and PCV2-specific IgG in serum (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Ileal immunocompetent cells, such as the IgA-secreting cells (P < 0.01), intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) (P < 0.01), CD3+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and CD4+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) increased significantly in the B. subtilis-Cap immunized piglets. Additionally, B. subtilis-Cap inoculation resulted in increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR9 (P < 0.01), and induced the secretion of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-γ, and β-defensin 2 (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We constructed a prototype PCV2 vaccine that can be administered orally and elicits a more robust humoral and cellular immunity than inactivated PCV2. B. subtilis-Cap is a promising vaccine candidate that is safe, convenient, and inexpensive. Further in vivo research is needed to determine its full range of efficacy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanan Cao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095 People’s Republic of China
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Lin J, Wang Z, Wang J, Yang Q. Microarray analysis of infectious bronchitis virus infection of chicken primary dendritic cells. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:557. [PMID: 31286855 PMCID: PMC6615177 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5940-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major respiratory disease-causing agent in birds that leads to significant losses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialised cells responsible for sampling antigens and presenting them to T cells, which also play an essential role in recognising and neutralising viruses. Recent studies have suggested that non-coding RNAs may regulate the functional program of DCs. Expression of host non-coding RNAs changes markedly during infectious bronchitis virus infection, but their role in regulating host immune function has not been explored. Here, microarrays of mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs were globally performed to analyse how avian DCs respond to IBV. Results First, we found that IBV stimulation did not enhance the maturation ability of avian DCs. Interestingly, inactivated IBV was better able than IBV to induce DC maturation and activate lymphocytes. We identified 1093 up-regulated and 845 down-regulated mRNAs in IBV-infected avian DCs. Gene Ontology analysis suggested that cellular macromolecule and protein location (GO-BP) and transcription factor binding (GO-MF) were abundant in IBV-stimulated avian DCs. Meanwhile, pathway analysis indicated that the oxidative phosphorylation and leukocyte transendothelial migration signalling pathways might be activated in the IBV group. Moreover, alteration of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) was detected in IBV-stimulated avian DCs. In total, 19 significantly altered (7 up and 12 down) miRNAs and 101 (75 up and 26 down) lncRNAs were identified in the IBV-treated group. Further analysis showed that the actin cytoskeleton and MAPK signal pathway were related to the target genes of IBV-stimulated miRNAs. Finally, our study identified 2 TF-microRNA and 53 TF–microRNA–mRNA interactions involving 1 TF, 2 miRNAs, and 53 mRNAs in IBV-stimulated avian DCs. Conclusions Our research suggests a new mechanism to explain why IBV actively blocks innate responses needed for inducing immune gene expression and also provides insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of avian IBV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5940-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhisheng Wang
- National Veterinary Product Engineering Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialu Wang
- College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wei gang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Huang L, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhang E, Li Y, Yu Q, Yang Q. Upregulation of CD4 +CD8 + memory cells in the piglet intestine following oral administration of Bacillus subtilis spores combined with PEDV whole inactivated virus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 235:1-9. [PMID: 31282365 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oral immunization is a commonly employed route for inducing local immunity. However, the application of oral immunization is limited by the short-term persistence of immunity, particularly for inactivated viruses. The ultimate goal for mucosal vaccination is to stimulate protective immunological memory. In the intestine, long-term persistence of immunity is related to CD4+CD8+ memory T-cells. In this study, piglets were orally immunized with Bacillus subtilis spores (B.s) plus whole inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV WIV), followed by booster oral immunization. Initially, the results showed that B.s plus PEDV WIV enhanced the anti-PEDV capability on mucosal surfaces, as evidenced by plaque reduction neutralization tests in serum and intestinal fluid. Elevated antigen-specific IgG titers in the serum and IgA titers in saliva, feces and nasal washing liquid were also observed. Meanwhile, B.s plus PEDV WIV increased the area of Peyer's patches and the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the ileum of piglets. Similarly, the percentage of CD4+CD8+ memory T-cells were upregulated and proliferation ability of antigen-specific memory T-cell was strengthened in intestinal mucosal-associated lymphocytes, which was accompanied with increased expression of CCR9 after oral immunization with B.s plus PEDV WIV. In addition, the activation of memory T-cells is correlated with the increased mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4, as well as interleukin-6 and induced by B.s. Collectively, the study provided further insight into the potential immunopotentiator ability of B.s to assist PEDV WIV in the potentiation of immunity by upregulating memory CD4+CD8+ T cells via oral immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jialu Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Yongheng Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - En Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Yuchen Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Qinghua Yu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Qian Yang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of veterinary medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Sebrell TA, Hashimi M, Sidar B, Wilkinson RA, Kirpotina L, Quinn MT, Malkoç Z, Taylor PJ, Wilking JN, Bimczok D. A Novel Gastric Spheroid Co-culture Model Reveals Chemokine-Dependent Recruitment of Human Dendritic Cells to the Gastric Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:157-171.e3. [PMID: 30878664 PMCID: PMC6599165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastric dendritic cells (DCs) control the adaptive response to infection with Helicobacter pylori, a major risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. We hypothesize that DC interactions with the gastric epithelium position gastric DCs for uptake of luminal H pylori and promote DC responses to epithelial-derived mediators. The aim of this study was to determine whether the gastric epithelium actively recruits DCs using a novel co-culture model of human gastric epithelial spheroids and monocyte-derived DCs. METHODS Spheroid cultures of primary gastric epithelial cells were infected with H pylori by microinjection. Co-cultures were established by adding human monocyte-derived DCs to the spheroid cultures and were analyzed for DC recruitment and antigen uptake by confocal microscopy. Protein array, gene expression polymerase chain reaction array, and chemotaxis assays were used to identify epithelial-derived chemotactic factors that attract DCs. Data from the co-culture model were confirmed using human gastric tissue samples. RESULTS Human monocyte-derived DCs co-cultured with gastric spheroids spontaneously migrated to the gastric epithelium, established tight interactions with the epithelial cells, and phagocytosed luminally applied H pylori. DC recruitment was increased upon H pylori infection of the spheroids and involved the activity of multiple chemokines including CXCL1, CXCL16, CXCL17, and CCL20. Enhanced chemokine expression and DC recruitment to the gastric epithelium also was observed in H pylori-infected human gastric tissue samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the gastric epithelium actively recruits DCs for immunosurveillance and pathogen sampling through chemokine-dependent mechanisms, with increased recruitment upon active H pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Sebrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Marziah Hashimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Barkan Sidar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Royce A Wilkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Liliya Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Zeynep Malkoç
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | | | - James N Wilking
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Biofilm Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Diane Bimczok
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.
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19
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Alkie TN, Yitbarek A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, Astill J, Sharif S. Characterization of immunogenicity of avian influenza antigens encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles following mucosal and subcutaneous delivery in chickens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206324. [PMID: 30383798 PMCID: PMC6211703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccine delivery systems have paramount importance for the induction of mucosal antibody responses. Two studies were conducted to evaluate immunogenicity of inactivated AIV antigens encapsulated in poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). In the first study, seven groups of specific pathogen free (SPF) layer-type chickens were immunized subcutaneously at 7-days of age with different vaccine formulations followed by booster vaccinations two weeks later. Immune responses were profiled by measuring antibody (Ab) responses in sera and lachrymal secretions of vaccinated chickens. The results indicated that inactivated AIV and CpG ODN co-encapsulated in PLGA NPs (2x NanoAI+CpG) produced higher amounts of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies compared to a group vaccinated with non-adjuvanted AIV encapsulated in PLGA NPs (NanoAI). The tested adjuvanted NPs-based vaccine (2x NanoAI+CpG) resulted in higher IgG responses in the sera and lachrymal secretions at weeks 3, 4 and 5 post-vaccination when immunized subcutaneously. The incorporation of CpG ODN led to an increase in Ab-mediated responses and was found useful to be included both in the prime and booster vaccinations. In the second study, the ability of chitosan and mannan coated PLGA NPs that encapsulated AIV and CpG ODN was evaluated for inducing antibody responses when delivered via nasal and ocular routes in one-week-old SPF layer-type chickens. These PLGA NPs-based and surface modified formulations induced robust AIV-specific antibody responses in sera and lachrymal secretions. Chitosan coated PLGA NPs resulted in the production of large quantities of lachrymal IgA and IgG compared to mannan coated NPs, which also induced detectable amounts of IgA in addition to the induction of IgG in lachrymal secretions. In both mucosal and subcutaneous vaccination approaches, although NPs delivery enhanced Ab-mediated immunity, one booster vaccination was required to generate significant amount of Abs. These results highlight the potential of NPs-based AIV antigens for promoting the induction of both systemic and mucosal immune responses against respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiru Negash Alkie
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Al Shamlah, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Jake Astill
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
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20
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Zhang L, Yang W, Hu C, Wang Q, Wu Y. Properties and applications of nanoparticle/microparticle conveyors with adjuvant characteristics suitable for oral vaccination. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2973-2987. [PMID: 29861631 PMCID: PMC5968786 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s154743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective approaches in the prevention and control of disease worldwide. Oral vaccination could have wide applications if effective protection cannot be achieved through traditional (eg, parenteral) routes of vaccination. However, oral administration is hampered by the difficulties in transferring vaccines in vivo. This has led to the development of materials such as carriers with potential adjuvant effects. Considering the requirements for selecting adjuvants for oral vaccines as well as the advantages of nanoparticle/microparticle materials as immune effectors and antigen conveyors, synthetic materials could improve the efficiency of oral vaccination. In this review, nanoparticles and microparticles with adjuvant characteristics are described with regard to their potential importance for oral immunization, and some promising and successful modification strategies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wendi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chaohua Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qianchao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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21
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Genome-wide profiling of microRNAs reveals novel insights into the interactions between H9N2 avian influenza virus and avian dendritic cells. Oncogene 2018; 37:4562-4580. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Liu H, Xu W, Chang X, Qin T, Yin Y, Yang Q. 4,4'-diaponeurosporene, a C30 carotenoid, effectively activates dendritic cells via CD36 and NF-κB signaling in a ROS independent manner. Oncotarget 2018; 7:40978-40991. [PMID: 27276712 PMCID: PMC5173036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids could be divided into C30 carotenoids and C40 carotenoids. The immune functions of C40 carotenoids had been extensively researched, while those of C30 carotenoids still remain unclear. In this study, the immune functions of a biosynthetic C30 carotenoid, 4,4'-diaponeurosporene (Dia), were identified on dendritic cells (DCs). DCs treated with 1 μM Dia for 24 h showed morphologic and phenotypic characteristics of mature state and had an increased production of IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNFα, while β-carotene had a suppressive effect on DCs maturation. Moreover, Dia promoted antigen uptake of DCs in vitro and increased the quantity of antigen loaded DCs in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). Dia-treated DCs also had an enhanced ability to stimulate T cell proliferation and Th1 polarization. Further researches showed that Dia activated DCs via CD36 as well as ERK, JNK, and NF-κB signals in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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23
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Liu H, Xu W, Yu Q, Yang Q. 4,4'-Diaponeurosporene-Producing Bacillus subtilis Increased Mouse Resistance against Salmonella typhimurium Infection in a CD36-Dependent Manner. Front Immunol 2017; 8:483. [PMID: 28491061 PMCID: PMC5405070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficient mucosal innate immunity is a hallmark of infectious diarrhea, such as Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium)-induced gastroenteritis. Here, we report that oral administration of a 4,4′-diaponeurosporene-producing Bacillus subtilis (B.s-Dia) could improve mice mucosal immunity, as showed by an increased resistance against S. typhimurium infection. Intragastric administration of B.s-Dia for 7 days could increase the secretion of CCL20 by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and then recruit more dendritic cells. Meanwhile, the number of CD8αα+ intraepithelial lymphocytes, which play a critical role in downregulating immune responses, was also reduced, probably as a consequence of the decrease of IEC-derived TGFβ. Further study showed that CD36 played a critical role in B.s-Dia-induced immune enhancement, as blocking CD36 signal with a specific antagonist, sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate, led to the inability of B.s-Dia to enhance mucosal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qinghua Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants induce innate immune responses and the addition of adjuvants to the vaccine helps to induce protective immunity in the host. Vaccines utilizing live attenuated or killed whole pathogens usually contain endogenous adjuvants, such as bacterial cell wall products and their genomic nucleic acids, which act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns and are sufficient to induce adaptive immune responses. However, purified protein- or antigen-based vaccines, including component or recombinant vaccines, usually lose these endogenous innate immune stimulators, so the addition of an exogenous adjuvant is essential for the success of these vaccine types. Although this adjuvant requirement is mostly the same for parental and mucosal vaccines, the development of mucosal vaccine adjuvants requires the specialized consideration of adapting the adjuvants to characteristic mucosal conditions. This review provides a brief overview of mucosa-associated immune response induction processes, such as antigen uptake and dendritic cell subset-dependent antigen presentation. It also highlights several mucosal vaccine adjuvants from recent reports, particularly focusing on their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Aoshi
- Vaccine Dynamics Project, BIKEN Innovative Vaccine Research Alliance Laboratories, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University , Osaka, Japan
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25
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A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45270. [PMID: 28345602 PMCID: PMC5366908 DOI: 10.1038/srep45270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of the intestinal epithelium and the mucosal immune system is critical for gut homeostasis. The intestinal epithelium is a functional barrier that secludes luminal content, senses changes in the gut microenvironment, and releases immune regulators that signal underlying immune cells. However, interactions between epithelial and innate immune cells to maintain barrier integrity and prevent infection are complex and poorly understood. We developed and characterized a primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model for in-depth studies of epithelial and macrophage interactions. Human intestinal stem cell-derived enteroid monolayers co-cultured with human monocyte-derived macrophages were used to evaluate barrier function, cytokine secretion, and protein expression under basal conditions and following bacterial infection. Macrophages enhanced barrier function and maturity of enteroid monolayers as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and cell height. Communication between the epithelium and macrophages was demonstrated through morphological changes and cytokine production. Intraepithelial macrophage projections, efficient phagocytosis, and stabilized enteroid barrier function revealed a coordinated response to enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli infections. In summary, we have established the first primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture system, defined conditions that allow for a practical and reproducible culture model, and demonstrated its suitability to study gut physiology and host responses to enteric pathogens.
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26
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Mullin JM, Diguilio KM, Valenzano MC, Deis R, Thomas S, Zurbach EP, Abdulhaqq S, Montaner LJ. Zinc reduces epithelial barrier compromise induced by human seminal plasma. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170306. [PMID: 28278250 PMCID: PMC5344308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human semen has the potential to modulate the epithelial mucosal tissues it contacts, as seminal plasma (SP) is recognized to contain both pro- and anti-barrier components, yet its effects on epithelial barrier function are largely unknown. We addressed the role of human SP when exposed to the basal-lateral epithelial surface, a situation that would occur clinically with prior mechanical or disease-related injury of the human epithelial mucosal cell layers in contact with semen. The action of SP on claudins-2, -4, -5, and -7 expression, as well as on a target epithelium whose basolateral surface has been made accessible to SP, showed upregulation of claudins-4 and -5 in CACO-2 human epithelial cell layers, despite broad variance in SP-induced modulation of transepithelial electrical resistance and mannitol permeability. Upregulation of claudin-2 by SP also exhibited such variance by SP sample. We characterize individual effects on CACO-2 barrier function of nine factors known to be present abundantly in seminal plasma (zinc, EGF, citrate, spermine, fructose, urea, TGF, histone, inflammatory cytokines) to establish that zinc, spermine and fructose had significant potential to raise CACO-2 transepithelial resistance, whereas inflammatory cytokines and EGF decreased this measure of barrier function. The role of zinc as a dominant factor in determining higher levels of transepithelial resistance and lower levels of paracellular leak were confirmed by zinc chelation and exogenous zinc addition. As expected, SP presentation to the basolateral cell surface also caused a very dramatic yet transient elevation of pErk levels. Results suggest that increased zinc content in SP can compete against the barrier-compromising effect of negative modulators in SP when SP gains access to that epithelium's basolateral surface. Prophylactic elevation of zinc in an epithelial cell layer prior to contact by SP may help to protect an epithelial barrier from invasion by SP-containing STD microbial pathogens such as HPV or HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Mullin
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mary C. Valenzano
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States of America
| | - Rachael Deis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sunil Thomas
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States of America
| | - E. Peter Zurbach
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Joseph’s University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Luis J. Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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27
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Dong W, Zhang H, Yin X, Liu Y, Chen D, Liang X, Jin X, Lv J, Ma J, Tang K, Hu Z, Qin X, Huang B. Oral delivery of tumor microparticle vaccines activates NOD2 signaling pathway in ileac epithelium rendering potent antitumor T cell immunity. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1282589. [PMID: 28405506 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1282589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploiting gut mucosal immunity to design new antitumor vaccination strategy remains unexplored. Tumor cell-derived microparticles (T-MP) are natural biomaterials that are capable of delivering tumor antigens and innate signals to dendritic cells (DC) for tumor-specific T cell immunity. Here, we show that T-MPs by oral vaccination route effectively access and activate mucosal epithelium, leading to subsequent antitumor T cell responses. Oral vaccination of T-MPs generated potent inhibitory effect against the growth of B16 melanoma and CT26 colon cancer in mice, which required both T cell and DC activation. T-MPs, once entering intestinal lumen, were mainly taken up by ileac intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), where T-MPs activated NOD2 and its downstream MAPK and NF-κB, leading to chemokine releasing, including CCL2, from IECs to attract CD103+ CD11c+ DCs. Furthermore, ileac IECs could transcytose T-MPs to the basolateral site, where T-MPs were captured by those DCs for cross-presentation of loaded antigen contents. Elucidating these molecular and cellular mechanisms highlights T-MPs as a novel antitumor oral vaccination strategy with great potential of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Dong
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaonan Yin
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Liu
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Degao Chen
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Xun Jin
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Jiadi Lv
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Tang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuowei Hu
- Molecular Immunology and Pharmacology Group, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Immunology & National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China; Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Zhang L, Hu C, Yang W, Liu X, Wu Y. Chemical Synthesis, Versatile Structures and Functions of Tailorable Adjuvants for Optimizing Oral Vaccination. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:34933-34950. [PMID: 27935687 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccines have become a recent focus because of their potential significance in disease prevention and therapy. In the development of oral vaccine-based therapeutics, synthetic materials with tailorable structures and versatile functions can act as antigen conveyers with adjuvant effects, reduce the time cost for vaccine optimization, and provide high security and enhanced immunity. This review presents an overview of the current status of tailoring synthetic adjuvants for oral vaccination, modification strategies for producing effectors with specific structures and functions, enhancement of immune-associated efficiencies, including the barrier-crossing capability to protect antigens in the gastrointestinal tract, coordination of the antigens penetrating mucosa and cell barriers, targeting of concentrated antigens to immune-associated cells, and direct stimulation of immune cells. Finally, we focus on prospective synthetic adjuvants that facilitate the use of oral vaccines via two approaches, namely, in vivo antigen expression and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chaohua Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wendi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yunkun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002, China
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29
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Shen Y, Hu W, Wei Y, Feng Z, Yang Q. Effects of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on porcine nasal cavity dendritic cells. Vet Microbiol 2016; 198:1-8. [PMID: 28061998 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is the primary etiological agent responsible for swine enzootic pneumonia (EP), a disease that cause tremendous economic losses all over the swine industry. Dendritic cells (DCs), the most effective antigen-presenting cells, are widely distributed beneath respiratory epithelium. DCs uptake and present antigens to T cells, to initiate protective immune responses or generate immune-mediated pathology in different infections. In this study, we investigated the changes in the different DCs subpopulations, T cells and SIgA positive cells counts in porcine nasal cavity after long time Mhp infection. We further evaluated the role of porcine DCs in Mhp exposure. Our results showed that the number of SLA-II-DR+SWC3a+DCs, SLA-II-DR+CD11b+ DCs, T cells, SIgA positive cells in nasal cavity were decreased after Mhp 28 days infection in vivo experiment. The antigen presenting ability of DCs were inhibited by Mhp exposure. DCs couldn't activate T-cell proliferation by down-regulating the antigen presenting molecule CD1a expression and promoting high level of IL-10 production. Further more, the expression levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ in DCs were decreased, suggesting that DCs favour for Th2 immune response development after Mhp exposure in vitro. Taken together, Mhp infection impairs the immune function which allows the persistence of Mhp and cause predispose pigs to secondary infections. The decline of DCs presentation ability is the reason why dysfunction and persistence in Mhp infection. These findings are benefit for exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of Mhp in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shen
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Weiwei Hu
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Yanna Wei
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-Products, Nanjing 210014, PR China
| | - Qian Yang
- Veterinary College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China.
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30
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Su H, Yuan G, Su J. A specific CpG oligodeoxynucleotide induces protective antiviral responses against grass carp reovirus in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 60:218-227. [PMID: 26972738 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) show strong immune stimulatory activity in vertebrate, however, they possess specific sequence feature among species. In this study, we screened out an optimal CpG ODN sequence for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), 1670A 5'-TCGAACGTTTTAACGTTTTAACGTT-3', from six published sequences and three sequences designed by authors based on grass carp head kidney mononuclear cells and CIK (C. idella kidney) cells proliferation. VP4 mRNA expression was strongly inhibited by CpG ODN 1670A in CIK cells with GCRV infection, showing its strong antiviral activity. The mechanism via toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9)-mediated signaling pathway was measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and TLR21 did not play a role in the immune response to CpG ODN. The late up-regulation of CiRIG-I mRNA expression indicated that RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) signaling pathway participated in the immune response to CpG ODN which is the first report on the interaction between CpG and RLRs. We also found that the efficient CpG ODN can activates interferon system. Infected with GCRV, type I interferon expression was reduced and type II interferon was induced by the efficient CpG ODN in CIK cells, especially IFNγ2, suggesting that IFNγ2 played an important role in response to the efficient CpG ODN. These results provide a theoretical basis and new development trend for further research on CpG and the application of CpG vaccine adjuvant in grass carp disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Gailing Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Su
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Advances in the transepithelial transport of nanoparticles. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1155-61. [PMID: 27196527 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium represents a barrier to the delivery of nanoparticles (NPs). It prevents intact NPs from efficiently crossing the mucosa to access the circulation, thus limiting the successful application of NP-based oral drug delivery. Recent advances in nanotechnology have provided promising solutions to this challenge. This review describes the potential intestinal absorption pathways of NPs, including the transenterocytic pathway, paracellular pathway and M-cell-mediated pathway. NP properties that influence transcytosis are summarized; and the biodistribution of NPs after oral absorption is described and the future prospects of novel NPs are explored.
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Retinoic acid facilitates inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus induction of CD8(+) T-cell migration to the porcine gut. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24152. [PMID: 27080036 PMCID: PMC4832189 DOI: 10.1038/srep24152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is the entry site for transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). TGEV transmission can be prevented if local immunity is established with increased lymphocytes. The current parenteral mode of vaccination stimulates systemic immunity well, but it does not induce sufficient mucosal immunity. Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the induction of cells that imprint gut-homing molecules. We examined whether RA assist parenteral vaccination of pigs could improve mucosal immunity. We demonstrated that elevated numbers of gut-homing CD8+ T cells (which express α4β7 and CCR9 molecules) were presented in porcine inguinal lymph nodes and were recruited to the small intestine by RA. Intestinal mucosal immunity (IgA titre) and systemic immunity (serum IgG titre) were enhanced by RA. Therefore, we hypothesized that RA could induce DCs to form an immature mucosal phenotype and could recruit them to the small intestinal submucosa. Porcine T-cells expressed β7 integrin and CCR9 receptors and migrated to CCL25 by a mechanism that was dependent of activation by RA-pretreated DCs, rather than direct activation by RA. Together, our results provide powerful evidence that RA can assist whole inactivated TGEV (WI-TGEV) via subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization to generate intestinal immunity, and offer new vaccination strategies against TGEV.
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