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Yuan X, Ma Y, Gao R, Cui S, Wang Y, Fa B, Ma S, Wei T, Ma S, Yu Z. HEARTSVG: a fast and accurate method for identifying spatially variable genes in large-scale spatial transcriptomics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5700. [PMID: 38972896 PMCID: PMC11228050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying spatially variable genes (SVGs) is crucial for understanding the spatiotemporal characteristics of diseases and tissue structures, posing a distinctive challenge in spatial transcriptomics research. We propose HEARTSVG, a distribution-free, test-based method for fast and accurately identifying spatially variable genes in large-scale spatial transcriptomic data. Extensive simulations demonstrate that HEARTSVG outperforms state-of-the-art methods with higherF 1 scores (averageF 1 Score=0.948), improved computational efficiency, scalability, and reduced false positives (FPs). Through analysis of twelve real datasets from various spatial transcriptomic technologies, HEARTSVG identifies a greater number of biologically significant SVGs (average AUC = 0.792) than other comparative methods without prespecifying spatial patterns. Furthermore, by clustering SVGs, we uncover two distinct tumor spatial domains characterized by unique spatial expression patterns, spatial-temporal locations, and biological functions in human colorectal cancer data, unraveling the complexity of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science Organization, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanran Ma
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruitian Gao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Cui
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science Organization, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Botao Fa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Shiyang Ma
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangge Ma
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science Organization, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, USA.
| | - Zhangsheng Yu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics and Data Science Organization, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Center for Biomedical Data Science, Translational Science Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Kir G, Cecikoglu GE, Topal CS, Sorkun MH, Culpan M, Suceken FY, Karaca H, Yildirim A. Clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance of mixed (Low and high-grade) papillary urothelial carcinoma comparison with low and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2023; 483:621-634. [PMID: 37632533 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03625-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (2022 WHO/ISUP) classification categorizes noninvasive carcinomas based on the highest grade observed in a pathology sample. According to this classification, a lesion is classified as mixed-grade (MG) if the highest-grade component comprises less than 5% high-grade (HG) carcinoma [14]. This study included 160 cases of low-grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) and 160 cases of HG papillary urothelial carcinoma (HGUC), selected randomly. In addition, 160 consecutive and unselected cases of MG papillary urothelial carcinoma (MGUC) were obtained from all bladder transurethral resection specimens diagnosed with papillary urothelial carcinoma between January 2007 and January 2021. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that histologic grade, invasion of the lamina propria, and the presence of carcinoma in situ at presentation were independent prognostic parameters regarding recurrence-free survival (p = 0.002; hazard ratio (HR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.059-1.956, p = 0.02; and HR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.159-2.684, p = 0.008, respectively). Histologic grade was the only independent prognostic parameter of disease-specific survival (DSS) (p < 0.001). Comparisons between non-muscle invasive (NMI) MGUC and NMI LGUC, as well as between NMI MGUC and NMI HGUC, revealed statistically significant differences in terms of DSS (HR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.024-0.252, p < 0.001 and HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.023-2.460, p = 0.039, respectively). Our study findings demonstrate statistically significant differences regarding DSS between NMI MGUC and NMI HGUC, as well as between NMI MGUC and NMI LGUC. Therefore, we suggested that considering the presence of less than 5% MGUC as a separate category may be appropriate. However, it is important to validate our results in larger cohorts with longer follow-up periods to establish the clinical significance of MGUC and provide guidance for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Kir
- Pathology Department, Medeniyet University Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Dr.Erkin Caddesi, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın Şehir Hastanesi, Patoloji Laboratuarı, 34720, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gozde Ecem Cecikoglu
- Pathology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Caddesi, 34722, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Selcuk Topal
- Pathology Department, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Elmalıkent Mahallesi, Adem Yavuz Cad. No:1, 34764, Ümraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Meftun Culpan
- Urology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Caddesi, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın Şehir Hastanesi Patoloji Laboratuvarı, 34722, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Yakup Suceken
- Urology Department, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Elmalıkent Mahallesi, Adem Yavuz Cad. No:1, 34764, Ümraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hakan Karaca
- Urology Department, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Elmalıkent Mahallesi, Adem Yavuz Cad. No:1, 34764, Ümraniye, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Asif Yildirim
- Urology Department, Istanbul Medeniyet University Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Fahrettin Kerim Gökay Caddesi, Göztepe Prof. Dr. Süleyman Yalçın Şehir Hastanesi Patoloji Laboratuvarı, 34722, Kadıköy, Istanbul, Turkey
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3
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Kwon J, Kim SW, Kim SG, Kim HJ, Lee SB, Kang JW, Jung WJ, Giri SS, Lee K, Park SC. A Case of Submandibular Leiomyosarcoma, Mimicking an Abscess, in a Ball Python ( Python regius). Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100224. [PMID: 34679054 PMCID: PMC8539710 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A two-year-old ball python with a submandibular mass was evaluated. Fine needle aspiration resulted in debris containing purulent materials and bacterial cells on cytology. Radiography demonstrated multi-focal radiopaque lesions in the mass, which were suspected to be mineralization; there was an absence of mandibular invasion or lung involvement. Gross examination of the surgically excised mass revealed a multi-nodular, well-circumscribed lesion with purulent material. The postoperative recovery was uneventful. The histopathological examination followed by immunohistochemistry analysis gave a diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma. As tumors containing purulent materials can be confused with an abscess, diagnostic confirmation with various diagnostical tools should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kwon
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Sang Wha Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Sang Guen Kim
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Hyoun Joong Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Sung Bin Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Jeong Woo Kang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Won Joon Jung
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Sib Sankar Giri
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
| | - Kyunglee Lee
- Cetacean Research Institute (CRI), National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), Ulsan 44780, Korea;
| | - Se Chang Park
- Laboratory of Aquatic Biomedicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (J.K.); (S.W.K.); (S.G.K.); (S.B.L.); (J.W.K.); (W.J.J.); (S.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-1282
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Cazacu SM, Săftoiu A, Iordache S, Ghiluşi MC, Georgescu CV, Iovănescu VF, Neagoe CD, Streba L, Caliţa M, Burtea ED, Cârţu D, Leru PM. Factors predicting occurrence and therapeutic choice in malignant colorectal polyps: a study of 13 years of colonoscopic polypectomy. ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY = REVUE ROUMAINE DE MORPHOLOGIE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 2021; 62:917-928. [PMID: 35673811 PMCID: PMC9289694 DOI: 10.47162/rjme.62.4.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma represents a major cause of mortality and 0.2–12% of resected colonic polyps have malignant cells inside. We performed a retrospective study of patients with resected polyps during a period of 13 years. A total of 905 patients had 2033 polyps removed; 122 polyps (109 patients) had malignant cells. Prevalence of malignant polyps with submucosal invasion was 1.23% and for all polyps with malignant cells was 6%; malignant polyps had a larger size (23.44 mm mean diameter) vs benign polyps (9.63 mm); the risk of malignancy was increased in polyps larger than 10 mm, in lateral spreading lesions and in Paris types 0-Ip, 0-Isp, in sigmoid, descending colon and rectum, in sessile serrated adenoma and traditional serrate adenoma subtypes of serrated lesions and in tubulovillous and villous adenoma. In 18 cases surgery was performed, in 62 patients only colonoscopic follow-up was made and in 35 patients no colonoscopic follow-up was recorded. From initially endoscopic resected polyps, recurrence was noted in seven (11.3%) cases; there was a trend toward association with depth of invasion, piecemeal resection, right and rectum location, sessile and lateral spreading type and pathological subtype. In surgical group, post-therapeutic staging was available in 11 cases; nodal involvement was noted in three (27.27%) cases; none had lymphatic or vascular invasion in endoscopically resected polyps. Four patients with no macroscopic local recurrence underwent surgery with no residual tumor. The rate of metastasis was 16.67% in surgical group and 1.61% in endoscopic group. Evaluation of lymph node (LN) invasion was available for 11 operated patients, with LN invasion (N1) in three patients, local residual tumoral tissue in one patient with incomplete resection and no residual tumor (R0 resection) in four patients with endoscopic resection before surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiu Marian Cazacu
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania; ,
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Bhattarai S, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. Isolation and development of bovine primary respiratory cells as model to study influenza D virus infection. Virology 2021; 559:89-99. [PMID: 33862336 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel type of influenza virus that infects and causes respiratory illness in bovines. Lack of host-specific in vitro model that can recapitulate morphology and physiology of in vivo airway epithelial cells has impeded the study of IDV infection. Here, we established and characterized bovine primary respiratory epithelial cells from nasal turbinate, soft palate, and trachea of the same calf. All three cell types showed characteristics peculiar of epithelial cells, polarized into apical-basolateral membrane, and formed tight junctions. Furthermore, these cells expressed both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids with α-2,3 linkage being more abundant. IDV strains replicated to high titers in these cells, while influenza A and B viruses exhibited moderate to low titers, with influenza C virus replication not detected. These findings suggest that bovine primary airway epithelial cells can be utilized to model infection biology and pathophysiology of IDV and other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Lopez-Beltran A, Cheng L. Stage T1 bladder cancer: diagnostic criteria and pitfalls. Pathology 2020; 53:67-85. [PMID: 33153725 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Accurate pathological staging is crucial for patient management. Patients with T1 bladder cancer are at risk of recurrence, progression, and death of cancer. Recognition of early invasion (stage T1 disease) in urothelial carcinoma remains one of the most challenging areas in urological surgical pathology practice. A logical roadmap to T1 diagnosis would include careful evaluation of histological grade, stromal epithelial interface, characteristics of the invading epithelium, and the stroma associated responses. Tangential sectioning, crush and cautery artifacts, and associated inflammatory infiltrate are commonly encountered problems and the source of pitfalls. In this review, we outline diagnostic criteria, common pitfalls, and different histological patterns of invasion into the lamina propria. Current recommendations on reporting of biopsy and transurethral resection specimens, molecular biomarkers, clinical implications of T1 cancer diagnosis and recent developments on the T1 substaging are also discussed. Most T1 bladder cancer patients will benefit from conservative management after restaging transurethral resection of bladder and bacillus Calmette-Guérin maintenance. Patients with high risk features, such as concurrent urothelial carcinoma in situ, increased depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and variant histology among others, should be considered for early cystectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA; Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA.
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Mihai IM, Olteanu GE, Herman D, Anderco D, Iacob M, Nataras B, Cumpanas AA, Bardan R, Dema A. Analysis of Tumor Depth Invasion With Anti-Smoothelin Antibody in Equivocal Transurethral Resection of Urinary Bladder Tumor Surgical Specimens. Int J Surg Pathol 2020; 29:54-63. [PMID: 33090031 DOI: 10.1177/1066896920967762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the expression and value of the smoothelin marker in control cases, to standardize the working method, and to analyze its application in pathologic staging process of problematic transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on tumor-free bladder wall sections, tumor-free large bowel sections, TURBTs with unequivocal tumor stage, and TURBTs with equivocal stage. The IHC staining of muscularis mucosa (MM), muscularis propria (MP), and blood vessels was evaluated semiquantitatively. RESULTS Smoothelin IHC staining pattern ranged from negative (30% to 67% cases) to 2+ (0% to 15% cases) in MM and from 1+ (10% to 50% cases) to 3+ (9% to 48% cases) in MP. When compared on the same slide, the smoothelin expression of MP showed a stronger staining intensity than the one of the MM in all the analyzed cases. Blood vessel muscle cells stained in a constant intensity as the MM (r = 0.9808; r = 0.9604). Smoothelin determined restaging of 33% of the problematic TURBT cases. CONCLUSION Smoothelin is an IHC marker that shows differential staining between coexistent MM and MP; however, variations in staining intensity and pattern may occur, aspects that can be influenced by different technique variables. We recommend using this marker as a diagnostic tool in problematic TURBT cases only when there is sufficient experience in control cases with this antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Maria Mihai
- Department of Microscopic Morphology - Pathology, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gheorghe-Emilian Olteanu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology - Pathology, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in Cancer-Oncogen, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana Herman
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
| | - Denisa Anderco
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Iacob
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
| | - Bianca Nataras
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alin Adrian Cumpanas
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Urology - "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Razvan Bardan
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
- Department of Urology - "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alis Dema
- Department of Microscopic Morphology - Pathology, "Victor Babeș" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
- Emergency County Hospital "Pius Brînzeu," Timisoara, Romania
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Ruetten H, Cole C, Wehber M, Wegner KA, Girardi NM, Peterson NT, Scharpf BR, Romero MF, Wood MW, Colopy SA, Bjorling DE, Vezina CM. An immunohistochemical prostate cell identification key indicates that aging shifts procollagen 1A1 production from myofibroblasts to fibroblasts in dogs prone to prostate-related urinary dysfunction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232564. [PMID: 32726309 PMCID: PMC7390344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The identity and spatial distribution of prostatic cell types has been determined in humans but not in dogs, even though aging- and prostate-related voiding disorders are common in both species and mechanistic factors, such as prostatic collagen accumulation, appear to be shared between species. In this publication we characterize the regional distribution of prostatic cell types in the young intact dog to enable comparisons with human and mice and we examine how the cellular source of procollagen 1A1 changes with age in intact male dogs. Methods A multichotomous decision tree involving sequential immunohistochemical stains was validated for use in dog and used to identify specific prostatic cell types and determine their distribution in the capsule, peripheral, periurethral and urethral regions of the young intact canine prostate. Prostatic cells identified using this technique include perivascular smooth muscle cells, pericytes, endothelial cells, luminal, intermediate, and basal epithelial cells, neuroendocrine cells, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, fibrocytes, and other hematolymphoid cells. To enhance rigor and transparency, all high resolution images (representative images shown in the figures and biological replicates) are available through the GUDMAP database at https://doi.org/10.25548/16-WMM4. Results The prostatic peripheral region harbors the largest proportion of epithelial cells. Aging does not change the density of hematolymphoid cells, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts in the peripheral region or in the fibromuscular capsule, regions where we previously observed aging- and androgen-mediated increases in prostatic collagen abundance Instead, we observed aging-related changes the procollagen 1A1 positive prostatic cell identity from a myofibroblast to a fibroblast. Conclusions Hematolymphoid cells and myofibroblasts are often identified as sources of collagen in tissues prone to aging-related fibrosis. We show that these are not the likely sources of pathological collagen synthesis in older intact male dogs. Instead, we identify an aging-related shift in the prostatic cell type producing procollagen 1A1 that will help direct development of cell type and prostate appropriate therapeutics for collagen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ruetten
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Clara Cole
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Marlyse Wehber
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kyle A. Wegner
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicholas M. Girardi
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nelson T. Peterson
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Brandon R. Scharpf
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Romero
- Physiology and Biomedical Engineering and Nephrology and Hypertension, George M. O’Brien Urology Research Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Wood
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Colopy
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dale E. Bjorling
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hwang MJ, Kamat AM, Dinney CP, Czerniak B, Guo CC. Bladder Cancer Involving Smooth Muscle of Indeterminate Type or Muscularis Mucosae in Transurethral Biopsy Specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2020; 154:208-214. [PMID: 32253420 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Bladder cancers invading the muscularis mucosae (MM) are treated differently from those invading the muscularis propria (MP). However, it may be difficult to determine the type of smooth muscle in transurethral resection (TUR) or biopsy specimens. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic features of bladder cancers involving smooth muscle of indeterminate type (SMIT) in TUR specimens in comparison with those invading the MM. METHODS We identified 103 patients with bladder cancer involving SMIT (n = 27) or the MM (n = 76) in TUR specimens. All patients underwent subsequent restaging TUR or cystectomy. RESULTS Bladder cancer with SMIT invasion showed a significantly higher rate of MP invasion in the subsequent specimens than those invading the MM (52% vs 29%). Lack of MP in the TUR specimens had a significantly higher risk of MP invasion in the subsequent specimens than those with the MP (61% vs 40%). The overall survival time for patients with SMIT invasion was significantly shorter than those with MM invasion. CONCLUSIONS Bladder cancers with SMIT invasion in TUR specimens show more frequent cancer upstaging in the subsequent specimens and a poorer clinical outcome than those invading the MM, which highlights the importance of a cancer restaging procedure for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hwang
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Colin P Dinney
- Departments of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Charles C Guo
- Departments of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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10
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Raspollini MR, Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Cimadamore A, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A. pT1 high-grade bladder cancer: histologic criteria, pitfalls in the assessment of invasion, and substaging. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:3-16. [PMID: 32296929 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02808-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most patients with bladder carcinoma are diagnosed with non-muscle-invasive disease, stage Ta, and pT1. Stage remains as the single most important prognostic indicator in urothelial carcinoma. Among the pT1 bladder cancer patients, recurrence and progression of disease occur in 50% and 10%, respectively. The identification of high-risk patients within the pT1 subgroup remains an important clinical goal and an active field of research. Substaging of pT1 disease has been claimed as important histologic discriminator by the 2016 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of the genitourinary tract tumors and by the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging manual supporting its implementation in clinical practice. Interobserver variation in pT1 diagnosis and the associated pitfalls in pT1 assessment are the critical pathological issues. The aim of this review paper is to provide the practicing pathologist with the state of the art of morphological and immunohistochemical features useful for the diagnosis of early invasive bladder carcinomas, including practical clues on how to avoid relevant interpretative pitfalls, and to summarize the current status of pT1 substaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Raspollini
- Histopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberta Mazzucchelli
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgery, Cordoba University Medical School, Cordoba, Spain.,Champalimaud Clinical Center, Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Akgul M, MacLennan GT, Cheng L. The applicability and utility of immunohistochemical biomarkers in bladder pathology. Hum Pathol 2020; 98:32-55. [PMID: 32035992 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urinary bladder specimens are frequently encountered in the daily practice of surgical pathologists. The spectrum of pathologic entities encountered in bladder specimens is extraordinarily broad, and in some instances, immunohistochemical stains are used to help characterize challenging bladder lesions. Cost-effective biomarker selection tailored to the differential diagnosis facilitates an accurate diagnosis. This comprehensive review is prepared as a reference guide for the use of immunohistochemistry to categorize primary and secondary bladder neoplasms and to evaluate metastatic cancers for possible bladder origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Akgul
- Departments of Pathology Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gregory T MacLennan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Liang Cheng
- Departments of Pathology Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Departments of Urology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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12
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Javed E, Thangavel C, Frara N, Singh J, Mohanty I, Hypolite J, Birbe R, Braverman AS, Den RB, Rattan S, Zderic SA, Deshpande DA, Penn RB, Ruggieri MR, Chacko S, Boopathi E. Increased expression of desmin and vimentin reduces bladder smooth muscle contractility via JNK2. FASEB J 2019; 34:2126-2146. [PMID: 31909533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901301r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bladder dysfunction is associated with the overexpression of the intermediate filament (IF) proteins desmin and vimentin in obstructed bladder smooth muscle (BSM). However, the mechanisms by which these proteins contribute to BSM dysfunction are not known. Previous studies have shown that desmin and vimentin directly participate in signal transduction. In this study, we hypothesized that BSM dysfunction associated with overexpression of desmin or vimentin is mediated via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). We employed a model of murine BSM tissue in which increased expression of desmin or vimentin was induced by adenoviral transduction to examine the sufficiency of increased IF protein expression to reduce BSM contraction. Murine BSM strips overexpressing desmin or vimentin generated less force in response to KCl and carbachol relative to the levels in control murine BSM strips, an effect associated with increased JNK2 phosphorylation and reduced myosin light chain (MLC20 ) phosphorylation. Furthermore, desmin and vimentin overexpressions did not alter BSM contractility and MLC20 phosphorylation in strips isolated from JNK2 knockout mice. Pharmacological JNK2 inhibition produced results qualitatively similar to those caused by JNK2 knockout. These findings suggest that inhibition of JNK2 may improve diminished BSM contractility associated with obstructive bladder disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Javed
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nagat Frara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jagmohan Singh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ipsita Mohanty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Hypolite
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ruth Birbe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Alan S Braverman
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Satish Rattan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen A Zderic
- Department of Urology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deepak A Deshpande
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Raymond B Penn
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Ruggieri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel Chacko
- Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ettickan Boopathi
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Division of Urology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Corliss BA, Mathews C, Doty R, Rohde G, Peirce SM. Methods to label, image, and analyze the complex structural architectures of microvascular networks. Microcirculation 2019; 26:e12520. [PMID: 30548558 PMCID: PMC6561846 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular networks play key roles in oxygen transport and nutrient delivery to meet the varied and dynamic metabolic needs of different tissues throughout the body, and their spatial architectures of interconnected blood vessel segments are highly complex. Moreover, functional adaptations of the microcirculation enabled by structural adaptations in microvascular network architecture are required for development, wound healing, and often invoked in disease conditions, including the top eight causes of death in the Unites States. Effective characterization of microvascular network architectures is not only limited by the available techniques to visualize microvessels but also reliant on the available quantitative metrics that accurately delineate between spatial patterns in altered networks. In this review, we survey models used for studying the microvasculature, methods to label and image microvessels, and the metrics and software packages used to quantify microvascular networks. These programs have provided researchers with invaluable tools, yet we estimate that they have collectively attained low adoption rates, possibly due to limitations with basic validation, segmentation performance, and nonstandard sets of quantification metrics. To address these existing constraints, we discuss opportunities to improve effectiveness, rigor, and reproducibility of microvascular network quantification to better serve the current and future needs of microvascular research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Corliss
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Corbin Mathews
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Richard Doty
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Gustavo Rohde
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
| | - Shayn M. Peirce
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginia
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14
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Peltanova B, Raudenska M, Masarik M. Effect of tumor microenvironment on pathogenesis of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:63. [PMID: 30927923 PMCID: PMC6441173 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of many different cell populations, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and various infiltrating immune cells, and non-cell components of extracellular matrix. These crucial parts of the surrounding stroma can function as both positive and negative regulators of all hallmarks of cancer development, including evasion of apoptosis, induction of angiogenesis, deregulation of the energy metabolism, resistance to the immune detection and destruction, and activation of invasion and metastasis. This review represents a summary of recent studies focusing on describing these effects of microenvironment on initiation and progression of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on oral squamous cell carcinoma, since it is becoming clear that an investigation of differences in stromal composition of the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment and their impact on cancer development and progression may help better understand the mechanisms behind different responses to therapy and help define possible targets for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Peltanova
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Raudenska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595,, CZ-252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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15
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Gallan AJ, Choy B, Paner GP. Contemporary Grading and Staging of Urothelial Neoplasms of the Urinary Bladder: New Concepts and Approaches to Challenging Scenarios. Surg Pathol Clin 2018; 11:775-795. [PMID: 30447841 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Grading and staging of urothelial neoplasm are the most crucial factors in risk stratification and management; both necessitate optimal accuracy and consistency. Several updates and recommendations have been provided though recent publications of the 4th edition of the World Health Organization classification, the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, and the International Consultation on Urological Diseases-European Association of Urology updates on bladder cancer. Updates and recent studies have provided better insights into and approaches to the challenging scenarios in grading and staging of urothelial neoplasm; however, there remain aspects that need further investigation and refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Gallan
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, AMB S626-MC6101, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bonnie Choy
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, AMB S626-MC6101, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gladell P Paner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, AMB S626-MC6101, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, AMB S626-MC6101, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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16
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LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. A peek into cancer-associated fibroblasts: origins, functions and translational impact. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/4/dmm029447. [PMID: 29686035 PMCID: PMC5963854 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In malignant tumors, cancer cells adapt to grow within their host tissue. As a cancer progresses, an accompanying host stromal response evolves within and around the nascent tumor. Among the host stromal constituents associated with the tumor are cancer-associated fibroblasts, a highly abundant and heterogeneous population of cells of mesenchymal lineage. Although it is known that fibroblasts are present from the tumor's inception to the end-stage metastatic spread, their precise functional role in cancer is not fully understood. It has been suggested that cancer-associated fibroblasts play a key role in modulating the behavior of cancer cells, in part by promoting tumor growth, but evolving data also argue for their antitumor actions. Taken together, this suggests a putative bimodal function for cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis. As illustrated in this Review and its accompanying poster, cancer-associated fibroblasts are a dynamic component of the tumor microenvironment that orchestrates the interplay between the cancer cells and the host stromal response. Understanding the complexity of the relationship between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts could offer insights into the regulation of tumor progression and control of cancer. Summary: Cancer-associated fibroblasts constitute a functionally heterogeneous mesenchymal cell population in the tumor microenvironment. This ‘At a glance’ article reviews their origin and their pro- and antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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17
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Wegner KA, Cadena MT, Trevena R, Turco AE, Gottschalk A, Halberg RB, Guo J, McMahon JA, McMahon AP, Vezina CM. An immunohistochemical identification key for cell types in adult mouse prostatic and urethral tissue sections. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188413. [PMID: 29145476 PMCID: PMC5690684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Though many methods can be used to identify cell types contained in complex tissues, most require cell disaggregation and destroy information about where cells reside in relation to their microenvironment. Here, we describe a polytomous key for cell type identification in intact sections of adult mouse prostate and prostatic urethra. The key is organized as a decision tree and initiates with one round of immunostaining for nerve, epithelial, fibromuscular/hematolymphoid, or vascular associated cells. Cell identities are recursively eliminated by subsequent staining events until the remaining pool of potential cell types can be distinguished by direct comparison to other cells. We validated our identification key using wild type adult mouse prostate and urethra tissue sections and it currently resolves sixteen distinct cell populations which include three nerve fiber types as well as four epithelial, five fibromuscular/hematolymphoid, one nerve-associated, and three vascular-associated cell types. We demonstrate two uses of this novel identification methodology. We first used the identification key to characterize prostate stromal cell type changes in response to constitutive phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase activation in prostate epithelium. We then used the key to map cell lineages in a new reporter mouse strain driven by Wnt10aem1(cre/ERT2)Amc. The identification key facilitates rigorous and reproducible cell identification in prostate tissue sections and can be expanded to resolve additional cell types as new antibodies and other resources become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Wegner
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mark T. Cadena
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ryan Trevena
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Turco
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adam Gottschalk
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Richard B. Halberg
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jinjin Guo
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jill A. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. McMahon
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Eli and Edythe Broad-CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, W.M. Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Vezina
- George M. O’Brien Benign Urology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Xiao X, Hu R, Deng FM, Shen SS, Yang XJ, Wu CL. Practical Applications of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis of Genitourinary Tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:1181-1194. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0530-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Context.—Pathologic diagnosis of tumors in the genitourinary system can be challenging based on morphology alone, particularly when diagnostic material is limited, such as in core biopsies. Immunohistochemical stain can be a useful tool to aid in the diagnosis.Objective.—To provide an update on practical applications and interpretation of immunohistochemical stains in the diagnosis of tumors in prostate, kidney, bladder, and testis. We particularly focus on difficult differential diagnoses, providing our insights in frequently encountered challenging situations. Commonly used immunohistochemical panels are discussed.Data Sources.—Review of literature and our own experience.Conclusion.—Immunohistochemical stain is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of genitourinary tumors when appropriately used.
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19
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Diagnostic Value of Smoothelin and Vimentin in Differentiating Muscularis Propria from Muscularis Mucosa of Bladder Carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2017; 32:e305-e312. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Determination of the extent of involvement or pathological staging is one of the requirements for adequate evaluation of bladder cancer specimens. Therefore, the differentiation between MP and MM is essential for proper treatment and avoiding over or under staging. Aim The present study aimed at evaluation of diagnostic value of smoothelin and vimentin expression both singly and in combination for differentiation between MM and MP. Methods This study was carried out on 59 cystectomy specimens of primary bladder carcinoma and eleven cystoscopic biopsies for non-neoplastic bladder lesions (cystitis). Results Histologically, MM was identified clearly in 40 cases and MP was identified in all 70 examined cases. The cases were immunostained for smoothelin and vimentin. Intensity of smoothelin expression showed significant difference (P = 0.001) between MM and MP with 97.5% sensitivity and 95% specificity and the percentage of smoothelin expression was significantly higher in MP compared to MM (P = 0.001) with 95.7% sensitivity and 85% specificity (using 65% as cut-off point). Vimentin was negative in MP and showed positive expression in 32 cases (80%) of MM with a statistical significant difference (P = 0.001) providing 80% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Combined moderate to strong smoothelin and negative vimentin offered 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity towards the identification of MP. Conclusions Differentiation of MM from MP can be made based on histopathological criteria, which are unfortunately overlapping in many cases. Moderate to strong smoothelin expression with negative vimentin could be very helpful procedure in difficult and overlapping cases with a high diagnostic validity.
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20
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Challenges in Pathologic Staging of Bladder Cancer: Proposals for Fresh Approaches of Assessing Pathologic Stage in Light of Recent Studies and Observations Pertaining to Bladder Histoanatomic Variances. Adv Anat Pathol 2017; 24:113-127. [PMID: 28398951 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm of pathologic stage (pT) categorization in bladder cancer remains the depth of invasion into the different histologic layers of the bladder wall. However, the approaches to assigning pT stage category toward an enhanced outcome stratification have been marked by challenges and innovations, due in part to our growing appreciation of the surprisingly perplexing bladder histoanatomy. Upstaging of pT1 tumors after radical cystectomy is substantial and underscores the potential value of pT1 substaging in transurethral resection (TUR) specimens. The 2017 American Joint Committee on Cancer tumor-node-metastasis system recommends pT1 substaging but recognizes the need to optimize the approach. Over the years, the cut-off for microinvasion has been significantly lowered to 0.5 mm and is now a promising scheme for pT1 (micrometric) substaging. Unlike the micrometric approach, histoanatomic substaging using muscularis mucosae (MM) and vascular plexus as landmarks is less feasible in TUR specimens and inconsistent in stratifying the outcome of pT1 tumors. The lamina propria possesses inherent variations in depth, MM, and vascular plexus dispositions that should be factored in future pT1 substaging proposals. Histoanatomic variations among the bladder regions also occur, and studies suggest that trigone and bladder neck cancers may have more adverse outcomes. The muscularis propria (MP), besides being the essential histologic landmark for assigning pT2 stage category, is also considered a surrogate for the adequacy of TUR, furthering the importance of identifying its presence in TUR specimens. MP, however, may be mimicked by hyperplastic or isolated MP-like MM muscle bundles in the lamina propria with overstaging implications, and caution should be exercised in distinguishing these 2 muscle types morphologically and immunohistochemically. Presence of additional superficial MP unique from the detrusor muscle proper may also complicate staging at the trigone and ureter insertion sites. With regard to the depth of MP invasion, large and multicenter studies have reaffirmed the prognostic significance of pT2a/b subcategories. It is revealed that there are at least 3 ways used to demarcate the irregular MP to perivesical soft tissue junction, and use of a common criterion indicates improvement in pT2b/pT3a staging reproducibility. Although studies have shown significantly poorer outcome in pT3b compared with pT3a tumors, this designation has a substantial reliance on the prosector's gross assessment of perivesical soft tissue invasion which if performed incorrectly may lead to staging inaccuracy of pT3 tumors. The 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer has updated the staging schema for bladder cancers with concomitant prostatic stromal invasion and cancers within bladder diverticula. Because of 2 possible pT designations, prostatic stromal invasion in TUR specimens should not be automatically staged as either pT4a or pT2 (urethral). Recent data support that bladder cancer invading into the seminal vesicle has comparable outcome to pT4b tumors. Interestingly, several studies in pT4a tumors, which are staged based on sex-specific organs, have shown poorer outcome in females than males after radical cystectomy, and while there are possibly several reasons, they may also include anatomic factors. Despite the progress has been made, work remains to be done to inform future bladder cancer pT category definitions and their reproducibility in application and prognostication.
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21
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Lee MS, Lee J, Kim JH, Kim WT, Kim WJ, Ahn H, Park J. Overexpression of caldesmon is associated with tumor progression in patients with primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:40370-84. [PMID: 26430961 PMCID: PMC4741901 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression and function of caldesmon (CAD) in urothelial bladder carcinoma (BC) have not been reported. Here, we investigated the expression, prognostic value, and potential functional mechanism of CAD in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Protein profiling of tissue samples using antibody microarrays showed significantly higher CAD expression in muscle-invasive BC tissues compared with NMIBC tissues. We then validated the CAD expression in BC cells by immunohistochemistry analysis using paraffin-embedded tissue blocks and western blots using BC cell lines. In addition, we examined the expression of CAD variants by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and confirmed the expression of low-molecular-weight isoforms (L-CAD), specifically encoded by WI-38 L-CAD II (transcript variant 2), in BC cells. Survival analysis in an independent primary NMIBC cohort comprising 132 patients showed that positive CAD expression was significantly associated with poorer prognosis than no CAD expression with regard to recurrence- and progression-free survival (p = 0.001 and 0.014, respectively). Multivariate analyses further indicated that positive CAD expression was an independent predictor of progression-free survival (p = 0.032; HR = 5.983). Data obtained from in vitro silencing and overexpression studies indicated that L-CAD promotes migration and invasiveness of BC cells. Immunofluorescence assays showed dramatic structural changes in the actin cytoskeleton of BC cells after L-CAD overexpression. Our findings collectively suggest that L-CAD overexpression in primary NMIBC is significantly associated with tumor progression and that a possible mechanism for L-CAD's activity is implicated in increased cell motility and invasive characteristics through morphological changes in BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Shin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joo Heon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hanjong Ahn
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Park
- Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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22
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Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men, and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Pathologic evaluation of urothelial cancers relies predominantly on histomorphologic features but can be aided in a small subset of cases by immunohistochemical analyses. Distinction of papillary versus flat lesions, low-grade versus high-grade cytology, and histologic variants and the presence or absence of invasive tumor is important for proper clinical management. Advances in the molecular alterations associated with the various subtypes of urothelial carcinoma have been made but such studies are ongoing.
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Gevaert T, Moles Lopez X, Sagaert X, Libbrecht L, Roskams T, Rorive S, Decaestecker C, Salmon I, De Ridder D. Morphometric and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of disease-related changes in the upper (suburothelial) lamina propria of the human bladder dome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127020. [PMID: 25973881 PMCID: PMC4431865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper (suburothelial) lamina propria (ULP) is a distinct region in the human bladder with dense populations of interstitial cells (IC), fine vascular networks and variable development of muscularis mucosae (MM). It is more and more obvious that the ULP plays an important role in bladder physiology and bladder disease, and in the present study we have quantified changes in the cellular key players of the ULP in bladders from patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS), multiple sclerosis (MS) and bladder pain syndrome (BPS). Tissue samples for the different patient groups were obtained from radical cystectomy-specimens. Standardized immunohistochemistry with a panel of specific cell markers was used to characterise the ULP cellular structures, followed by digitalised morphometry and quantitative staining analysis. Alterations in the ULP area were most pronounced in MS bladders, but also present in BPS and CIS bladders. We observed an increased thickness and increased variability in thickness of the ULP IC area in MS and BPS bladders; a significantly increased development of MM in MS bladders; a changed organization of vascular plexuses in the lamina propria in most pathologic bladders and a changed phenotype of ULP IC: a significantly decreased expression of progesterone receptor in MS bladders and a trend towards decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin in BPS bladders. We show here for the first time the presence of disease-specific changes in organisation and/or phenotype of the different key players of the ULP area in human bladder. The present findings further support the hypothesis that the ULP area is involved and altered in different bladder diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gevaert
- Laboratory of experimental urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, AZ Klina, Brasschaat, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Xavier Moles Lopez
- DIAPath—Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sagaert
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louis Libbrecht
- Department of Pathology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tania Roskams
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Rorive
- DIAPath—Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- DIAPath—Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratories of Image, Signal processing and Acoustics, Brussels School of Engineering, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- DIAPath—Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ridder
- Laboratory of experimental urology, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in the bladder lesions: report from the International Society of Urologic Pathology consensus conference. Am J Surg Pathol 2014; 38:e20-34. [PMID: 25029121 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The bladder working group of the 2013 International Society of Urologic Pathology (ISUP) Conference on Best Practices Recommendation in the Application of Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in Urologic Pathology discussed 5 settings in which IHC is commonly used in clinical practice. With regard to markers for urothelial differentiation, the committee found that there is no ideal marker or established panel to confirm urothelial differentiation. On the basis of the differential diagnostic consideration, positivity for GATA3, CK20, p63, and either high-molecular weight cytokeratin (HMWCK) or cytokeratin (CK)5/6 is of value in proving urothelial differentiation in the appropriate morphologic and clinical context. With regard to the role of IHC in the distinction of reactive atypia from urothelial carcinoma in situ, the committee recommended that morphology remains the gold standard in this differential diagnosis and that, at best, the IHC panel of CK20/p53/CD44(s) has potential utility but is variably used and has limitations. The immunostaining pattern must be interpreted with strict morphologic correlation, because overreliance on IHC may be misleading, particularly in the posttreatment setting. IHC has no role in the distinction of dysplasia versus carcinoma in situ and in the grading of papillary urothelial carcinoma. IHC may have a limited but distinct role in staging of bladder cancer. In a subset of cases, depending on the clinical and histologic context, broad-spectrum cytokeratins (to identify early or obscured invasion) and desmin (distinction of muscle from desmoplasia and to highlight muscle contours for subclassification) may be helpful. Limited experience and conflicting data preclude smoothelin or vimentin to be recommended routinely for subclassifying muscle type at this time. In the workup of a spindled cell proliferation of the bladder and in limited specimens, we recommend an immunohistochemical panel of 6 markers including ALK1, SMA, desmin, cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), and p63 with either of HMWCK or CK5/6. Currently, there are no prognostic immunohistochemical or molecular studies that are recommended to be routinely performed on biopsy or resection specimens.
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Siani A, Tirelli N. Myofibroblast differentiation: main features, biomedical relevance, and the role of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:768-85. [PMID: 24279926 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Myofibroblasts are prototypical fibrotic cells, which are involved in a number of more or less pathological conditions, from foreign body reactions to scarring, from liver, kidney, or lung fibrosis to neoplastic phenomena. The differentiation of precursor cells (not only of fibroblastic nature) is characterized by a complex interplay between soluble factors (growth factors such as transforming growth factor β1, reactive oxygen species [ROS]) and material properties (matrix stiffness). RECENT ADVANCES The last 15 years have seen very significant advances in the identification of appropriate differentiation markers, in the understanding of the differentiation mechanism, and above all, the involvement of ROS as causative and persistence factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The specific mechanisms of action of ROS remain largely unknown, although evidence suggests that both intracellular and extracellular phenomena play a role. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Approaches based on antioxidant (ROS-scavenging) principles and on the potentiation of nitric oxide signaling hold much promise in view of a pharmacological therapy of fibrotic phenomena. However, how to make the active principles available at the target sites is yet a largely neglected issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
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Jarkovska K, Dvorankova B, Halada P, Kodet O, Szabo P, Gadher SJ, Motlik J, Kovarova H, Smetana K. Revelation of fibroblast protein commonalities and differences and their possible roles in wound healing and tumourigenesis using co-culture models of cells. Biol Cell 2014; 106:203-18. [PMID: 24698078 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The in vitro co-culture models of communication between normal fibroblasts and epithelial cells, such as keratinocytes or squamous cell carcinoma cells of FaDu line representing wound healing or cancer development, were established by non-direct contact between the cells and utilised in this study to examine epithelia-induced changes in overall fibroblast proteome patterns. RESULTS We were able to select the proteins co-regulated in both models in order to evaluate possible molecular commonalities between wound healing and tumour development. Amongst the most pronounced were the proteins implemented in contractile activity and formation of actin cytoskeleton such as caldesmon, calponin-2, myosin regulatory light-chain 12A and cofilin-1, which were expressed independently of the presence of α-smooth muscle actin. Additionally, proteins altered differently highlighted functional and cellular phenotypes during transition of fibroblasts towards myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts. Results showed coordinated regulation of cytoskeleton proteins selective for wound healing which were lost in tumourigenesis model. Vimentin bridged this group of proteins with other regulated proteins in human fibroblasts involved in protein or RNA processing and metabolic regulation. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide strong support for crucial role of stromal microenvironment in wound healing and tumourigenesis. In particular, epithelia-induced protein changes in fibroblasts offer new potential targets which may lead to novel tailored cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jarkovska
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov, Czech Republic
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Lepreux S, Guyot C, Billet F, Combe C, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, Desmoulière A. Smoothelin, a new marker to determine the origin of liver fibrogenic cells. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:9343-9350. [PMID: 24409061 PMCID: PMC3882407 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i48.9343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore this hypothesis that smooth muscle cells may be capable of acquiring a myofibroblastic phenotype, we have studied the expression of smoothelin in fibrotic conditions.
METHODS: Normal liver tissue (n = 3) was obtained from macroscopically normal parts of hepatectomy, taken at a distance from hemangiomas. Pathological specimens included post-burn cutaneous hypertrophic scars (n = 3), fibrotic liver tissue (n = 5), cirrhotic tissue (viral and alcoholic hepatitis) (n = 5), and hepatocellular carcinomas (n = 5). Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for immunohistochemistry or were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen-cooled isopentane for confocal microscopy analysis. Sections were stained with antibodies against smoothelin, which is expressed exclusively by smooth muscle cells, and α-smooth muscle actin, which is expressed by both smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts.
RESULTS: In hypertrophic scars, α-smooth muscle actin was detected in vascular smooth muscle cells and in numerous myofibroblasts present in and around nodules, whereas smoothelin was exclusively expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells. In the normal liver, vascular smooth muscle cells were the only cells that express α-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin. In fibrotic areas of the liver, myofibroblasts expressing α-smooth muscle actin were detected. Myofibroblasts co-expressing α-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin were observed, and their number was slightly increased in parallel with the degree of fibrosis (absent in liver with mild or moderate fibrosis; 5% to 10% positive in liver showing severe fibrosis). In cirrhotic septa, numerous myofibroblasts co-expressed α-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin (more than 50%). In hepatocellular carcinomas, the same pattern of expression for α-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin was observed in the stroma reaction surrounding the tumor and around tumoral cell plates. In all pathological liver samples, α-smooth muscle actin and smoothelin were co-expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells.
CONCLUSION: During development of advanced liver fibrosis, a subpopulation of myofibroblasts expressing smoothelin may be derived from vascular smooth muscle cells, illustrating the different cellular origins of myofibroblasts.
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Lachaud CC, Pezzolla D, Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Smani T, Soria B, Hmadcha A. Functional vascular smooth muscle-like cells derived from adult mouse uterine mesothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55181. [PMID: 23405120 PMCID: PMC3566215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian visceral organs, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) originate from an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of embryonic mesothelial cells (MCs). The ability of adult MCs to recapitulate EMT and to acquire smooth muscle (SM) markers upon provasculogenic culture suggested they might retain embryonic vasculogenic differentiation potential. However, it remains unknown whether adult MCs-derived SM-like cells may acquire specific vascular SM lineage markers and the functionality of differentiated contractile VSMCs. Here, we describe how a gentle trypsinization of adult mouse uterine cords could selectively detach their outermost uterine mesothelial layer cells. As other MCs; uterine MCs (UtMCs) uniformly expressed the epithelial markers β-catenin, ZO-1, E-cadherin, CD54, CD29, and CK18. When cultured in a modified SM differentiation media (SMDM) UtMCs initiated a loss of epithelial characteristics and gained markers expression of EMT (Twist, Snail, and Slug), stem and progenitor (Nanog, Sox2, C-kit, Gata-4, Isl-1, and nestin), SM (α-SMA, calponin, caldesmon, SM22α, desmin, SM-MHC, and smoothelin-B) and cardiac (BMP2, BMP4, ACTC1, sACTN, cTnI, cTnT, ANF, Cx43, and MLC2a). UtMCs repeatedly subcultured in SMDM acquired differentiated VSM-like characteristics and expressed smoothelin-B in the typical stress-fiber pattern expression of contractile VSMCs. Relevantly, UtMCs-derived VSM-like cells could generate "mechanical force" to compact collagen lattices and displayed in diverse degree voltage (K(+)) and receptor (endothelin-1, oxytocin, norepinephrine, carbachol and vasopressin)-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rises and contraction. Thus, we show for the first time that UtMCs could recapitulate in vitro differentiative events of early cardiovascular differentiation and transdifferentiate in cells exhibiting molecular and functional characteristics of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Pezzolla
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Tarik Smani
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla/Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bernat Soria
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abdelkrim Hmadcha
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Sevilla, Spain
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas asociadas (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
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Hansel DE, Amin MB, Comperat E, Cote RJ, Knüchel R, Montironi R, Reuter VE, Soloway MS, Umar SA, Van der Kwast TH. A Contemporary Update on Pathology Standards for Bladder Cancer: Transurethral Resection and Radical Cystectomy Specimens. Eur Urol 2013; 63:321-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Osunkoya AO, Grignon DJ. Practical issues and pitfalls in staging tumors of the genitourinary tract. Semin Diagn Pathol 2012; 29:154-66. [DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Down-staging (<pT2) of urothelial cancer at cystectomy after the diagnosis of detrusor muscle invasion (pT2) at diagnostic transurethral resection (TUR): is prediction possible? Virchows Arch 2012; 461:149-56. [PMID: 22777576 PMCID: PMC3421107 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) with musculus detrusor (MD) invasion is treated by cystectomy. Subsequent pathologic evaluation of cystectomies does not reveal MD invasion (<pT2) in a subgroup of patients. Our objective was to identify features at diagnostic transurethral resection (TUR) predicting down-staging (<pT2) at cystectomy. Patients with pathologically confirmed MD invasion at TUR followed by cystectomy for UCC without (neo-) adjuvant therapy were included (N = 106). Slides of both TUR and cystectomy specimens were reviewed, and survival analyses were performed. In total, 27/106 (26 %) tumors were down-staged at cystectomy, of which 13 (12 %) had no residual tumor (pT0). There was no significant difference in age, gender, time interval between TUR and operation, number of slides sampled, and presence of TUR scar between down-staged (<pT2) and pT2 UCC. At review of TUR specimens (N = 52) with UCC initially diagnosed as pT2, MD invasion was not confirmed in eight cases (15 %). One case showed extensive histiocytic reaction misinterpreted as UCC; in four cases, muscularis mucosae had been considered MD, and in three cases, desmoplastic reaction mimicked MD. No histologic parameter at TUR was significantly associated with down-staging at cystectomy. Overall and disease-specific survival was not statistically different in down-staged and pT2 UCC. In conclusion, down-staging of UCC (<pT2) at cystectomy occurred in 26 %. At review of diagnostic TURs, MD invasion was not confirmed in 15 %. No clinical or pathologic parameter was predictive for down-staging at cystectomy. There was no difference in survival between down-staged and pT2-staged UCC.
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Hansel DE, Paner GP, Nese N, Amin MB. Limited smoothelin expression within the muscularis mucosae: validation in bladder diverticula. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:1770-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bell SM, Zhang L, Mendell A, Xu Y, Haitchi HM, Lessard JL, Whitsett JA. Kruppel-like factor 5 is required for formation and differentiation of the bladder urothelium. Dev Biol 2011; 358:79-90. [PMID: 21803035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Kruppel-like transcription factor 5 (Klf5) was detected in the developing and mature murine bladder urothelium. Herein we report a critical role of KLF5 in the formation and terminal differentiation of the urothelium. The Shh(GfpCre) transgene was used to delete the Klf5(floxed) alleles from bladder epithelial cells causing prenatal hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and vesicoureteric reflux. The bladder urothelium failed to stratify and did not express terminal differentiation markers characteristic of basal, intermediate, and umbrella cells including keratins 20, 14, and 5, and the uroplakins. The effects of Klf5 deletion were unique to the developing bladder epithelium since maturation of the epithelium comprising the bladder neck and urethra was unaffected by the lack of KLF5. mRNA analysis identified reductions in Pparγ, Grhl3, Elf3, and Ovol1expression in Klf5 deficient fetal bladders supporting their participation in a transcriptional network regulating bladder urothelial differentiation. KLF5 regulated expression of the mGrhl3 promoter in transient transfection assays. The absence of urothelial Klf5 altered epithelial-mesenchymal signaling leading to the formation of an ectopic alpha smooth muscle actin positive layer of cells subjacent to the epithelium and a thinner detrusor muscle that was not attributable to disruption of SHH signaling, a known mediator of detrusor morphogenesis. Deletion of Klf5 from the developing bladder urothelium blocked epithelial cell differentiation, impaired bladder morphogenesis and function causing hydroureter and hydronephrosis at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Bell
- Perinatal Institute of Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Division of Neonatology-Perinatal-Pulmonary Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Gupta V, Bassi DE, Simons JD, Devarajan K, Al-Saleem T, Uzzo RG, Cukierman E. Elevated expression of stromal palladin predicts poor clinical outcome in renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21494. [PMID: 21738681 PMCID: PMC3125241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role that stromal renal cell carcinoma (RCC) plays in support of tumor progression is unclear. Here we sought to determine the predictive value on patient survival of several markers of stromal activation and the feasibility of a fibroblast-derived extracellular matrix (ECM) based three-dimensional (3D) culture stemming from clinical specimens to recapitulate stromal behavior in vitro. The clinical relevance of selected stromal markers was assessed using a well annotated tumor microarray where stromal-marker levels of expression were evaluated and compared to patient outcomes. Also, an in vitro 3D system derived from fibroblasts harvested from patient matched normal kidney, primary RCC and metastatic tumors was employed to evaluate levels and localizations of known stromal markers such as the actin binding proteins palladin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibronectin and its spliced form EDA. Results suggested that RCCs exhibiting high levels of stromal palladin correlate with a poor prognosis, as demonstrated by overall survival time. Conversely, cases of RCCs where stroma presents low levels of palladin expression indicate increased survival times and, hence, better outcomes. Fibroblast-derived 3D cultures, which facilitate the categorization of stromal RCCs into discrete progressive stromal stages, also show increased levels of expression and stress fiber localization of α-SMA and palladin, as well as topographical organization of fibronectin and its splice variant EDA. These observations are concordant with expression levels of these markers in vivo. The study proposes that palladin constitutes a useful marker of poor prognosis in non-metastatic RCCs, while in vitro 3D cultures accurately represent the specific patient's tumor-associated stromal compartment. Our observations support the belief that stromal palladin assessments have clinical relevance thus validating the use of these 3D cultures to study both progressive RCC-associated stroma and stroma-dependent mechanisms affecting tumorigenesis. The clinical value of assessing RCC stromal activation merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivekanand Gupta
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Bassi
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Simons
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Department of Biostatistics, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tahseen Al-Saleem
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Uzzo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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In response—A modified staining protocol for Smoothelin immunostaining. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:119-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Köhler C. Histochemical localization of caldesmon isoforms in colon adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases. Virchows Arch 2011; 459:81-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Clinical utility of immunohistochemistry in the diagnoses of urinary bladder neoplasia. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011; 18:401-10. [PMID: 20505509 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e3181e04816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinomas demonstrate diverse morphologic and immunologic features that frequently lead to diagnostic challenges. Recent advances have identified a number of immunohistochemical stains that, when used in the context of a panel, can be a valuable tool in properly classifying primary urothelial carcinoma and carcinomas secondarily involving the urinary bladder. In addition, new biomarkers prove helpful in the staging of bladder carcinoma. In this article, we review the clinical utility of immunohistochemistry in a series of diagnostic scenarios, including flat urothelial lesions with atypia, rare variants of urothelial carcinoma, primary adenocarcinoma versus secondary colorectal tumors, distinguishing prostate from urothelial carcinoma, and the utility of smoothelin in staging bladder carcinoma. Emphasis is placed on panels of commonly used biomarkers to establish diagnoses.
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Semiquantitative smoothelin expression in detection of muscle invasion in transurethral resection and cystectomy specimens in cases of urinary bladder carcinoma. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12301-011-0002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Detection of smoothelin expression in the urinary bladder is strongly dependent on pretreatment conditions: a critical analysis with possible consequences for cancer staging. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:665-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1076-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Montani M, Thiesler T, Kristiansen G. Smoothelin is a specific and robust marker for distinction of muscularis propria and muscularis mucosae in the gastrointestinal tract. Histopathology 2010; 57:244-9. [PMID: 20716166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS As tumour specimens and biopsy specimens become smaller, recognition of anatomical structures relevant for staging is increasingly challenging. So far no marker is known that reliably discriminates between muscularis propria (MP) and muscularis mucosae (MM) of the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, smoothelin expression has been shown to differ in MP and MM of the urinary bladder. We aimed to analyse the expression of smoothelin in the gastrointestinal tract in MP and MM in order to define a novel diagnostic tool to identify MM bundles. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of smoothelin was analysed immunohistochemically in comparison with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) in specimens from colon, stomach and oesophagus (n = 107). In contrast to alpha-SMA, which equally stained MM and MP, absent or significantly weaker smoothelin expression was found in MM was found, which was particularly valid in colon and gastric specimens. CONCLUSIONS The combination of smoothelin and SMA represents a robust marker to discriminate MM from MP in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Montani
- Institut für Klinische Pathologie, UniversitätsSpital Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 12, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Raparia K, Zhai QJ, Schwartz MR, Shen SS, Ayala AG, Ro JY. Muscularis mucosae versus muscularis propria in gallbladder, cystic duct, and common bile duct: smoothelin and desmin immunohistochemical study. Ann Diagn Pathol 2010; 14:408-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miyamoto H, Epstein JI. Transurethral Resection Specimens of the Bladder: Outcome of Invasive Urothelial Cancer Involving Muscle Bundles Indeterminate Between Muscularis Mucosae and Muscularis Propria. Urology 2010; 76:600-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Editorial Comment. Urology 2010; 76:604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Angiomatoid lesions in a lymph node associated with a thyroid carcinoma of a dog were restricted to the subcapsular and medullary sinuses. Lymphoid atrophy was present, but nodal architecture was not distorted and normal structures were not invaded. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the vascular spaces formed by spindloid cells were lined by endothelium with a low mitotic index. The spindloid cells were positive for smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and desmin and thus were likely to be fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and/or pericytes. These features are comparable to vascular transformation of lymph node sinuses in humans (nodal angiomatosis), a nonneoplastic condition often associated with mechanical or functional blockage of efferent lymphatics and veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Gelberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331
| | - B. A. Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331
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Diagnostic Use of Antibody to Smoothelin in the Recognition of Muscularis Propria in Transurethral Resection of Urinary Bladder Tumor (TURBT) Specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:792-9. [PMID: 20421781 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181da7650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
A 7-year-old spayed female Schnauzer dog with chronic hematuria had a soft tissue mass within the wall of the bladder. The mass was excised and, when examined histologically, was determined to be a discrete well-organized mural mass consisting of spindloid cells arranged in swirling sheets and palisades punctuated by aggregates of principally eosinophils. The overlying transitional mucosa was extensively ulcerated and focally hyperplastic and nodular with subjacent solid down growths, superficial cysts, and the extension of tubular structures deep into the submucosa. The histologic appearance of this mass is consistent with canine polypoid eosinophilic cystitis, also known as benign inflammatory fibrous polyp.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Gelberg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Veterinary DiagnosticLaboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine,Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Miyamoto H, Sharma RB, Illei PB, Epstein JI. Pitfalls in the Use of Smoothelin to Identify Muscularis Propria Invasion by Urothelial Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:418-22. [PMID: 20154589 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181ce5066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
From the earliest studies with epithelial cells implanted into detrusor muscle to later experiments on smooth muscle in defined collagen gels, cell niche and extracellular matrix (ECM) have been clearly shown to orchestrate cellular behavior and fate whether quiescent, migratory, or proliferative. Normal matrix can revert transformed cells to quiescence, and damaged matrix can trigger malignancy or dedifferentiation. ECM influence in disease, development, healing and regeneration has been demonstrated in many other fields of study, but a thorough examination of the roles of ECM in bladder cell activity has not yet been undertaken. Structural ECM proteins, in concert with adhesive proteins, provide crucial structural support to the bladder. Both structural and nonstructural components of the bladder have major effects on smooth muscle function, through effects on matrix rigidity and signaling through ECM receptors. While many ECM components and receptors identified in the bladder have specific known functions in the vascular smooth musculature, their function in the bladder is often less well defined. In cancer and obstructive disease, the ECM has a critical role in pathogenesis. The challenge in these settings will be to find therapies that prevent hyperproliferation and encourage proper differentiation, through an understanding of matrix effects on cell biology and susceptibility to therapeutics.
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Smoothelin Is a Specific Marker for Smooth Muscle Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33:1795-801. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181b76477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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