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Fichtner A, Marx A, Ströbel P, Bremmer F. Primary germ cell tumours of the mediastinum: A review with emphasis on diagnostic challenges. Histopathology 2024; 84:216-237. [PMID: 37994540 DOI: 10.1111/his.15090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
This article will review current aspects of the histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular analysis of primary mediastinal germ cell tumours (PMGCTs) as well as their aetiological, epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features. PMGCTs represent an important differential diagnosis in the spectrum of mediastinal tumours, and their diagnosis is usually made on small tissue samples from core needle biopsies in combination with diagnostic imaging and serum tumour markers. As in lymphomas, a small biopsy is often the only viable tumour sample available from these patients, as they receive chemotherapy prior to eventual surgical resection. Pathologists therefore need to apply an efficient combination of immunohistochemical markers to confirm the diagnosis of a PMGCT and to exclude morphological mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fichtner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Ströbel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Felix Bremmer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Maklad A, Sedeeq M, Chan KM, Gueven N, Azimi I. Exploring Lin28 proteins: Unravelling structure and functions with emphasis on nervous system malignancies. Life Sci 2023; 335:122275. [PMID: 37984514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and stem cells share many characteristics related to self-renewal and differentiation. Both cell types express the same critical proteins that govern cellular stemness, which provide cancer cells with the growth and survival benefits of stem cells. LIN28 is an example of one such protein. LIN28 includes two main isoforms, LIN28A and LIN28B, with diverse physiological functions from tissue development to control of pluripotency. In addition to their physiological roles, LIN28A and LIN28B affect the progression of several cancers by regulating multiple cancer hallmarks. Altered expression levels of LIN28A and LIN28B have been proposed as diagnostic and/or prognostic markers for various malignancies. This review discusses the structure and modes of action of the different LIN28 proteins and examines their roles in regulating cancer hallmarks with a focus on malignancies of the nervous system. This review also highlights some gaps in the field that require further exploration to assess the potential of targeting LIN28 proteins for controlling cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Maklad
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mohammed Sedeeq
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kai Man Chan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iman Azimi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7005, Tasmania, Australia; Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton 3168, Victoria, Australia.
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3
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Qayoom S, Shabbir N, Singhai A, Verma N, Rawat S. Primary Pure Intrarenal Yolk Sac Tumor in 1.5-Year-Old Boy-A Rare Case Report. Int J Surg Pathol 2023; 31:1381-1386. [PMID: 36710574 DOI: 10.1177/10668969221149131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Germ cell tumors primarily arise in gonads and extragonadal germ cell tumors, an uncommon entity, originates usually along the midline. Here, we report the fifth example of intrarenal pure yolk sac tumor in a 1.5-year-old boy who presented with abdominal pain and underwent excision of the mass for suspected Wilms tumor. On histopathology and immunohistochemistry, a diagnosis of a yolk sac tumor was rendered. Postoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were 21 000 ng/dl. The purpose of this report is to emphasize the importance of suspecting a germ cell tumor as one of the differential diagnoses of a suspected case of Wilms tumor and the significance of evaluating serum alpha-fetoprotein levels preoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Qayoom
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nida Shabbir
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atin Singhai
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nishant Verma
- Department of Paediatrics, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shalini Rawat
- Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Maklad A, Sedeeq M, Wilson R, Heath JA, Gueven N, Azimi I. LIN28 expression and function in medulloblastoma. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:533-548. [PMID: 36649308 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Current treatment modalities are not completely effective and can lead to severe neurological and cognitive adverse effects. In addition to urgently needing better treatment approaches, new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers are required to improve the therapy outcomes of MB patients. The RNA-binding proteins, LIN28A and LIN28B, are known to regulate invasive phenotypes in many different cancer types. However, the expression and function of these proteins in MB had not been studied to date. This study identified the expression of LIN28A and LIN28B in MB patient samples and cell lines and assessed the effect of LIN28 inhibition on MB cell growth, metabolism and stemness. LIN28B expression was significantly upregulated in MB tissues compared to normal brain tissues. This upregulation, which was not observed in other brain tumors, was specific for the aggressive MB subgroups and correlated with patient survival and metastasis rates. Functionally, pharmacological inhibition of LIN28 activity concentration-dependently reduced LIN28B expression, as well as the growth of D283 MB cells. While LIN28 inhibition did not affect the levels of intracellular ATP, it reduced the expression of the stemness marker CD133 in D283 cells and the sphere formation of CHLA-01R cells. LIN28B, which is highly expressed in the human cerebellum during the first few months after birth, subsequently decreased with age. The results of this study highlight the potential of LIN28B as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for MB and open the possibility to utilize LIN28 as a pharmacological target to suppress MB cell growth and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Maklad
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mohammed Sedeeq
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John A Heath
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Australia
| | - Nuri Gueven
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Iman Azimi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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5
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Thakur S, Kakkar A, Jana M, Das P, Agarwala SP, Iyer VK. Pediatric Primary Yolk Sac Tumour of the Kidney: Recommendations for Pretreatment Diagnosis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2023; 42:55-62. [PMID: 35188860 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2022.2042631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Although nephroblastomas are frequently treated without prior biopsy, there are the occasional other pediatric renal tumors that require different management. In the literature, there are around 30 primary renal germ cell tumors (GCT), including four cases of Yolk sac tumor (YST). We present another primary renal YST.Case report: A five-year-old boy was diagnosed as Wilms tumor on radiology and needle biopsy. He received chemotherapy, with no response. The post-chemotherapy resection specimen revealed a YST.Conclusion: Renal YST may be indistinguishable from Wilms tumor clinically and radiologically. For pre-biopsy chemotherapy management protocols, serum tumor markers such as AFP may be recommended to identify the occasional GCT, including YST. Pre-chemotherapy needle biopsies may lead to misdiagnosis, and may require confirmation by an experienced pathologist or central review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Thakur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aanchal Kakkar
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Jana
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasenjit Das
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep P Agarwala
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Venkateswaran K Iyer
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Pratt D, Sahm F, Aldape K. DNA methylation profiling as a model for discovery and precision diagnostics in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:S16-S29. [PMID: 34725697 PMCID: PMC8561128 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a shift to more objective and biologically-driven methods for central nervous system (CNS) tumor classification. The 2016 world health organization (WHO) classification update ("blue book") introduced molecular diagnostic criteria into the definitions of specific entities as a response to the plethora of evidence that key molecular alterations define distinct tumor types and are clinically meaningful. While in the past such diagnostic alterations included specific mutations, copy number changes, or gene fusions, the emergence of DNA methylation arrays in recent years has similarly resulted in improved diagnostic precision, increased reliability, and has provided an effective framework for the discovery of new tumor types. In many instances, there is an intimate relationship between these mutations/fusions and DNA methylation signatures. The adoption of methylation data into neuro-oncology nosology has been greatly aided by the availability of technology compatible with clinical diagnostics, along with the development of a freely accessible machine learning-based classifier. In this review, we highlight the utility of DNA methylation profiling in CNS tumor classification with a focus on recently described novel and rare tumor types, as well as its contribution to refining existing types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Pratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Felix Sahm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth Aldape
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Fichtner A, Richter A, Filmar S, Kircher S, Rosenwald A, Küffer S, Nettersheim D, Oing C, Marx A, Ströbel P, Bremmer F. Primary mediastinal germ cell tumours: an immunohistochemical and molecular diagnostic approach. Histopathology 2021; 80:381-396. [PMID: 34506648 DOI: 10.1111/his.14560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Primary mediastinal germ cell tumours (PMGCTs) are rare mediastinal neoplasms and their diagnosis can be challenging due to small biopsy samples. The aim of this study was to elaborate a diagnostic algorithm using immunohistochemical stainings with focus on novel markers and molecular analysis of isochromosome 12p [i(12p)]. METHODS AND RESULTS Paraffin-embedded tissues of 32 mediastinal tumours were analysed using immunohistochemical stainings for SALL4, LIN28, OCT3/4, D2-40, CD117, SOX17, SOX2, CD30, ß-hCG, GATA3, FOXA2, GPC3, AFP, TdT, NUT and pan-cytokeratin. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to investigate i(12p) status. Fifteen seminomas, seven teratomas, one yolk sac tumour, one choriocarcinoma and seven mixed PMGCT were diagnosed. Each entity had different immunohistochemical staining patterns which helped to distinguish them: seminoma (OCT3/4, D2-40, CD117, TdT), embryonal carcinoma (OCT3/4, SOX2), yolk sac tumour (FOXA2, GPC3, AFP) and choriocarcinoma (ß-hCG, GATA3). Mature teratomas stained positive for pan-cytokeratin in epithelial components and focally for SALL4, SOX2, GATA3, D2-40 and FOXA2. Furthermore, a NUT carcinoma mimicking a PMGCT was diagnosed showing a strong nuclear SOX2 and speckled nuclear NUT staining. i(12p) was detected in 24 out of 27 PMGCTs [89%]. CONCLUSION A diagnostic algorithm is of great importance for a reliable diagnosis of PMGCTs in the usually small tissue biopsy samples. Therefore, a combination of three to four antibodies to identify the correct histological subtype is usually necessary in addition to morphological features. The i(12p) status serves as an additional option to underline germ cell origin in selected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fichtner
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pathology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Richter
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pathology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Filmar
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pathology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Kircher
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Rosenwald
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Pathology, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S Küffer
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pathology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - D Nettersheim
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Department of Urology, Urological Research Laboratory, Translational UroOncology, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - C Oing
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Oncology, Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Division of Pneumology & Mildred Scheel Cancer Career Centre HaTriCS4, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Marx
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, Institute of Pathology, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68135, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Ströbel
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pathology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Bremmer
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Institute of Pathology, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
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El-Zaatari ZM, Ro JY. Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors: A Review and Update on Pathologic, Clinical, and Molecular Features. Adv Anat Pathol 2021; 28:335-350. [PMID: 34029275 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mediastinal germ cell tumors (MGCTs) are the most common extragonadal germ cell tumors (GCTs) and most often arise in the anterior mediastinum with a male predilection. MGCTs also have a predilection for patients with Klinefelter syndrome and possibly other genetic conditions. MGCTs, as GCTs at other extragonadal sites, are thought to arise from germ cells improperly retained during migration along the midline during embryogenesis. Similar to their counterparts in the testes, MGCTs are classified into seminomatous and nonseminomatous GCTs. Seminomatous MGCT represents pure seminoma, whereas nonseminomatous MGCTs encompass pure yolk sac tumors, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, mature or immature teratoma, and mixed GCTs with any combination of GCT types, including seminoma. Somatic-type or hematologic malignancies can also occur in association with a primary MGCT. MGCTs share molecular findings with GCTs at other sites, most commonly the presence of chromosome 12p gains and isochromosome i(12p). Treatment includes neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgical resection of residual tumor, with the exception of benign teratomas, which require only surgical resection without chemotherapy. In this review, we highlight and provide an update on pathologic, clinical, and molecular features of MGCTs. Immunohistochemical profiles of each tumor type, as well as differential diagnostic considerations, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad M El-Zaatari
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University (WCMC), New York, NY
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Molecular Pathology and Targeted Therapies for Personalized Management of Central Nervous System Germinoma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11070661. [PMID: 34357128 PMCID: PMC8306901 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11070661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial germinomas are rare tumours, usually affecting male paediatric patients. They frequently develop in the pineal and suprasellar regions, causing endocrinological disturbances, visual deficits, and increased intracranial pressure. The diagnosis is established on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers, and tumour stereotactic biopsy. Imaging techniques, such as susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), T2* (T2-star) gradient echo (GRE) or arterial spin labelling based perfusion-weighted MRI (ASL-PWI) facilitate the diagnosis. Germinomas are highly radiosensitive tumours, with survival rates >90% in the context of chemoradiotherapy. However, patients with resistant disease have limited therapeutic options and poor survival. The aim of this review is to highlight the genetic, epigenetic, and immunologic features, which could provide the basis for targeted therapy. Intracranial germinomas present genetic and epigenetic alterations (chromosomal aberrations, KIT, MAPK and PI3K pathways mutations, DNA hypomethylation, miRNA dysregulation) that may represent targets for therapy. Tyrosine kinase and mTOR inhibitors warrant further investigation in these cases. Immune markers, PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1), are expressed in germinomas, representing potential targets for immune checkpoint inhibitors. Resistant cases should benefit from a personalized management: genetic and immunological testing and enrolment in trials evaluating targeted therapies in intracranial germinomas.
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Hesari A, Anoshiravani AA, Talebi S, Noruzi S, Mohammadi R, Salarinia R, Zare R, Ghasemi F. Knockdown of sal-like 4 expression by small interfering RNA induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:9392-9399. [PMID: 30520112 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancers worldwide and causes a significant amount of deaths annually. Spalt-like transcription factor 4 is known as a transcription factor, which has an important role in the proliferation of cancerous cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a short-chain molecule of 20 to 25 nucleotides that protrude on two sides of the 3', two nucleotides. In this study, using a specific sequence of siRNA against the sequence of this gene, its activity is investigated in the cell line of breast cancer. The breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were cultured and then, using a specific anti-sal-like 4 (SALL4) siRNA, their toxic doses were determined. Then, the gene is transfected into the cell. Proliferation and expression of the SALL4 and BCL-2 gene were measured using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. The specific concentration of siRNA IC50 of the SALL4 gene was 40.35 nmole. Gene expression results indicated that the expression of the Bcl-2 gene in the siRNA group was significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). SiRNA can increase the apoptosis of breast cancer cells by reducing the gene expression of SALL4 gene and Bcl-2; it can be used as a novel targeted therapy. This strategy, in addition to increasing the specificity of the drug, also reduces the side effects when compared with conventional chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amireza Hesari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Samaneh Talebi
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayye Noruzi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Rezvan Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Salarinia
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Sciences, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reza Zare
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao M, Sun L, Lai JZ, Shi H, Mei K, He X, Jin X, Lai J, Cao D. Expression of RNA-binding protein LIN28 in classic gastric hepatoid carcinomas, gastric fetal type gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, and hepatocellular carcinomas: An immunohistochemical study with comparison to SALL4, alpha-fetoprotein, glypican-3, and Hep Par1. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1707-1712. [PMID: 30196987 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric hepatoid carcinomas (GHCs) include type I (classic) and type II (fetal type gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma). The classic type shows overlapping morphologic features with those of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of this study is to investigate expression of LIN28 in GHCs and explore its utility to distinguish classic GHC from HCC. METHODS We investigated immunohistochemical expression of LIN28 in 93 primary GHCs (47 type I, 46 type II) and 60 HCCs with comparison to SALL4, AFP, glypican-3, Hep Par1, p-CEA and CK7. We also stained LIN28 and SALL4 in 52 conventional gastric adenocarcinomas to assess their specificity in gastric carcinomas. RESULTS Classic GHCs and fetal type gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas showed positive LIN28 in 21/47 (45%) and 10/46 (22%), SALL4 in 41/47 (87%) and 36/46 (78%), AFP in 30/46 (65%) and 33/46 (72%), glypican-3 in 31/41 (76%) and 24/38 (63%), Hep Par1 in 27/41 (66%) and 28/37 (76%), and CK7 in 15/40 (38%) and 25/38 (66%), respectively. p-CEA staining was seen in 19/44 (43%) classic GHCs. Among HCCs, LIN28, SALL4, AFP, glypican-3, Hep Par1, p-CEA and CK7 was seen in 1/60 (2%), 0/60 (0%), 6/30 (20%), 23/30 (77%), 29/30 (97%), 28/30 (93%) and 21/30 (70%) cases, respectively. LIN28 and SALL4 staining was seen in 2/52 (4%) and 14/52 (27%) gastric conventional adenocarcinomas, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of distinguishing classic GHCs from HCCs was 45% and 98% for LIN28, 87% and 100% for SALL4, 65% and 80% for AFP, 76% and 30% for glypican-3, 66% and 3% for Hep Par1, 43% and 7% for p-CEA, and 38% and 30% for CK7, respectively. Combining LIN28 and SALL4 increased the sensitivity to 96% with 98% specificity to distinguish classic GHCs from HCCs. CONCLUSIONS LIN28 is a very specific marker (98% specificity) for distinguishing classic GHCs from HCCs though it is not as sensitive as SALL4. AFP, glypican-3, Hep Par1 and p-CEA are not useful in distinguishing classic GHCs from HCCs. Combining LIN28 and SALL4 increased the sensitivity to distinguish classic PHCs from HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Z Lai
- University College, Washington University in Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Huaiyin Shi
- Department of Pathology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyong Mei
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianglei He
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital & People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolong Jin
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinping Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Dengfeng Cao
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
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12
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Balzeau J, Menezes MR, Cao S, Hagan JP. The LIN28/let-7 Pathway in Cancer. Front Genet 2017; 8:31. [PMID: 28400788 PMCID: PMC5368188 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Among all tumor suppressor microRNAs, reduced let-7 expression occurs most frequently in cancer and typically correlates with poor prognosis. Activation of either LIN28A or LIN28B, two highly related RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and proto-oncogenes, is responsible for the global post-transcriptional downregulation of the let-7 microRNA family observed in many cancers. Specifically, LIN28A binds the terminal loop of precursor let-7 and recruits the Terminal Uridylyl Transferase (TUTase) ZCCHC11 that polyuridylates pre-let-7, thereby blocking microRNA biogenesis and tumor suppressor function. For LIN28B, the precise mechanism responsible for let-7 inhibition remains controversial. Functionally, the decrease in let-7 microRNAs leads to overexpression of their oncogenic targets such as MYC, RAS, HMGA2, BLIMP1, among others. Furthermore, mouse models demonstrate that ectopic LIN28 expression is sufficient to drive and/or accelerate tumorigenesis via a let-7 dependent mechanism. In this review, the LIN28/let-7 pathway is discussed, emphasizing its role in tumorigenesis, cancer stem cell biology, metabolomics, metastasis, and resistance to ionizing radiation and several chemotherapies. Also, emerging evidence will be presented suggesting that molecular targeting of this pathway may provide therapeutic benefit in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Balzeau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Miriam R Menezes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - Siyu Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Hagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Dirican E, Akkiprik M. Functional and clinical significance of SALL4 in breast cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11701-11709. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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14
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Weingart MF, Roth JJ, Hutt-Cabezas M, Busse TM, Kaur H, Price A, Maynard R, Rubens J, Taylor I, Mao XG, Xu J, Kuwahara Y, Allen SJ, Erdreich-Epstein A, Weissman BE, Orr BA, Eberhart CG, Biegel JA, Raabe EH. Disrupting LIN28 in atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors reveals the importance of the mitogen activated protein kinase pathway as a therapeutic target. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3165-77. [PMID: 25638158 PMCID: PMC4413645 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is among the most fatal of all pediatric brain tumors. Aside from loss of function mutations in the SMARCB1 (BAF47/INI1/SNF5) chromatin remodeling gene, little is known of other molecular drivers of AT/RT. LIN28A and LIN28B are stem cell factors that regulate thousands of RNAs and are expressed in aggressive cancers. We identified high-levels of LIN28A and LIN28B in AT/RT primary tumors and cell lines, with corresponding low levels of the LIN28-regulated microRNAs of the let-7 family. Knockdown of LIN28A by lentiviral shRNA in the AT/RT cell lines CHLA-06-ATRT and BT37 inhibited growth, cell proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis. Suppression of LIN28A in orthotopic xenograft models led to a more than doubling of median survival compared to empty vector controls (48 vs 115 days). LIN28A knockdown led to increased expression of let-7b and let-7g microRNAs and a down-regulation of KRAS mRNA. AT/RT primary tumors expressed increased mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway activity, and the MEK inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244) decreased AT/RT growth and increased apoptosis. These data implicate LIN28/RAS/MAP kinase as key drivers of AT/RT tumorigenesis and indicate that targeting this pathway may be a therapeutic option in this aggressive pediatric malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie F Weingart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacquelyn J Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marianne Hutt-Cabezas
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tracy M Busse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Antoinette Price
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rachael Maynard
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Rubens
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Isabella Taylor
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xing-Gang Mao
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jingying Xu
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sariah J Allen
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anat Erdreich-Epstein
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Blood & Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brent A Orr
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Charles G Eberhart
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric H Raabe
- Division of Neuropathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Tatetsu H, Kong NR, Chong G, Amabile G, Tenen DG, Chai L. SALL4, the missing link between stem cells, development and cancer. Gene 2016; 584:111-9. [PMID: 26892498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence supporting that cancer cells share many similarities with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). For example, aggressive cancers and ESCs share a common gene expression signature that includes hundreds of genes. Since ESC genes are not present in most adult tissues, they could be ideal candidate targets for cancer-specific diagnosis and treatment. This is an exciting cancer-targeting model. The major hurdle to test this model is to identify the key factors/pathway(s) within ESCs that are responsible for the cancer phenotype. SALL4 is one of few genes that can establish this link. The first publication of SALL4 is on its mutation in a human inherited disorder with multiple developmental defects. Since then, over 300 papers have been published on various aspects of this gene in stem cells, development, and cancers. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of SALL4, including a SALL4-based approach to classify and target cancers. Many questions about this important gene still remain unanswered, specifically, on how this gene regulates cell fates at a molecular level. Understanding SALL4's molecular functions will allow development of specific targeted approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Tatetsu
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nikki R Kong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gao Chong
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine (MD6), #12-01, 14 Medical Drive, 117599, Singapore; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Center for Life Science Room 437, 3 Blackfan Circle Room 437, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Chai
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, New Research Building Room 652D, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Gogol P, Gogol A, Opuchlik A, Dziewulska D. Paraneoplastic brainstem encephalomyelitis and atypical form of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in patient with testicular germinal tumor-is this an overlap syndrome? a case report. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2015; 49:129-33. [PMID: 25890929 DOI: 10.1016/j.pjnns.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes are diagnosed when neurologic symptoms are associated with neoplasm and other causative factors are excluded. They may precede or be simultaneous to various types of neoplasms, mainly malignant. In men up to 45-50 years old the most common cancer causing the paraneoplastic syndrome is testicle tumor, manifesting usually as limbic/brain stem encephalitis and myelitis. Usually effective treatment of underlying neoplasm brings resolution of neurologic symptoms. But corticosteroids and intravenuous immunoglobulins are also used. In the presented case a 37-year-old man was primarily diagnosed and treated for progressive tetraparesis with signs of both upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction, associated with bulbar symptoms. Having various diagnostic procedures performed an atypical form of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuronopathy was primarily suspected, but eventually a discovery of endodermal sinus tumor in the testicle enabled to state the diagnosis of possible paraneoplastic syndrome. In spite of chemotherapy the patient died shortly after the diagnosis because of infectious complications. Histopathology displayed intense inflammatory changes in the brain stem as well as in cranial nerves and cervical spinal cord. The same immunological process evoked by various pathogenetic factors (infection vs. neoplasm) may cause similar clinical picture and hinder the diagnosis. Most importantly it may delay the proper way of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Gogol
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Gogol
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Opuchlik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Dziewulska
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental and Clinical Neuropathology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Abstract
The transcription factor OCT4 is an established diagnostic marker for central nervous system (CNS) germinoma. However, no data are available to date concerning the expression of its downstream target undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (UTF1) in CNS germ cell tumours. We examined 21 CNS germinomas and two mixed CNS germ cell tumours for UTF1 and the post-transcriptional regulator LIN28 immunohistochemical expression. We compared the profile to established diagnostic germinoma markers and to the expression in six testicular and four metastatic germ cell tumours as well as 150 CNS tumours of various backgrounds. We found UTF1 expression in 23 of 23 and LIN28 in 20 of 23 CNS germ cell tumours. The established germinoma markers cKIT (23/23), OCT4 (21/23) and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) (19/21) were also frequently expressed in our cohort. In terms of signal intensity and frequency, UTF1 showed similar results as cKIT but staining was superior to OCT4, PLAP and LIN28. OCT4 was absent in all CNS metastases and haemangioblastomas, while UTF1 was weakly observed in two metastases.With a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 97% in the detection of CNS germinomas, UTF1 serves as a new reliable alternative in the diagnostic setting of CNS germ cell tumours.
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18
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Lin F, Liu H. Immunohistochemistry in undifferentiated neoplasm/tumor of uncertain origin. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2015; 138:1583-610. [PMID: 25427040 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0061-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry has become an indispensable ancillary study in the identification and classification of undifferentiated neoplasms/tumors of uncertain origin. The diagnostic accuracy has significantly improved because of the continuous discoveries of tissue-specific biomarkers and the development of effective immunohistochemical panels. OBJECTIVES To identify and classify undifferentiated neoplasms/tumors of uncertain origin by immunohistochemistry. DATA SOURCES Literature review and authors' research data and personal practice experience were used. CONCLUSIONS To better guide therapeutic decisions and predict prognostic outcomes, it is crucial to differentiate the specific lineage of an undifferentiated neoplasm. Application of appropriate immunohistochemical panels enables the accurate classification of most undifferentiated neoplasms. Knowing the utilities and pitfalls of each tissue-specific biomarker is essential for avoiding potential diagnostic errors because an absolutely tissue-specific biomarker is exceptionally rare. We review frequently used tissue-specific biomarkers, provide effective panels, and recommend diagnostic algorithms as a standard approach to undifferentiated neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
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19
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Murray MJ, Nicholson JC, Coleman N. Biology of childhood germ cell tumours, focussing on the significance of microRNAs. Andrology 2014; 3:129-39. [PMID: 25303610 PMCID: PMC4409859 DOI: 10.1111/andr.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and protein-coding transcriptomic data have suggested that germ cell tumours (GCTs) of childhood are biologically distinct from those of adulthood. Global messenger RNA profiles segregate malignant GCTs primarily by histology, but then also by age, with numerous transcripts showing age-related differential expression. Such differences are likely to account for the heterogeneous clinico-pathological behaviour of paediatric and adult malignant GCTs. In contrast, as global microRNA signatures of human tumours reflect their developmental lineage, we hypothesized that microRNA profiles would identify common biological abnormalities in all malignant GCTs owing to their presumed shared origin from primordial germ cells. MicroRNAs are short, non-protein-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression via translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. We showed that all malignant GCTs over-express the miR-371-373 and miR-302/367 clusters, regardless of patient age, histological subtype or anatomical tumour site. Furthermore, bioinformatic approaches and subsequent Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these two over-expressed microRNAs clusters co-ordinately down-regulated genes involved in biologically significant pathways in malignant GCTs. The translational potential of this finding has been demonstrated with the detection of elevated serum levels of miR-371-373 and miR-302/367 microRNAs at the time of malignant GCT diagnosis, with levels falling after treatment. The tumour-suppressor let-7 microRNA family has also been shown to be universally down-regulated in malignant GCTs, because of abundant expression of the regulatory gene LIN28. Low let-7 levels resulted in up-regulation of oncogenes including MYCN, AURKB and LIN28 itself, the latter through a direct feedback mechanism. Targeting LIN28, or restoring let-7 levels, both led to effective inhibition of this pathway. In summary, paediatric malignant GCTs show biological differences from their adult counterparts at a genomic and protein-coding transcriptome level, whereas they both display very similar microRNA expression profiles. These similarities and differences may be exploited for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Murray
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Nobusawa S, Orimo K, Horiguchi K, Ikota H, Yokoo H, Hirato J, Nakazato Y. Embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes with only one structure suggestive of an ependymoblastic rosette. Pathol Int 2014; 64:472-7. [PMID: 25186165 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with abundant neuropil and true rosettes (ETANTR) is a very aggressive embryonal central nervous system (CNS) tumor, histologically featuring ependymoblastic rosettes and neuronal differentiation in a neuropil-like background. 19q13.42 amplification was identified in ETANTR and epndymoblastoma, suggesting that these tumors constitute a single entity, called embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR). Here, we report a case involving a 2-year-old boy with a pontine embryonal tumor composed of clusters of poorly differentiated neuroepithelial cells, and smaller neuroblastic/neurocytic cells in a fibrillary and paucicellular neuropil-like matrix, where clear ependymoblastic rosettes were not detected but only one structure suggestive of an ependymoblastic multilayered rosette was found. Fluorescence in situ hybridazation analysis revealed 19q13.42 amplification, supporting the diagnosis of ETANTR. This report indicates that rare ependymoblasic rosettes found in embryonal tumors, which are otherwise CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors or medulloblastomas, are significant for considering the examination of 19q13.42 amplification to confirm the diagnosis of ETMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumihito Nobusawa
- Department of Human Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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21
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Nogales FF, Quiñonez E, López-Marín L, Dulcey I, Preda O. A diagnostic immunohistochemical panel for yolk sac (primitive endodermal) tumours based on an immunohistochemical comparison with the human yolk sac. Histopathology 2014; 65:51-9. [PMID: 24444105 DOI: 10.1111/his.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To establish a diagnostic immunohistochemical panel for various histotypes of yolk sac (primitive endodermal) tumours (YSTs) by comparison with the human yolk sac (HYS) immunophenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-five YSTs showing either classical patterns (CPs) of histology (microcystic/reticular, n = 14; polyvesicular, n = 1; and hepatoid, n = 1) or somatic glandular patterns (SGPs; n = 9) were analysed for expression of α-fetoprotein (AFP), glypican-3 (GPC3), villin, hepatocyte paraffin-1 (HepPar-1), CDX2, SALL4 and LIN28. AFP expression was constantly heterogeneous in CPs but tended to be focal/absent in SGPs. GPC3 was diffuse in CPs but heterogeneous (seven cases) or focal/absent (two cases) in SGPs. HepPar-1 expression was focal in all but three cases (diffuse in one CP-hepatoid and two SGPs). CDX2 positivity was focal in CPs but heterogeneous (seven cases) or diffuse (two cases) in SGPs. Villin, SALL4 and LIN28 were diffusely positive in nearly all cases. CONCLUSIONS CPs reproduce the immunophenotype of HYS and early endoderm with variable expression of both AFP and markers of early gut or hepatic differentiation. SGPs with intestinal differentiation often have incomplete immunophenotypes. A differential diagnosis panel, including both markers of pluripotentiality (SALL4 and/or LIN28) and endoderm (AFP, GPC3 and villin), is proposed. It identifies overlapping multidifferentiation of primitive and somatic immunophenotypes, supporting the recently proposed term of primitive endodermal tumours.
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22
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Qin R, Zhou J, Chen C, Xu T, Yan Y, Ma Y, Zheng Z, Shen Y, Lu Y, Fu D, Chen J. LIN28 is involved in glioma carcinogenesis and predicts outcomes of glioblastoma multiforme patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86446. [PMID: 24475120 PMCID: PMC3901701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
LIN28, an evolutionarily conversed RNA binding protein which can bind to the terminal loops of let-7 family microRNA precursors and block their processing to maturation, is highly expressed in several subsets of tumors that carry poor prognoses, such as ovarian carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, colon carcinoma and germ cell carcinoma. However, there has been no study on the expression of LIN28 in glioma tissues or their importance as a prognostic predictor of glioma patients. This study aimed to examine the expression of LIN28 in glioma and correlate the results to patient outcome. We found that LIN28 expression was significantly higher in the group of patients with a poor prognosis compared to patients with a good prognosis by gene microarray. Log-rank analysis showed patients with higher LIN28 expression level in tumor had a shorter progression-free survival and overall survival times compared to those with lower LIN28 expression level. Similar results were also obtained from the tissue microarray analysis. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed high LIN28 expression was an independent prognostic factor for a shorter progression-free survival and overall survival in GBM patients. Furthermore in vitro experiments showed that down-regulation of LIN28 in U251 and U373 cells caused cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, delayed cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, and resulted in fewer colonies compared to controls. Summarily, our data provides a potential target for cancer therapy as an approach to overcome the poor options currently available for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 101 hospital of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongli Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yiping Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yicheng Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine & Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JC); (DF)
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Institute of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JC); (DF)
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23
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Wasik AM, Grabarek J, Pantovic A, Cieślar-Pobuda A, Asgari HR, Bundgaard-Nielsen C, Rafat M, Dixon IMC, Ghavami S, Łos MJ. Reprogramming and carcinogenesis--parallels and distinctions. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:167-203. [PMID: 24411172 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid progress made in various areas of regenerative medicine in recent years occurred both at the cellular level, with the Nobel prize-winning discovery of reprogramming (generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells) and also at the biomaterial level. The use of four transcription factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4 (called commonly "Yamanaka factors") for the conversion of differentiated cells, back to the pluripotent/embryonic stage, has opened virtually endless and ethically acceptable source of stem cells for medical use. Various types of stem cells are becoming increasingly popular as starting components for the development of replacement tissues, or artificial organs. Interestingly, many of the transcription factors, key to the maintenance of stemness phenotype in various cells, are also overexpressed in cancer (stem) cells, and some of them may find the use as prognostic factors. In this review, we describe various methods of iPS creation, followed by overview of factors known to interfere with the efficiency of reprogramming. Next, we discuss similarities between cancer stem cells and various stem cell types. Final paragraphs are dedicated to interaction of biomaterials with tissues, various adverse reactions generated as a result of such interactions, and measures available, that allow for mitigation of such negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata M Wasik
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Grabarek
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandar Pantovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, and Clinic of Neurology, Military Medical Academy, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Artur Cieślar-Pobuda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Biosystems Group, Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | | | - Caspar Bundgaard-Nielsen
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mehrdad Rafat
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Biomedical Engineering (IMT), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ian M C Dixon
- Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Physiology, St. Boniface Research Centre, and Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Marek J Łos
- Department of Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKE), Division of Cell Biology, and Integrative Regenerative Medicine Center (IGEN), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; BioApplications Enterprises, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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24
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Increased expression of Lin28B associates with poor prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83869. [PMID: 24386298 PMCID: PMC3875533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies showed that incomplete cell reprogramming can transform cells into tumour-like cells. Lin28A is associated with fibroblast and sarcoma cell reprogramming, whereas its homologue Lin28B is associated with hematopoietic cell reprogramming. This study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic difference between Lin28A and Lin28B in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Expression level was assessed by immunohistochemistry and staining location was confirmed by immunofluorescence. Prognostic values were analysed and compared by the Kaplan-Meier analysis and uni and multivariate Cox regression models. Besides, in vitro cell assays and in vivo nude mice xenograft were used to demonstrate the influence of increased Lin28B expression in OSCC. Lin28A and Lin28B expression increased in OSCC, and co-expression of Lin28A and Lin28B showed no significant association with patient prognosis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with high Lin28B but not Lin28A expression had lower overall survival (OS) rates than those with low Lin28B expression. Further Univariate analysis showed that patients with increased Lin28B expression had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and shorter OS, while multivariate analysis showed Lin28B overexpression with TNM stage predicted poor prognosis in patients with OSCC. Besides, stable expressing Lin28B in oral cancer cells promoted cell migration, invasion, colony formation, in vivo proliferation and increased the expression of cancer suppressor miRNA let-7 targeted genes IL-6, HMGA2, the EMT markers Snail and Twist, the angiogenesis inducer VEGF, and the apoptosis inhibitor Survivin. These combined results indicate that Lin28B is a novel marker for predicting prognosis in patients with OSCC and may be a therapeutic target.
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25
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The Lin28/let-7a/c-Myc pathway plays a role in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:533-41. [PMID: 24036903 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the role of the Lin28/let-7a/c-Myc pathway in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Using RT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry techniques, the levels of pre-let-7a, let-7a, Lin28 and c-Myc RNA and/or proteins were determined in samples of normal bladder tissue and bladder cancer. Expression of pre-let-7a was found to be negatively correlated with the pathological grade of bladder cancer, while let-7a showed a positive correlation with bladder cancer pathological grade. Expression of Lin28 RNA and protein was not significantly different between normal bladder tissue and low-grade transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCC) but the expression levels in high-grade TCC were remarkably increased. Expression of c-Myc RNA and protein was significantly higher in bladder cancer samples in comparison to normal bladder tissue without correlation with cancer differentiation. Expression of all the above RNAs and proteins showed no significant difference in Ta and T1 stages. The Lin28/let-7a/c-Myc pathway plays an important role in NMIBC. In particular, expression levels of let-7a correlate with the degree of cancer differentiation but not cancer stage.
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Murray MJ, Saini HK, Siegler CA, Hanning JE, Barker EM, van Dongen S, Ward DM, Raby KL, Groves IJ, Scarpini CG, Pett MR, Thornton CM, Enright AJ, Nicholson JC, Coleman N. LIN28 Expression in malignant germ cell tumors downregulates let-7 and increases oncogene levels. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4872-84. [PMID: 23774216 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite their clinicopathologic heterogeneity, malignant germ cell tumors (GCT) share molecular abnormalities that are likely to be functionally important. In this study, we investigated the potential significance of downregulation of the let-7 family of tumor suppressor microRNAs in malignant GCTs. Microarray results from pediatric and adult samples (n = 45) showed that LIN28, the negative regulator of let-7 biogenesis, was abundant in malignant GCTs, regardless of patient age, tumor site, or histologic subtype. Indeed, a strong negative correlation existed between LIN28 and let-7 levels in specimens with matched datasets. Low let-7 levels were biologically significant, as the sequence complementary to the 2 to 7 nt common let-7 seed "GAGGUA" was enriched in the 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs upregulated in pediatric and adult malignant GCTs, compared with normal gonads (a mixture of germ cells and somatic cells). We identified 27 mRNA targets of let-7 that were upregulated in malignant GCT cells, confirming significant negative correlations with let-7 levels. Among 16 mRNAs examined in a largely independent set of specimens by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, we defined negative-associations with let-7e levels for six oncogenes, including MYCN, AURKB, CCNF, RRM2, MKI67, and C12orf5 (when including normal control tissues). Importantly, LIN28 depletion in malignant GCT cells restored let-7 levels and repressed all of these oncogenic let-7 mRNA targets, with LIN28 levels correlating with cell proliferation and MYCN levels. Conversely, ectopic expression of let-7e was sufficient to reduce proliferation and downregulate MYCN, AURKB, and LIN28, the latter via a double-negative feedback loop. We conclude that the LIN28/let-7 pathway has a critical pathobiologic role in malignant GCTs and therefore offers a promising target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Murray
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
In recent years, the highly conserved Lin28 RNA-binding proteins have emerged as factors that define stemness in several tissue lineages. Lin28 proteins repress let-7 microRNAs and influence mRNA translation, thereby regulating the self-renewal of mammalian embryonic stem cells. Subsequent discoveries revealed that Lin28a and Lin28b are also important in organismal growth and metabolism, tissue development, somatic reprogramming, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the Lin28 pathway and its regulation, outline its roles in stem cells, tissue development, and pathogenesis, and examine the ramifications for re-engineering mammalian physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George Q. Daley
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Rabban JT, Zaloudek CJ. A practical approach to immunohistochemical diagnosis of ovarian germ cell tumours and sex cord-stromal tumours. Histopathology 2012; 62:71-88. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Rabban
- Pathology Department; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco; CA; USA
| | - Charles J Zaloudek
- Pathology Department; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco; CA; USA
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29
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Korshunov A, Ryzhova M, Jones DTW, Northcott PA, van Sluis P, Volckmann R, Koster J, Versteeg R, Cowdrey C, Perry A, Picard D, Rosenblum M, Giangaspero F, Aronica E, Schüller U, Hasselblatt M, Collins VP, von Deimling A, Lichter P, Huang A, Pfister SM, Kool M. LIN28A immunoreactivity is a potent diagnostic marker of embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR). Acta Neuropathol 2012; 124:875-81. [PMID: 23161096 PMCID: PMC3508282 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-012-1068-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes (ETMR, previously known as ETANTR) is a highly aggressive embryonal CNS tumor, which almost exclusively affects infants and is associated with a dismal prognosis. Accurate diagnosis is of critical clinical importance because of its poor response to current treatment protocols and its distinct biology. Amplification of the miRNA cluster at 19q13.42 has been identified previously as a genetic hallmark for ETMR, but an immunohistochemistry-based assay for clinical routine diagnostics [such as INI-1 for atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT)] is still lacking. In this study, we screened for an ETMR-specific marker using a gene-expression profiling dataset of more than 1,400 brain tumors and identified LIN28A as a highly specific marker for ETMR. The encoded protein binds small RNA and has been implicated in stem cell pluripotency, metabolism and tumorigenesis. Using an LIN28A specific antibody, we carried out immunohistochemical analysis of LIN28A in more than 800 childhood brain-tumor samples and confirmed its high specificity for ETMR. Strong LIN28A immunoexpression was found in all 37 ETMR samples tested, whereas focal reactivity was only present in a small (6/50) proportion of AT/RT samples. All other pediatric brain tumors were completely LIN28A-negative. In summary, we established LIN28A immunohistochemistry as a highly sensitive and specific, rapid, inexpensive diagnostic tool for routine pathological verification of ETMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Korshunov
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marina Ryzhova
- Department of Neuropathology, NN Burdenko Neurosurgical Institute, 4th Tverskaya-Yamskaya 16, Moscow, 125047 Russia
| | - David T. W. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Paul A. Northcott
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter van Sluis
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cynthia Cowdrey
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Arie Perry
- Departments of Pathology and Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Daniel Picard
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marc Rosenblum
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Felice Giangaspero
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomic Pathology Sciences, Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Center of Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichter
- Divison of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annie Huang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Stefan M. Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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The expression and oncogenic effects of the embryonic stem cell marker SALL4 in ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1955-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Primary yolk sac tumor of seminal vesicle: a case report and literature review. World J Surg Oncol 2012; 10:189. [PMID: 22978485 PMCID: PMC3499222 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-10-189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor) is a rare malignant germ cell tumor arising in the testis or ovary. Extragonadal yolk sac tumor is even rarer and has only been described in case reports. Due to the rarity of the tumors, the appropriately optimal treatment remains unclear. We report a case of yolk sac tumor in the seminal vesicle. Case A 38-year-old Asian male presented with gross hematuria and hemospermia. Transrectal ultrasound scan showed a solid mass in the left seminal vesicle and the scrotal sonography showed no abnormalities. Bilateral seminal vesicles were resected, and histopathological examination showed a typical pattern of yolk sac tumor (YST). The patient responded poorly to comprehensive treatment of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgeries, developed systemic multiple metastases, and died of cachexia one and half years after diagnosis.
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Thornton JE, Gregory RI. How does Lin28 let-7 control development and disease? Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:474-82. [PMID: 22784697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the most ancient and highly conserved microRNAs (miRNAs), the let-7 family, has gained notoriety owing to its regulation of stem cell differentiation and essential role in normal development, as well as its tumor suppressor function. Mechanisms controlling let-7 expression have recently been uncovered, specifically the role of the RNA-binding protein Lin28 - a key developmental regulator - in blocking let-7 biogenesis. This review focuses on our current understanding of the Lin28-mediated control of let-7 maturation and highlights the central role of Lin28 in stem cell biology, development, control of glucose metabolism, and dysregulation in human disease. Manipulating the Lin28 pathway for the precise control of let-7 expression may provide novel therapeutic opportunities for cancer and other diseases.
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Li N, Zhong X, Lin X, Guo J, Zou L, Tanyi JL, Shao Z, Liang S, Wang LP, Hwang WT, Katsaros D, Montone K, Zhao X, Zhang L. Lin-28 homologue A (LIN28A) promotes cell cycle progression via regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cell division cycle 25 homolog A (CDC25A) expression in cancer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17386-17397. [PMID: 22467868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.321158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein LIN28A regulates the translation and stability of a large number of mRNAs as well as the biogenesis of certain miRNAs in embryonic stem cells and developing tissues. Increasing evidence indicates that LIN28A functions as an oncogene promoting cancer cell growth. However, little is known about its molecular mechanism of cell cycle regulation in cancer. Using tissue microarrays, we found that strong LIN28A expression was reactivated in about 10% (7.1-17.1%) of epithelial tumors (six tumor types, n = 369). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that LIN28A promotes cell cycle progression in cancer cells. Genome-wide RNA-IP-chip experiments indicate that LIN28A binds to thousands of mRNAs, including a large group of cell cycle regulatory mRNAs in cancer and embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, the ability of LIN28A to stimulate translation of LIN28A-binding mRNAs, such as CDK2, was validated in vitro and in vivo. Finally, using a combined gene expression microarray and bioinformatics approach, we found that LIN28A also regulates CCND1 and CDC25A expression and that this is mediated by inhibiting the biogenesis of let-7 miRNA. Taken together, these results demonstrate that LIN28A is reactivated in about 10% of epithelial tumors and promotes cell cycle progression by regulation of both mRNA translation (let-7-independent) and miRNA biogenesis (let-7-dependent).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Xiaomin Zhong
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyi Guo
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lian Zou
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Janos L Tanyi
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Zhongjun Shao
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Shun Liang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Li-Ping Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Dionyssios Katsaros
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Kathleen Montone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104.
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34
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Iwamoto N, Ishida M, Yoshida K, Kagotani A, Iwai M, Okabe H. Mediastinal seminoma: a case report with special emphasis on SALL4 as a new immunocytochemical marker. Diagn Cytopathol 2012; 41:821-4. [PMID: 22298374 DOI: 10.1002/dc.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cytological diagnosis is a valuable method for detection of mediastinal tumors, and recent reports have shown the usefulness of fine-needle aspiration cytology for diagnosis of mediastinal tumors, including germ cell tumors. We report a case of mediastinal seminoma diagnosed intraoperatively by cytological examination of cystic fluid containing tumor cells. An anterior mediastinal tumor with cystic component was incidentally found in a 28-year-old Japanese male. Cytological examination of the cystic fluid at the time of tumor resection showed single and loose aggregates of large round to polygonal cells with large round nuclei, vesicular chromatin and nucleoli, and mild to moderate amounts of PAS-positive cytoplasm admixed with mature lymphocytes. A diagnosis of seminoma was made intraoperatively. On subsequent immunostaining, the tumor cells showed nuclear positivity for SALL4, a recently recognized germ cell marker that, in the appropriate setting, can be helpful to distinguish germ cell tumors from other mediastinal neoplasms, such as malignant lymphoma, thymoma, and thymic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Iwamoto
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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35
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Nogales FF, Preda O, Nicolae A. Yolk sac tumours revisited. A review of their many faces and names. Histopathology 2011; 60:1023-33. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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