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Wu A, Zhao C. Astilbin Induces Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma through p53 Reactivation and Mdm-2 Inhibition. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2024; 518:429-441. [PMID: 39196525 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672924600374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a frequently occurring malignancy in the head and neck region. The most commonly mutated gene in OSCC is the tumor suppressor gene p53 (TP53), linked to lower survival and treatment resistance in OSCC patients. Astilbin is a flavonoid amongst several herbal treatments with a variety of pharmacological actions mainly including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer characteristics. This study evaluated the effects of astilbin on proliferation of OSCC cell lines SCC90 and SCC4 (bearing a p53 mutation) in relevance to p53 and Mdm-2 pathways. Astilbin inhibited the proliferation of SCC4 and SCC90 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The IC50 values for both the cell lines were about 75 μM for astilbin. A p53 activator (RITA) was used to determine the effects of astilbin on p53 activity, and the results demonstrated synergistic reduction in cell growth. However, when combined with pifithrin-α (a p53 inhibitor), astilbin demonstrated a strong inhibition of its response. Astilbin reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential in SCC4 cells, which is a sign of apoptotic activity. Astilbin decreased the amounts of Mdm-2 (negative regulator of p53) and increased the expression of the p53 gene and protein. In a p53-dependent manner, astilbin suppressed the ability of SCC4 cells to form colonies and heal wounds. This was followed by the induction of mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis via the activation of caspases 9 and 3, cleavage of PARP, and the suppression of pro-apoptotic Bid. Astilbin-induced p53-mediated apoptosis in OSCC cells as herbal medicinal ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimin Wu
- School of Medicine, JingChu University of Technology, 448000, JingMen, Hubei, China
| | - Chungang Zhao
- School of Medicine, JingChu University of Technology, 448000, JingMen, Hubei, China.
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2
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Yedla P, Bhamidipati P, Syed R, Amanchy R. Working title: Molecular involvement of p53-MDM2 interactome in gastrointestinal cancers. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4075. [PMID: 38924101 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and p53, marked by transcriptional induction and feedback inhibition, orchestrates a functional loop dictating cellular fate. The functional loop comprising p53-MDM2 axis is made up of an interactome consisting of approximately 81 proteins, which are spatio-temporally regulated and involved in DNA repair mechanisms. Biochemical and genetic alterations of the interactome result in dysregulation of the p53-mdm2 axis that leads to gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. A large subset of interactome is well known and it consists of proteins that either stabilize p53 or MDM2 and proteins that target the p53-MDM2 complex for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. Upstream signaling events brought about by growth factors and chemical messengers invoke a wide variety of posttranslational modifications in p53-MDM2 axis. Biochemical changes in the transactivation domain of p53 impact the energy landscape, induce conformational switching, alter interaction potential and could change solubility of p53 to redefine its co-localization, translocation and activity. A diverse set of chemical compounds mimic physiological effectors and simulate biochemical modifications of the p53-MDM2 interactome. p53-MDM2 interactome plays a crucial role in DNA damage and repair process. Genetic aberrations in the interactome, have resulted in cancers of GI tract (pancreas, liver, colorectal, gastric, biliary, and esophageal). We present in this article a review of the overall changes in the p53-MDM2 interactors and the effectors that form an epicenter for the development of next-generation molecules for understanding and targeting GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornachandra Yedla
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Institute of Translational Research, Asian Healthcare Foundation, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Pranav Bhamidipati
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Riyaz Syed
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramars Amanchy
- Division of Applied Biology, CSIR-IICT (Indian Institute of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Science and Technology (GOI), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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3
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Kasturirangan S, Nancarrow DJ, Shah A, Lagisetty KH, Lawrence TS, Beer DG, Ray D. Isoform alterations in the ubiquitination machinery impacting gastrointestinal malignancies. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:194. [PMID: 38453895 PMCID: PMC10920915 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06575-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of RNAseq and isoform-specific expression platforms has led to the understanding that isoform changes can alter molecular signaling to promote tumorigenesis. An active area in cancer research is uncovering the roles of ubiquitination on spliceosome assembly contributing to transcript diversity and expression of alternative isoforms. However, the effects of isoform changes on functionality of ubiquitination machineries (E1, E2, E3, E4, and deubiquitinating (DUB) enzymes) influencing onco- and tumor suppressor protein stabilities is currently understudied. Characterizing these changes could be instrumental in improving cancer outcomes via the identification of novel biomarkers and targetable signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on highlighting reported examples of direct, protein-coded isoform variation of ubiquitination enzymes influencing cancer development and progression in gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. We have used a semi-automated system for identifying relevant literature and applied established systems for isoform categorization and functional classification to help structure literature findings. The results are a comprehensive snapshot of known isoform changes that are significant to GI cancers, and a framework for readers to use to address isoform variation in their own research. One of the key findings is the potential influence that isoforms of the ubiquitination machinery have on oncoprotein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek J Nancarrow
- Surgery - Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ayush Shah
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kiran H Lagisetty
- Surgery - Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David G Beer
- Surgery - Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Dipankar Ray
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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4
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Abdullazade S, Behrens HM, Krüger S, Haag J, Röcken C. MDM2 amplification is rare in gastric cancer. Virchows Arch 2023; 483:795-807. [PMID: 37821635 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2) is a primary negative regulator of p53. The latter is frequently mutated in gastric cancer (GC). In the present study, we aimed to validate gene amplification, protein expression, and the putative tumor biological function of MDM2 in a well-characterized Western GC cohort. MDM2 amplification and protein expression were studied in a cohort of 327 GCs by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry. Gene amplification and protein expression were correlated with diverse clinicopathological patient characteristics including patient outcome. Immunohistochemically, 97 GCs (29.7%) were categorized as MDM2 positive and 230 GCs (70.3%) as negative. An amplification of MDM2 was found in 11 (3.4%) cases without evidence of intratumoral heterogeneity. Nine of these eleven (81.8%) cases showed MDM2 protein expression. MDM2 amplification correlated significantly with MDM2 protein expression (p < 0.001). On a case-by-case analysis, MDM2-amplified cases showed varied histological phenotypes and were most commonly microsatellite stable; EBV, HER2, and MET negative; and FGFR2 positive. A single case harbored both, MDM2 amplification and TP53 mutation. MDM2 amplification and MDM2 expression, respectively, did not correlate with overall or tumor-specific survival. Our targeted analysis of MDM2 in a well-characterized cohort of GC patients showed that MDM2 amplification is rare, of no specific histological phenotype, and may not be always mutually exclusive with TP53 mutations. Given the low number of cases, currently, no diagnostic or therapeutic recommendation related to MDM2 amplification can be given for GC of Western origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Abdullazade
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus U33, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Behrens
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus U33, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sandra Krüger
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus U33, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Haag
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus U33, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Dept. of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, Haus U33, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
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5
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Xia D, Zhu X, Wang Y, Gong P, Su HS, Xu X. Implications of ubiquitination and the maintenance of replication fork stability in cancer therapy. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20222591. [PMID: 37728310 PMCID: PMC10550789 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication forks are subject to intricate surveillance and strict regulation by sophisticated cellular machinery. Such close regulation is necessary to ensure the accurate duplication of genetic information and to tackle the diverse endogenous and exogenous stresses that impede this process. Stalled replication forks are vulnerable to collapse, which is a major cause of genomic instability and carcinogenesis. Replication stress responses, which are organized via a series of coordinated molecular events, stabilize stalled replication forks and carry out fork reversal and restoration. DNA damage tolerance and repair pathways such as homologous recombination and Fanconi anemia also contribute to replication fork stabilization. The signaling network that mediates the transduction and interplay of these pathways is regulated by a series of post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, which affects the activity, stability, and interactome of substrates. In particular, the ubiquitination of replication protein A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen at stalled replication forks promotes the recruitment of downstream regulators. In this review, we describe the ubiquitination-mediated signaling cascades that regulate replication fork progression and stabilization. In addition, we discuss the targeting of replication fork stability and ubiquitination system components as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Xia
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-biotechnology and MOA Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors and Carson International Cancer Center, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Hong-Shu Su
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital-Dehua Hospital Joint Research Center on Precision Medicine (sgh-dhhCPM), Dehua Hospital, Dehua, Quanzhou 362500, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Disease Prevention, Carson International Cancer Center, Marshall Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
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6
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Pan J, Lan Q, Li S. Identification of RNF150 as the hub gene associated with microsatellite instability in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12495. [PMID: 37528105 PMCID: PMC10393951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a common digestive tract malignancy with the sixth global incidence and third cancer-related deaths, respectively. Microsatellite instability (MSI), accounting for one of the molecular subtypes of GC, plays an important role in GC and is affected by a sophisticated network of gene interactions. In this study, we aimed to explore the expression pattern and clinical performance of MSI related gene in GC patients. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was exploited to single out the vital module and core genes in TCGA database. We applied the protein-protein interaction (PPI) and survival analysis to propose and confirm RNF150 as the hub gene in GC. Finally, we utilized immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to explore the expression pattern of RNF150 in GC patients. With the highest weight correlation and standard correlation, RNF150 was selected as the hub gene for following validation. In validation, data obtained from the test sets showed a lower expression of RNF150 in MSI GC compared to microsatellite stability (MSS) GC. Moreover, survival analysis shows that MSI GC patients with a lower RNF150 expression level displayed the longer OS time. Compared to the expression in normal gastric tissues, the protein level of RNF150 was virtually up-regulated in ten cases of GC tissues. Furthermore, RNF150 protein level was decreased in MSI GC samples compared to MSS GC samples. When validated the mRNA expression with RT-PCR in fresh GC tissues, we also found the similar trend. RNF150 was identified as a novel MSI-related gene in GC. It is expected to be an auspicious prognostic biomarker for GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Qingzhi Lan
- Department of Pathology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
| | - Shengbao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, Hubei, China.
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7
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Yang H, Ai H, Zhang J, Ma J, Liu K, Li Z. UPS: Opportunities and challenges for gastric cancer treatment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1140452. [PMID: 37077823 PMCID: PMC10106573 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1140452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer remains the fourth most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide owning to the lack of efficient drugs and targets for therapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that UPS, which consists of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and proteasome, plays an important role in the GC tumorigenesis. The imbalance of UPS impairs the protein homeostasis network during development of GC. Therefore, modulating these enzymes and proteasome may be a promising strategy for GC target therapy. Besides, PROTAC, a strategy using UPS to degrade the target protein, is an emerging tool for drug development. Thus far, more and more PROTAC drugs enter clinical trials for cancer therapy. Here, we will analyze the abnormal expression enzymes in UPS and summarize the E3 enzymes which can be developed in PROTAC so that it can contribute to the development of UPS modulator and PROTAC technology for GC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihan Ai
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Ma
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- China-US Hormel (Henan) Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Basic Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Kangdong Liu,
| | - Zhi Li
- The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Kangdong Liu,
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8
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The RING finger protein family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:300. [PMID: 36042206 PMCID: PMC9424811 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a highly conserved and fundamental posttranslational modification (PTM) in all eukaryotes regulating thousands of proteins. The RING (really interesting new gene) finger (RNF) protein, containing the RING domain, exerts E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates the covalent attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to target proteins. Multiple reviews have summarized the critical roles of the tripartite-motif (TRIM) protein family, a subgroup of RNF proteins, in various diseases, including cancer, inflammatory, infectious, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Except for TRIMs, since numerous studies over the past decades have delineated that other RNF proteins also exert widespread involvement in several diseases, their importance should not be underestimated. This review summarizes the potential contribution of dysregulated RNF proteins, except for TRIMs, to the pathogenesis of some diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative disorder. Since viral infection is broadly involved in the induction and development of those diseases, this manuscript also highlights the regulatory roles of RNF proteins, excluding TRIMs, in the antiviral immune responses. In addition, we further discuss the potential intervention strategies targeting other RNF proteins for the prevention and therapeutics of those human diseases.
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Yang A, Patterson A, Pavlock T, Chen KS, Gagan J, Hatley ME, Frazier AL, Amatruda JF, Laetsch TW, Rakheja D. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of yolk sac tumor: Lessons from a clinical trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29451. [PMID: 34866303 PMCID: PMC9359435 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Though outcomes for patients with recurrent/refractory malignant germ cell tumors (mGCTs) are poor, therapies targeting mTOR and EGFR inhibition have shown promise in vitro. We hypothesized that the combination of sirolimus and erlotinib will show activity in patients with recurrent/refractory mGCTs. Patients were enrolled in a prospective phase II clinical trial; central review of existing pathology specimens was performed. Of the five patients evaluated, two had their diagnoses revised to pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-secreting gastric adenocarcinoma, respectively. Although mGCTs are common AFP-secreting neoplasms, recurrence or refractoriness to standard regimens should prompt histologic reevaluation for other diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA,Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Alison Patterson
- Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Tara Pavlock
- Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA,Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA,Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Jeffrey Gagan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Mark E. Hatley
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - A. Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - James F. Amatruda
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Theodore W. Laetsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA,Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA,Pauline Allen Gill Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Health Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA,Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dinesh Rakheja
- Children's Health, Children's Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Sinha A, Zou Y, Patel AS, Yoo S, Jiang F, Sato T, Kong R, Watanabe H, Zhu J, Massion PP, Borczuk AC, Powell CA. Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma MDM2 Genomic Amplification Predicts Clinical Outcome and Response to Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030708. [PMID: 35158979 PMCID: PMC8833784 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Invasive subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) show MDM2 amplification that is associated with poor survival. Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is frequently amplified in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and is a negative regulator of p53, which binds to p53 and regulates its activity and stability. Genomic amplification and overexpression of MDM2, together with genetic alterations in p53, leads to genomic and genetic heterogeneity in LUAD that represents a therapeutic target. In vitro assays in a panel of LUAD cell lines showed that tumor cell response to MDM2-targeted therapy is associated with MDM2 amplification. Abstract Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women, accounting for one-quarter of total cancer-related mortality globally. Lung adenocarcinoma is the major subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and accounts for around 40% of lung cancer cases. Lung adenocarcinoma is a highly heterogeneous disease and patients often display variable histopathological morphology, genetic alterations, and genomic aberrations. Recent advances in transcriptomic and genetic profiling of lung adenocarcinoma by investigators, including our group, has provided better stratification of this heterogeneous disease, which can facilitate devising better treatment strategies suitable for targeted patient cohorts. In a recent study we have shown gene expression profiling identified novel clustering of early stage LUAD patients and correlated with tumor invasiveness and patient survival. In this study, we focused on copy number alterations in LUAD patients. SNP array data identified amplification at chromosome 12q15 on MDM2 locus and protein overexpression in a subclass of LUAD patients with an invasive subtype of the disease. High copy number amplification and protein expression in this subclass correlated with poor overall survival. We hypothesized that MDM2 copy number and overexpression predict response to MDM2-targeted therapy. In vitro functional data on a panel of LUAD cells showed that MDM2-targeted therapy effectively suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in cells with MDM2 amplification/overexpression but not in cells without MDM2 amplification, independent of p53 status. To determine the key signaling mechanisms, we used RNA sequencing (RNA seq) to examine the response to therapy in MDM2-amplified/overexpressing p53 mutant and wild-type LUAD cells. RNA seq data shows that in MDM2-amplified/overexpression with p53 wild-type condition, the E2F → PEG10 → MMPs pathway is operative, while in p53 mutant genetic background, MDM2-targeted therapy abrogates tumor progression in LUAD cells by suppressing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling. Our study provides a potentially clinically relevant strategy of selecting LUAD patients for MDM2-targeted therapy that may provide for increased response rates and, thus, better survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Ayushi S. Patel
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | - Feng Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Takashi Sato
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Ranran Kong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Sema4, 333 Ludlow St., Stamford, CT 06902, USA;
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pierre P. Massion
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (Y.Z.); (P.P.M.)
| | - Alain C. Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Charles A. Powell
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (A.S.); (A.S.P.); (F.J.); (T.S.); (R.K.); (H.W.)
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-212-241-5656
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11
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Xu X, Chen Y, Zhang X, Zhang R, Chen X, Liu S, Sun Q. Modular characteristics and the mechanism of Chinese medicine's treatment of gastric cancer: a data mining and pharmacology-based identification. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1777. [PMID: 35071471 PMCID: PMC8756228 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly extensively being applied as a complementary and alternative therapy for gastric cancer (GC); however, there is a lack of large-scale evidence-based deep learning for the guidance of its clinical prescription. Methods The combinational search terms of “Gastric cancer and/or gastric malignancy” and “Traditional Chinese Medicine” were used to retrieve clinical study-based herbal prescriptions from public database over the past 3 decades [1990–2020]. Association rules mining (ARM) was used to analyze the prescription patterns of the herbs extracted from the eligible studies. Deep machine learning and computational prediction were conducted to explore candidate prescriptions with general applicability for GC. The action mechanism of the preferred prescription was investigated through network pharmacology, and further validated via in vivo and in vitro experiments. Results A total of 194 clinical study-based herbal prescriptions with good efficacy for GC were collected. TCM with focus on invigorating the Spleen and tonifying the vital-Qi is a promising adjuvant therapy for GC. The preferred prescription is composed of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Herba Hedyotidis Diffusae, Crataegi Fructus, and so on. We screened 74 bioactive compounds and 2,128 predictive targets of the preferred prescription from public databases. Eventually, 135 GC-related genes were identified as the targets of the preferred prescription. The compound-target network revealed that the crucial substances in the preferred prescription are quercetin, kaempferol, baicalein, and nobiletin. Experimentally, the preferred prescription was validated to modulate GC cell survival and inhibit tumor progression mainly via the hTERT/MDM2-p53 signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions TCM aimed at invigorating the Spleen and tonifying the vital-Qi is a promising adjuvant therapy for GC, which offers a guidance for worldwide use of TCM in the treatment of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Xu
- Oncology Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaling Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Gastroenterology Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruijuan Zhang
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- No. 1 Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shenlin Liu
- Oncology Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingmin Sun
- Science and technology Department, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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12
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Watson S, Cyrta J. Reply to F. Dayyani et al. JCO Precis Oncol 2021; 5:933-934. [DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Watson
- Sarah Watson, MD, PhD, Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France, INSERM U830, Cancer, Heterogeneity, Instability and Plasticity (CHIP), Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Joanna Cyrta, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Cyrta
- Sarah Watson, MD, PhD, Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France, INSERM U830, Cancer, Heterogeneity, Instability and Plasticity (CHIP), Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France; Joanna Cyrta, MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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13
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Qin J, Ng CS, He P, Lin X, Lin X, Hou P. Pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma - A primeval or rediscovered tumor? A report of 14 new cases with literature review. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 224:153548. [PMID: 34280751 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary artery sarcomas (PAS) are rare with many being undifferentiated pleomorphic or spindle cell (UPSC) sarcomas with variable atypia. The term pulmonary artery intimal sarcoma (PAIS) was rarely coined in the early literature and sometimes used for luminal sarcomas. With the advent of immunohistochemistry and molecular genetics, many of these UPSC sarcomas were found to frequently overpress MDM2 and/or CDK4 and PDGFRA with genetic alterations in 12q12-15 and 4q12, where the MDM2, CDK4 and PDGFRA genes are located. These recent developments enabled refinement in diagnosis of PAIS. We diagnosed 14 cases of PAIS (6 males and 8 females, mean age 44 years) in 2015 - 2020 in our institution. Six were initially misdiagnosed as thromboembolism and the remaining pulmonary artery tumors. The tumors were pulmonary artery intraluminal polypoid masses with histology of spindle cell sarcomas exhibiting immunohistochemical positivity for MDM2 (100%) and CDK4 (79%) with MDM2 gene amplification (100%). Ten surgically treated patients fared better than four other biopsy only and not surgically treated patients, who died of disease within 5-11 months. PAIS needs to be differentiated from other spindle cell tumors and those exhibiting MDM2 gene amplification, especially dedifferentiated liposarcoma. The use of biopsy to provide diagnostic material poses a sampling error problem and correlation with clinical, radiologic, histologic, immunophenotypic and genotypic features are essential for accurate diagnosis and early surgical intervention of PAIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilong Qin
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chi Sing Ng
- Department of Pathology, St. Teresa's Hospital, 327 Prince Edward Road, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ping He
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xina Lin
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Peng Hou
- PET-CT Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
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14
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Timóteo M, Tavares A, Cruz S, Campos C, Medeiros R, Sousa H. Association of Murine Double Minute 2 polymorphisms with gastric cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Biomed Rep 2021; 15:69. [PMID: 34257965 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the 5th most common type of cancer, with the 3rd highest mortality rate worldwide in both sexes. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein is the major negative regulator of p53, and genetic polymorphisms in this gene have shown to be associated with several types of cancer. In the present study, a literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus with the following key word combinations 'gastric cancer AND polymorphism AND MDM2'. Studies were carefully revised according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to identify eligible studies that matched the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the association between the different genetic polymorphisms and GC risk, by calculating the odds ratios (OR) and the confidence intervals (CI), with a 5% level of significance. A total of 11 manuscripts studied MDM2 polymorphisms in GC: rs937283 (n=1), rs3730485 (n=1) and rs2279744 (n=9). Both the rs937283 and rs3730485 reports showed an association with GC; however, there was only one study on each of these polymorphisms in the literature. A meta-analysis was performed for the rs2279744 polymorphism, of which studies showed a positive association between the G allele and risk of GC, either in the dominant model (OR=1.46; 95% CI 1.21-1.75; P<0.001) or recessive model (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.45-1.87; P<0.001). In conclusion, genetic polymorphisms in MDM2 seemed to be associated with an increased risk of GC development, nevertheless, the number of studies were relatively low and the studied populations were primarily Chinese. The present meta-analysis emphasizes the need for additional studies in other populations to corroborate the association of these polymorphisms with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Timóteo
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Tavares
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Pathology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Cruz
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Campos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Microbiology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Research Department, Portuguese League Against Cancer (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro-Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sousa
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal.,Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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15
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Isoforms of the p53 Family and Gastric Cancer: A Ménage à Trois for an Unfinished Affair. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040916. [PMID: 33671606 PMCID: PMC7926742 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The p53 family is a complex family of transcription factors with different cellular functions that are involved in several physiological processes. A massive amount of data has been accumulated on their critical role in the tumorigenesis and the aggressiveness of cancers of different origins. If common features are observed, there are numerous specificities that may reflect particularities of the tissues from which the cancers originated. In this regard, gastric cancer tumorigenesis is rather remarkable, as it is induced by bacterial and viral infections, various chemical carcinogens, and familial genetic alterations, which provide an example of the variety of molecular mechanisms responsible for cell transformation and how they impact the p53 family. This review summarizes the knowledge gathered from over 40 years of research on the role of the p53 family in gastric cancer, which still displays one of the most elevated mortality rates amongst all types of cancers. Abstract Gastric cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers, with a median survival of 12 months. This illustrates its complexity and the lack of therapeutic options, such as personalized therapy, because predictive markers do not exist. Thus, gastric cancer remains mostly treated with cytotoxic chemotherapies. In addition, less than 20% of patients respond to immunotherapy. TP53 mutations are particularly frequent in gastric cancer (±50% and up to 70% in metastatic) and are considered an early event in the tumorigenic process. Alterations in the expression of other members of the p53 family, i.e., p63 and p73, have also been described. In this context, the role of the members of the p53 family and their isoforms have been investigated over the years, resulting in conflicting data. For instance, whether mutations of TP53 or the dysregulation of its homologs may represent biomarkers for aggressivity or response to therapy still remains a matter of debate. This uncertainty illustrates the lack of information on the molecular pathways involving the p53 family in gastric cancer. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most relevant molecular and clinical data on the role of the p53 family in gastric cancer and enumerate potential therapeutic innovative strategies.
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16
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Wang H, Lu Y, Wang M, Wu Y, Wang X, Li Y. Roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in gastric cancer carcinogenesis and their effects on cisplatin resistance. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:193-212. [PMID: 33392633 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers with high incidence and mortality rates, its pathogenesis is still not elucidated. GC carcinogenesis is complicated and involved in the activation of oncoproteins and inactivation of tumor suppressors. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is crucial for protein degradation and regulation of physiological and pathological processes. E3 ubiquitin ligases are pivotal enzymes in UPS, containing various subfamily proteins. Previous studies report that some E3 ligases, including SKP2, CUL1, and MDM2, act as oncoproteins in GC carcinogenesis. On the other hand, FBXW7, FBXL5, FBXO31, RNF43, and RNF180 exert as tumor suppressors in GC carcinogenesis. Moreover, E3 ligases modulate cell growth, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle; thus, it is complicated to confer cisplatin resistance/sensitivity in GC cells. The intrinsic and acquired cisplatin resistance limits its clinical application against GC. In this review, we explore oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of E3 ligases in GC carcinogenesis and focus on the effects of E3 ligases on cisplatin resistance in GC cells, which will provide novel therapeutic targets for GC therapy, especially for cisplatin-resistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhen Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yida Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Mingliang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Youliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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17
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Jiang D, Chen L, Huang J, Wang H, Song Q, Shi P, Wang H, Hou Y. Mouse double minute 2 amplification in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with better outcome. Histopathology 2020; 77:963-973. [PMID: 32652667 DOI: 10.1111/his.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to determine the frequency of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) amplification in oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) and to clarify its prognostic significance. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated MDM2 amplification on tissue microarrays using fluorescence in-situ hybridisation and analysed its correlations with clinicopathological features and outcomes in 515 Chinese ESCC patients. MDM2 amplifications were found in 37 of 515 ESCC patients (7.2%). They were significantly negatively correlated with tumour size (P = 0.045), disease progression (P = 0.002) and death (P = 0.003). Univariate analysis showed that the following clinicopathological factors were associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS): differentiation (P = 0.025 for DFS and P = 0.061 for OS), vessel invasion (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002), nerve invasion (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001), clinical stage (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) and MDM2 amplification (P = 0.012 and P = 0.014). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MDM2 amplification was an independent prognostic factor for improved outcomes (P = 0.023 for DFS, P = 0.027 for OS) and the clinical stage was an independent prognostic factor for poor outcomes (P < 0.001). When survival analyses were conducted at different clinical stages, MDM2 amplification was associated with longer DFS and OS in stages I-II ESCC (P = 0.003 for DFS and P = 0.003 for OS), but there was no significant survival difference in stages III-IVa ESCC. CONCLUSIONS MDM2 amplification was significantly correlated with an improved patient outcome, especially in stage I and II disease, and was verified as an independent prognostic factor in our patients. Therefore, MDM2 amplification may be a potential biomarker for risk stratification of the lower stages of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxian Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Song
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Shi
- Center for Evidence-based Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Center for Data Management and Statistics, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyong Hou
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Lv BB, Ma RR, Chen X, Zhang GH, Song L, Wang SX, Wang YW, Liu HT, Gao P. E2F1-activated SPIN1 promotes tumor growth via a MDM2-p21-E2F1 feedback loop in gastric cancer. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:2629-2645. [PMID: 32767629 PMCID: PMC7530787 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers around the world. Searching for specific gene expression changes during the development of GC could help identify potential therapy targets. We previously showed that the histone code reader SPIN1 may act as an oncogene in breast cancer. At present, the biological function and regulation of SPIN1 in GC remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SPIN1 is upregulated in GC tissues, compared with nontumorous gastric tissues. Increased expression of SPIN1 is closely associated with poor prognosis for patients with GC. Increased SPIN1 expression enhances GC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promotes cell cycle progression. Mechanically, SPIN1 sustains GC cell proliferation via activation of the MDM2-p21-E2F1 signaling pathway by binding to H3K4me3 of the MDM2 promoter region. Interestingly, E2F1 could directly bind to the SPIN1 promoter and activate its transcription, thus forming a positive feedback loop. Our data suggest that SPIN1 plays an important role in the development of GC and could be used as a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Lv
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ran-Ran Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Song
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Su-Xia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Ya-Wen Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hai-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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19
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Das P, Mattaparthi VSK. Computational Investigation on the p53-MDM2 Interaction Using the Potential of Mean Force Study. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8449-8462. [PMID: 32337406 PMCID: PMC7178334 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) proteins are found to be overproduced by many human tumors in order to inhibit the functioning of p53 molecules, a tumor suppressor protein. Thus, reactivating p53 functioning in cancer cells by disrupting p53-MDM2 interactions may offer a significant approach in cancer treatment. However, the structural characterization of the p53-MDM2 complex at the atomistic level and the mechanism of binding/unbinding of the p53-MDM2 complex still remain unclear. Therefore, we demonstrate here the probable binding (unbinding) pathway of transactivation domain 1 of p53 during the formation (dissociation) of the p53-MDM2 complex in terms of free energy as a function of reaction coordinate from the potential of mean force (PMF) study using two different force fields: ff99SB and ff99SB-ILDN. From the PMF plot, we noticed the PMF to have a minimum value at a p53-MDM2 separation of 12 Å, with a dissociation energy of 30 kcal mol-1. We also analyzed the conformational dynamics and stability of p53 as a function of its distance of separation from MDM2. The secondary structure content (helix and turns) in p53 was found to vary with its distance of separation from MDM2. The p53-MDM2 complex structure with lowest potential energy was isolated from the ensemble at the reaction coordinate corresponding to the minimum PMF value and subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to identify the interface surface area, interacting residues at the interface, and the stability of the complex. The simulation results highlight the importance of hydrogen bonds and the salt bridge between Lys94 of MDM2 and Glu17 of p53 in the stability of the p53-MDM2 complex. We also carried out the binding free energy calculations and the per residue energy decomposition analyses of the interface residues of the p53-MDM2 complex. We found that the binding affinity between MDM2 and p53 is indeed high [ΔG bind = -7.29 kcal mol-1 from molecular mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) and ΔG bind = -53.29 kcal mol-1 from molecular mechanics/generalized borne surface area]. The total binding energy obtained using the MM/PBSA method was noticed to be closer to the experimental values (-6.4 to -9.0 kcal mol-1). The p53-MDM2 complex binding profile was observed to follow the same trend even in the duplicate simulation run and also in the simulation carried out with different force fields. We found that Lys51, Leu54, Tyr100, and Tyr104 from MDM2 and the residues Phe19, Trp23, and Leu26 from p53 provide the highest energy contributions for the p53-MDM2 interaction. Our findings highlight the prominent structural and binding characteristics of the p53-MDM2 complex that may be useful in designing potential inhibitors to disrupt the p53-MDM2 interactions.
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20
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Gupta A, Behl T, Heer HR, Deshmukh R, Sharma PL. Mdm2-P53 Interaction Inhibitor with Cisplatin Enhances Apoptosis in Colon and Prostate Cancer Cells In-Vitro. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:3341-3351. [PMID: 31759358 PMCID: PMC7062994 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.11.3341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of RITA (MDM2-p53 interaction inhibitor) and its action along with genotoxic drug cisplatin was evaluated on COLO-205 colon cancer and PC-3 prostate cancer cells. METHOD Various in-vitro parameters to determine cytotoxic and apoptotic potential of RITA with genotoxic drug cisplatin were evaluated. The potentiation of cytotoxic effect was evaluated using MTT assay and colony forming assay, mechanism of cell death by Etbr/AcO assay and the mechanism of apoptosis was determined by caspase-3 release assay. RESULTS The findings from MTT confirmed the best possible potent combination of 5+5µM and 10+10µM concentration of Cisplatin and RITA respectively. These combinations were further evaluated for its chemo sensitizing effect which confirmed the significant reduction in number of colonies in combination as compared to monotherapy. Also, the results of Etbr/AcO assay were in line with the colony forming assay. For apoptotic activity, it was noted that increasing the concentration of cisplatin and RITA (10µM), did not affect much to apoptotic activity and was found to be equally effective to that of low dose (5µM) concentration. The same results were seen in Caspase-3 release effect on both the cell lines. CONCLUSION Our present study provides compelling evidence that pharmacological activation of the p53 by blocking the MDM2-p53 interaction is a promising cancer therapeutic strategy and using RITA in combination with Cisplatin not only decrease the toxic effect of Cisplatin by decreasing its dose but also increasing the apoptotic effect, warrants clinical evaluation on both colon and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Gupta
- Animal Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy,
| | - Tapan Behl
- Indo Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy Moga,
| | - Hem Raj Heer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chitkara Collge of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura,
| | - Rahul Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab,
| | - Pyare Lal Sharma
- 5Emeritus, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Imanishi M, Yamamoto Y, Wang X, Sugaya A, Hirose M, Endo S, Natori Y, Yamato K, Hyodo I. Augmented antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil by double knockdown of MDM4 and MDM2 in colon and gastric cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:639-649. [PMID: 30488540 PMCID: PMC6361612 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene is essential during cancer development and progression. Mutations of TP53 are often missense and occur in various human cancers. In some fraction of wild‐type (wt) TP53 tumors, p53 is inactivated by upregulated murine double minute homolog 2 (MDM2) and MDM4. We previously reported that simultaneous knockdown of MDM4 and MDM2 using synthetic DNA‐modified siRNAs revived p53 activity and synergistically inhibited in vitro cell growth in cancer cells with wt TP53 and high MDM4 expression (wtTP53/highMDM4). In the present study, MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown with the siRNAs enhanced 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐induced p53 activation, arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, and potentiated the antitumor effect of 5‐FU in wtTP53/highMDM4 human colon (HCT116 and LoVo) and gastric (SNU‐1 and NUGC‐4) cancer cells. Exposure to 5‐FU alone induced MDM2 as well as p21 and PUMA by p53 activation. As p53‐MDM2 forms a negative feedback loop, enhancement of the antitumor effect of 5‐FU by MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown could be attributed to blocking of the feedback mechanism in addition to direct suppression of these p53 antagonists. Intratumor injection of the MDM4/MDM2 siRNAs suppressed in vivo tumor growth and boosted the antitumor effect of 5‐FU in an athymic mouse xenograft model using HCT116 cells. These results suggest that a combination of MDM4/MDM2 knockdown and conventional cytotoxic drugs could be a promising treatment strategy for wtTP53/highMDM4 gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Imanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akinori Sugaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasumigaura Medical Center, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tsuchiura Clinical Education and Training Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Aboushousha T, Helal N, Hammam O, Ibrahim M, Khaled S, Mostafa A, Anas A. Overview of MDM2 and B-RAF Expression in Gastric Lesions. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1795-1802. [PMID: 30455751 PMCID: PMC6236038 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Globally, gastric cancer (GC) it is the fourth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths. Overexpression of MDM2 and B-RAF appeared to be increased in malignancy and associated with poor prognosis in several human tumours, but their role in gastric cancer remains controversial. AIM: We had investigated the immunohistochemical expression of MDM2 and B-RAF in 136 gastric lesions with/without H. pylori association. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Studied specimens include chronic gastritis (32), intestinal type GC (70), diffuse GC (22) and gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) (12). RESULTS: MDM2 expression increased significantly in intestinal GC compared to other groups (p < 0.001), while B-RAF expression increased significantly in GIST compared to other groups (p < 0.001). H. pylori increased expression of MDM2 in intestinal GC cases but did not affect B-RAF expression. MDM2 expression correlated with high grade of tumor differentiation (p < 0.001), deep invasion (p < 0.05), nodal metastases (p < 0.05) and distant metastases (p < 0.1) in intestinal GC, while B-RAF expression did not correlate with TNM stage (p < 0.1). CONCLUSION: MDM2 up-regulation was more frequent in intestinal GC, while B-RAF up-regulation was more frequent in GIST compared to other groups; MDM2 expression in intestinal GC was correlated with H. pylori association, high grade of differentiation, deep invasion, nodal and distant metastases, meanwhile, B-RAF expression was correlated with high-grade intestinal GC but did not correlate with H. pylori or TNM stage. The possible role of both MDM2 and B-RAF in predicting progression of gastric tumours and prognosis deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Aboushousha
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha Helal
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manar Ibrahim
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University of Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Samar Khaled
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University of Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amr Mostafa
- Department of Surgery, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amgad Anas
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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23
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Machlowska J, Maciejewski R, Sitarz R. The Pattern of Signatures in Gastric Cancer Prognosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1658. [PMID: 29867026 PMCID: PMC6032410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and it is a fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Carcinogenesis is a multistage disease process specified by the gradual procurement of mutations and epigenetic alterations in the expression of different genes, which finally lead to the occurrence of a malignancy. These genes have diversified roles regarding cancer development. Intracellular pathways are assigned to the expression of different genes, signal transduction, cell-cycle supervision, genomic stability, DNA repair, and cell-fate destination, like apoptosis, senescence. Extracellular pathways embrace tumour invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis. Altered expression patterns, leading the different clinical responses. This review highlights the list of molecular biomarkers that can be used for prognostic purposes and provide information on the likely outcome of the cancer disease in an untreated individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Machlowska
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Robert Sitarz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
- Department of Surgery, St. John's Cancer Center, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
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24
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Micro RNA-518 inhibits gastric cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis via targeting MDM2. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:1595-1602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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25
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Mogler C, Boxberg M, Knebel C, Weichert W, Wörtler K, Specht K. [Spindle-cell osteosclerotic bone lesion with MDM2 amplification]. DER PATHOLOGE 2017; 39:186-190. [PMID: 29209796 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-017-0394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This case report presents an osteosclerotic bone lesion in a 49-year-old man with MDM2 amplification. The final diagnosis shows metastasis to the bones from stomach cancer. In primary bone tumours, the MDM2 amplifications observed have been described for many other tumour entities as well, and therefore do not exclude bone metastasis from a carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mogler
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland.
| | - M Boxberg
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - C Knebel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Orthopädie und Sportorthopädie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland
| | - W Weichert
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - K Wörtler
- Institut für Radiologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland
| | - K Specht
- Institut für Pathologie, Technische Universität München, Trogerstraße 18, 81675, München, Deutschland
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26
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Xue Z, Zhu X, Teng Y. Relationship Between Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) T309G Polymorphism and Endometrial Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3186-90. [PMID: 27604213 PMCID: PMC5026055 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancers in female patients. Many studies have investigated the association between the MDM2 T309G genotype and endometrial cancer incidence, but the results have been inconclusive. Material/Methods We performed a systematic search in PubMed and Web of Science databases (update until October 21, 2015) for all English-language publications. The associations are indicated as pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results We identified 8 relevant publications (9 case-control studies), including 2188 cases and 4654 controls, that assessed the relationship between MDM2 T309G polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk. There was a significant association between MDM2 T309G polymorphism and endometrial cancer risk in the overall population in the recessive model (OR=1.61; 95% CI: 1.19–2.19; P=0.002). In the subgroup of different ethnic populations, the subgroup analysis showed MDM2 T309G polymorphism was significantly associated with increased endometrial cancer risk in Caucasians (OR=1.75; 95% CI: 1.16–2.63; P=0.007). No similar result was found in Asians. Conclusions Our meta-analysis provides evidence that MDM2 T309G polymorphism is associated with endometrial cancer, especially in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowei Xue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaolu Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yincheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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27
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Zeng Y, Fu M, Wu GW, Zhang AZ, Chen JP, Lin HY, Fu YA, Jia J, Cai ZD, Wu XJ, Lan P. Upregulation of microRNA-370 promotes cell apoptosis and inhibits proliferation by targeting PTEN in human gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1589-99. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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28
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Gurzu S, Kadar Z, Sugimura H, Orlowska J, Bara T, Bara T, Szederjesi J, Jung I. Maspin-related Orchestration of Aggressiveness of Gastric Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:326-36. [PMID: 26067133 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM Although some hypotheses have been postulated on the genesis of gastric cancer (GC), the origin of this disease remains unclear. The aim of this study was to develop a hypothesis about gastric carcinogenesis based on our experience in the field of GC and on published reports on about 28 studies in the field of subcellular maspin expression in GC. In 180 cases of GC, the clinicopathologic features were correlated with the results obtained after paired immunohistochemical stains (tumor/normal mucosa) with 15 antibodies: E-cadherin, HER-2, VEGF, CD31, CD105, COX-2, maspin, bax, bcl-2, p53, Ki67, MLH-1, MSH-2, Mena protein, and vimentin. RESULTS Cytoplasmic maspin was observed in foveolar cells with intestinal metaplasia, whereas mixed (combined nuclear-cytoplasmic) expressions were more characteristic of the intramucosal foci of signet-ring cells and dysplastic cells. The tumor cells that expressed cytoplasmic maspin were mostly intestinal type bax/COX-2/Mena/E-cadherin-positive differentiated adenocarcinomas with nodular growth and more superficial invasion. The nuclear shift of maspin was more frequent in HER-2/p53-positive intestinal type adenocarcinomas with diffuse architecture at the invasion front, as well as for node-positive poorly cohesive carcinomas. Loss of maspin expression induced a higher risk of distant metastases, without differences in the survival rate. CONCLUSIONS In GC with associated metaplasia, cytoplasmic maspin is predominant; the nuclear shift induces local aggressiveness and risk of node metastases, whereas total loss can indicate a risk of distant metastases. In GC without associated metaplasia, nuclear expression of maspin is retained, indicating a more aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gurzu
- Departments of *Pathology †Oncology ∥Surgery ¶Intensive Care Unit, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu-Mures, Romania ‡Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan §Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Li P, Shi JX, Dai LP, Chai YR, Zhang HF, Kankonde M, Kankonde P, Yu BF, Zhang JY. Serum anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies as biomarkers in the early detection of lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1138200. [PMID: 27467958 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1138200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of serum autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc and evaluate their feasibility in the immunodiagnosis of lung cancer. 50 sera samples with 43 available paired lung cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue slides with follow up information and 44 sera from normal human controls (NHC) were used in the research group. Another 62 lung cancer sera and 43 NHC sera were used in the validation group. The results of IHC showed that MDM2 and c-Myc protein were overexpressed in lung cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001). Likewise, significantly higher levels of serum autoantibodies against MDM2 and c-Myc were found in lung cancer compared to NHC both in research and validation groups. Further analysis on IHC and ELISA results showed that serum level of autoantibodies against these two TAAs were positively associated with tissue staining scores (both p < 0.05). The area under curve (AUC) values of anti-MDM2 and anti-cMyc autoantibodies for discriminating lung cancers from NHC were 0.698 and 0.636 in research group, 0.777 and 0.815 in the validation group, respectively. Both anti-MDM2 and anti-c-Myc autoantibodies can discriminate stage I lung cancer patients from NHC with AUC values of 0.703 and 0.662. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that higher level of serum anti-c-Myc autoantibodies was significantly related to shortened disease-free survival (DFS) (p = 0.041). In conclusion, our finding suggested that serum MDM2 and c-Myc autoantibodies may have the potential to serve as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Jian-Xiang Shi
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA; Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Li-Ping Dai
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA; Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu-Rong Chai
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Hong-Fei Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA; Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mutombo Kankonde
- Greater East Cancer Center & Coalition for the Reversal of Breast Cancer Mortality in African American Women , El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Peggy Kankonde
- Greater East Cancer Center & Coalition for the Reversal of Breast Cancer Mortality in African American Women , El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Bao-Fa Yu
- Beijing Baofa Tumor Hospital , Changping Dist, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX, USA; Henan Key Laboratory for Tumor Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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30
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Busuttil RA, Zapparoli GV, Haupt S, Fennell C, Wong SQ, Pang JMB, Takeno EA, Mitchell C, Di Costanzo N, Fox S, Haupt Y, Dobrovic A, Boussioutas A. Role of p53 in the progression of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:12016-26. [PMID: 25427447 PMCID: PMC4322971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is a premalignant lesion associated with gastric cancer (GC) but is poorly described in terms of molecular changes. Here, we explored the role of TP53, a commonly mutated gene in GC, to determine if p53 protein expression and/or the presence of somatic mutations in TP53 can be used as a predictive marker for patients at risk of progressing to GC from IM. Immunohistochemistry and high resolution melting were used to determine p53 protein expression and TP53 mutation status respectively in normal gastric mucosa, IM without concurrent GC (IM-GC), IM with concurrent GC (IM+GC) and GC. This comparative study revealed an incremental increase in p53 expression levels with progression of disease from normal mucosa, via an IM intermediate to GC. TP53 mutations however, were not detected in IM but occurred frequently in GC. Further, we identified increased protein expression of Mdm2/x, both powerful regulators of p53, in 100% of the IM+GC cohort with these samples also exhibiting high levels of wild-type p53 protein. Our data suggests that TP53 mutations occur late in gastric carcinogenesis contributing to the final transition to cancer. We also demonstrated involvement of Mdmx in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita A Busuttil
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Giada V Zapparoli
- Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina Fennell
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Q Wong
- Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia-Min B Pang
- Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Elena A Takeno
- Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine Mitchell
- Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natasha Di Costanzo
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Fox
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Molecular Pathology Research and Development Laboratory, Department of Pathology Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Translational Genomics and Epigenomics Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia. Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Boussioutas
- Cancer Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Qi J, Ronai ZA. Dysregulation of ubiquitin ligases in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2015; 23:1-11. [PMID: 26690337 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (UBLs) are critical components of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which governs fundamental processes regulating normal cellular homeostasis, metabolism, and cell cycle in response to external stress signals and DNA damage. Among multiple steps of the UPS system required to regulate protein ubiquitination and stability, UBLs define specificity, as they recognize and interact with substrates in a temporally- and spatially-regulated manner. Such interactions are required for substrate modification by ubiquitin chains, which marks proteins for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or alters their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. UBLs are often deregulated in cancer, altering substrate availability or activity in a manner that can promote cellular transformation. Such deregulation can occur at the epigenetic, genomic, or post-translational levels. Alterations in UBL can be used to predict their contributions, affecting tumor suppressors or oncogenes in select tumors. Better understanding of mechanisms underlying UBL expression and activities is expected to drive the development of next generation modulators that can serve as novel therapeutic modalities. This review summarizes our current understanding of UBL deregulation in cancer and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA.
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, 92037, USA.
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Kit OI, Vodolazhsky DI, Kutilin DS, Gudueva EN. Changes in the number of copies of genetic loci in gastric cancer. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Gurzu S, Kadar Z, Sugimura H, Bara T, Bara T, Halmaciu I, Jung I. Gastric cancer in young vs old Romanian patients: immunoprofile with emphasis on maspin and mena protein reactivity. APMIS 2015; 123:223-33. [PMID: 25556597 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing number of early-onset gastric carcinomas (GCs) and controversial results regarding the differences among young and older patients with this type of cancer are the reasons why correlation of clinicopathological factors with molecular markers is necessary. The aim of our study was to compare the demographic, clinical and immunohistochemical (IHC) aspects in Romanian patients with GC diagnosed below and above 45 years old. In 191 samples provided from patients with GC, the clinicopathological parameters were correlated with a panel of 15 antibodies: E-cadherin, HER-2, VEGF, CD31, CD105, COX-2, maspin, bax, bcl-2, p53, Ki67, MLH-1, MSH-2, mena protein and vimentin. Compared to the conventional cases, GCs diagnosed below 45 years old were more frequently located at the gastroesophageal junction and presented a higher percentage of lymph node metastases. The diffuse type E-cadherin/mena/p53/Ki67/bax-negative cases that displayed nuclear maspin positivity were also more frequently in younger patients. The intestinal type early-onset GCs were the most angiogenic ones, the apoptotic rate being lower than in the intestinal type GCs of the aged. Compared to the conventional cases, in the early-onset GCs the nuclear maspin-mediated antiproliferative activity is more intense in diffuse type while the mena-dependent tumor cell proliferation is more characteristic for intestinal type GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gurzu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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Liu L, Bernard D, Wang S. Case Study: discovery of inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1278:567-585. [PMID: 25859977 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2425-7_38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The p53 protein, a tumor suppressor, is inactivated in many human cancers through mutations or by its interaction with an oncoprotein, MDM2. Blocking the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction has the effect of activating wild-type p53 and has been pursued as a novel anticancer strategy. Small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction have been discovered through various approaches, and a number of them have progressed into clinical trials for cancer treatment. Here, we describe the methods and techniques used in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Shen J, Niu W, Zhou M, Zhang H, Ma J, Wang L, Zhang H. MicroRNA-410 suppresses migration and invasion by targeting MDM2 in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104510. [PMID: 25136862 PMCID: PMC4138091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in tumors in the East Asian countries. Identifying precise prognostic markers and effective therapeutic targets is important in the treatment of gastric cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis. However, the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate gastric cancer metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the levels of miR-410 in gastric cancer and cell lines were much lower than that in the normal control, respectively, and the lower level of miR-410 was significantly associated with lymph-node metastasis. Transfection of miR-410 mimics could significantly inhibit the cell proliferation, migration and invasion in the HGC-27 gastric cancer cell lines. In contrast, knockdown of miR-410 had the opposite effect on the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Moreover, we also found that MDM2 was negatively regulated by miR-410 at the post-transcriptional level, via a specific target site with the 3′UTR by luciferase reporter assay. The expression of MDM2 was inversely correlated with miR-410 expression in gastric cancer tissues, and overexpression of MDM2 in miR-410-transfected gastric cancer cells effectively rescued the inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion caused by miR-410. Thus, our findings suggested that miR-410 acted as a new tumor suppressor by targeting the MDM2 gene and inhibiting gastric cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. The findings of this study contributed to the current understanding of these functions of miR-410 in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Shen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Weina Niu
- Oncology Department, Anhui Cancer Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
- * E-mail:
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Lee YS, Cho YS, Lee GK, Lee S, Kim YW, Jho S, Kim HM, Hong SH, Hwang JA, Kim SY, Hong D, Choi IJ, Kim BC, Kim BC, Kim CH, Choi H, Kim Y, Kim KW, Kong G, Kim HL, Bhak J, Lee SH, Lee JS. Genomic profile analysis of diffuse-type gastric cancers. Genome Biol 2014; 15:R55. [PMID: 24690483 PMCID: PMC4056347 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2014-15-4-r55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stomach cancer is the third deadliest among all cancers worldwide. Although incidence of the intestinal-type gastric cancer has decreased, the incidence of diffuse-type is still increasing and its progression is notoriously aggressive. There is insufficient information on genome variations of diffuse-type gastric cancer because its cells are usually mixed with normal cells, and this low cellularity has made it difficult to analyze the genome. RESULTS We analyze whole genomes and corresponding exomes of diffuse-type gastric cancer, using matched tumor and normal samples from 14 diffuse-type and five intestinal-type gastric cancer patients. Somatic variations found in the diffuse-type gastric cancer are compared to those of the intestinal-type and to previously reported variants. We determine the average exonic somatic mutation rate of the two types. We find associated candidate driver genes, and identify seven novel somatic mutations in CDH1, which is a well-known gastric cancer-associated gene. Three-dimensional structure analysis of the mutated E-cadherin protein suggests that these new somatic mutations could cause significant functional perturbations of critical calcium-binding sites in the EC1-2 junction. Chromosomal instability analysis shows that the MDM2 gene is amplified. After thorough structural analysis, a novel fusion gene TSC2-RNF216 is identified, which may simultaneously disrupt tumor-suppressive pathways and activate tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS We report the genomic profile of diffuse-type gastric cancers including new somatic variations, a novel fusion gene, and amplification and deletion of certain chromosomal regions that contain oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Su Lee
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sung Cho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Kook Lee
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Tissue Bank, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Woo Kim
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwoong Jho
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Min Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ah Hwang
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-young Kim
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Hong
- Cancer Genomics Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ju Choi
- Gastric Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Chul Kim
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Hong Kim
- Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Choi
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Kim
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Tissue Bank, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Wook Kim
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Tissue Bank, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Kong
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Lae Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bhak
- Personal Genomics Institute, Genome Research Foundation, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Theragen BiO Institute, TheragenEtex, 443-270 Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Program in Nano Science and Technology, Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Nano Science and Technology, Suwon 443-270, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Li Q, Zhang Y, El-Naggar AK, Xiong S, Yang P, Jackson JG, Chau G, Lozano G. Therapeutic efficacy of p53 restoration in Mdm2-overexpressing tumors. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:901-11. [PMID: 24598047 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The p53 (TP53) tumor suppressor is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. Restoring expression of wild-type p53 has led to tumor growth suppression in a variety of tumor models that are p53 deficient. Other mechanisms, for example, upregulation of Mdm2, exist in tumors to inactivate the p53 pathway. Mdm2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets p53 for proteasomal degradation, is present at high levels in many tumors with wild-type p53. In this study, the effects of restoring p53 activity were probed in Mdm2-overexpressing tumors genetically using animal models. Here, it was demonstrated that elevated levels of Mdm2 and decreased levels of p53 act additively to dampen p53 activity in DNA damage response and tumor development. Our data further indicate that restoration of wild-type p53 expression in Mdm2-overexpressing angiosarcomas results in tumor stasis and regression in some cases. Finally, it was determined that restored p53 suppressed cell proliferation but did not elicit apoptosis in the Mdm2-overexpressing angiosarcomas. IMPLICATIONS Restoration of wild-type p53 expression in Mdm2-overexpressing tumors suppresses tumor growth, which represents a potential clinical strategy to treat tumors with high levels of Mdm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Genetics, Program in Genes and Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Yun Zhang
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Genetics
| | - Adel K El-Naggar
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | - Gilda Chau
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Genetics
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Kakazu N, Yamane H, Miyachi M, Shiwaku K, Hosoi H. Identification of the 12q15 amplicon within the homogeneously staining regions in the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RMS-YM. Cytogenet Genome Res 2014; 142:167-73. [PMID: 24480864 DOI: 10.1159/000357930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene amplification represents one of the molecular mechanisms of oncogene overexpression in many types of tumors. Homogeneously staining regions (HSRs) are cytogenetic hallmarks of gene amplification. Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common malignant soft-tissue tumor in children. RMS-YM is an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line that possesses 3 HSRs. This cytogenetic finding suggests the presence of gene amplifications associated with tumor development or progression in RMS-YM. Here, using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we detected high amplification of the MDM2 gene in the HSRs of RMS-YM. We also refined the region of the amplicon and identified that the FRS2 gene and others are amplified in RMS-YM. MDM2 and FRS2 play important roles as a regulator of p53 and a mediator of FGF signaling, respectively, and thus are potential molecular targets for therapy in many different tumors. RMS-YM may be useful for studies of the molecular pathways of tumorigenesis and tumor progression in rhabdomyosarcoma and for in vitro evaluation of newly developed therapeutic agents that target MDM2 or FRS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kakazu
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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Yao D, Wang Y, Xue L, Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang X. Different expression pattern and significance of p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 pathway and Bmi-1 exist between gastric cardia and distal gastric adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:844-51. [PMID: 23159155 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that adenocarcinoma of gastric cardia (GCA) is distinct from distal stomach, with different risk factors, tumor characteristics, and biological behavior. The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible difference in the expressions of p14ARF, Mdm2, p53, and Bmi-1 by immunohistochemical staining on paraffin-embedded tissues of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA; n = 74) and distal gastric adenocarcinoma (DGA; n = 41). The results showed that the percentage of p14ARF-negative expression, Mdm2 overexpression, p53-positive expression, and p53 pathway abnormality (p14ARF(-)/Mdm2(+)/p53(+)) were all significantly higher in GCA than those in DGA (P < .05). Further analysis showed that in GCA, the negative expression of p14ARF was significantly associated with poor differentiation, Mdm2 overexpression with tumor stage and lymph node metastasis, and positive p53 expression with tumor stage (P < .05), whereas in DGA, only Mdm2 overexpression was related with well/moderate differentiation (P < .05). Abnormality of the p53 pathway was significantly correlated with poorer differentiation only in GCA (P < .05). The positive expression of Bmi-1 in all cases of GCA and DGA was significantly higher than normal gastric mucosa epithelium, but no difference was found between GCA and DGA (P > .05). Thus, the results in this study confirmed that different expression pattern and clinicopathologic significance of the p14ARF-Mdm2-p53 pathway did exist between GCA and DGA. The results further support the hypothesis that different mechanisms may be involved in the development and progression of adenocarcinoma from cardia and distal portion of stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Yao
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000 China
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40
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Targeting the MDM2-p53 Protein-Protein Interaction for New Cancer Therapeutics. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28965-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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41
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Wang L, Zhang XY, Xu L, Liu WJ, Zhang J, Zhang JP. Expression and significance of p53 and mdm2 in atypical intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:707-712. [PMID: 22848253 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Subtypes of intestinal metaplasia may have different manifestations in the carcinogenesis of gastric mucosa. The present study aimed to investigate expression of murine double minute gene 2 (mdm2) in atypical intestinal metaplasia (AIM) and its relationship to gastric carcinoma. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) specimens were obtained from 58 cases. Using a novel classification of IM, the specimens were classified according to morphological changes exhibited in the gastric mucosa; specifically, atypical intestinal metaplasia (AIM) and simple intestinal metaplasia (SIM). The gatric carcinoma specimens were then compared with types I, II and III IM based on different substances present in the mucous. Envision immunohistochemical technique was applied to the detection of the expression of p53 and mdm2 in 58 IM and 30 gastric carcinoma cases. Expression of both p53 and mdm2 proteins was found to be higher in gastric carcinomas (p53, 56.67%, 17/30 and mdm2, 53.33%, 16/30) and AIM (p53, 51.85%, 14/27 and mdm2, 51.85%, 14/27) as compared to SIM (p53, 25.81%, 8/31 and mdm2, 19.35%, 6/31) (P<0.05). A similar pattern of expression of mdm2 protein was found in type I (36.84%, 7/19), type II (38.46%, 10/26) and type III (23.08%, 3/13) IM and gastric carcinoma (53.33%, 16/30). p53 expression was higher in gastric carcinoma (56.67%) compared to type I IM (26.32%) (P<0.05). However, no differences were evident among type II (42.31%, 11/26), type III (46.15%, 6/13) IM and gastric carcinoma. AIM may reveal the precancerous nature of gastric carcinoma more clearly than SIM or the conventional IM subtypes. Additionally, AIM may be involved as a preneoplastic lesion and therefore be an effective indicator in the clinical follow-up of gastric carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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42
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Endo S, Yamato K, Hirai S, Moriwaki T, Fukuda K, Suzuki H, Abei M, Nakagawa I, Hyodo I. Potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3 in gastric cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:605-13. [PMID: 21205074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers. However, its mutation rate is relatively low in gastric cancer compared with other cancers. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antitumor effects of nutlin-3, an inhibitor of human homolog of murine double minute 2 (MDM2). MDM2 is a negative regulator of p53. Four gastric cancer cell lines with wild-type p53 (wt p53) and three with mutant-type p53 (mt p53) were analyzed for MDM2 and MDM4 expression by immunoblotting, and for their gene amplification by quantitative real-time PCR. Moreover, the viability of cells exposed to nutlin-3 was examined by WST-8 assay, and the expression of p53 and its downstream genes was analyzed by immunoblotting. Nutlin-3 stabilized p53 and increased the expression of p21(WAF1) and Noxa, and cleaved poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase regardless of the pre-expression levels of MDM2 and MDM4 in gastric cancer cells with wt p53. Flow cytometry revealed that nutlin-3 arrested the cell cycle in G(1) phase and induced apoptosis in the cell lines. These nutlin-3 effects were not observed in the cell lines with mt p53. Nutlin-3 exerted additive or synergistic cytotoxicity in combination with 5-fluorouracil or cisplatin in most cell lines with wt p53. An in vivo antitumor effect of nutlin-3 alone and its additive augmentation by 5-fluorouracil were confirmed in an MDM2 overexpressed xenograft tumor model. Nutlin-3 showed potent antitumor activity against human gastric cancer cells with wt p53 and shows promise as a single agent and in combination with conventional anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Chen HC, Chen HJ, Khan MA, Rao ZZ, Wan XX, Tan B, Zhang DZ. Genetic mutations of p53 and k-ras in gastric carcinoma patients from Hunan, China. Tumour Biol 2010; 32:367-73. [PMID: 21080251 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-010-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This case-control study investigated the mutations in p53 and k-ras genes of 123 gastric carcinoma patients and 129 normal individuals from Hunan, China. By isolating genomic DNA from peripheral blood and employing polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing, the mutations of p53 exons-5, 6, 7, and 8 and k-ras were detected. The overall mutation frequency of p53 was 29.3%, and mutation was found in all four exons studied. The point mutations were predominant and among them, G:C→A:T was the highest (41.7%), followed by A:T→G:C (25%), G:C→C:G (11.1%), G:C→T:A (8.3%), and A:T→T:A (2.8%). The frameshift mutation was 11.1%. Mutations were detected in codons-131, 132, 133, 135, 149, 151, 162, 167, 173, 174, and 175 of exon 5, codons-193, 197, 213, and 215 of exon 6, codons-245, 246, 248, 249, and 270 of exon 7, and codons-271, 272, 273, and 282 of exon 8 of p53. The overall frequency of mutation in k-ras was 9.8%, mostly in codon-12 (91.7%) and in codon-13 (8.3%). There was no significant relationship between p53 and k-ras gene mutation in gastric carcinoma patients. Also, the relationships between p53 mutation and age, sex, smoking or drinking, and tumor metastasis were not significant. However, the patients with high/high-middle differentiated gastric carcinoma had a higher association with of p53 mutations. This study identified some novel p53 mutations in gastric cancer and showed mutation pattern and frequency of p53 and k-ras in the population of the central southern region of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Chun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Science and Technology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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44
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Shangary S, Wang S. Small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 protein-protein interaction to reactivate p53 function: a novel approach for cancer therapy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 49:223-41. [PMID: 18834305 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.48.113006.094723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is an attractive cancer therapeutic target because it can be functionally activated to eradicate tumors. Direct gene alterations in p53 or interaction between p53 and MDM2 proteins are two alternative mechanisms for the inactivation of p53 function. Designing small molecules to block the MDM2-p53 interaction and reactivate the p53 function is a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers retaining wild-type p53. This review will highlight recent advances in the design and development of small-molecule inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction as new cancer therapies. A number of these small-molecule inhibitors, such as analogs of MI-219 and Nutlin-3, have progressed to advanced preclinical development or early phase clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shangary
- Comprehensive Cancer Center and Departments of University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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Nakajima N, Ito Y, Yokoyama K, Uno A, Kinukawa N, Nemoto N, Moriyama M. The Expression of Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) on Helicobacter pylori-Infected Intestinal Metaplasia and Gastric Cancer. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 44:196-202. [PMID: 19308274 PMCID: PMC2654476 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.08-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The overexpression of murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is found in several human tumors, and increased expression of MDM2 inactivates the apoptotic and cell cycle arrest function of p53. Interleukin-16 (IL-16) is a pleiotrophic cytokine and the properties of IL-16 suggest that it involve in the pathophysiological process of chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the expression of MDM2 in intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer as well as the effect of H. pylori infection and IL-16 on epithelial cell proliferation and MDM2 expression in gastric cells in vitro. The expression of MDM2 on gastric biopsies was studied immunohistochemistry. AGS cells were incubated with a combination of IL-16 and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Gastric epithelial cell proliferation was studied by BrdU uptake and the expressions of MDM2 were studied by ELISA. There was no significant difference on the expression of MDM2 between with and without H. pylori infected chronic gastritis. In H. pylori infected gastric mucosa; the MDM2 expression was higher on intestinal metaplasia and gastric cancer than chronic gastritis. IL-16 administration was increased MDM2 expression and cell proliferation on AGS cells, which was decreased by H. pylori infection. In conclusion, the expression of MDM2 in long-term H. pylori infected gastric mucosa may indicate a risk for carcinogenesis. IL-16 secretion in H. pylori infected mucosa is one of the factors for gastric cancer. The expression of MDM2 on mucosa can be a mediator for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan
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46
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Kim SW, Min SU, Won CH, Cho S. Disseminated Superficial Porokeratosisin a Patient with Gastric Cancer. Ann Dermatol 2008; 20:193-6. [PMID: 27303190 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2008.20.4.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Disseminated superficial porokeratosis (DSP) is a rare variant of porokeratosis, which is characterized histologically by cornoid lamella and clinically by central atrophy with elevated borders. DSP is usually associated with immunosuppressive states and hematopoietic malignancies, but rarely with malignancies of visceral organs. A 65-year-old male presented with numerous brownish macules with elevated borders on the trunk and limbs that had been present for 1 year. Before the visit to our clinic, gastric cancer was diagnosed at about the same time the skin lesions suddenly increased in size and number. Clinical and histopathological examination revealed that the lesions were consistent with DSP. We herein report a rare case of disseminated superficial porokeratosis that occurred in association with gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Woo Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Uk Min
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chong Hyun Won
- Department of Dermatology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyun Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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47
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Chen XL, Gao SL, Zhao L. Research progress in roles of murine double minute 2 gene in the gastrointestinal tumor. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:2877-2882. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i25.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2), an oncogene discovered in recent years, can enhance cell survival activity, prolong cell survival duration, promote cell proliferation and stimulate tumor growth. In recent years, it was shown that MDM2 participated in the genesis and development of various tumors. In addition, MDM2 is associated with the invasion, metastasis and poor prognosis of malignant tumors, especially gastrointestinal tumors such as esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, etc. So it is significant to study the relationship between MDM2 and gastrointestinal tumors for tumor prevention and treatment. In combination with domestic and overseas literatures, this article provides a brief review of the research progress in the roles of MDM2 in the genesis, development and metastasis of gastrointestinal tumors.
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Abstract
Mutations in TP53, the gene that encodes the tumour suppressor p53, are found in 50% of human cancers, and increased levels of its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 (also known as MDMX) downregulate p53 function in many of the rest. Understanding p53 regulation remains a crucial goal to design broadly applicable anticancer strategies based on this pathway. This Review of in vitro studies, human tumour data and recent mouse models shows that p53 post-translational modifications have modulatory roles, and MDM2 and MDM4 have more profound roles for regulating p53. Importantly, MDM4 emerges as an independent target for drug development, as its inactivation is crucial for full p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Toledo
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, UMR CNRS 7147, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Mori D, Nakafusa Y, Miyazaki K, Tokunaga O. Differential expression of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) in human colorectal cancer progression using human cancer cDNA microarrays. Pathol Res Pract 2005; 201:777-89. [PMID: 16308103 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 06/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we applied commercially available cDNA microarray systems (1068 genes) to investigate the genetic changes in six colorectal cancers (CRC). Thirty-two genes fell into the group of commonly upregulated genes. In addition, we immunohistochemically investigated the expression of the four top ranked upregulated genes, Janus kinase 3 (JAK3), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13), heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2), in 44 CRC. JAK3 staining was located in the cancer cells. A comparison of JAK3 immunostaining and clinicopathological parameters showed a significant association of tumor differentiation, pT, and TMN stage. Staining of MMP13 and HSP60 was noted mainly in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. A significant association of these expressions was observed with tumor differentiation and pT. MDM2 staining was noted in the nucleus of cancer and non-cancer cells. No significant association of clinicopathological parameters with MDM2 expression was observed. In multivariate analysis, JAK3 immunoreactivity showed independent prognostically unfavorable predictors. These data suggest that JAK3, in particular, is a highly significant, prognostic immunohistochemical marker in CRC. This study proves that cDNA microarrays, plotted by a small number of genes from a few samples, are both practical and useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mori
- Department of Pathology and Biodefense, School of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Kodama M, Fujioka T, Murakami K, Okimoto T, Sato R, Watanabe K, Nasu M. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduced the immunohistochemical detection of p53 and MDM2 in gastric mucosa. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 20:941-6. [PMID: 15946145 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Helicobacter pylori has been regarded as a pathogen of gastric cancer, the mechanism by which H. pylori is involved in gastric carcinogenesis remains unknown. To clarify the role of H. pylori in carcinogenesis, the expression of tumor suppressor p53 and its regulator multiple double minute 2 (MDM2) in gastric mucosa were examined before and after H. pylori eradication. METHODS Biopsy specimens were obtained from 31 patients with H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Endoscopic biopsies were repeated 6 months after successful eradication. In addition, biopsy specimens from 12 patients with non-infected gastric mucosa were obtained. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on the specimens using primary antibodies specific for p53 and MDM2. RESULTS Six months after H. pylori eradication, labeling indices for p53 were significantly reduced in the gastric corpus (2.3-fold; P < 0.01), and in the gastric antrum (2.0-fold; P < 0.01). Similarly, labeling indices for MDM2 were significantly reduced in the corpus (1.7-fold; P < 0.01), and in the antrum (3.5-fold; P < 0.01). In the non-infected group, labeling indices for p53 and MDM2 in the gastric mucosa were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those of the H. pylori-infected group. CONCLUSION A significant increase is shown in p53 and MDM2 expression in H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa as compared to normal gastric mucosa; but successful eradication of H. pylori dramatically reduced the p53 and MDM2 levels. Therefore, H. pylori infection may be associated with alteration of cell proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Kodama
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Hasama-machi, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
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