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Riccardi C, Ronchetti S, Nocentini G. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related gene (GITR) as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:783-797. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1512588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Kopru CZ, Cagnan I, Akar I, Esendagli G, Korkusuz P, Gunel-Ozcan A. Dual Effect of Glucocorticoid-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Receptor Ligand Carrying Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Preliminary in vitro Study. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:930-940. [PMID: 30180943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS TNFR family member glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor-related receptor (GITR/TNFRSF18) activation by its ligand glucocorticoid-induced TNF-related receptor ligand (GITRL) have important roles in proliferation, death and differentiation of cells. Some types of small cell lung cancers (SCLCs) express GITR. Because mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may target tumor cells, we aimed to investigate the effect of MSCs carrying GITRL overexpressing plasmid on the proliferation and viability of a GITR+ SCLC cell line (SCLC-21H) compared with a GITR- SCLC cell line (NCI-H82). METHODS Electroporation was used to transfer pGITRL (GITRL gene carrying plasmid) or pCR3 (mock plasmid) into MSCs. Flow cytometry and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to characterize the transfected MSCs. Following SCLC-21H or NCI-H82 cell lines were co-cultured with pGITRL-MSCs. RESULTS Proliferation of NCI-H82 was increased in all types of co-cultures while SCLC-21H cells did not. GITRL expressing MSCs were able to induce cell death of SCLC-21H through the upregulation of SIVA1 apoptosis inducing factor. CONCLUSIONS The influence of MSCs on SCLC cells can vary according to the cancer cell subtypes as obtained in SCLC-21H and NCI-H82 and enabling GITR-GITRL interaction can induce cell death of SCLC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagla Zubeyde Kopru
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilgin Cagnan
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Akar
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gunes Esendagli
- Department of Basic Oncology, Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petek Korkusuz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysen Gunel-Ozcan
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Center for Stem Cell Research and Development, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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Liu Z, Hao X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Carey CD, Falo LD, Storkus WJ, You Z. Intratumoral delivery of tumor antigen-loaded DC and tumor-primed CD4 + T cells combined with agonist α-GITR mAb promotes durable CD8 + T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1315487. [PMID: 28680744 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1315487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive tumor microenvironment (TME) coordinately supports tumor cell expansion and metastasis, while it antagonizes the survival and (poly-)functionality of antitumor T effector cells. There remains a clear need to develop novel therapeutic strategies that can transform the TME into a pro-inflammatory niche that recruits and sustains protective immune cell populations. While intravenous treatment with tumor-primed CD4+ T cells combined with intraperitoneal delivery of agonist anti-glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (α-GITR) mAb results in objective antitumor responses in murine early stage disease models, this approach is ineffective against more advanced tumors. Further subcutaneous co-administration of a vaccine consisting of tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DC) failed to improve the antitumor efficacy of this approach. Remarkably, these same three therapeutic agents elicited significant antitumor benefits when the antitumor CD4+ T cells and tumor antigen-loaded DC were co-injected directly into tumors along with intratumoral or intraperitoneal delivery of α-GITR mAb. This latter protocol induced the production of an array of antitumor cytokines and chemokines within the TME, supporting increased tumor-infiltration by antitumor CD8+ T cells capable of mediating tumor regression and extended overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuqiang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xingxing Hao
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Cara D Carey
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Louis D Falo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang You
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Leyland R, Watkins A, Mulgrew KA, Holoweckyj N, Bamber L, Tigue NJ, Offer E, Andrews J, Yan L, Mullins S, Oberst MD, Coates Ulrichsen J, Leinster DA, McGlinchey K, Young L, Morrow M, Hammond SA, Mallinder P, Herath A, Leow CC, Wilkinson RW, Stewart R. A Novel Murine GITR Ligand Fusion Protein Induces Antitumor Activity as a Monotherapy That Is Further Enhanced in Combination with an OX40 Agonist. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3416-3427. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Knee DA, Hewes B, Brogdon JL. Rationale for anti-GITR cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Cancer 2016; 67:1-10. [PMID: 27591414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of cancer immunotherapy has evolved from assessing peripheral responses in the blood to monitoring changes in the tumour microenvironment. Both preclinical and clinical experience has taught us that modulation of the tumour microenvironment has significant implications to generating robust antitumour immunity. Clinical benefit has been well documented to correlate with a tumour microenvironment that contains a dense infiltration of CD8+CD45RO+ T effectors and a high ratio of CD8+ T cells to FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In preclinical tumour models, modulation of the Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor (GITR)/GITR ligand (GITRL) axis suggests this pathway may provide the desired biological outcome of inhibiting Treg function while activating CD8+ T effector cells. This review will focus on the scientific rationale and considerations for the therapeutic targeting of GITR for cancer immunotherapy and will discuss possible combination strategies to enhance clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Knee
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapeutics, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Becker Hewes
- Department of Translational & Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 220 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Brogdon
- Department of Exploratory Immuno-Oncology, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Krill KT, Csencsits-Smith K, Wood SC, Faust S, Lu G, Bishop DK. Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein stimulation reverses cardiac allograft acceptance induced by CD40-CD40L blockade. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:986859. [PMID: 23690829 PMCID: PMC3652106 DOI: 10.1155/2013/986859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD40-CD40L blockade has potent immunosuppressive effects in cardiac allograft rejection but is less effective in the presence of inflammatory signals. To better understand the factors that mediate CD40-CD40L blockade-resistant rejection, we studied the effects of stimulation through glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR), a costimulatory protein expressed by regulatory and effector T cells. Stimulation of CD40-/- or wild-type recipient mice treated with anti-CD40L mAb (WT+anti-CD40L) and with agonistic anti-GITR mAb resulted in cardiac allograft rejection. GITR stimulation did not induce rejection once long-term graft acceptance was established. In vitro, GITR stimulation increased proliferation of effector T cells and decreased regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation in both treatment groups. GITR-stimulated CD40-/- recipients rejected their allografts more rapidly compared to GITR-stimulated WT+anti-CD40L recipients, and this rejection, characterized by a robust Th2 response and significant eosinophilic infiltrate, could be mediated by CD4+ T cells alone. In contrast, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were required to induce rejection in GITR-stimulated WT+anti-CD40L-treated recipients, and the pathology of rejection was less severe. Hence, early GITR stimulation could initiate graft rejection despite CD40 deficiency or anti-CD40L mAb treatment, though the recipient response was dependent on the mechanism of CD40-CD40L disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth T. Krill
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Keri Csencsits-Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sherri C. Wood
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Susan Faust
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Guanyi Lu
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - D. Keith Bishop
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Section of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Gao Y, Whitaker-Dowling P, Griffin JA, Bergman I. Treatment with targeted vesicular stomatitis virus generates therapeutic multifunctional anti-tumor memory CD4 T cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:282-91. [PMID: 22240921 PMCID: PMC3307905 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A generally applicable, easy-to-use method of focusing a patient's immune system to eradicate or prevent cancer has been elusive. We are attempting to develop a targeted virus to accomplish these aims. We previously created a recombinant replicating Vesicular Stomatitis Virus that preferentially infected Her2/neu expressing breast cancer cells and showed therapeutic efficacy in an implanted Balb/c mouse tumor model. The current work shows that this therapy generated therapeutic anti-tumor CD4 T-cells against multiple tumor antigens. CD4 T-cells transferred directly from cured donor mice could eradicate established tumors in host mice. T-cells were transferred directly from donor mice and were not stimulated ex vivo. Both tumors that expressed Her2/neu and those that did not were cured by transferred T-cells. Analysis of cytokines secreted by anti-tumor memory CD4 T-cells displayed a multifunctional pattern with high levels of IFNγ, IL-4 and IL-17. Anti-tumor memory CD4 T-cells traveled to the mesenteric lymph nodes and were activated there. Treatment with targeted rrVSV is a potent immune adjuvant that generates therapeutic, multifunctional anti-tumor memory CD4 T-cells that recognize multiple tumor antigens. Immunity elicited by viral therapy is independent of host major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or knowledge of tumor antigens. Virus-induced tumor immunity could have great benefit in the prevention and treatment of tumor metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
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Côté AL, Zhang P, O'Sullivan JA, Jacobs VL, Clemis CR, Sakaguchi S, Guevara-Patiño JA, Turk MJ. Stimulation of the glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related receptor on CD8 T cells induces protective and high-avidity T cell responses to tumor-specific antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:275-83. [PMID: 21106849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with a stimulatory Ab to glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR) has previously been shown to elicit protective T cell responses against poorly immunogenic tumors. However, the role of GITR stimulation on CD8 T cells and the nature of tumor rejection Ags have yet to be determined. In this study, we show that a stimulatory mAb to GITR (clone DTA-1) acts directly on CD8 T cells, but not on CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells, in B16 tumor-bearing mice to induce concomitant immunity against secondary B16 tumors, as well as protective memory following surgical excision of the primary tumor. Melanoma growth itself induced GITR expression on tumor-specific CD8 T cells, providing a mechanism whereby these cells may respond to stimulatory anti-GITR. Unexpectedly, in contrast to T(reg) cell depletion therapy with anti-CD4, GITR stimulation induced very weak CD8 T cell responses to melanocyte differentiation Ags expressed by the tumor, and did not induce autoimmune vitiligo. Accordingly, GITR-stimulated hosts that were primed with B16 melanoma rejected B16, but not the unrelated JBRH melanoma, indicating that tumor rejection Ags are tumor-specific rather than shared. In support of this, we show that GITR stimulation induces CD8 T cell responses to a tumor-specific Ag, and that these responses are of higher functional avidity compared with those induced by T(reg) cell depletion. We conclude that stimulation of GITR on effector CD8 T cells results in high-avidity T cell responses to tumor-specific Ags, thereby inducing potent antitumor immunity in the absence of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik L Côté
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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