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Liu B, Zhou H, Tan L, Siu KTH, Guan XY. Exploring treatment options in cancer: Tumor treatment strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:175. [PMID: 39013849 PMCID: PMC11252281 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy have burdened cancer patients with onerous physical and psychological challenges. Encouragingly, the landscape of tumor treatment has undergone a comprehensive and remarkable transformation. Emerging as fervently pursued modalities are small molecule targeted agents, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), cell-based therapies, and gene therapy. These cutting-edge treatment modalities not only afford personalized and precise tumor targeting, but also provide patients with enhanced therapeutic comfort and the potential to impede disease progression. Nonetheless, it is acknowledged that these therapeutic strategies still harbour untapped potential for further advancement. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the merits and limitations of these treatment modalities holds the promise of offering novel perspectives for clinical practice and foundational research endeavours. In this review, we discussed the different treatment modalities, including small molecule targeted drugs, peptide drugs, antibody drugs, cell therapy, and gene therapy. It will provide a detailed explanation of each method, addressing their status of development, clinical challenges, and potential solutions. The aim is to assist clinicians and researchers in gaining a deeper understanding of these diverse treatment options, enabling them to carry out effective treatment and advance their research more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beilei Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongyu Zhou
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Licheng Tan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kin To Hugo Siu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Chattopadhyay S, Hazra R, Mallick A, Gayen S, Roy S. A review exploring the fusion of oncolytic viruses and cancer immunotherapy: An innovative strategy in the realm of cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189110. [PMID: 38754793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are increasingly recognized as potent tools in cancer therapy, effectively targeting and eradicating oncogenic conditions while sparing healthy cells. They enhance antitumor immunity by triggering various immune responses throughout the cancer cycle. Genetically engineered OVs swiftly destroy cancerous tissues and activate the immune system by releasing soluble antigens like danger signals and interferons. Their ability to stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity makes them particularly attractive in cancer immunotherapy. Recent advancements involve combining OVs with other immune therapies, yielding promising results. Transgenic OVs, designed to enhance immunostimulation and specifically target cancer cells, further improve immune responses. This review highlights the intrinsic mechanisms of OVs and underscores their synergistic potential with other immunotherapies. It also proposes strategies for optimizing armed OVs to bolster immunity against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Chattopadhyay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India
| | - Rudradeep Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India
| | - Arijit Mallick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India
| | - Sakuntala Gayen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India.
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Vasileva N, Ageenko A, Byvakina A, Sen’kova A, Kochneva G, Mishinov S, Richter V, Kuligina E. The Recombinant Oncolytic Virus VV-GMCSF-Lact and Chemotherapy Drugs against Human Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4244. [PMID: 38673835 PMCID: PMC11049884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy is one of the perspective technologies in the treatment of malignant neoplasms. Previously, we have developed oncolytic vaccinia virus VV-GMCSF-Lact and its high cytotoxic activity and antitumor efficacy against glioma was shown. In this work, using immortalized and patient-derived cells with different sensitivity to VV-GMCSF-Lact, we evaluated the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy agents. Additionally, we studied the combination of VV-GMCSF-Lact with temozolomide which is the most preferred drug for glioma treatment. Experimental results indicate that first adding temozolomide and then the virus to the cells is inherently more efficient than dosing it in the reverse order. Testing these regimens in the U87 MG xenograft glioblastoma model confirmed this effect, as assessed by tumor growth inhibition index and histological analysis. Moreover, VV-GMCSF-Lact as monotherapy is more effective against U87 MG glioblastoma xenografts comparing temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vasileva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (V.R.); (E.K.)
- “Oncostar” LLC, Inzhenernaya Street 23, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
| | - Alisa Ageenko
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (V.R.); (E.K.)
| | - Arina Byvakina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (V.R.); (E.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Sen’kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (V.R.); (E.K.)
| | - Galina Kochneva
- The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “VECTOR”, Koltsovo 630559, Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
| | - Sergey Mishinov
- Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics n.a. Ya.L. Tsivyan, Frunze Street 17, Novosibirsk 630091, Novosibirsk Region, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Richter
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (V.R.); (E.K.)
| | - Elena Kuligina
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia; (A.A.); (A.B.); (A.S.); (V.R.); (E.K.)
- “Oncostar” LLC, Inzhenernaya Street 23, Novosibirsk 630090, Novosibirsk Region, Russia
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Iyer M, Ravichandran N, Karuppusamy PA, Gnanarajan R, Yadav MK, Narayanasamy A, Vellingiri B. Molecular insights and promise of oncolytic virus based immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2024; 140:419-492. [PMID: 38762277 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Discovering a therapeutic that can counteract the aggressiveness of this disease's mechanism is crucial for improving survival rates for cancer patients and for better understanding the most different types of cancer. In recent years, using these viruses as an anticancer therapy has been thought to be successful. They mostly work by directly destroying cancer cells, activating the immune system to fight cancer, and expressing exogenous effector genes. For the treatment of tumors, oncolytic viruses (OVs), which can be modified to reproduce only in tumor tissues and lyse them while preserving the healthy non-neoplastic host cells and reinstating antitumor immunity which present a novel immunotherapeutic strategy. OVs can exist naturally or be created in a lab by altering existing viruses. These changes heralded the beginning of a new era of less harmful virus-based cancer therapy. We discuss three different types of oncolytic viruses that have already received regulatory approval to treat cancer as well as clinical research using oncolytic adenoviruses. The primary therapeutic applications, mechanism of action of oncolytic virus updates, future views of this therapy will be covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Nandita Ravichandran
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Roselin Gnanarajan
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
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Wang C, Lu N, Yan L, Li Y. The efficacy and safety assessment of oncolytic virotherapies in the treatment of advanced melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Virol J 2023; 20:252. [PMID: 37919738 PMCID: PMC10623758 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy and safety of oncolytic virotherapies in the treatment of advanced melanoma still remains controversal. It is necessary to conduct quantitative evaluation on the basis of preclinical trial reports. METHODS Publicly available databases (PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library.) and register (Clinicaltrials.gov) were searched to collect treatment outcomes of oncolytic virotherapies (including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV), coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21), adenovirus, poxvirus and reovirus) for advanced/unresectable melanoma. Comparisons of treatment response, adverse events (AEs) and survival analyses for different virotherapies were performed by R software based on the extracted data from eligible studies. RESULTS Finally, thirty-four eligible studies were analysed and HSV virotherapy had the highest average complete response (CR, 24.8%) and HSV had a slightly higher average overall response rate (ORR) than CVA21 (43.8% vs 42.6%). In the pooled results of comparing talimogene laherparepve (T-VEC) with or without GM-CSF/ICIs (immune checkpoint inhibitors) to GM-CSF/ICIs monotherapy suggested virotherapy was more efficient in subgroups CR (RR = 1.80, 95% CI [1.30; 2.51], P < 0.01), ORR (RR = 1.17, 95% CI [1.02; 1.34], P < 0.05), and DCR (RR = 1.27, 95% CI [1.15; 1.40], P < 0.01). In patients treated with T-VEC+ICIs, 2-year overall survival (12.1 ± 6.9 months) and progression-free survival (9.9 ± 6.9) were significantly longer than those treated with T-VEC alone. Furthermore, we found that AEs occurred frequently in virotherapy but decreased in a large cohort of enrolled patients, some of which, such as abdominal distension/pain, injection site pain and pruritus, were found to be positively associated with disease progression in patients treated with T-VEC monotherapy. CONCLUSION Given the relative safety and tolerability of oncolytic viruses, and the lack of reports of dose-limiting-dependent toxicities, more patients treated with T-VEC with or without ICIs should be added to future assessment analyses. There is still a long way to go before it can be used as a first-line therapy for patients with advanced or unresectable melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Nanxiao Lu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Dermatology, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Municipal Hospital), NO.1 Jiaozhou Road, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China.
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Liu D, Che X, Wang X, Ma C, Wu G. Tumor Vaccines: Unleashing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1384. [PMID: 37895855 PMCID: PMC10610367 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review delves into the rapidly evolving arena of cancer vaccines. Initially, we examine the intricate constitution of the tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic factor that significantly influences tumor heterogeneity. Current research trends focusing on harnessing the TME for effective tumor vaccine treatments are also discussed. We then provide a detailed overview of the current state of research concerning tumor immunity and the mechanisms of tumor vaccines, describing the complex immunological processes involved. Furthermore, we conduct an exhaustive analysis of the contemporary research landscape of tumor vaccines, with a particular focus on peptide vaccines, DNA/RNA-based vaccines, viral-vector-based vaccines, dendritic-cell-based vaccines, and whole-cell-based vaccines. We analyze and summarize these categories of tumor vaccines, highlighting their individual advantages, limitations, and the factors influencing their effectiveness. In our survey of each category, we summarize commonly used tumor vaccines, aiming to provide readers with a more comprehensive understanding of the current state of tumor vaccine research. We then delve into an innovative strategy combining cancer vaccines with other therapies. By studying the effects of combining tumor vaccines with immune checkpoint inhibitors, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and oncolytic virotherapy, we establish that this approach can enhance overall treatment efficacy and offset the limitations of single-treatment approaches, offering patients more effective treatment options. Following this, we undertake a meticulous analysis of the entire process of personalized cancer vaccines, elucidating the intricate process from design, through research and production, to clinical application, thus helping readers gain a thorough understanding of its complexities. In conclusion, our exploration of tumor vaccines in this review aims to highlight their promising potential in cancer treatment. As research in this field continues to evolve, it undeniably holds immense promise for improving cancer patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dequan Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (D.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (D.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China;
| | - Chuanyu Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (D.L.); (X.C.)
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China; (D.L.); (X.C.)
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Li M, Zhang M, Ye Q, Liu Y, Qian W. Preclinical and clinical trials of oncolytic vaccinia virus in cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review. Cancer Biol Med 2023; 20:j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0202. [PMID: 37615308 PMCID: PMC10546091 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2023.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for human cancers owing to an ability to elicit curative effects via systemic administration. Tumor cells often create an unfavorable immunosuppressive microenvironment that degrade viral structures and impede viral replication; however, recent studies have established that viruses altered via genetic modifications can serve as effective oncolytic agents to combat hostile tumor environments. Specifically, oncolytic vaccinia virus (OVV) has gained popularity owing to its safety, potential for systemic delivery, and large gene insertion capacity. This review highlights current research on the use of engineered mutated viruses and gene-armed OVVs to reverse the tumor microenvironment and enhance antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, and provides an overview of ongoing clinical trials and combination therapies. In addition, we discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of OVV as a cancer therapy, and explore different perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Li
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Minghuan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Qian Ye
- Hangzhou Rong-Gu Biotechnology Limited Company, Hangzhou 310056, China
| | - Yunhua Liu
- Department of Pathology & Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenbin Qian
- Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Zhu X, Fan C, Xiong Z, Chen M, Li Z, Tao T, Liu X. Development and application of oncolytic viruses as the nemesis of tumor cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1188526. [PMID: 37440883 PMCID: PMC10335770 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1188526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses and tumors are two pathologies that negatively impact human health, but what occurs when a virus encounters a tumor? A global consensus among cancer patients suggests that surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other methods are the primary means to combat cancer. However, with the innovation and development of biomedical technology, tumor biotherapy (immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapy, gene therapy, oncolytic virus therapy, etc.) has emerged as an alternative treatment for malignant tumors. Oncolytic viruses possess numerous anti-tumor properties, such as directly lysing tumor cells, activating anti-tumor immune responses, and improving the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional immunotherapy, oncolytic virus therapy offers advantages including high killing efficiency, precise targeting, and minimal side effects. Although oncolytic virus (OV) therapy was introduced as a novel approach to tumor treatment in the 19th century, its efficacy was suboptimal, limiting its widespread application. However, since the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first OV therapy drug, T-VEC, in 2015, interest in OV has grown significantly. In recent years, oncolytic virus therapy has shown increasingly promising application prospects and has become a major research focus in the field of cancer treatment. This article reviews the development, classification, and research progress of oncolytic viruses, as well as their mechanisms of action, therapeutic methods, and routes of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Affiliated to Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology—Manhattan Campus, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chenyang Fan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medicine and Technology, School of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhuolong Xiong
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zesong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Systems Biology and Synthetic Biology for Urogenital Tumors, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital(Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Xiuqing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Chang R, Gulley JL, Fong L. Vaccinating against cancer: getting to prime time. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006628. [PMID: 37286302 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, cellular therapies, and T-cell engagers, have fundamentally changed our approach to treating cancer. However, successes with cancer vaccines have been more difficult to realize. While vaccines against specific viruses have been widely adopted to prevent the development of cancer, only two vaccines can improve survival in advanced disease: sipuleucel-T and talimogene laherparepvec. These represent the two approaches that have the most traction: vaccinating against cognate antigen and priming responses using tumors in situ. Here, we review the challenges and opportunities researchers face in developing therapeutic vaccines for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Chang
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Hematology/Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Duan S, Wang S, Qiao L, Yu X, Wang N, Chen L, Zhang X, Zhao X, Liu H, Wang T, Wu Y, Li N, Liu F. Oncolytic Virus-Driven Biotherapies from Bench to Bedside. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206948. [PMID: 36879416 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With advances in cancer biology and an ever-deepening understanding of molecular virology, oncolytic virus (OV)-driven therapies have developed rapidly and become a promising alternative to traditional cancer therapies. In recent years, satisfactory results for oncolytic virus therapy (OVT) are achieved at both the cellular and organismal levels, and efforts are being increasingly directed toward clinical trials. Unfortunately, OVT remains ineffective in these trials, especially when performed using only a single OV reagent. In contrast, integrated approaches, such as using immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, alongside OVT have demonstrated considerable efficacy. The challenges of OVT in clinical efficacy include the restricted scope of intratumoral injections and poor targeting of intravenous administration. Further optimization of OVT delivery is needed before OVs become a viable therapy for tumor treatment. In this review, the development process and antitumor mechanisms of OVs are introduced. The advances in OVT delivery routes to provide perspectives and directions for the improvement of OVT delivery are highlighted. This review also discusses the advantages and limitations of OVT monotherapy and combination therapy through the lens of recent clinical trials and aims to chart a course toward safer and more effective OVT strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Duan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- Colorectal and Henia Minimally Invasive Surgery Unit, Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Liting Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Tianye Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Department of General Practice, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ning Li
- Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Funan Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, China Medical University, Ministry of Education, Phase I Clinical Trials Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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11
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Shakiba Y, Vorobyev PO, Naumenko VA, Kochetkov DV, Zajtseva KV, Valikhov MP, Yusubalieva GM, Gumennaya YD, Emelyanov EA, Semkina AS, Baklaushev VP, Chumakov PM, Lipatova AV. Oncolytic Efficacy of a Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Strain Expressing Bacterial Flagellin in Solid Tumor Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040828. [PMID: 37112810 PMCID: PMC10142208 DOI: 10.3390/v15040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a promising novel approach to cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses cause tumor regression through direct cytolysis on the one hand and recruiting and activating immune cells on the other. In this study, to enhance the antitumor efficacy of the thymidine kinase-deficient vaccinia virus (VV, Lister strain), recombinant variants encoding bacterial flagellin (subunit B) of Vibrio vulnificus (LIVP-FlaB-RFP), firefly luciferase (LIVP-Fluc-RFP) or red fluorescent protein (LIVP-RFP) were developed. The LIVP-FLuc-RFP strain demonstrated exceptional onco-specificity in tumor-bearing mice, detected by the in vivo imaging system (IVIS). The antitumor efficacy of these variants was explored in syngeneic murine tumor models (B16 melanoma, CT26 colon cancer and 4T1 breast cancer). After intravenous treatment with LIVP-FlaB-RFP or LIVP-RFP, all mice tumor models exhibited tumor regression, with a prolonged survival rate in comparison with the control mice. However, superior oncolytic activity was observed in the B16 melanoma models treated with LIVP-FlaB-RFP. Tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes and the cytokine analysis of the serum and tumor samples from the melanoma-xenografted mice treated with these virus variants demonstrated activation of the host's immune response. Thus, the expression of bacterial flagellin by VV can enhance its oncolytic efficacy against immunosuppressive solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel O Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor A Naumenko
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119034 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia V Zajtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marat P Valikhov
- Department of Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119034 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaukhar M Yusubalieva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana D Gumennaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor A Emelyanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alevtina S Semkina
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Groeneveldt C, van den Ende J, van Montfoort N. Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:1-12. [PMID: 36732155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of antitumor immune responses. As many OVs circulate in the human population, preexisting OV-specific immune responses are prevalent. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are abundantly present in the human population for commonly used OVs, such as Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Vaccinia virus, Measles virus, and Reovirus. This review discusses (pre)clinical evidence regarding the effect of preexisting immunity against OVs on two distinct aspects of OV therapy; OV infection and spread, as well as the immune response induced upon OV therapy. Combined, this review provides evidence that consideration of preexisting immunity is crucial in realizing the full potential of the highly promising therapeutic implementation of OVs. Future investigation of current gaps in knowledge highlighted in this review should yield a more complete understanding of this topic, ultimately allowing for better and more personalized OV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper van den Ende
- Master Infection & Immunity, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Fatima M, Amraiz D, Navid MT. Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 185:105-126. [PMID: 37306907 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27156-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy opens up avenues for cancer treatment by selectively targeting the cancer cells and destructs them either through direct lysis or by inducing an immune response in the tumor microenvironment. This platform technology utilizes a diverse range naturally existing or genetically modified oncolytic viruses for their immunotherapeutic potential. Due to the limitations associated with the conventional cancer therapies, immunotherapies using oncolytic viruses (OVs) have generated a great deal of interest in the modern era. Currently, several oncolytic viruses have entered clinical trials and have proven successful for a number of different cancers as monotherapies as well as in combination with the standard treatment methods like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy. Efficacy of OVs can be further enhanced by utilizing several approaches. Efforts of the scientific community for getting better knowledge of individual patient tumor immune responses will enable medical community to treat cancer patients more precisely. In this regard, OV seems to be a part of multimodality cancer treatment option in the near future. In this chapter, the fundamental characteristics and mechanism of actions of oncolytic viruses are initially described and then overview of the important clinical trials of various oncolytic viruses for a number of cancers is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munazza Fatima
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Deeba Amraiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Tariq Navid
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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14
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Yun CO, Hong J, Yoon AR. Current clinical landscape of oncolytic viruses as novel cancer immunotherapeutic and recent preclinical advancements. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953410. [PMID: 36091031 PMCID: PMC9458317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical industry as a novel immunotherapeutic and therapeutic adjuvant due to their ability to induce and boost antitumor immunity through multiple mechanisms. First, intrinsic mechanisms of OVs that enable exploitation of the host immune system (e.g., evading immune detection) can nullify the immune escape mechanism of tumors. Second, many types of OVs have been shown to cause direct lysis of tumor cells, resulting in an induction of tumor-specific T cell response mediated by release of tumor-associated antigens and danger signal molecules. Third, armed OV-expressing immune stimulatory therapeutic genes could be highly expressed in tumor tissues to further improve antitumor immunity. Last, these OVs can inflame cold tumors and their microenvironment to be more immunologically favorable for other immunotherapeutics. Due to these unique characteristics, OVs have been tested as an adjuvant of choice in a variety of therapeutics. In light of these promising attributes of OVs in the immune-oncology field, the present review will examine OVs in clinical development and discuss various strategies that are being explored in preclinical stages for the next generation of OVs that are optimized for immunotherapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Ok Yun
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- GeneMedicine CO., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - A-Rum Yoon
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (HY-IBB), Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: A-Rum Yoon,
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15
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Samson A, West EJ, Carmichael J, Scott KJ, Turnbull S, Kuszlewicz B, Dave RV, Peckham-Cooper A, Tidswell E, Kingston J, Johnpulle M, da Silva B, Jennings VA, Bendjama K, Stojkowitz N, Lusky M, Prasad K, Toogood GJ, Auer R, Bell J, Twelves CJ, Harrington KJ, Vile RG, Pandha H, Errington-Mais F, Ralph C, Newton DJ, Anthoney A, Melcher AA, Collinson F. Neoadjuvant Intravenous Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Therapy Promotes Anticancer Immunity in Patients. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:745-756. [PMID: 35439304 PMCID: PMC9381099 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Improving the chances of curing patients with cancer who have had surgery to remove metastatic sites of disease is a priority area for cancer research. Pexa-Vec (Pexastimogene Devacirepvec; JX-594, TG6006) is a principally immunotherapeutic oncolytic virus that has reached late-phase clinical trials. We report the results of a single-center, nonrandomized biological end point study (trial registration: EudraCT number 2012-000704-15), which builds on the success of the presurgical intravenous delivery of oncolytic viruses to tumors. Nine patients with either colorectal cancer liver metastases or metastatic melanoma were treated with a single intravenous infusion of Pexa-Vec ahead of planned surgical resection of the metastases. Grade 3 and 4 Pexa-Vec-associated side effects were lymphopaenia and neutropaenia. Pexa-Vec was peripherally carried in plasma and was not associated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Upon surgical resection, Pexa-Vec was found in the majority of analyzed tumors. Pexa-Vec therapy associated with IFNα secretion, chemokine induction, and resulted in transient innate and long-lived adaptive anticancer immunity. In the 2 patients with significant and complete tumor necrosis, a reduction in the peripheral T-cell receptor diversity was observed at the time of surgery. These results support the development of presurgical oncolytic vaccinia virus-based therapies to stimulate anticancer immunity and increase the chances to cure patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Corresponding Author: Adel Samson, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom. Phone: 011-3343-8449; E-mail:
| | - Emma J. West
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Carmichael
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen J. Scott
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Turnbull
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Kuszlewicz
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv V. Dave
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emma Tidswell
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Barbara da Silva
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria A. Jennings
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - K.R. Prasad
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebecca Auer
- Ontario Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John Bell
- Ontario Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Chris J. Twelves
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christy Ralph
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J. Newton
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Anthoney
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fiona Collinson
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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16
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Hu X, Zhou W, Pi R, Zhao X, Wang W. Genetically modified cancer vaccines: Current status and future prospects. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1492-1517. [PMID: 35235212 DOI: 10.1002/med.21882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines can stimulate the immune system to protect individuals from infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccines have also been applied to the prevention and treatment of cancers. Due to advances in genetic engineering technology, cancer vaccines could be genetically modified to increase antitumor efficacy. Various genes could be inserted into cells to boost the immune response, such as cytokines, T cell costimulatory molecules, tumor-associated antigens, and tumor-specific antigens. Genetically modified cancer vaccines utilize innate and adaptive immune responses to induce durable antineoplastic capacity and prevent the recurrence. This review will discuss the major approaches used to develop genetically modified cancer vaccines and explore recent advances to increase the understanding of engineered cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Pi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xia Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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17
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Bhatt DK, Wekema L, Carvalho Barros LR, Chammas R, Daemen T. A systematic analysis on the clinical safety and efficacy of onco-virotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:239-253. [PMID: 34761104 PMCID: PMC8551473 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several onco-virotherapy candidates have been developed and clinically evaluated for the treatment of cancer, and several are approved for clinical use. In this systematic review we explored the clinical impact of onco-virotherapy compared to other cancer therapies by analyzing factors such as trial design, patient background, therapy design, delivery strategies, and study outcomes. For this purpose, we retrieved clinical studies from three platforms: ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and EMBASE. We found that most studies were performed in patients with advanced and metastatic tumors, using a broad range of genetically engineered vectors and mainly administered intratumorally. Therapeutic safety was the most frequently assessed outcome, while relatively few studies focused on immunological antitumor responses. Moreover, only 59 out of 896 clinical studies were randomized controlled trials reporting comparative data. This systemic review thus reveals the need of more, and better controlled, clinical studies to increase our understanding on the application of onco-virotherapy either as a single treatment or in combination with other cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshak K Bhatt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.,Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Lieske Wekema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Luciana Rodrigues Carvalho Barros
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, CEP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands
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18
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Santos Apolonio J, Lima de Souza Gonçalves V, Cordeiro Santos ML, Silva Luz M, Silva Souza JV, Rocha Pinheiro SL, de Souza WR, Sande Loureiro M, de Melo FF. Oncolytic virus therapy in cancer: A current review. World J Virol 2021; 10:229-255. [PMID: 34631474 PMCID: PMC8474975 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v10.i5.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the advancement in the understanding about the most diverse types of cancer and consequently a relentless search for a cure and increased survival rates of cancer patients, finding a therapy that is able to combat the mechanism of aggression of this disease is extremely important. Thus, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have demonstrated great benefits in the treatment of cancer because it mediates antitumor effects in several ways. Viruses can be used to infect cancer cells, especially over normal cells, to present tumor-associated antigens, to activate "danger signals" that generate a less immune-tolerant tumor microenvironment, and to serve transduction vehicles for expression of inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines. The success of therapies using OVs was initially demonstrated by the use of the genetically modified herpes virus, talimogene laherparepvec, for the treatment of melanoma. At this time, several OVs are being studied as a potential treatment for cancer in clinical trials. However, it is necessary to be aware of the safety and possible adverse effects of this therapy; after all, an effective treatment for cancer should promote regression, attack the tumor, and in the meantime induce minimal systemic repercussions. In this manuscript, we will present a current review of the mechanism of action of OVs, main clinical uses, updates, and future perspectives on this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - João Victor Silva Souza
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Campus Vitória da Conquista, Vitória da Conquista 45083-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Samuel Luca Rocha Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Wedja Rafaela de Souza
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Matheus Sande Loureiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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19
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Hill C, Grundy M, Bau L, Wallington S, Balkaran J, Ramos V, Fisher K, Seymour L, Coussios C, Carlisle R. Polymer stealthing and mucin-1 retargeting for enhanced pharmacokinetics of an oncolytic vaccinia virus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 21:47-61. [PMID: 33869742 PMCID: PMC8026752 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VV) is a powerful tool for cancer treatment with the potential for tumor tropism, efficient cell-to-cell spread, rapid replication in cancer cells, and stimulation of anti-tumor immunity. It has a well-defined safety profile and is being assessed in late-stage clinical trials. However, VV clinical utility is limited by rapid bloodstream neutralization and poor penetration into tumors. These factors have often restricted its route of delivery to intratumoral or intrahepatic artery injection and may impede repeat dosing. Chemical stealthing improves the pharmacokinetics of non-enveloped viruses, but it has not yet been applied to enveloped viruses such as VV. In the present study, amphiphilic polymer was used to coat VV, leading to reduced binding of a neutralizing anti-VV antibody (81.8% of polymer-coated VV [PCVV] staining positive versus 97.1% of VV [p = 0.0038]). Attachment of anti-mucin-1 (aMUC1) targeting antibody, to give aMUC1-PCVV, enabled binding of the construct to MUC1. In high MUC1 expressing CAPAN-2 cells, infection with PCVV was reduced compared to VV, while infection was restored with aMUC1-PCVV. Pharmacokinetics of aMUC1-PCVV, PCVV, and VV were evaluated. After intravenous (i.v.) injection of 1 × 108 viral genomes (VG) or 5 × 108 VG, circulation time for PCVV and aMUC1-PCVV was increased, with ~5-fold higher circulating dose at 5 min versus VV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hill
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Megan Grundy
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sheena Wallington
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joel Balkaran
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Victor Ramos
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Materials, Institut Quimic de Sarria, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerry Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Len Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Constantin Coussios
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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20
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Lin W, Zhao Y, Zhong L. Current strategies of virotherapy in clinical trials for cancer treatment. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4668-4692. [PMID: 33738818 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a novel immune-active agent for cancer treatment, viruses have the ability of infecting and replicating in tumor cells. The safety and efficacy of viruses has been tested and confirmed in preclinical and clinical trials. In the last decade, virotherapy has been adopted as a monotherapy or combined therapy with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, showing promising outcomes against cancer. In this review, the current strategies of viruses used in clinical trials are classified and described. Besides this, the challenge and future prospects of virotherapy in the management for cancer patients are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Lin
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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21
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Jin KT, Du WL, Liu YY, Lan HR, Si JX, Mou XZ. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Solid Tumors: The Challenges and Achievements. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040588. [PMID: 33546172 PMCID: PMC7913179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could be applied in cancer immunotherapy without in-depth knowledge of tumor antigens. The capability of genetic modification makes OVs exciting therapeutic tools with a high potential for manipulation. Improving efficacy, employing immunostimulatory elements, changing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to inflammatory TME, optimizing their delivery system, and increasing the safety are the main areas of OVs manipulations. Recently, the reciprocal interaction of OVs and TME has become a hot topic for investigators to enhance the efficacy of OVT with less off-target adverse events. Current investigations suggest that the main application of OVT is to provoke the antitumor immune response in the TME, which synergize the effects of other immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint blockers and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we focused on the effects of OVs on the TME and antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, OVT challenges, including its moderate efficiency, safety concerns, and delivery strategies, along with recent achievements to overcome challenges, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Jing-Xing Si
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
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Béguin J, Gantzer M, Farine I, Foloppe J, Klonjkowski B, Maurey C, Quéméneur É, Erbs P. Safety, biodistribution and viral shedding of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 administered intravenously in healthy beagle dogs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2209. [PMID: 33500518 PMCID: PMC7838210 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging strategy that uses replication-competent viruses to kill tumor cells. We have reported the oncolytic effects of TG6002, a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus, in preclinical human xenograft models and canine tumor explants. To assess the safety, biodistribution and shedding of TG6002 administered by the intravenous route, we conducted a study in immune-competent healthy dogs. Three dogs each received a single intravenous injection of TG6002 at 105 PFU/kg, 106 PFU/kg or 107 PFU/kg, and one dog received three intravenous injections at 107 PFU/kg. The injections were well tolerated without any clinical, hematological or biochemical adverse events. Viral genomes were only detected in blood at the earliest sampling time point of one-hour post-injection at 107 PFU/kg. Post mortem analyses at day 35 allowed detection of viral DNA in the spleen of the dog which received three injections at 107 PFU/kg. Viral genomes were not detected in the urine, saliva or feces of any dogs. Seven days after the injections, a dose-dependent antibody mediated immune response was identified. In conclusion, intravenous administration of TG6002 shows a good safety profile, supporting the initiation of clinical trials in canine cancer patients as well as further development as a human cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béguin
- Transgene, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | | | - Bernard Klonjkowski
- UMR Virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Christelle Maurey
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Engineering and Preclinical Evaluation of Western Reserve Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Expressing A167Y Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100426. [PMID: 33081279 PMCID: PMC7650665 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral replication of thymidine kinase deleted (tk-) vaccinia virus (VV) is attenuated in resting normal cells, enabling cancer selectivity, however, replication potency of VV-tk- appears to be diminished in cancer cells. Previously, we found that wild-type herpes simplex virus (HSV)-tk (HSV-tk) disappeared in most of the recombinant VV after multiple screenings, and only a few recombinant VV containing naturally mutated HSV-tk remained stable. In this study, VV-tk of western reserve (WR) VV was replaced by A167Y mutated HSV-tk (HSV-tk418m), to alter nucleoside selectivity from broad spectrum to purine exclusive selectivity. WOTS-418 remained stable after numerous passages. WOTS-418 replication was significantly attenuated in normal cells, but cytotoxicity was almost similar to that of wild type WR VV in cancer cells. WOTS-418 showed no lethality following a 5 × 108 PFU intranasal injection, contrasting WR VV, which showed 100% lethality at 1 × 105 PFU. Additionally, ganciclovir (GCV) but not BvdU inhibited WOTS-418 replication, confirming specificity to purine nucleoside analogs. The potency of WOTS-418 replication inhibition by GCV was > 10-fold higher than that of our previous truncated HSV-tk recombinant OTS-412. Overall, WOTS-418 demonstrated robust oncolytic efficacy and pharmacological safety which may delegate it as a candidate for future clinical use in OV therapy.
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Cook M, Chauhan A. Clinical Application of Oncolytic Viruses: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207505. [PMID: 33053757 PMCID: PMC7589713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leveraging the immune system to thwart cancer is not a novel strategy and has been explored via cancer vaccines and use of immunomodulators like interferons. However, it was not until the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors that we realized the true potential of immunotherapy in combating cancer. Oncolytic viruses are one such immunotherapeutic tool that is currently being explored in cancer therapeutics. We present the most comprehensive systematic review of all oncolytic viruses in Phase 1, 2, and 3 clinical trials published to date. We performed a systematic review of all published clinical trials indexed in PubMed that utilized oncolytic viruses. Trials were reviewed for type of oncolytic virus used, method of administration, study design, disease type, primary outcome, and relevant adverse effects. A total of 120 trials were found; 86 trials were available for our review. Included were 60 phase I trials, five phase I/II combination trials, 19 phase II trials, and two phase III clinical trials. Oncolytic viruses are feverously being evaluated in oncology with over 30 different types of oncolytic viruses being explored either as a single agent or in combination with other antitumor agents. To date, only one oncolytic virus therapy has received an FDA approval but advances in bioengineering techniques and our understanding of immunomodulation to heighten oncolytic virus replication and improve tumor kill raises optimism for its future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Cook
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Aman Chauhan
- Department of Internal Medicine-Medical Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +504-278-0134
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25
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de Graaf JF, Huberts M, Fouchier RAM, van den Hoogen BG. Determinants of the efficacy of viro-immunotherapy: A review. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:124-132. [PMID: 32919831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus immunotherapy is rapidly gaining interest in the field of immunotherapy against cancer. The minimal toxicity upon treatment and the dual activity of direct oncolysis and immune activation make therapy with oncolytic viruses (OVs) an interesting treatment modality. The safety and efficacy of several OVs have been assessed in clinical trials and, so far, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved one OV. Unfortunately, most treatments with OVs have shown suboptimal responses in clinical trials, while they appeared more promising in preclinical studies, with tumours reducing after immune cell influx. In several clinical trials with OVs, parameters such as virus replication, virus-specific antibodies, systemic immune responses, immune cell influx into tumours and tumour-specific antibodies have been studied as predictors or correlates of therapy efficacy. In this review, these studies are summarized to improve our understanding of the determinants of the efficacy of OV therapies in humans and to provide insights for future developments in the viro-immunotherapy treatment field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F de Graaf
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centrum, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Huberts
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centrum, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R A M Fouchier
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centrum, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B G van den Hoogen
- Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centrum, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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26
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Hager S, Fittler FJ, Wagner E, Bros M. Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E2061. [PMID: 32917034 PMCID: PMC7564019 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors proposed to boost the patients' anti-tumor immune response has proven the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches for tumor therapy. Furthermore, especially in the context of the development of biocompatible, cell type targeting nano-carriers, nucleic acid-based drugs aimed to initiate and to enhance anti-tumor responses have come of age. This review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the therapeutic use of nucleic acids for cancer treatment on various levels, comprising (i) mRNA and DNA-based vaccines to be expressed by antigen presenting cells evoking sustained anti-tumor T cell responses, (ii) molecular adjuvants, (iii) strategies to inhibit/reprogram tumor-induced regulatory immune cells e.g., by RNA interference (RNAi), (iv) genetically tailored T cells and natural killer cells to directly recognize tumor antigens, and (v) killing of tumor cells, and reprograming of constituents of the tumor microenvironment by gene transfer and RNAi. Aside from further improvements of individual nucleic acid-based drugs, the major perspective for successful cancer therapy will be combination treatments employing conventional regimens as well as immunotherapeutics like checkpoint inhibitors and nucleic acid-based drugs, each acting on several levels to adequately counter-act tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hager
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | | | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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27
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Safety studies and viral shedding of intramuscular administration of oncolytic vaccinia virus TG6002 in healthy beagle dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:307. [PMID: 32843040 PMCID: PMC7446062 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a leading cause of mortality for both humans and dogs. As spontaneous canine cancers appear to be relevant models of human cancers, developing new therapeutic approaches could benefit both species. Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach in cancer treatment. TG6002 is a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus deleted in the thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase genes and armed with the suicide gene FCU1 that encodes a protein which catalyses the conversion of the non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the toxic metabolite 5-fluorouracil. Previous studies have shown the ability of TG6002 to infect and replicate in canine tumor cell lines, and demonstrated its oncolytic potency in cell lines, xenograft models and canine mammary adenocarcinoma explants. Moreover, 5-fluorouracil synthesis has been confirmed in fresh canine mammary adenocarcinoma explants infected with TG6002 with 5-fluorocytosine. This study aims at assessing the safety profile and viral shedding after unique or repeated intramuscular injections of TG6002 in seven healthy Beagle dogs. RESULTS Repeated intramuscular administrations of TG6002 at the dose of 5 × 107 PFU/kg resulted in no clinical or biological adverse effects. Residual TG6002 in blood, saliva, urine and feces of treated dogs was not detected by infectious titer assay nor by qPCR, ensuring the safety of the virus in the dogs and their environment. CONCLUSIONS These results establish the good tolerability of TG6002 in healthy dogs with undetectable viral shedding after multiple injections. This study supports the initiation of further studies in canine cancer patients to evaluate the oncolytic potential of TG6002 and provides critical data for clinical development of TG6002 as a human cancer therapy.
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28
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Hu PY, Fan XM, Zhang YN, Wang SB, Wan WJ, Pan HY, Mou XZ. The limiting factors of oncolytic virus immunotherapy and the approaches to overcome them. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8231-8242. [PMID: 32816087 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy is characterized by viruses which specifically target cancer cells and cause their cytolysis. They provide a unique and promising new tool for the eradication of cancer as they interact with and affect the tumor microenvironment (TME), vasculature, and immune system. Advancements of genetic engineering have allowed for these viruses to be armed in such a way to have enhanced targeting, strong immunomodulation properties, and an ability to modify the TME. However, there are still major limitations in their use, mostly due to difficulties in delivering the viral particles to the tumors and in ensuring that the immunomodulatory properties are able to stimulate the host immune response to mount a complete response. Using novel delivery systems and using OVs as a complementary therapy in a combinatorial treatment have shown some significant successes. In this review, we discuss the major issues and difficulties in using OVs as anti-tumor agents and some of the strategies put in place so far to overcome these limitations. KEY POINTS: • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) infect cancer cells and cause their cytolysis. • The major limitations in using OVs as anti-tumor therapy were discussed. • The potential strategies to overcome these limitations were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yang Hu
- Department of Traumatology, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People's Hospital), Taizhou, 317200, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - You-Ni Zhang
- Department of Traumatology, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People's Hospital), Taizhou, 317200, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wei-Jie Wan
- Shandong Xiandai University, Jinan, 250104, China
| | - Hong-Ying Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China. .,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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29
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Ding Y, Fan J, Deng L, Peng Y, Zhou B, Huang B. Evaluation of Tumor Specificity and Immunity of Thymidine Kinase-Deleted Vaccinia Virus Guang9 Strain. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7683-7697. [PMID: 32801778 PMCID: PMC7415446 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s260288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oncolytic viruses are emerging as promising options for clinical cancer treatment due to their inherent ability of tumor tropism and oncolytic property. Aside from tumor lysis, oncolytic viruses can induce host immune responses against tumor cells and may thus be viewed as a form of immunotherapy. Methods The attenuated vaccinia VG9-Luc, which originated from Chinese vaccinia Tian Tan strain, was constructed to express firefly luciferase for bioluminescence imaging and to disrupt the thymidine kinase gene for promoting tumor specificity. An in vivo bioluminescence imaging was performed to observe the virus distribution in live mice. The titers of neutralizing antiviral and antitumor antibodies in plasma were determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Results Except BALB/c mice treated with intravenous virus injection, all immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice showed obvious tumor targeting ability of vaccinia VG9-Luc. Besides, host immune response activated by vaccinia VG9-Luc showed the production of antiviral and antitumor antibodies, the process of which was similar between intravenous and intratumoral viral delivery systems. The results indicated that virus infection promoted tumor-specific immunity by increasing the production of antitumor antibodies. Moreover, virus reinjection was performed and a more rapid viral clearance was observed in immunocompetent mice compared with first virus infection. Conclusion The thymidine kinase-deleted vaccinia Guang9 strain, which has the properties of tumor specificity and antitumor immunity, is a promising candidate vector for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuedi Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
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30
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Deng L, Yang X, Fan J, Ding Y, Peng Y, Xu D, Huang B, Hu Z. An Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Armed with GM-CSF and IL-24 Double Genes for Cancer Targeted Therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3535-3544. [PMID: 32425553 PMCID: PMC7196195 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s249816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Targeted oncolytic vaccinia virus is an attractive candidate for cancer therapy due to its replication causing lysis of infected tumor cells as well as a delivery vector to overexpress therapeutic transgenes. This study constructed a novel oncolytic vaccinia virus carrying granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin-24 (IL-24) double genes to improve efficacy for cancer therapy. Methods Vaccinia virus co-expressing GM-CSF and IL-24 based on Chinese Guang9 strain (VG9-GMCSF-IL24) was constructed with disruption of the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene. The cytotoxicity of VG9-GMCSF-IL24 in various cell lines was assessed by MTT. The synergistic antitumor effect of VG9-GMCSF-IL24 in vivo was assessed on multiple tumor models. Results In vitro cytotoxicity assay showed that VG9-GMCSF-IL24 exerted a strongly cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, but with no significant cytotoxicity to normal cells. Significant tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival were observed in different tumor models treated with VG9-GMCSF-IL24. Additionally, systemic and specific antitumoral immunity was investigated in vivo, and enhanced antitumor immunity was observed in VG9-GMCSF-IL24-treated mice. Conclusion Our results indicated that VG9-mediated GM-CSF and IL-24 co-expression performed cooperative and overlapping antitumor effect. As a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for cancer, the combination of oncolysis and immunotherapy with vaccinia virus carrying one or more immunostimulatory genes may have a satisfactory clinical application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Yang
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214063, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Huang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, People's Republic of China
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31
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Kiyohara E, Tanemura A, Nishioka M, Yamada M, Tanaka A, Yokomi A, Saito A, Sakura K, Nakajima T, Myoui A, Sakurai T, Kawakami Y, Kaneda Y, Katayama I. Intratumoral injection of hemagglutinating virus of Japan-envelope vector yielded an antitumor effect for advanced melanoma: a phase I/IIa clinical study. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1131-1140. [PMID: 32047956 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ; Sendai virus) is an RNA virus that has cell fusion activity. HVJ-envelope (HVJ-E) is a UV-irradiated HVJ particle that loses viral replication and protein synthesis activity but retains cell fusion activity. We recently reported that HVJ-E has antitumor effects on several types of tumors. Here, we describe the results of a first-in-human phase I/IIa study in patients with advanced melanoma, receiving intratumoral administration of HVJ-E. The primary aim was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of HVJ-E, and the secondary aim was to examine the objective tumor response and antitumor immunity. Six patients with stage IIIC or IV progressive malignant melanoma with skin or lymph metastasis were enrolled. Patients were separated into two groups (n = 3 each) and received low and high doses of HVJ-E. Five of the six patients completed 4 weeks of follow-up evaluation; one patient discontinued treatment owing to progressive disease. Complete or partial responses were observed in 3 of 6 (50%) injected target lesions, 7 of 15 (47%) noninjected target lesions, and 10 of 21 (48%) target lesions. Induction of antitumor immunity was observed: activation of natural killer cells, a marked increase in interferon-γ levels in the peripheral blood, and infiltration of cytotoxic T cells into both injected and noninjected tumor lesions. Thus, intratumoral injection of HVJ-E in advanced melanoma patients showed safety and tolerability with local regression of the tumor mediated by antitumor immunity. The results suggest that HVJ-E might be a new treatment approach in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kiyohara
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanemura
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Megumi Nishioka
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mizuho Yamada
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aya Tanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akinori Yokomi
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Saito
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuma Sakura
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | | | - Akira Myoui
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Sakurai
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8583, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8583, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Kaneda
- Division of Gene Therapy Science, Department of Genome Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Dermatology, Course of Integrated Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
The optimal clinical exploitation of viruses as gene therapy or oncolytic vectors will require them to be administered intravenously. Strategies must therefore be deployed to enable viruses to survive the harsh neutralizing environment of the bloodstream and achieve deposition within and throughout target tissues or tumor deposits. This chapter describes the genetic and chemical engineering approaches that are being developed to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A P Hill
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luca Bau
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Deng L, Fan J, Ding Y, Yang X, Huang B, Hu Z. Target Therapy With Vaccinia Virus Harboring IL-24 For Human Breast Cancer. J Cancer 2020; 11:1017-1026. [PMID: 31956348 PMCID: PMC6959063 DOI: 10.7150/jca.37590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with high aggression and novel targeted therapeutic strategies are required. Oncolytic vaccinia virus is an attractive candidate for cancer treatment due to its tumor cell-specific replication causing lysis of tumor cells as well as a delivery vector to overexpress therapeutic transgenes. Interleukin-24 (IL-24) is a novel tumor suppressor cytokine that selectively induces apoptosis in a wide variety of tumor types, including breast cancer. In this study, we used vaccinia virus as a delivery vector to express IL-24 gene and antitumor effects were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: The vaccinia virus strain Guang9 armed with IL-24 gene (VG9-IL-24) was constructed via disruption of the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene region. The cytotoxicity of VG9-IL-24 in various breast cancer cell lines was assessed by MTT and cell cycle progression and apoptosis were examined by flow cytometry. In vivo antitumor effects were further observed in MDA-MB-231 xenograft mouse model. Results: In vitro, VG9-IL-24 efficiently infected and selectively killed breast cancer cells with no strong cytotoxicity to normal cells. VG9-IL-24 induced increased number of apoptotic cells and blocked breast cancer cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Western blotting results indicated that VG9-IL-24-mediated apoptosis was related to PI3K/β-catenin signaling pathway. In vivo, VG9-IL-24 delayed tumor growth and improved survival. Conclusions: Our findings provided documentation that VG9-IL-24 was targeted in vitro and exhibited enhanced antitumor effects, and it may be an innovative therapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Jun Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Yuedi Ding
- NHC Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi 214063, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Biao Huang
- School of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi People's Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214023, China
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Oncolytic virotherapy, alone or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, for advanced melanoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:106050. [PMID: 31812724 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced melanoma, one of the most lethal forms of skin cancer, remains a difficult condition to treat, despite the substantial scientific progression in cancer treatment. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV), either alone or combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has often been administrated in an attempt to cure this malignancy. However, the clinical outcomes dramatically vary among different reports. METHODS In this study, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety profile of OV, combined with ICIs in some cases, in advanced melanoma patients. The original clinical studies were identified based on the online query in PubMed, Cochrane, and Web of Science before December 30, 2018. RESULTS A total of 18 publications involving 1472 patients were included for the final meta-analysis. The data concerning objective response rate (ORR) and incidence rate of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were extracted accordingly from the text or supplementary materials. The results illustrated that a single treatment of OV could generate a 25% ORR for advanced melanoma, and the ORR could be improved to 45% if combined with ICIs. Further analysis demonstrated that the introduction of ICIs in OV could increase the incidence rate of severe irAEs (AE ≥ 3) from 12% to 39%. However, the rate attributed to OV remains at 12% in the combination group. CONCLUSION The clinical efficacy of OV can be significantly improved by ICIs even though more onerous burden will be exerted simultaneously on the safety profile.
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35
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Abstract
Intratumoral immunotherapies aim to trigger local and systemic immunologic responses via direct injection of immunostimulatory agents with the goal of tumor cell lysis, followed by release of tumor‐derived antigens and subsequent activation of tumor‐specific effector T cells. In 2019, a multitude of intratumoral immunotherapies with varied mechanisms of action, including nononcolytic viral therapies such as PV‐10 and toll‐like receptor 9 agonists and oncolytic viral therapies such as CAVATAK, Pexa‐Vec, and HF10, have been extensively evaluated in clinical trials and demonstrated promising antitumor activity with tolerable toxicities in melanoma and other solid tumor types. Talimogene laherparepvec (T‐VEC), a genetically modified herpes simplex virus type 1–based oncolytic immunotherapy, is the first oncolytic virus approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of unresectable melanoma recurrent after initial surgery. In patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma, T‐VEC demonstrated a superior durable response rate (continuous complete response or partial response lasting ≥6 months) over subcutaneous GM‐CSF (16.3% vs. 2.1%; p < .001). Responses were seen in both injected and uninjected lesions including visceral lesions, suggesting a systemic antitumor response. When combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors, T‐VEC significantly improved response rates compared with single agent; similar results were seen with combinations of checkpoint inhibitors and other intratumoral therapies such as CAVATAK, HF10, and TLR9 agonists. In this review, we highlight recent results from clinical trials of key intratumoral immunotherapies that are being evaluated in the clinic, with a focus on T‐VEC in the treatment of advanced melanoma as a model for future solid tumor indications. Implications for Practice This review provides oncologists with the latest information on the development of key intratumoral immunotherapies, particularly oncolytic viruses. Currently, T‐VEC is the only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved oncolytic immunotherapy. This article highlights the efficacy and safety data from clinical trials of T‐VEC both as monotherapy and in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. This review summarizes current knowledge on intratumoral therapies, a novel modality with increased utility in cancer treatment, and T‐VEC, the only U.S. FDA‐approved oncolytic viral therapy, for medical oncologists. This review evaluates approaches to incorporate T‐VEC into daily practice to offer the possibility of response in selected melanoma patients with manageable adverse events as compared with other available immunotherapies. This review highlights recent results from clinical trials of key intratumoral immunotherapies that are being evaluated in the clinic, with a focus on talimogene laherparepvec in the treatment of advanced melanoma as a model for future solid tumor indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Hamid
- The Angeles Clinic and Research InstituteLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Igor Puzanov
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer CenterBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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Fu Y, Liu S, Zeng S, Shen H. From bench to bed: the tumor immune microenvironment and current immunotherapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:396. [PMID: 31500650 PMCID: PMC6734524 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1396-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks the most common primary liver malignancy and the third leading cause of tumor-related mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, despite advances in HCC treatment, less than 40% of HCC patients are eligible for potentially curative therapies. Recently, cancer immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most promising approaches for cancer treatment. It has been proven therapeutically effective in many types of solid tumors, such as non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma. As an inflammation-associated tumor, it's well-evidenced that the immunosuppressive microenvironment of HCC can promote immune tolerance and evasion by various mechanisms. Triggering more vigorous HCC-specific immune response represents a novel strategy for its management. Pre-clinical and clinical investigations have revealed that various immunotherapies might extend current options for needed HCC treatment. In this review, we provide the recent progress on HCC immunology from both basic and clinical perspectives, and discuss potential advances and challenges of immunotherapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Fu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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37
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Sun T, Luo Y, Wang M, Xie T, Yan H. Recombinant Oncolytic Vaccinia Viruses Expressing Human β-Defensin 2 Enhance Anti-tumor Immunity. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 13:49-57. [PMID: 31011627 PMCID: PMC6463222 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is still a leading of cause of death worldwide. Among the bio-therapy strategies for cancer, vaccinia virus (VV) has been widely used as an expression vector because of its potent oncolytic activities in addition to its large capacity for insertion of foreign genes and excellent safety records. In the present study, a novel recombinant VV, VV-HBD2-lacZ, expressing human β-defensin 2 (HBD2), an anti-microbial peptide of the innate immune system, was constructed. First, the chemotaxis characteristics of HBD2 expressed on VV-HBD2-lacZ-infected cells toward dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro and in vivo were demonstrated. The anti-tumor effects of VV-HBD2-lacZ in vitro and in vivo in a mouse melanoma cancer model were then investigated. It was found that VV-HBD2-lacZ was able to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis significantly. It was further demonstrated that VV-HBD2-lacZ induced potent cytotoxic activity by increasing the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that HBD2-expressing VV recruited plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) to the tumor location, leading to cytotoxic T cell response against the tumor, and thus inhibited tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, oncolytic HBD2-expressing VV provides an effective treatment for tumors by triggering innate and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Yanxi Luo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Minglong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hill
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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39
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Yang R, Wang L, Sheng J, Huang Q, Pan D, Xu Y, Yan J, Wang X, Dong Z, Yang M. Combinatory effects of vaccinia virus VG9 and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic on cancer therapy. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1805-1814. [PMID: 31087190 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04257-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant vaccinia virus VG9 and the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic were combined to kill cancer cells via both oncolytic activity and inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation in cells. The combinatory anti-tumour activity of these compounds was superior to the activity of VG9 or Stattic alone in vivo. The inhibition of tumour growth occurred via increased apoptosis and autophagy pathways. Furthermore, the combinatory anti-tumour activity was more efficient than that of VG9 or Stattic alone on xenografts, especially in nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China.
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Jie Sheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qianhuan Huang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Ziyue Dong
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, No. 20, Qianrong Road, Wuxi, 214063, China. .,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
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40
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Martinez-Quintanilla J, Seah I, Chua M, Shah K. Oncolytic viruses: overcoming translational challenges. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1407-1418. [PMID: 30829653 DOI: 10.1172/jci122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in which WT or engineered viruses selectively replicate and destroy tumor cells while sparing normal ones. In the last two decades, different oncolytic viruses (OVs) have been modified and tested in a number of preclinical studies, some of which have led to clinical trials in cancer patients. These clinical trials have revealed several critical limitations with regard to viral delivery, spread, resistance, and antiviral immunity. Here, we focus on promising research strategies that have been developed to overcome the aforementioned obstacles. Such strategies include engineering OVs to target a broad spectrum of tumor cells while evading the immune system, developing unique delivery mechanisms, combining other immunotherapeutic agents with OVT, and using clinically translatable mouse tumor models to potentially translate OVT more readily into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Seah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging and
| | - Melissa Chua
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging and.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Center for Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging and.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Chon HJ, Lee WS, Yang H, Kong SJ, Lee NK, Moon ES, Choi J, Han EC, Kim JH, Ahn JB, Kim JH, Kim C. Tumor Microenvironment Remodeling by Intratumoral Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Enhances the Efficacy of Immune-Checkpoint Blockade. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1612-1623. [PMID: 30538109 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer immunotherapy is a potent treatment modality, but its clinical benefit depends on the tumor's immune profile. Here, we used mJX-594 (JX), a targeted and GM-CSF-armed oncolytic vaccinia virus, as a strategy to remodel the tumor microenvironment (TME) and subsequently increase sensitivity to αPD-1 and/or αCTLA-4 immunotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The remodeling of the TME was determined using histologic, flow-cytometric, and NanoString immune profiling analyses. JX was intratumorally injected into implanted Renca kidney tumors or MMTV-PyMT transgenic mouse breast cancers with or without αPD-1 and/or αCTLA-4. Various combination regimens were used to evaluate immunotherapeutic anticancer responses. RESULTS Intratumoral injection of JX remodeled the TME through dynamic changes in the immune system, as shown by increased tumor-infiltrating T cells and upregulation of immune-related gene signatures. This remodeling induced conversion of a noninflamed tumor into an inflamed tumor. JX virotherapy led to enhanced abscopal effects in distant tumors, with increased intratumoral infiltration of CD8+ T cells. A depletion study revealed that GM-CSF is an indispensable regulator of anticancer efficacy of JX. Dual-combination therapy with intratumoral JX and systemic αPD-1 or αCTLA-4 further enhanced the anticancer immune response, regardless of various treatment schedules. Of note, triple combination immunotherapy with JX, αPD-1, and αCTLA-4 elicited the most potent anticancer immunity and induced complete tumor regression and long-term overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that intratumoral JX treatment induces dramatic remodeling of the TME and more potently suppresses cancer progression with immune-checkpoint blockades by overcoming resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jae Chon
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Yonsei Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Lee
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Yang
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Kong
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Keum Lee
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jiwon Choi
- SillaJen, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Chun Han
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hoon Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Yonsei Graduate School, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hang Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kim
- Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea. .,Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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42
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Rothermel LD, Zager JS. Engineered oncolytic viruses to treat melanoma: where are we now and what comes next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:1199-1207. [PMID: 30392405 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1544614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melanoma treatments have evolved rapidly in the past decade and have included the use of intratumoral injections of engineered oncolytic viruses. One such oncolytic virus is talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), which is the first approved therapy of its kind for use in recurrent, unresectable stage IIIB-IVM1a melanoma. Additional oncolytic viruses and their uses in combination with other interventions are currently under investigation. AREAS COVERED Oncolytic viruses are being evaluated as immunotherapies for a variety of advanced malignancies. In this article, we review T-VEC, the only FDA-approved engineered oncolytic virus, in addition to ongoing research regarding other oncolytic viruses for the treatment of advanced melanomas. Finally, we discuss opportunities to improve these therapies through viral, host, and tumor-related modifications. EXPERT OPINION Engineered and naturally oncolytic viruses have demonstrable local and systemic efficacy as immunotherapies in cancer. T-VEC leads the way with improved survival outcomes for unresectable, stage IIIB-IVM1a melanoma as a monotherapy, and is demonstrating superior results in combination with systemic checkpoint inhibitors. Additional viral vectors show acceptable safety profiles and varying degrees of efficacy in targeting melanoma. The indications for use of oncolytic viruses will expand as their efficacy and appropriate usage is better understood in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan S Zager
- b Department of Cutaneous Oncology and Sarcoma , Moffitt Cancer Center , Tampa , FL , USA
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43
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LaRocca CJ, Warner SG. Oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors: combination therapy in clinical trials. Clin Transl Med 2018; 7:35. [PMID: 30426287 PMCID: PMC6234197 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-018-0214-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of cancer immunotherapy and the development of multiple checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically changed the current landscape of cancer treatment. Recent large-scale phase III trials (e.g. PHOCUS, OPTiM) are establishing use of oncolytic viruses as another tool in the cancer therapeutics armamentarium. These viruses do not simply lyse cells to achieve their cancer-killing effects, but also cause dramatic changes in the tumor immune microenvironment. This review will highlight the major vector platforms that are currently in development (including adenoviruses, reoviruses, vaccinia viruses, herpesviruses, and coxsackieviruses) and how they are combined with checkpoint inhibitors. These vectors employ a variety of engineered capsid modifications to enhance infectivity, genome deletions or promoter elements to confer selective replication, and encode a variety of transgenes to enhance anti-tumor or immunogenic effects. Pre-clinical and clinical data have shown that oncolytic vectors can induce anti-tumor immunity and markedly increase immune cell infiltration (including cytotoxic CD8+ T cells) into the local tumor microenvironment. This "priming" by the viral infection can change a 'cold' tumor microenvironment into a 'hot' one with the influx of a multitude of immune cells and cytokines. This alteration sets the stage for subsequent checkpoint inhibitor delivery, as they are most effective in an environment with a large lymphocytic infiltrate. There are multiple ongoing clinical trials that are currently combining oncolytic viruses with checkpoint inhibitors (e.g. CAPTIVE, CAPRA, and Masterkey-265), and the initial results are encouraging. It is clear that oncolytic viruses and checkpoint inhibitors will continue to evolve together as a combination therapy for multiple types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J LaRocca
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Susanne G Warner
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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Combining Tumor Vaccination and Oncolytic Viral Approaches with Checkpoint Inhibitors: Rationale, Pre-Clinical Experience, and Current Clinical Trials in Malignant Melanoma. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:657-670. [PMID: 29961183 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-018-0359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of tumor immunology has faced many complex challenges over the last century, but the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors (anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 [CTLA4] and anti-programmed cell death-1 [PD-1]/PD-ligand 1 [PD-L1]) and talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma have awakened a new wave of interest in cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, combinations of vaccines and oncolytic viral therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors and other systemic agents seem to be promising synergistic strategies to further boost the immune response against cancer. These combinations are undergoing clinical investigation, and if successful, will hopefully soon become available to patients. Here, we review key basic concepts of tumor-induced immune suppression in malignant melanoma, the historical perspective around vaccine development in melanoma, and advances in oncolytic viral therapies. We also discuss the emerging role for combination approaches with different immunomodulatory agents as well as new developments in personalized immunization approaches.
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45
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The Current Status and Future Prospects of Oncolytic Viruses in Clinical Trials against Melanoma, Glioma, Pancreatic, and Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100356. [PMID: 30261620 PMCID: PMC6210336 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy has been accepted as a standard immunotherapy since talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic®) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for melanoma treatment in 2015. Various oncolytic viruses (OVs), such as HF10 (Canerpaturev—C-REV) and CVA21 (CAVATAK), are now actively being developed in phase II as monotherapies, or in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors against melanoma. Moreover, in glioma, several OVs have clearly demonstrated both safety and a promising efficacy in the phase I clinical trials. Additionally, the safety of several OVs, such as pelareorep (Reolysin®), proved their safety and efficacy in combination with paclitaxel in breast cancer patients, but the outcomes of OVs as monotherapy against breast cancer have not provided a clear therapeutic strategy for OVs. The clinical trials of OVs against pancreatic cancer have not yet demonstrated efficacy as either monotherapy or as part of combination therapy. However, there are several oncolytic viruses that have successfully proved their efficacy in different preclinical models. In this review, we mainly focused on the oncolytic viruses that transitioned into clinical trials against melanoma, glioma, pancreatic, and breast cancers. Hence, we described the current status and future prospects of OVs clinical trials against melanoma, glioma, pancreatic, and breast cancers.
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Recombinant Viruses for Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040094. [PMID: 30257488 PMCID: PMC6316473 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant viruses are novel therapeutic agents that can be utilized for treatment of various diseases, including cancers. Recombinant viruses can be engineered to express foreign transgenes and have a broad tropism allowing gene expression in a wide range of host cells. They can be selected or designed for specific therapeutic goals; for example, recombinant viruses could be used to stimulate host immune response against tumor-specific antigens and therefore overcome the ability of the tumor to evade the host's immune surveillance. Alternatively, recombinant viruses could express immunomodulatory genes which stimulate an anti-cancer immune response. Oncolytic viruses can replicate specifically in tumor cells and induce toxic effects leading to cell lysis and apoptosis. However, each of these approaches face certain difficulties that must be resolved to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy. In this review we discuss actively developing approaches for cancer therapy based on recombinant viruses, problems that need to be overcome, and possible prospects for further development of recombinant virus based therapy.
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MacNeill AL, Weishaar KM, Séguin B, Powers BE. Safety of an Oncolytic Myxoma Virus in Dogs with Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080398. [PMID: 30060548 PMCID: PMC6115854 DOI: 10.3390/v10080398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many oncolytic viruses that are efficacious in murine cancer models are ineffective in humans. The outcomes of oncolytic virus treatment in dogs with spontaneous tumors may better predict human cancer response and improve treatment options for dogs with cancer. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the safety of treatment with myxoma virus lacking the serp2 gene (MYXVΔserp2) and determine its immunogenicity in dogs. To achieve these objectives, dogs with spontaneous soft tissue sarcomas were treated with MYXVΔserp2 intratumorally (n = 5) or post-operatively (n = 5). In dogs treated intratumorally, clinical scores were recorded and tumor biopsies and swabs (from the mouth and virus injection site) were analyzed for viral DNA at multiple time-points. In all dogs, blood, urine, and feces were frequently collected to evaluate organ function, virus distribution, and immune response. No detrimental effects of MYXVΔserp2 treatment were observed in any canine cancer patients. No clinically significant changes in complete blood profiles, serum chemistry analyses, or urinalyses were measured. Viral DNA was isolated from one tumor swab, but viral dissemination was not observed. Anti-MYXV antibodies were occasionally detected. These findings provide needed safety information to advance clinical trials using MYXVΔserp2 to treat patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L MacNeill
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Kristen M Weishaar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Bernard Séguin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Barbara E Powers
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Cejalvo T, Perisé-Barrios AJ, del Portillo I, Laborda E, Rodriguez-Milla MA, Cubillo I, Vázquez F, Sardón D, Ramirez M, Alemany R, del Castillo N, García-Castro J. Remission of Spontaneous Canine Tumors after Systemic Cellular Viroimmunotherapy. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4891-4901. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tachypleus tridentatus Lectin Enhances Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Replication to Suppress In Vivo Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16060200. [PMID: 29880736 PMCID: PMC6025575 DOI: 10.3390/md16060200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins play diverse roles in physiological processes as biological recognition molecules. In this report, a gene encoding Tachypleus tridentatus Lectin (TTL) was inserted into an oncolytic vaccinia virus (oncoVV) vector to form oncoVV-TTL, which showed significant antitumor activity in a hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model. Furthermore, TTL enhanced oncoVV replication through suppressing antiviral factors expression such as interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16), mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and interferon-beta (IFN-β). Further investigations revealed that oncoVV-TTL replication was highly dependent on ERK activity. This study might provide insights into a novel way of the utilization of TTL in oncolytic viral therapies.
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Li G, Mei S, Cheng J, Wu T, Luo J. Haliotis discus discus Sialic Acid-Binding Lectin Reduces the Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Induced Toxicity in a Glioblastoma Mouse Model. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16050141. [PMID: 29701680 PMCID: PMC5983273 DOI: 10.3390/md16050141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although oncolytic viruses provide attractive vehicles for cancer treatment, their adverse effects are largely ignored. In this work, rat C6 glioblastoma cells were subcutaneously xenografted into mice, and a thymidine kinase-deficient oncolytic vaccinia virus (oncoVV) induced severe toxicity in this model. However, oncoVV-HddSBL, in which a gene encoding Haliotis discus discus sialic acid-binding lectin (HddSBL) was inserted into oncoVV, significantly prolonged the survival of mice as compared to the control virus. HddSBL reduced the tumor secreted serum rat IL-2 level upregulated by oncoVV, promoted viral replication, as well as inhibited the expression of antiviral factors in C6 glioblastoma cell line. Furthermore, HddSBL downregulated the expression levels of histone H3 and H4, and upregulated histone H3R8 and H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation, confirming the effect of HddSBL on chromatin structure suggested by the transcriptome data. Our results might provide insights into the utilization of HddSBL in counteracting the adverse effects of oncolytic vaccinia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongchu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Shengsheng Mei
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jianhong Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jingjing Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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