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Li Y, Ma R, Hao X. Therapeutic role of PTEN in tissue regeneration for management of neurological disorders: stem cell behaviors to an in-depth review. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:268. [PMID: 38627382 PMCID: PMC11021430 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06657-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) represents the initial tumor suppressor gene identified to possess phosphatase activity, governing various cellular processes including cell cycle regulation, migration, metabolic pathways, autophagy, oxidative stress response, and cellular senescence. Current evidence suggests that PTEN is critical for stem cell maintenance, self-renewal, migration, lineage commitment, and differentiation. Based on the latest available evidence, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms by which PTEN regulates activities of different stem cell populations and influences neurological disorders, encompassing autism, stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review aims to elucidate the therapeutic impacts and mechanisms of PTEN in relation to neurogenesis or the stem cell niche across a range of neurological disorders, offering a foundation for innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at tissue repair and regeneration in neurological disorders. This review unravels novel therapeutic strategies for tissue restoration and regeneration in neurological disorders based on the regulatory mechanisms of PTEN on neurogenesis and the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau, China.
| | - Ruishuang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
| | - Xia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 301617, Tianjin, China
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2
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Bekas N, Samiotaki M, Papathanasiou M, Mokos P, Pseftogas A, Xanthopoulos K, Thanos D, Mosialos G, Dafou D. Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor CYLD Inhibits Fibroblast Reprogramming to Pluripotency. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4997. [PMID: 37894364 PMCID: PMC10605754 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CYLD is a tumor suppressor gene coding for a deubiquitinating enzyme that has a critical regulatory function in a variety of signaling pathways and biological processes involved in cancer development and progression, many of which are also key modulators of somatic cell reprogramming. Nevertheless, the potential role of CYLD in this process has not been studied. With the dual aim of investigating the involvement of CYLD in reprogramming and developing a better understanding of the intricate regulatory system governing this process, we reprogrammed control (CYLDWT/WT) and CYLD DUB-deficient (CYLDΔ9/Δ9) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through ectopic overexpression of the Yamanaka factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-myc). CYLD DUB deficiency led to significantly reduced reprogramming efficiency and slower early reprogramming kinetics. The introduction of WT CYLD to CYLDΔ9/Δ9 MEFs rescued the phenotype. Nevertheless, CYLD DUB-deficient cells were capable of establishing induced pluripotent colonies with full spontaneous differentiation potential of the three germ layers. Whole proteome analysis (Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD044220) revealed that the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) during the early reprogramming stages was disrupted in CYLDΔ9/Δ9 MEFs. Interestingly, differentially enriched pathways revealed that the primary processes affected by CYLD DUB deficiency were associated with the organization of the extracellular matrix and several metabolic pathways. Our findings not only establish for the first time CYLD's significance as a regulatory component of early reprogramming but also highlight its role as an extracellular matrix regulator, which has profound implications in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Bekas
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Maria Papathanasiou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (D.T.)
| | - Panagiotis Mokos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Athanasios Pseftogas
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Konstantinos Xanthopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitris Thanos
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.P.); (D.T.)
| | - George Mosialos
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
| | - Dimitra Dafou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.B.); (P.M.); (G.M.)
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Ishida T, Ueyama T, Ihara D, Harada Y, Nakagawa S, Saito K, Nakao S, Kawamura T. c-Myc/microRNA-17-92 Axis Phase-Dependently Regulates PTEN and p21 Expression via ceRNA during Reprogramming to Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1737. [PMID: 37371832 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are promising cell sources for regenerative medicine and disease modeling. iPSCs are commonly established by introducing the defined reprogramming factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. However, iPSC reprogramming efficiency remains low. Although recent studies have identified microRNAs that contribute to efficient reprogramming, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. miR-17-92 is highly expressed in embryonic stem cells and may play an important role in regulating stem cell properties. Therefore, we examined the role of miR-17-92 in the induction of mouse iPSC production. c-Myc-mediated miR-17-92 upregulation increased reprogramming efficiency, whereas CRISPR/Cas9-based deletion of the miR-17-92 cluster decreased reprogramming efficiency. A combination of in silico and microarray analyses revealed that Pten and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (known as p21) are common target genes of miR-17 and miR-20a, which are transcribed from the miR-17-92 cluster. Moreover, miR-17-92 downregulated p21 in the early phase and PTEN in the mid-to-late phase of reprogramming. These downregulations were perturbed by introducing the 3' UTR of PTEN and p21, respectively, suggesting that PTEN and p21 mRNAs are competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) against miR-17-92. Collectively, we propose that the c-Myc-mediated expression of miR-17-92 is involved in iPSC reprogramming through the phase-dependent inhibition of PTEN and p21 in a ceRNA manner, thus elucidating an underlying mechanism of iPSC reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ishida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomoe Ueyama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Dai Ihara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Harada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sae Nakagawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kaho Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shu Nakao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Tokai University School of Medicine, 143 Shimokasuya, Isehara 259-1193, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Kawamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan
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4
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Cancer cells as a new source of induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:459. [PMID: 36064437 PMCID: PMC9446809 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03145-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 2 decades, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have had various potential applications in various medical research areas, from personalized medicine to disease treatment. Different cellular resources are accessible for iPSC generation, such as keratinocytes, skin fibroblasts, and blood or urine cells. However, all these sources are somatic cells, and we must make several changes in a somatic cell's transcriptome and chromatin state to become a pluripotent cell. It has recently been revealed that cancer cells can be a new source of iPSCs production. Cancer cells show similarities with iPSCs in self-renewal capacity, reprogramming potency, and signaling pathways. Although genetic abnormalities and potential tumor formation in cancer cells pose a severe risk, reprogrammed cancer-induced pluripotent stem cells (cancer-iPSCs) indicate that pluripotency can transiently overcome the cancer phenotype. This review discusses whether cancer cells can be a preferable source to generate iPSCs.
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Wuputra K, Ku CC, Kato K, Wu DC, Saito S, Yokoyama KK. Translational models of 3-D organoids and cancer stem cells in gastric cancer research. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:492. [PMID: 34488885 PMCID: PMC8420044 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is postulated as a general concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that they can produce cancer cells overtly and repopulate cancer progenitor cells indefinitely. The CSC niche is part of a specialized cancer microenvironment that is important to keep the phenotypes of CSCs. Stem cell- and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived organoids with genetic manipulation are beneficial to the investigation of the regulation of the microenvironment of CSCs. It would be useful to assess the efficiency of the cancer microenvironment on initiation and progression of cancers. To identify CSCs in cancer tissues, normal cell organoids and gastric cancer organoids from the cancerous areas, as well as iPSCs, were established several years ago. However, many questions remain about the extent to which these cultures recapitulate the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanism of Helicobacter pylori-induced cancer progression. To clarify the fidelity of human organoid models, we have noted several key issues for the cultivation of, and differences between, normal and cancerous organoids. We developed precise culture conditions for gastric organoids in vitro to improve the accuracy of the generation of organoid models for therapeutic and medical applications. In addition, the current knowledge on gastrointestinal CSC research, including the topic of CSC markers, cancer cell reprogramming, and application to target cancer cell plasticity through niches, should be reinforced. We discuss the progression of cancers derived from human gastric organoids and the identification of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Ku
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Kohsuke Kato
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Deng-Chyang Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicines, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Shigeo Saito
- Waseda Research Institute of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan. .,Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan. .,Cell Therapy and Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan. .,Waseda Research Institute of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-0051, Japan.
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6
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Abstract
Derivation of induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming somatic cells to a pluripotent state has revolutionized stem cell research. Ensuing this, various groups have used genetic and non-genetic approaches to generate iPSCs from numerous cell types. However, achieving a pluripotent state in most of the reprogramming studies is marred by serious limitations such as low reprogramming efficiency and slow kinetics. These limitations are mainly due to the presence of potent barriers that exist during reprogramming when a mature cell is coaxed to achieve a pluripotent state. Several studies have revealed that intrinsic factors such as non-optimal stoichiometry of reprogramming factors, specific signaling pathways, cellular senescence, pluripotency-inhibiting transcription factors and microRNAs act as a roadblock. In addition, the epigenetic state of somatic cells and specific epigenetic modifications that occur during reprogramming also remarkably impede the generation of iPSCs. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the barriers that inhibit reprogramming and the understanding of which will pave the way to develop safe strategies for efficient reprogramming.
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7
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Gao J, Petraki S, Sun X, Brooks LA, Lynch TJ, Hsieh CL, Elteriefi R, Lorenzana Z, Punj V, Engelhardt JF, Parekh KR, Ryan AL. Derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells from ferret somatic cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L671-L683. [PMID: 32073882 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00456.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are an attractive mammalian model for several diseases, especially those affecting the lungs, liver, brain, and kidneys. Many chronic human diseases have been difficult to model in rodents due to differences in size and cellular anatomy. This is particularly the case for the lung, where ferrets provide an attractive mammalian model of both acute and chronic lung diseases, such as influenza, cystic fibrosis, A1A emphysema, and obliterative bronchiolitis, closely recapitulating disease pathogenesis, as it occurs in humans. As such, ferrets have the potential to be a valuable preclinical model for the evaluation of cell-based therapies for lung regeneration and, likely, for other tissues. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide a great option for provision of enough autologous cells to make patient-specific cell therapies a reality. Unfortunately, they have not been successfully created from ferrets. In this study, we demonstrate the generation of ferret iPSCs that reflect the primed pluripotent state of human iPSCs. Ferret fetal fibroblasts were reprogrammed and acquired core features of pluripotency, having the capacity for self-renewal, multilineage differentiation, and a high-level expression of the core pluripotency genes and pathways at both the transcriptional and protein level. In conclusion, we have generated ferret pluripotent stem cells that provide an opportunity for advancing our capacity to evaluate autologous cell engraftment in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Gao
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sophia Petraki
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xingshen Sun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Leonard A Brooks
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Thomas J Lynch
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Reem Elteriefi
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zareeb Lorenzana
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vasu Punj
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - John F Engelhardt
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kalpaj R Parekh
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amy L Ryan
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Pten-mediated Gsk3β modulates the naïve pluripotency maintenance in embryonic stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:107. [PMID: 32034125 PMCID: PMC7007436 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and they exist in different states of pluripotency—naïve and primed states. Pten is a well-known tumor suppressor. Here, we generated Pten−/− mouse ESCs with the CRISPR-Cas9 system and verified that Pten−/− ESCs maintained naïve pluripotency by blocking Gsk3β activity. Serum/LIF and 2i (MAPK and GSK3 inhibitors) conditions are commonly used for ESC maintenance. We show that the Pten-inhibitor SF1670 contributed to sustaining mouse ESCs and that Pten activation by the S380A, T382A, and T383A mutations (Pten-A3) suppressed the pluripotency of ESCs. The in vivo teratoma formation ability of SF1670-treated ESCs increased, while the Pten-A3 mutations suppressed teratoma formation. Furthermore, the embryoid bodies derived from Pten-deficient ESCs or SF1670-treated wild-type ESCs showed greater expression of ectoderm and pluripotency markers. These results suggest that Pten-mediated Gsk3β modulates the naïve pluripotency of ESCs and that Pten ablation regulates the lineage-specific differentiation.
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9
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Reif S, Elbaum Shiff Y, Golan-Gerstl R. Milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) have a different biological effect on normal fetal colon epithelial cells compared to colon tumor cells in a miRNA-dependent manner. J Transl Med 2019; 17:325. [PMID: 31564251 PMCID: PMC6767636 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breastfeeding is the ideal source of infant nutrition. Human milk consists not only of nutrients but also biologically active components. Among these latter compounds, exosomes contain proteins, lipids, mRNAs and miRNAs. Methods To elucidate the biological effects of milk-derived exosomes (MDEs) on normal colonic epithelial cells compared to colonic tumor cells, we incubated cells with MDEs. MDEs were able to enter into normal and tumor cells and change their miRNA expression profiles. Proliferation, cell morphology and protein expression were analyzed in these cells. Results Human milk-derived exosomes induced proliferation- and epithelial mesenchymal transformation-related changes, such as collagen type I and twist expression, in normal but not in tumor cells. PTEN, a target of miRNA-148a, was downregulated in normal but not in tumor cells following incubation with MDEs. Moreover, miRNA-148a-3p knockdown cells were used to demonstrate the importance of miRNA in the effect of exosomes on cell proliferation and protein expression. MDEs inhibited proliferation and DNMT1 expression in cells with knockdown of miRNA-148a. Conclusions In conclusion, the positive effect of exosomes on normal cells without affecting tumor cells may presents an aspect of their safety when considering it use as a nutritional supplement to infant formula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaffa Elbaum Shiff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Regina Golan-Gerstl
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Saito S, Lin YC, Nakamura Y, Eckner R, Wuputra K, Kuo KK, Lin CS, Yokoyama KK. Potential application of cell reprogramming techniques for cancer research. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:45-65. [PMID: 30283976 PMCID: PMC6326983 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2924-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the transition from an undifferentiated stem cell to a specific cell fate is one of the key techniques that are required for the application of interventional technologies to regenerative medicine and the treatment of tumors and metastases and of neurodegenerative diseases. Reprogramming technologies, which include somatic cell nuclear transfer, induced pluripotent stem cells, and the direct reprogramming of specific cell lineages, have the potential to alter cell plasticity in translational medicine for cancer treatment. The characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs), the identification of oncogene and tumor suppressor genes for CSCs, and the epigenetic study of CSCs and their microenvironments are important topics. This review summarizes the application of cell reprogramming technologies to cancer modeling and treatment and discusses possible obstacles, such as genetic and epigenetic alterations in cancer cells, as well as the strategies that can be used to overcome these obstacles to cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Saito
- Saito Laboratory of Cell Technology, Yaita, Tochigi, 329-1571, Japan
- College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8642, Japan
| | - Ying-Chu Lin
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Yukio Nakamura
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0074, Japan
| | - Richard Eckner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School-Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA
| | - Kenly Wuputra
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Kai Kuo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Shen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
| | - Kazunari K Yokoyama
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Molecular Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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11
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Zhao W, Zhu Q, Tan P, Ajibade A, Long T, Long W, Li Q, Liu P, Ning B, Wang HY, Wang RF. Tgfbr2 inactivation facilitates cellular plasticity and development of Pten-null prostate cancer. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 10:316-330. [PMID: 29228234 PMCID: PMC6161409 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in tumors can create a state of increased cellular plasticity that promotes resistance to treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies for identifying key factors that regulate cellular plasticity in order to combat resistance to chemotherapy and radiation treatment. Here we report that prostate epithelial cell reprogramming could be exploited to identify key factors required for promoting prostate cancer tumorigenesis and cellular plasticity. Deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) and transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 2 (Tgfbr2) may increase prostate epithelial cell reprogramming efficiency in vitro and cause rapid tumor development and early mortality in vivo. Tgfbr2 ablation abolished TGF-β signaling but increased the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway through the negative regulator Tmeff1. Furthermore, increased BMP signaling promotes expression of the tumor marker genes ID1, Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2; ID1/STAT3/NANOG expression was inversely correlated with patient survival. Thus, our findings provide information about the molecular mechanisms by which BMP signaling pathways render stemness capacity to prostate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peng Tan
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adebusola Ajibade
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Teng Long
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyong Long
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pinghua Liu
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Y Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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12
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Minaei Beyrami S, Khadem Ansari MH, Rasemi Y, Shakib N, Karimi P. Complete inhibition of phosphatase and tensin homolog promotes the normal and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-injured PC12 cells to cell death. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2018; 10:83-89. [PMID: 30116506 PMCID: PMC6088763 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2018.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lipid phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 (PTEN) antagonizes phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT cell survival pathway. The effect of PTEN inhibitors has been rarely examined on cell survival following reperfusion injury. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effect of SF1670, as a new PTEN inhibitor, on an in vitro stroke-like model.
Methods: PC12 cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). The cells were treated in five conditions as follows: normoxic normoglycemic (NO/NG); 60 minutes OGD; 60 minutes OGD and 6 h reperfusion (OGD/R); OGD/R treated with 10 µM SF1670 (OGD/R-SF), and NO/NG treated with 10 µM SF1670 (NO/NG-SF). Then, phosphorylation levels of AKT, P38 in PC12 cells were measured by immunoblotting. The cell viability was also determined by colorimetric assay.
Results: The results of immunoblotting revealed that following OGD/R the levels of phospho-AKT (p-AKT) significantly decreased, compared to NO/NG cells (P < 0.05). However, the ratio of p-AKT/total AKT significantly increased in the presence of SF1670 in the OGD/R-SF group, compared to the OGD/R condition. On the other hand, SF1670 significantly reduced the p-P38 MAPK and p-JNK levels, compared to OGD/R cells. Moreover, cell viability significantly decreased in the OGD and OGD/R condition compared to NO/NG cells. Surprisingly, SF-treated cells (OGD/R-SF and NO/NG-SF group) showed low cell viability compared to NO/NG condition.
Conclusion: Overall, our results demonstrated that complete inhibition of phosphatase activity of PTEN not only did not exhibit neuroprotective effect but also promoted PC12-deprived cells to death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohrab Minaei Beyrami
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Rasemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Nader Shakib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Pouran Karimi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Pulido R. PTEN Inhibition in Human Disease Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020285. [PMID: 29385737 PMCID: PMC6017825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is a major homeostatic regulator, by virtue of its lipid phosphatase activity against phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3], which downregulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR prosurvival signaling, as well as by its protein phosphatase activity towards specific protein targets. PTEN catalytic activity is crucial to control cell growth under physiologic and pathologic situations, and it impacts not only in preventing tumor cell survival and proliferation, but also in restraining several cellular regeneration processes, such as those associated with nerve injury recovery, cardiac ischemia, or wound healing. In these conditions, inhibition of PTEN catalysis is being explored as a potentially beneficial therapeutic intervention. Here, an overview of human diseases and conditions in which PTEN inhibition could be beneficial is presented, together with an update on the current status of specific small molecule inhibitors of PTEN enzymatic activity, their use in experimental models, and their limitations as research or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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14
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Michlits G, Hubmann M, Wu SH, Vainorius G, Budusan E, Zhuk S, Burkard TR, Novatchkova M, Aichinger M, Lu Y, Reece-Hoyes J, Nitsch R, Schramek D, Hoepfner D, Elling U. CRISPR-UMI: single-cell lineage tracing of pooled CRISPR-Cas9 screens. Nat Methods 2017; 14:1191-1197. [PMID: 29039415 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pooled CRISPR screens are a powerful tool for assessments of gene function. However, conventional analysis is based exclusively on the relative abundance of integrated single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) between populations, which does not discern distinct phenotypes and editing outcomes generated by identical sgRNAs. Here we present CRISPR-UMI, a single-cell lineage-tracing methodology for pooled screening to account for cell heterogeneity. We generated complex sgRNA libraries with unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) that allowed for screening of clonally expanded, individually tagged cells. A proof-of-principle CRISPR-UMI negative-selection screen provided increased sensitivity and robustness compared with conventional analysis by accounting for underlying cellular and editing-outcome heterogeneity and detection of outlier clones. Furthermore, a CRISPR-UMI positive-selection screen uncovered new roadblocks in reprogramming mouse embryonic fibroblasts as pluripotent stem cells, distinguishing reprogramming frequency and speed (i.e., effect size and probability). CRISPR-UMI boosts the predictive power, sensitivity, and information content of pooled CRISPR screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Michlits
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Hubmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Szu-Hsien Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Gintautas Vainorius
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Budusan
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei Zhuk
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas R Burkard
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC),Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC),Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Aichinger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC),Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiqing Lu
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Reece-Hoyes
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Roberto Nitsch
- Discovery Sciences RAD, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Schramek
- Center for Systems Biology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ulrich Elling
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Science (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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15
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Lei H, Shan H, Wu Y. Targeting deubiquitinating enzymes in cancer stem cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:101. [PMID: 29142505 PMCID: PMC5670729 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare but accounted for tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, relapse and therapeutic resistance. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination of stemness-related proteins are essential for CSC maintenance and differentiation, even leading to execute various stem cell fate choices. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), specifically disassembling ubiquitin chains, are important to maintain the balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In this review, we have focused on the DUBs regulation of stem cell fate determination. For example, we discuss deubiquitinase inhibition may lead stem cell transcription factors and CSCs-related protein degradation. Also, CSCs microenvironment is regulated by DUBs activity. Our review provides a new insight into DUBs activity by emphasizing their cellular role in regulating stem cell fate and illustrates the opportunities for the application of DUBs inhibitors in the CSC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Lei
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Huizhuang Shan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Yingli Wu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
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16
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Haq S, Suresh B, Ramakrishna S. Deubiquitylating enzymes as cancer stem cell therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1869:1-10. [PMID: 29054474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The focus of basic and applied research on core stem cell transcription factors has paved the way to initial delineation of their characteristics, their regulatory mechanisms, and the applicability of their regulatory proteins for protein-induced pluripotent stem cells (protein-IPSC) generation and in further clinical settings. Striking parallels have been observed between cancer stem cells (CSCs) and stem cells. For the maintenance of stem cells and CSC pluripotency and differentiation, post translational modifications (i.e., ubiquitylation and deubiquitylation) are tightly regulated, as these modifications result in a variety of stem cell fates. The identification of deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) involved in the regulation of core stem cell transcription factors and CSC-related proteins might contribute to providing novel insights into the implications of DUB regulatory mechanisms for governing cellular reprogramming and carcinogenesis. Moreover, we propose the novel possibility of applying DUBs coupled with core transcription factors to improve protein-iPSC generation efficiency. Additionally, this review article further illustrates the potential of applying DUB inhibitors as a novel therapeutic intervention for targeting CSCs. Thus, defining DUBs as core pharmacological targets implies that future endeavors to develop their inhibitors may revolutionize our ability to regulate stem cell maintenance and differentiation, somatic cell reprogramming, and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Haq
- Department of Lifesciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bharathi Suresh
- Department of Pharmacology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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17
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Klimczak M, Czerwińska P, Mazurek S, Sozańska B, Biecek P, Mackiewicz A, Wiznerowicz M. TRIM28 epigenetic corepressor is indispensable for stable induced pluripotent stem cell formation. Stem Cell Res 2017; 23:163-172. [PMID: 28759843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming proceeds in a stepwise pathway initiated by binding and transcription of pluripotency factors followed by genome-wide epigenetic changes. Priming events, such as erasure of DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling determines the success of pluripotency acquisition later. Therefore, growing efforts are made to understand epigenetic regulatory network that makes reprogramming possible and efficient. Here, we analyze the role of transcriptional corepressor TRIM28, involved in heterochromatin formation, during the process of reprogramming of mouse somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). We demonstrate that Trim28 knockdown (Trim28 KD) causes that emerging iPS cells differentiate immediately back into MEFs therefore they fail to yield stable iPS cell colonies. To better comprehend the mechanism of TRIM28 action in reprogramming, we performed a reverse-phase protein array (RPPA) using in excess of 300 different antibodies and compared the proteomic profiles of wild-type and Trim28 KD cells during reprogramming. We revealed the differences in the dynamics of reprogramming of wild-type and Trim28 KD cells. Interestingly, proteomic profile of Trim28 KD cells at the final stage of reprogramming resembled differentiated state rather than maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal, strongly suggesting spontaneous differentiation of Trim28 KD cells back to their parental cell type. We also observed that action of TRIM28 in reprogramming is accompanied by differential enrichment of proteins involved in cell cycle, adhesion and stemness. Collectively, these results suggest that regulation of epigenetic modifications coordinated by TRIM28 plays a crucial role in reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Klimczak
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; The International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Czerwińska
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Mazurek
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland; Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Sozańska
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Przemysław Biecek
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Wiznerowicz
- Department of Diagnostics and Cancer Immunology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland; Department of Cancer Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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18
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Kwon D, Ji M, Lee S, Seo KW, Kang KS. Reprogramming Enhancers in Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer, iPSC Technology, and Direct Conversion. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 13:24-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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19
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Muñoz-López A, Romero-Moya D, Prieto C, Ramos-Mejía V, Agraz-Doblas A, Varela I, Buschbeck M, Palau A, Carvajal-Vergara X, Giorgetti A, Ford A, Lako M, Granada I, Ruiz-Xivillé N, Rodríguez-Perales S, Torres-Ruíz R, Stam RW, Fuster JL, Fraga MF, Nakanishi M, Cazzaniga G, Bardini M, Cobo I, Bayon GF, Fernandez AF, Bueno C, Menendez P. Development Refractoriness of MLL-Rearranged Human B Cell Acute Leukemias to Reprogramming into Pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 7:602-618. [PMID: 27666791 PMCID: PMC5063541 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a powerful tool for disease modeling. They are routinely generated from healthy donors and patients from multiple cell types at different developmental stages. However, reprogramming leukemias is an extremely inefficient process. Few studies generated iPSCs from primary chronic myeloid leukemias, but iPSC generation from acute myeloid or lymphoid leukemias (ALL) has not been achieved. We attempted to generate iPSCs from different subtypes of B-ALL to address the developmental impact of leukemic fusion genes. OKSM(L)-expressing mono/polycistronic-, retroviral/lentiviral/episomal-, and Sendai virus vector-based reprogramming strategies failed to render iPSCs in vitro and in vivo. Addition of transcriptomic-epigenetic reprogramming “boosters” also failed to generate iPSCs from B cell blasts and B-ALL lines, and when iPSCs emerged they lacked leukemic fusion genes, demonstrating non-leukemic myeloid origin. Conversely, MLL-AF4-overexpressing hematopoietic stem cells/B progenitors were successfully reprogrammed, indicating that B cell origin and leukemic fusion gene were not reprogramming barriers. Global transcriptome/DNA methylome profiling suggested a developmental/differentiation refractoriness of MLL-rearranged B-ALL to reprogramming into pluripotency. Neither primary B-ALL blasts nor leukemic B cell lines can be reprogrammed to iPSCs Global transcriptome and DNA methylome suggest a developmental refractoriness
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Muñoz-López
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Romero-Moya
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Prieto
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Ramos-Mejía
- Genomic Oncology Department, Centre for Genomics and Oncology GENyO, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Agraz-Doblas
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; IBBTEC, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Ignacio Varela
- IBBTEC, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Palau
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xonia Carvajal-Vergara
- Cell Therapy Department, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Giorgetti
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anthony Ford
- Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Majlinda Lako
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Isabel Granada
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Hematology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut Català d'Oncología, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Neus Ruiz-Xivillé
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Hematology Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Institut Català d'Oncología, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Raul Torres-Ruíz
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Cytogenetics Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ronald W Stam
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Erasmus University, 3015 CN Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jose Luis Fuster
- Department of Pediatric Oncohematology, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mario F Fraga
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mahito Nakanishi
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraka 305-0046, Japan
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- University di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20052 Monza MB, Italy
| | - Michela Bardini
- University di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo/Fondazione MBBM, 20052 Monza MB, Italy
| | - Isabel Cobo
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Gustavo F Bayon
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Agustin F Fernandez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA-HUCA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Clara Bueno
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pablo Menendez
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Instituciò Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Kazantseva J, Sadam H, Neuman T, Palm K. Targeted alternative splicing of TAF4: a new strategy for cell reprogramming. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30852. [PMID: 27499390 PMCID: PMC4976350 DOI: 10.1038/srep30852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells has become a versatile tool for biomedical research and for regenerative medicine. In the current study, we show that manipulating alternative splicing (AS) is a highly potent strategy to produce cells for therapeutic applications. We demonstrate that silencing of hTAF4-TAFH activity of TAF4 converts human facial dermal fibroblasts to melanocyte-like (iMel) cells. iMel cells produce melanin and express microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its target genes at levels comparable to normal melanocytes. Reprogramming of melanoma cells by manipulation with hTAF4-TAFH activity upon TAFH RNAi enforces cell differentiation towards chondrogenic pathway, whereas ectoptic expression of TAF4 results in enhanced multipotency and neural crest-like features in melanoma cells. In both cell states, iMels and cancer cells, hTAF4-TAFH activity controls migration by supporting E- to N-cadherin switches. From our data, we conclude that targeted splicing of hTAF4-TAFH coordinates AS of other TFIID subunits, underscoring the role of TAF4 in synchronised changes of Pol II complex composition essential for efficient cellular reprogramming. Taken together, targeted AS of TAF4 provides a unique strategy for generation of iMels and recapitulating stages of melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helle Sadam
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Tallinn, Estonia.,The Department of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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21
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Pulido R. PTEN: a yin-yang master regulator protein in health and disease. Methods 2016; 77-78:3-10. [PMID: 25843297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN gene is a tumor suppressor gene frequently mutated in human tumors, which encodes a ubiquitous protein whose major activity is to act as a lipid phosphatase that counteracts the action of the oncogenic PI3K. In addition, PTEN displays protein phosphatase- and catalytically-independent activities. The physiologic control of PTEN function, and its inactivation in cancer and other human diseases, including some neurodevelopmental disorders, is upon the action of multiple regulatory mechanisms. This provides a wide spectrum of potential therapeutic approaches to reconstitute PTEN activity. By contrast, inhibition of PTEN function may be beneficial in a different group of human diseases, such as type 2 diabetes or neuroregeneration-related pathologies. This makes PTEN a functionally dual yin-yang protein with high potential in the clinics. Here, a brief overview on PTEN and its relation with human disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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22
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Dysregulation of ErbB Receptor Trafficking and Signaling in Demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:87-100. [PMID: 26732592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy with the majority of cases involving demyelination of peripheral nerves. The pathogenic mechanisms of demyelinating CMT remain unclear, and no effective therapy currently exists for this disease. The discovery that mutations in different genes can cause a similar phenotype of demyelinating peripheral neuropathy raises the possibility that there may be convergent mechanisms leading to demyelinating CMT pathogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that ErbB receptor-mediated signaling plays a major role in the control of Schwann cell-axon communication and myelination in the peripheral nervous system. Recent studies reveal that several demyelinating CMT-linked proteins are novel regulators of endocytic trafficking and/or phosphoinositide metabolism that may affect ErbB receptor signaling. Emerging data have begun to suggest that dysregulation of ErbB receptor trafficking and signaling in Schwann cells may represent a common pathogenic mechanism in multiple subtypes of demyelinating CMT. In this review, we focus on the roles of ErbB receptor trafficking and signaling in regulation of peripheral nerve myelination and discuss the emerging evidence supporting the potential involvement of altered ErbB receptor trafficking and signaling in demyelinating CMT pathogenesis and the possibility of modulating these trafficking and signaling processes for treating demyelinating peripheral neuropathy.
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23
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Kwon D, Kim JS, Cha BH, Park KS, Han I, Park KS, Bae H, Han MK, Kim KS, Lee SH. The Effect of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) on Efficacy of Cellular Reprogramming for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) Generation. Cell Transplant 2015; 25:1025-42. [PMID: 26450367 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x689703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are pivotal to the advancement of regenerative medicine. However, the low efficacy of iPSC generation and insufficient knowledge about the reprogramming mechanisms involved in somatic cell/adult stem cell reversion to a pluripotent phenotype remain critical hurdles to the therapeutic application of iPSCs. The present study investigated whether the concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS), a widely employed cell culture additive, can influence the cellular reprogramming efficacy (RE) of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) to generate iPSCs. Compared with the typically employed concentration of FBS (10%), high concentrations (20% and 30%) increased the RE of hADSCs by approximately twofold, whereas a low concentration (5%) decreased the RE by the same extent. Furthermore, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assays showed that hADSC proliferation during reprogramming was significantly enhanced by FBS at 20% and 30%, whereas quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting assays revealed a concomitant decrease in p53, p51, and p21 expression. In addition, the efficacy of retrovirus-mediated transduction into hADSCs was increased by approximately 10% at high concentrations of FBS. It was confirmed that platelet-derived growth factor in the FBS enhanced proliferation and reprogramming efficacy. Finally, the generated iPSCs showed a normal karyotype, the same fingerprinting pattern as parental hADSCs, a genome-wide transcriptome pattern similar to that of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), and in vivo pluripotency. In conclusion, the current investigation demonstrated that high concentrations of FBS can modulate molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the reprogramming process in hADSCs, thereby augmenting the cellular RE for iPSC generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daekee Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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González F, Huangfu D. Mechanisms underlying the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 5:39-65. [PMID: 26383234 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology, modeling diseases, and therapeutic applications. The simplest approach so far to generate human PSC lines is through reprogramming of somatic cells from an individual by defined factors, referred to simply as reprogramming. Reprogramming circumvents the ethical controversies associated with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and nuclear transfer hESCs (nt-hESCs), and the resulting induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) retain the same basic genetic makeup as the somatic cell used for reprogramming. Since the first report of iPSCs by Takahashi and Yamanaka (Cell 2006, 126:663-676), the molecular mechanisms of reprogramming have been extensively investigated. A better mechanistic understanding of reprogramming is fundamental not only to iPSC biology and improving the quality of iPSCs for therapeutic use, but also to our understanding of the molecular basis of cell identity, pluripotency, and plasticity. Here, we summarize the genetic, epigenetic, and cellular events during reprogramming, and the roles of various factors identified thus far in the reprogramming process. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:39-65. doi: 10.1002/wdev.206 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico González
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Kim JJ. Applications of iPSCs in Cancer Research. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:125-31. [PMID: 26279620 PMCID: PMC4521640 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from reprogrammed somatic cells are emerging as one of the most versatile tools in biomedical research and pharmacological studies. Oncogenic transformation and somatic cell reprogramming are multistep processes that share some common features, and iPSCs generated from cancerous cells can help us better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression of human cancers and overcome them. Aside from the mechanistic modeling of human tumorigenesis, immediate applications of this technology in cancer research include high-throughput drug screening, toxicological testing, early biomarker identification, and bioengineering of replacement tissues. Here, we review the current advances in generating iPSCs from cancer cell lines and patient-derived primary cancer tissues, and discuss their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean J Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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26
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Shoni M, Lui KO, Vavvas DG, Muto MG, Berkowitz RS, Vlahos N, Ng SW. Protein kinases and associated pathways in pluripotent state and lineage differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 9:366-87. [PMID: 24998240 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x09666140616130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) mediate the reversible conversion of substrate proteins to phosphorylated forms, a key process in controlling intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Pluripotency is, among others, characterized by specifically expressed PKs forming a highly interconnected regulatory network that culminates in a finely-balanced molecular switch. Current high-throughput phosphoproteomic approaches have shed light on the specific regulatory PKs and their function in controlling pluripotent states. Pluripotent cell-derived endothelial and hematopoietic developments represent an example of the importance of pluripotency in cancer therapeutics and organ regeneration. This review attempts to provide the hitherto known kinome profile and the individual characterization of PK-related pathways that regulate pluripotency. Elucidating the underlying intrinsic and extrinsic signals may improve our understanding of the different pluripotent states, the maintenance or induction of pluripotency, and the ability to tailor lineage differentiation, with a particular focus on endothelial cell differentiation for anti-cancer treatment, cell-based tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu-Wing Ng
- 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI- 449A, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Spate LD, Brown A, Redel BK, Whitworth KM, Prather RS. PS48 can replace bovine serum albumin in pig embryo culture medium, and improve in vitro embryo development by phosphorylating AKT. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:315-20. [PMID: 25776657 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The application of embryo-related technology is dependent on in vitro culture systems. Unfortunately, most culture media are suboptimal and result in developmentally compromised embryos. Since embryo development is partially dependent upon Warburg Effect-like metabolism, our goal was to test the response of embryos treated with compounds that are known to stimulate or enhance this Effect. One such compound is 5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-3-phenyl-pent-2-enoic acid (PS48). When added during oocyte maturation, the quality of the resultant embryos was compromised, whereas when added to the culture medium after fertilization, PS48 improved both the percentage of embryos that reach the blastocyst stage and the number of nuclei in those blastocysts. Embryonic PS48 treatment resulted in more phosphorylated v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT) in blastocyst-stage embryos as compared to the controls. Further, PS48 could replace bovine serum albumin in embryo culture medium, as demonstrated by high-quality embryos that were developmentally competent. The action of PS48 appears to be via stimulation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and phosphorylation of AKT, which is consistent with stimulation of the Warburg Effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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Fritz AL, Mao SR, West MG, Schaffer DV. A medium-throughput analysis of signaling pathways involved in early stages of stem cell reprogramming. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:209-19. [PMID: 25065366 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The induction of pluripotency from adult cells has enormous potential in regenerative medicine. While initial efforts to study mechanisms and improve efficiency of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming focused on the direct roles of transcriptional regulators, increasing evidence indicates that cellular signal transduction pathways can modulate this process. Here, we present a medium-throughput system to study the effect of signaling pathways on the early stages of reprogramming. We generated a set of lentiviral vectors encoding 38 genes that upregulate or downregulate major signal transduction pathways and quantified each signaling factor's effect on reprogramming. This approach confirmed the role of several factors previously implicated in reprogramming, as well as identified several GTPases-factors that to date have not been largely studied in reprogramming-that improve or hinder iPSC reprogramming. In addition, this methodology is useful in determining new targets for enhancing pluripotency reprogramming, lineage reprogramming, and/or cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Fritz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720
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29
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Yamaguchi S, Marumoto T, Nii T, Kawano H, Liao J, Nagai Y, Okada M, Takahashi A, Inoue H, Sasaki E, Fujii H, Okano S, Ebise H, Sato T, Suyama M, Okano H, Miura Y, Tani K. Characterization of common marmoset dysgerminoma-like tumor induced by the lentiviral expression of reprogramming factors. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:402-8. [PMID: 24521492 PMCID: PMC4317795 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs) has made a significant impact on the field of human regenerative medicine. Prior to the clinical application of iPSCs, testing of their safety and usefulness must be carried out using reliable animal models of various diseases. In order to generate iPSCs from common marmoset (CM; Callithrix jacchus), one of the most useful experimental animals, we have lentivirally transduced reprogramming factors, including POU5F1 (also known as OCT3/4), SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC into CM fibroblasts. The cells formed round colonies expressing embryonic stem cell markers, however, they showed an abnormal karyotype denoted as 46, X, del(4q), +mar, and formed human dysgerminoma-like tumors in SCID mice, indicating that the transduction of reprogramming factors caused unexpected tumorigenesis of CM cells. Moreover, CM dysgerminoma-like tumors were highly sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, and fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, and their growth was dependent on c-MYC expression. These results indicate that DNA-damaging agents, irradiation, fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor, and c-MYC-targeted therapies might represent effective treatment strategies for unexpected tumors in patients receiving iPSC-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yamaguchi
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomotoshi Marumoto
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University HospitalFukuoka, Japan
| | - Takenobu Nii
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kawano
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Jiyuan Liao
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko Nagai
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okada
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Division of Translational Cancer Research Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University HospitalFukuoka, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- KEIO-RIKEN Research Center for Human Cognition, Keio UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujii
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Okano
- Division of Pathophysiological and Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hayao Ebise
- Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo PharmaOsaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikita Suyama
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshie Miura
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Molecular and Cell Therapy, Kyushu University HospitalFukuoka, Japan
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30
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Zhao W, Ning B, Qian C. Regulatory factors of induced pluripotency: current status. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 27358861 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through enforced expression of four transcription factors [Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM)]; however, the reprogramming efficiency is extremely low. This finding raises fundamental questions about the regulators that influence the change in epigenetic stability and endowment of dedifferentiation potential during reprogramming. Identification of such regulators is critical to removing the roadblocks impeding the efficient generation of safe iPSCs and their successful translation into clinical therapies. In this review, we summarize the current progress that has been made in understanding cellular reprogramming, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulators in induced pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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31
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Li Y, Hong WX, Lan B, Xu X, Liu Y, Kong L, Li Y, Zhou S, Liu Y, Feng R, Jiang S, He Q, Tan J. PDGF mediates derivation of human embryonic germ cells. Differentiation 2013; 86:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Judson RL, Greve TS, Parchem RJ, Blelloch R. MicroRNA-based discovery of barriers to dedifferentiation of fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:1227-35. [PMID: 24037508 PMCID: PMC3955211 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual microRNAs (miRNAs) can target hundreds of messenger RNAs forming networks of presumably cooperating genes. To test this presumption, we functionally screened miRNAs and their targets in the context of de-differentiation of mouse fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Along with the miR-302/miR-294 family, the miR-181 family arose as a novel enhancer of the initiation phase of reprogramming. Endogenous miR-181 miRNAs were transiently elevated with introduction of Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 (OSK), and their inhibition diminished iPSC colony formation. We tested the functional contribution of 114 individual targets of the two families, revealing twenty-five genes that normally suppress initiation. Co-inhibition of targets cooperatively promoted both the frequency and kinetics of OSK reprogramming. These data establish two of the largest functionally defined networks of miRNA-mRNA interactions, elucidating novel relationships among genes that act together to suppress early stages of reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Judson
- 1] The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences, Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. [2] Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Dose-dependent protective effect of bisperoxovanadium against acute cerebral ischemia in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:12013-22. [PMID: 23739679 PMCID: PMC3709770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140612013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) is a dual-specificity lipid and protein phosphatase. The loss of PTEN was originally discovered in numerous human cancers. PTEN inhibition by bisperoxovanadium (bpV) reduces neurological damage after ischemic brain injury. The purpose of this study was to identify the optimal neuroprotective dose of bpV when administrated after focal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Focal I/R injury was induced using the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. bpV at doses of 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/kg were injected intraperitoneally just after reperfusion, with saline serving as a vehicle control. A maximal reduction in brain injury was observed with 1.0 mg/kg bpV. This dose of bpV also significantly blocked apoptosis in the penumbral cortex of rats. This beneficial effect was associated with the increasing levels of Akt phosphorylation in the penumbral cortex. These results demonstrate that the pharmacological inhibition of PTEN protects against I/R injury in a dose-dependent manner and the protective effect might be induced through upregulation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt pro-survival pathway, suggesting a new therapeutic strategy to combat ischemic brain injury.
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