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Andrew Awuah W, Shah MH, Tan JK, Ranganathan S, Sanker V, Darko K, Tenkorang PO, Adageba BB, Ahluwalia A, Shet V, Aderinto N, Kundu M, Abdul‐Rahman T, Atallah O. Immunotherapeutic advances in glioma management: The rise of vaccine-based approaches. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e70013. [PMID: 39215399 PMCID: PMC11364516 DOI: 10.1111/cns.70013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gliomas, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are highly aggressive brain tumors that present significant challenges in oncology due to their rapid progression and resistance to conventional therapies. Despite advancements in treatment, the prognosis for patients with GBM remains poor, necessitating the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches. One such emerging strategy is the development of glioma vaccines, which aim to stimulate the immune system to target and destroy tumor cells. AIMS This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the current landscape of glioma vaccine development, analyzing the types of vaccines under investigation, the outcomes of clinical trials, and the challenges and opportunities associated with their implementation. The goal is to highlight the potential of glioma vaccines in advancing more effective and personalized treatments for glioma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review systematically assessed the role of glioma vaccines by including full-text articles published between 2000 and 2024 in English. Databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched using key terms like "glioma," "brain tumor," "glioblastoma," "vaccine," and "immunotherapy." The review incorporated both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including descriptive studies, animal-model studies, cohort studies, and observational studies. Exclusion criteria were applied to omit abstracts, case reports, posters, and non-peer-reviewed studies, ensuring the inclusion of high-quality evidence. RESULTS Clinical trials investigating various glioma vaccines, including peptide-based, DNA/RNA-based, whole-cell, and dendritic-cell vaccines, have shown promising results. These vaccines demonstrated potential in extending survival rates and managing adverse events in glioma patients. However, significant challenges remain, such as therapeutic resistance due to tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Moreover, the lack of standardized guidelines for evaluating vaccine responses and issues related to ethical considerations, regulatory hurdles, and vaccine acceptance among patients further complicate the implementation of glioma vaccines. DISCUSSION Addressing the challenges associated with glioma vaccines involves exploring combination therapies, targeted approaches, and personalized medicine. Combining vaccines with traditional therapies like radiotherapy or chemotherapy may enhance efficacy by boosting the immune system's ability to fight tumor cells. Personalized vaccines tailored to individual patient profiles present an opportunity for improved outcomes. Furthermore, global collaboration and equitable distribution are critical for ensuring access to glioma vaccines, especially in low- and middle-income countries with limited healthcare resources CONCLUSION: Glioma vaccines represent a promising avenue in the fight against gliomas, offering hope for improving patient outcomes in a disease that is notoriously difficult to treat. Despite the challenges, continued research and the development of innovative strategies, including combination therapies and personalized approaches, are essential for overcoming current barriers and transforming the treatment landscape for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vivek Sanker
- Department of NeurosurgeryTrivandrum Medical CollegeTrivandrumKeralaIndia
| | - Kwadwo Darko
- Department of NeurosurgeryKorle Bu Teaching HospitalAccraGhana
| | | | - Bryan Badayelba Adageba
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology School of Medicine and DentistryKumasiGhana
| | | | - Vallabh Shet
- Faculty of MedicineBangalore Medical College and Research InstituteBangaloreKarnatakaIndia
| | - Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Internal MedicineLAUTECH Teaching HospitalOgbomosoNigeria
| | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM HospitalBhubaneswarOdishaIndia
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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Ravi Kiran AVVV, Kumari GK, Krishnamurthy PT, Johnson AP, Kenchegowda M, Osmani RAM, Abu Lila AS, Moin A, Gangadharappa HV, Rizvi SMD. An Update on Emergent Nano-Therapeutic Strategies against Pediatric Brain Tumors. Brain Sci 2024; 14:185. [PMID: 38391759 PMCID: PMC10886772 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pediatric brain tumors are the major cause of pediatric cancer mortality. They comprise a diverse group of tumors with different developmental origins, genetic profiles, therapeutic options, and outcomes. Despite many technological advancements, the treatment of pediatric brain cancers has remained a challenge. Treatment options for pediatric brain cancers have been ineffective due to non-specificity, inability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and causing off-target side effects. In recent years, nanotechnological advancements in the medical field have proven to be effective in curing challenging cancers like brain tumors. Moreover, nanoparticles have emerged successfully, particularly in carrying larger payloads, as well as their stability, safety, and efficacy monitoring. In the present review, we will emphasize pediatric brain cancers, barriers to treating these cancers, and novel treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammu V V V Ravi Kiran
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rocklands, Ooty 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Kusuma Kumari
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rocklands, Ooty 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Praveen T Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Rocklands, Ooty 643001, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Asha P Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhuchandra Kenchegowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Riyaz Ali M Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Amr Selim Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - H V Gangadharappa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India
| | - Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81442, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Zhang D, Li AM, Hu G, Huang M, Yang F, Zhang L, Wellen KE, Xu X, Conn CS, Zou W, Kahn M, Rhoades SD, Weljie AM, Fuchs SY, Amankulor N, Yoshor D, Ye J, Koumenis C, Gong Y, Fan Y. PHGDH-mediated endothelial metabolism drives glioblastoma resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy. Cell Metab 2023; 35:517-534.e8. [PMID: 36804058 PMCID: PMC10088869 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapy is limited by the paucity of T cells delivered and infiltrated into the tumors through aberrant tumor vasculature. Here, we report that phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH)-mediated endothelial cell (EC) metabolism fuels the formation of a hypoxic and immune-hostile vascular microenvironment, driving glioblastoma (GBM) resistance to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy. Our metabolome and transcriptome analyses of human and mouse GBM tumors identify that PHGDH expression and serine metabolism are preferentially altered in tumor ECs. Tumor microenvironmental cues induce ATF4-mediated PHGDH expression in ECs, triggering a redox-dependent mechanism that regulates endothelial glycolysis and leads to EC overgrowth. Genetic PHGDH ablation in ECs prunes over-sprouting vasculature, abrogates intratumoral hypoxia, and improves T cell infiltration into the tumors. PHGDH inhibition activates anti-tumor T cell immunity and sensitizes GBM to CAR T therapy. Thus, reprogramming endothelial metabolism by targeting PHGDH may offer a unique opportunity to improve T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Albert M Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guanghui Hu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Crystal S Conn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mark Kahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seth D Rhoades
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aalim M Weljie
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Serge Y Fuchs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Yoshor
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiangbin Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Constantinos Koumenis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Guowei L, Xiufang L, Qianqian X, Yanping J. The FDX1 methylation regulatory mechanism in the malignant phenotype of glioma. Genomics 2023; 115:110601. [PMID: 36889365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
To explore FDX1 methylation as a regulatory mechanism in the malignant phenotype of glioma, we screened for pathways involved through bioinformatic analysis, then proceeded with RIP and cell models to verify the regulation of RNAs and mitophagy. We chose Clone and Transwell assays to evaluate the malignant phenotype of glioma cells. MMP was detected by flow cytometry and mitochondrial morphology was observed by TEM. We also constructed animal models to study the sensitivity of glioma cells to cuproptosis. We successfully identified the signalling pathway: our cell model showed that C-MYC could upregulate FDX1 through YTHDF1 and inhibit mitophagy in glioma cells. Functional experiments revealed C-MYC could also enhance glioma cell proliferation and invasion via YTHDF1 and FDX1. In vivo experiments showed glioma cells were highly sensitive to cuproptosis. We concluded that C-MYC could upregulate FDX1 by m6A methylation, thus promoting the malignant phenotype in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guowei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu Xiufang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital North, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu Qianqian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital North, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Yanping
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital North, Suzhou, China.
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Calabrese G, De Luca G, Nocito G, Rizzo MG, Lombardo SP, Chisari G, Forte S, Sciuto EL, Conoci S. Carbon Dots: An Innovative Tool for Drug Delivery in Brain Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11783. [PMID: 34769212 PMCID: PMC8583729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors are particularly aggressive and represent a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in adults and children, affecting the global population and being responsible for 2.6% of all cancer deaths (as well as 30% of those in children and 20% in young adults). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) excludes almost 100% of the drugs targeting brain neoplasms, representing one of the most significant challenges to current brain cancer therapy. In the last decades, carbon dots have increasingly played the role of drug delivery systems with theranostic applications against cancer, thanks to their bright photoluminescence, solubility in bodily fluids, chemical stability, and biocompatibility. After a summary outlining brain tumors and the current drug delivery strategies devised in their therapeutic management, this review explores the most recent literature about the advances and open challenges in the employment of carbon dots as both diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the treatment of brain cancers, together with the strategies devised to allow them to cross the BBB effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.G.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.G.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Nocito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.G.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria Giovanna Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.G.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Sofia Paola Lombardo
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (S.P.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Giulia Chisari
- Istituto Oncologico del Mediterraneo, Via Penninazzo 7, 95029 Viagrande, Italy; (S.P.L.); (G.C.)
| | - Stefano Forte
- IOM Ricerca, Via Penninazzo 11, 95029 Viagrande, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Luigi Sciuto
- A.O.-Universitaria Policlinico “G. Rodolico–San Marco”, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Sabrina Conoci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali—Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, 98168 Messina, Italy; (G.N.); (M.G.R.); (S.C.)
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6
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Maksoud S. The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Glioma: Analysis Emphasizing the Main Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies Identified in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3252-3269. [PMID: 33665742 PMCID: PMC8260465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas constitute the most frequent tumors of the brain. High-grade gliomas are characterized by a poor prognosis caused by a set of attributes making treatment difficult, such as heterogeneity and cell infiltration. Additionally, there is a subgroup of glioma cells with properties similar to those of stem cells responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment. Since proteasomal degradation regulates multiple cellular processes, any mutation causing disturbances in the function or expression of its elements can lead to various disorders such as cancer. Several studies have focused on protein degradation modulation as a mechanism of glioma control. The ubiquitin proteasome system is the main mechanism of cellular proteolysis that regulates different events, intervening in pathological processes with exacerbating or suppressive effects on diseases. This review analyzes the role of proteasomal degradation in gliomas, emphasizing the elements of this system that modulate different cellular mechanisms in tumors and discussing the potential of distinct compounds controlling brain tumorigenesis through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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7
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Yang F, He Z, Duan H, Zhang D, Li J, Yang H, Dorsey JF, Zou W, Nabavizadeh SA, Bagley SJ, Abdullah K, Brem S, Zhang L, Xu X, Byrne KT, Vonderheide RH, Gong Y, Fan Y. Synergistic immunotherapy of glioblastoma by dual targeting of IL-6 and CD40. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3424. [PMID: 34103524 PMCID: PMC8187342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunologically-cold tumors including glioblastoma (GBM) are refractory to checkpoint blockade therapy, largely due to extensive infiltration of immunosuppressive macrophages (Mϕs). Consistent with a pro-tumor role of IL-6 in alternative Mϕs polarization, we here show that targeting IL-6 by genetic ablation or pharmacological inhibition moderately improves T-cell infiltration into GBM and enhances mouse survival; however, IL-6 inhibition does not synergize PD-1 and CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade. Interestingly, anti-IL-6 therapy reduces CD40 expression in GBM-associated Mϕs. We identify a Stat3/HIF-1α-mediated axis, through which IL-6 executes an anti-tumor role to induce CD40 expression in Mϕs. Combination of IL-6 inhibition with CD40 stimulation reverses Mϕ-mediated tumor immunosuppression, sensitizes tumors to checkpoint blockade, and extends animal survival in two syngeneic GBM models, particularly inducing complete regression of GL261 tumors after checkpoint blockade. Thus, antibody cocktail-based immunotherapy that combines checkpoint blockade with dual-targeting of IL-6 and CD40 may offer exciting opportunities for GBM and other solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhenqiang He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Duan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Department of Neurosurgery/Neuro-oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juehui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Huijuan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay F Dorsey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - S Ali Nabavizadeh
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kalil Abdullah
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Brem
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katelyn T Byrne
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Division of Human Genetics and Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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8
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Oncolytic Virus Therapy Alters the Secretome of Targeted Glioblastoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061287. [PMID: 33799381 PMCID: PMC7999647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Proteins secreted by cancer cells in response to oncolytic virus anti-tumor therapy constitute the instructions for the immune cells. Yet as there are hundreds of proteins, including those encapsulated in vesicles, whose message drives the mobilization of immune cells, we aimed to decipher the instruction sent by cancer cells in response to therapy. Searching the cataloged vesicle and vesicle-free secreted proteins, we found that the proteins associated with the favorable survival of brain cancer patients were those that have the power to mobilize the immune cells. Thus, this approach established cancer-secreted contributors to the immune–therapeutic effect of the oncolytic virus. Abstract Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, which is being tested in clinical trials for glioblastoma, targets cancer cells, while triggering immune cells. Yet OV sensitivity varies from patient to patient. As OV therapy is regarded as an anti-tumor vaccine, by making OV-infected cancer cells secrete immunogenic proteins, linking these proteins to transcriptome would provide a measuring tool to predict their sensitivity. A set of six patient-derived glioblastoma cells treated ex-vivo with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) modeled a clinical setting of OV infection. The cellular transcriptome and secreted proteome (separated into extracellular vesicles (EV) and EV-depleted fractions) were analyzed by gene microarray and mass-spectroscopy, respectively. Data validation and in silico analysis measured and correlated the secretome content with the response to infection and patient survival. Glioblastoma cells reacted to the OV infection in a seemingly dissimilar fashion, but their transcriptomes changed in the same direction. Therefore, the upregulation of transcripts encoding for secreted proteins implies a common thread in the response of cancer cells to infection. Indeed, the OV-driven secretome is linked to the immune response. While these proteins have distinct membership in either EV or EV-depleted fractions, it is their co-secretion that augments the immune response and associates with favorable patient outcomes.
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Ma W, Wang Y, Zhang R, Yang F, Zhang D, Huang M, Zhang L, Dorsey JF, Binder ZA, O'Rourke DM, Fraietta JA, Gong Y, Fan Y. Targeting PAK4 to reprogram the vascular microenvironment and improve CAR-T immunotherapy for glioblastoma. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:83-97. [PMID: 35121889 PMCID: PMC10097424 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Malignant solid tumors are characterized by aberrant vascularity that fuels the formation of an immune-hostile microenvironment and induces resistance to immunotherapy. Vascular abnormalities may be driven by pro-angiogenic pathway activation and genetic reprogramming in tumor endothelial cells (ECs). Here, our kinome-wide screening of mesenchymal-like transcriptional activation in human glioblastoma (GBM)-derived ECs identifies p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) as a selective regulator of genetic reprogramming and aberrant vascularization. PAK4 knockout induces adhesion protein re-expression in ECs, reduces vascular abnormalities, improves T cell infiltration and inhibits GBM growth in mice. Moreover, PAK4 inhibition normalizes the tumor vascular microenvironment and sensitizes GBM to chimeric antigen receptor-T cell immunotherapy. Finally, we reveal a MEF2D/ZEB1- and SLUG-mediated mechanism by which PAK4 reprograms the EC transcriptome and downregulates claudin-14 and VCAM-1 expression, enhancing vessel permeability and reducing T cell adhesion to the endothelium. Thus, targeting PAK4-mediated EC plasticity may offer a unique opportunity to recondition the vascular microenvironment and strengthen cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Menggui Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jay F Dorsey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zev A Binder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donald M O'Rourke
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Yi Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Glioblastoma Translational Center of Excellence, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Huang R, Li G, Zhao Z, Zeng F, Zhang K, Liu Y, Wang K, Hu H. RGS16 promotes glioma progression and serves as a prognostic factor. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:791-803. [PMID: 32319728 PMCID: PMC7366748 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RGS protein family members have recently became new potentially promising therapeutic targets in many cancers. However, as a key member of RGS family, RGS16 has seldom been studied in glioma. The present study was designed to investigate the prognostic value and biological function of RGS16 based on large‐scale databases and functional assays in vitro. Methods Here, we performed comprehensive analysis for the expression characteristic of RGS16 in Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) microarray database with 301 patients and validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) microarray and RNA sequencing database. Student's t‐test, one‐way ANOVA test and long‐rank test were used to assess differences between groups. Kaplan‐Meier survival, univariate and multivariate Cox analysis and ROC curve were used to estimate the survival distributions. Biological implication of abnormal expression of RGS16 in glioma was also explored. Functional analysis of RGS16 was performed in several glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. R language and SPSS were used for statistical analysis and graphical work. Results We found that the expression of RGS16 was positively related to the grade of glioma. High level of RGS16 commonly gathered in glioma of mesenchymal subtype and wild‐type IDH1. Moreover, higher expression level of RGS16 was found to be significantly correlated with poor prognosis. The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis and ROC curve showed that RGS16 was an independent prognostic factor for glioma patients. Gene ontology analysis, gene set enrichment analysis, and gene set variation analysis suggested that the overexpression of RGS16 tightly related to cell proliferation, migration, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune and inflammatory response of glioma. Knockdown of RGS16 in glioma cell lines also showed that RGS16 promoted the malignant progress of glioma cell lines. Conclusions RGS16 plays an important role in glioma progression and serves as an independent prognostic factor, especially in GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Huang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zeng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanyu Wang
- Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China.,Department of Gamma Knife Center, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, China
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11
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Spheroid glioblastoma culture conditions as antigen source for dendritic cell-based immunotherapy: spheroid proteins are survival-relevant targets but can impair immunogenic interferon γ production. Cytotherapy 2019; 21:643-658. [PMID: 30975602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is the most aggressive type of brain cancer. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy against glioblastoma depends on the effectiveness of loaded antigens. Sphere-inducing culture conditions are being studied by many as a potential antigen source. Here, we investigated two different in vitro conditions (spheroid culture versus adherent culture) in relation to DC immunotherapy: (1) We studied the specific spheroid-culture proteome and assessed the clinical importance of spheroid proteins. (2) We evaluated the immunogenicity of spheroid lysate - both compared to adherent conditions. METHODS We used seven spheroid culture systems, three of them patient-derived. Stemness-related markers were studied in those three via immunofluorescence. Spheroid-specific protein expression was measured via quantitative proteomics. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) survival data was used to investigate the clinical impact of spheroid proteins. Immunogenicity of spheroid versus adherent cell lysate was explored in autologous ELISPOT systems (DCs and T cells from the three patients). RESULTS (1) The differential proteome of spheroid versus adherent glioblastoma culture conditions could successfully be established. The top 10 identified spheroid-specific proteins were associated with significantly decreased overall survival (TCGA MIT/Harvard cohort; n = 350, P = 0.014). (2) In exploratory experiments, immunogenicity of spheroid lysate vis-á-vis interferon (IFN)γ production was lower than that of adherent cell lysate (IFNγ ELISPOT; P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS Spheroid culture proteins seem to represent survival-relevant targets, supporting the use of spheroid culture conditions as an antigen source for DC immunotherapy. However, immunogenicity enhancement should be considered for future research. Transferability of our findings in terms of clinical impact and regarding different spheroid-generation techniques needs further validation.
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12
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Alfonso JCL, Talkenberger K, Seifert M, Klink B, Hawkins-Daarud A, Swanson KR, Hatzikirou H, Deutsch A. The biology and mathematical modelling of glioma invasion: a review. J R Soc Interface 2018; 14:rsif.2017.0490. [PMID: 29118112 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult gliomas are aggressive brain tumours associated with low patient survival rates and limited life expectancy. The most important hallmark of this type of tumour is its invasive behaviour, characterized by a markedly phenotypic plasticity, infiltrative tumour morphologies and the ability of malignant progression from low- to high-grade tumour types. Indeed, the widespread infiltration of healthy brain tissue by glioma cells is largely responsible for poor prognosis and the difficulty of finding curative therapies. Meanwhile, mathematical models have been established to analyse potential mechanisms of glioma invasion. In this review, we start with a brief introduction to current biological knowledge about glioma invasion, and then critically review and highlight future challenges for mathematical models of glioma invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C L Alfonso
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - K Talkenberger
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - M Seifert
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany
| | - B Klink
- Institute for Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Hawkins-Daarud
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - K R Swanson
- Precision Neurotherapeutics Innovation Program, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - H Hatzikirou
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - A Deutsch
- Centre for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
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13
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Akhtar S, Vranic S, Cyprian FS, Al Moustafa AE. Epstein-Barr Virus in Gliomas: Cause, Association, or Artifact? Front Oncol 2018; 8:123. [PMID: 29732319 PMCID: PMC5919939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common malignant brain tumors and account for around 60% of all primary central nervous system cancers. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV glioma associated with a poor outcome despite recent advances in chemotherapy. The etiology of gliomas is unknown, but neurotropic viruses including the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) that is transmitted via salivary and genital fluids have been implicated recently. EBV is a member of the gamma herpes simplex family of DNA viruses that is known to cause infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) and is strongly linked with the oncogenesis of several cancers, including B-cell lymphomas, nasopharyngeal, and gastric carcinomas. The fact that EBV is thought to be the causative agent for primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas in immune-deficient patients has led to its investigations in other brain tumors including gliomas. Here, we provide a review of the clinical literature pertaining to EBV in gliomas and discuss the possibilities of this virus being simply associative, causative, or even an experimental artifact. We searched the PubMed/MEDLINE databases using the following key words such as: glioma(s), glioblastoma multiforme, brain tumors/cancers, EBV, and neurotropic viruses. Our literature analysis indicates conflicting results on the presence and role of EBV in gliomas. Further comprehensive studies are needed to fully implicate EBV in gliomagenesis and oncomodulation. Understanding the role of EBV and other oncoviruses in the etiology of gliomas, would likely open up new avenues for the treatment and management of these, often fatal, CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Semir Vranic
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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14
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Chaudhuri S, Singh MK, Bhattacharya D, Datta A, Hazra I, Mondal S, Faruk Sk Md O, Ronsard L, Ghosh TK, Chaudhuri S. T11TS immunotherapy repairs PI3K-AKT signaling in T-cells: Clues toward enhanced T-cell survival in rat glioma model. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:759-770. [PMID: 28608562 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most fatal of astrocytic lineage tumors despite therapeutic advances. Onset and progression of gliomas is accompanied by severe debilitation of T-cell defense and T-cell survival. One of the chief contributors to T-cell survival downstream of activation is the PI3K-AKT pathway. Our prior studies showed that the novel immunotherapeutic molecule T11-target structure (T11TS) blocks T-cell apoptosis in glioma. We also showed activation of immunological synapse components and calcineurin-NFAT pathway following T11TS immunotherapy of glioma-bearing rats. This lead to investigations whether such T-cell activation upon T11TS therapy translates into activation of downstream PI3K/AKT signals which may be related to observed blockade of T-cell apoptosis. For the purpose, we assessed by flowcytometry and immunoblotting, expressions of PI3K, PDK1, AKT, p-AKT, and PTEN in splenic T-cells of normal, experimentally-induced glioma-bearing rats and glioma-bearing rats receiving first, second and third doses of T11TS. We also determined comparative nuclear translocation of NF-κB across groups. We found significant increases in T-cell expressions of PDK1, PI3K, and p-AKT in T11TS-treated animal groups compared to sharp downregulations in glioma. AKT levels remained unchanged across groups. PTEN levels declined sharply after T11TS immunotherapy. T11TS also caused enhanced NF-κB translocation to the T-cell nucleus compared to glioma group. Results showed heightened activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway in glioma-bearing rats following T11TS immunotherapy. These results illustrate the novel role of T11TS immunotherapy in ameliorating the PI3K pathway in T-cells in glioma-bearing animals to enhance T-cell survival, according greater defense against glioma. The study thus has far-reaching clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhnrita Chaudhuri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India.,Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009, India
| | - Manoj K Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Ankur Datta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Iman Hazra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Somnath Mondal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Omar Faruk Sk Md
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Virology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Tushar K Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal 700009, India
| | - Swapna Chaudhuri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cellular and Molecular Immunology Lab, School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
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15
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Lakshminarayanan S, Scorrano L. Judging a tumor cell by its cover: a matter of mitochondrial contact sites. EMBO J 2017; 36:1465-1467. [PMID: 28302655 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201796637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmya Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione S. Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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16
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Li A, Wu Y, Tang F, Li W, Feng X, Yao Z. In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of CD8+ T Lymphocytes Recruiting to Glioblastoma in Mice. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2017; 31:317-323. [PMID: 27831762 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2016.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive in vivo tracking of adopted immune cells would help improve immunotherapy on glioblastoma. In this study, the authors tried to track adoptive CD8+ T lymphocytes in an in situ GL261 glioblastoma mouse model with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). CD8+ T lymphocytes from spleen of preimmunized GL261 glioblastoma mice were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide, with polylysine as transfection agent. From Prussian blue staining, the labeling efficiency was 0.77% ± 0.06%, without altering cell viability and function. From anti-CD8, and anti-dextran staining, superparamagnetic iron oxide could be seen in the cytoplasm. In vitro imaging of agar gel mixtures with different concentrations of labeled CD8+ T lymphocytes was done with a 3.0T MR T2*WI sequence. Higher cell concentrations showed lower signal values. Twenty-four hours after tail vein injection of labeled and unlabeled CD8+ T lymphocytes, imaging of GL261 mice brain showed black spots at the periphery of the tumor in the labeled group only. Brain tumor pathology further verified infiltration of labeled CD8+ T lymphocytes in the tumor. Thus, preimmunized CD8+ T lymphocytes could be efficiently labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide and tracked both in vitro and in vivo with 3.0T MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anning Li
- 1 Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University , Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- 2 Department of Radiology, Fudan University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Tang
- 3 Department of Radiology, Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- 3 Department of Radiology, Pathology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Feng
- 2 Department of Radiology, Fudan University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Yao
- 2 Department of Radiology, Fudan University , Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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17
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Wang Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Wang Z, Sun L, Li G, Liang J, Hu H, Liu Y, Zhang W, Jiang T. Molecular and clinical characterization of PD-L1 expression at transcriptional level via 976 samples of brain glioma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1196310. [PMID: 27999734 PMCID: PMC5139638 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1196310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: PD-L1 has been widely reported as immune check points in a range of malignancies as well as some immune-originated diseases. In glioma, the role of PD-L1 remains unclear. We aimed at investigating its role at transcriptome level and relationship with clinical practice. Method and patients: In total, 976 glioma samples with transcriptome data, including 301 microarray data from Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA project) and 675 RNAseq data from TCGA project, were enrolled into our study. Clinical and IDH mutation data were also available. R language was used as the main tool for statistical analysis and graphical work. Results: PD-L1 expression was found to be positively correlated with WHO grade of glioma. PD-L1 seemed to express more in mesenchymal subtype according to TCGA transcriptional classification scheme and may contribute as a potential marker for mesenchymal subtype in glioblastoma. Pearson correlation test indicated that PD-L1 showed robust correlation with PD1, PD-L2, and CD80 in CGGA dataset. Subsequent gene ontology analysis based on significantly correlated genes of PD-L1 revealed that PD-L1 seemed to be profoundly associated with T cell activation. To further investigate the relationship between PD-L1 expression and immune response, we selected a series of immune signatures, which were then transformed into metagenes, and found that PD-L1 expression was particularly paralleled with T-cells and macrophages-related immune response instead of B cell linage-related immune response. In line with the corresponding biological process, PD-L1 exhibited predictive value for glioma patients: Higher PD-L1 indicated significantly shorter survival, especially in glioblastoma. Conclusion: PD-L1 is upregulated in glioblastoma, and is synergistic with other check point members. Moreover, PD-L1 is significantly associated with T-cell activation and macrophage-related immune response and predicts much worse survival for patients, warranting clinical trials of PD1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors for potential glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiliang Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Sun
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Guanzhang Li
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Jingshan Liang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas network, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China; Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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18
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Pottier C, Wheatherspoon A, Roncarati P, Longuespée R, Herfs M, Duray A, Delvenne P, Quatresooz P. The importance of the tumor microenvironment in the therapeutic management of cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:943-54. [PMID: 26098949 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1059279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor prognosis is generally defined by various tumor parameters. However, it is well known that paracrine, endocrine and cell-cell interactions between the tumor and its microenvironment contribute to its growth. The tumor microenvironment (TME) can also influence disease prognosis and is likely to be considered as an important prognostic factor. In addition, conventional therapies can influence the microenvironment and antitumor immunity. Similarly, the TME will influence the effectiveness of therapy. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate how TME is important in therapeutic management. Key interactions between TME and different cancer therapies as well as their current clinical consequences have been described. More research is needed to establish the important network between tumor cells and their environment to highlight their relationships with conventional therapies and develop global therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Pottier
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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19
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Immunocompetent murine models for the study of glioblastoma immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2014; 12:107. [PMID: 24779345 PMCID: PMC4012243 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains a lethal diagnosis with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. (NEJM 352:987-96, 2005) Although immunotherapy-based approaches are capable of inducing detectable immune responses against tumor-specific antigens, improvements in clinical outcomes are modest, in no small part due to tumor-induced immunosuppressive mechanisms that promote immune escape and immuno-resistance. Immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at bolstering the immune response while neutralizing immunosuppression will play a critical role in improving treatment outcomes for glioblastoma patients. In vivo murine models of glioma provide an invaluable resource to achieving that end, and their use is an essential part of the preclinical workup for novel therapeutics that need to be tested in animal models prior to testing experimental therapies in patients. In this article, we review five contemporary immunocompetent mouse models, GL261 (C57BL/6), GL26 (C57BL/6) CT-2A (C57BL/6), SMA-560 (VM/Dk), and 4C8 (B6D2F1), each of which offer a suitable platform for testing novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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20
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Ahn BJ, Pollack IF, Okada H. Immune-checkpoint blockade and active immunotherapy for glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1379-412. [PMID: 24202450 PMCID: PMC3875944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made tremendous progress, including promising results in patients with malignant gliomas. Nonetheless, the immunological microenvironment of the brain and tumors arising therein is still believed to be suboptimal for sufficient antitumor immune responses for a variety of reasons, including the operation of “immune-checkpoint” mechanisms. While these mechanisms prevent autoimmunity in physiological conditions, malignant tumors, including brain tumors, actively employ these mechanisms to evade from immunological attacks. Development of agents designed to unblock these checkpoint steps is currently one of the most active areas of cancer research. In this review, we summarize recent progresses in the field of brain tumor immunology with particular foci in the area of immune-checkpoint mechanisms and development of active immunotherapy strategies. In the last decade, a number of specific monoclonal antibodies designed to block immune-checkpoint mechanisms have been developed and show efficacy in other cancers, such as melanoma. On the other hand, active immunotherapy approaches, such as vaccines, have shown encouraging outcomes. We believe that development of effective immunotherapy approaches should ultimately integrate those checkpoint-blockade agents to enhance the efficacy of therapeutic approaches. With these agents available, it is going to be quite an exciting time in the field. The eventual success of immunotherapies for brain tumors will be dependent upon not only an in-depth understanding of immunology behind the brain and brain tumors, but also collaboration and teamwork for the development of novel trials that address multiple layers of immunological challenges in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Ian F. Pollack
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-412-623-3111; Fax: +1-412-623-1415
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