1
|
Yang Z, Chen L, Guo T, Huang L, Yang Y, Ye R, Zhang Y, Lin X, Fan Y, Gong C, Yang N, Guan W, Liang D, Ouyang W, Yang W, Zhao X, Zhang J. Cationic liposomes overcome neutralizing antibodies and enhance reovirus efficacy in ovarian cancer. Virology 2024; 598:110196. [PMID: 39098183 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Reovirus (Reo) has shown promising potential in specifically killing tumor cells, and offering new possibilities for ovarian cancer (OC) treatment. However, neutralizing antibodies in the ascites from OC patients greatly limit the further application of Reo. In this study, we employed cationic liposomes (Lipo) to deliver Reo, significantly enhancing its ability to enter OC cells and its effectiveness in killing these cells under ascitic conditions. Pre-treatment with the MβCD inhibitor notably decreased Reo-mediated tumor cell death, indicating that Lipo primarily enables Reo's cellular uptake through caveolin-mediated endocytosis. Our results demonstrate that Lipo effectively facilitates the entry of Reo into the cytoplasm and triggers cell apoptosis. The above findings provide a new strategy to overcome the obstacle of neutralizing antibodies in the clinical application of Reo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Yang
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Anshun People's Hospital, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Thoracic and Breast Surgery, Anshun People's Hospital, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Rui Ye
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yingchun Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Tumor Immunotherapy Technology Engineering Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaojin Lin
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuting Fan
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Chulan Gong
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Na Yang
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weili Guan
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Liang
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Experiment Center, Guizhou Medical University (GMU), Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China; Tumor Immunotherapy Technology Engineering Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Groeneveldt C, Kinderman P, Griffioen L, Rensing O, Labrie C, van den Wollenberg DJ, Hoeben RC, Coffey M, Loghmani H, Verdegaal EM, Welters MJ, van der Burg SH, van Hall T, van Montfoort N. Neutralizing Antibodies Impair the Oncolytic Efficacy of Reovirus but Permit Effective Combination with T cell-Based Immunotherapies. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:334-349. [PMID: 38194598 PMCID: PMC10911706 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Reovirus type 3 Dearing (Reo), manufactured for clinical application as pelareorep, is an attractive anticancer agent under evaluation in multiple phase 2 clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. It elicits its anticancer efficacy by inducing both oncolysis and intratumoral T-cell influx. Because most people have been preexposed to Reo, neutralizing antibodies (NAb) are prevalent in patients with cancer and might present a barrier to effective Reo therapy. Here, we tested serum of patients with cancer and healthy controls (n = 100) and confirmed that Reo NAbs are present in >80% of individuals. To investigate the effect of NAbs on both the oncolytic and the immunostimulatory efficacy of Reo, we established an experimental mouse model with Reo preexposure. The presence of preexposure-induced NAbs reduced Reo tumor infection and prevented Reo-mediated control of tumor growth after intratumoral Reo administration. In B cell-deficient mice, the lack of NAbs provided enhanced tumor growth control after Reo monotherapy, indicating that NAbs limit the oncolytic capacity of Reo. In immunocompetent mice, intratumoral T-cell influx was not affected by the presence of preexposure-induced NAbs and consequently, combinatorial immunotherapy strategies comprising Reo and T-cell engagers or checkpoint inhibitors remained effective in these settings, also after a clinically applied regimen of multiple intravenous pelareorep administrations. Altogether, our data indicate that NAbs hamper the oncolytic efficacy of Reo, but not its immunotherapeutic capacity. Given the high prevalence of seropositivity for Reo in patients with cancer, our data strongly advocate for the application of Reo as part of T cell-based immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Priscilla Kinderman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa Griffioen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Olivia Rensing
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Camilla Labrie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C. Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | | | - Els M.E. Verdegaal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marij J.P. Welters
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H. van der Burg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thorbald van Hall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang H, Wang H, An Y, Chen Z. Construction and application of adenoviral vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 34:102027. [PMID: 37808925 PMCID: PMC10556817 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been widely used as vaccine candidates or potential vaccine candidates against infectious diseases due to the convenience of genome manipulation, their ability to accommodate large exogenous gene fragments, easy access of obtaining high-titer of virus, and high efficiency of transduction. At the same time, adenoviral vectors have also been used extensively in clinical research for cancer gene therapy and treatment of diseases caused by a single gene defect. However, application of adenovirus also faces a series of challenges such as poor targeting, strong immune response against the vector itself, and they cannot be used repeatedly. It is believed that these problems will be solved gradually with further research and technological development in related fields. Here, we review the construction methods of adenoviral vectors, including "gutless" adenovirus and discuss application of adenoviral vectors as prophylactic vaccines for infectious pathogens and their application prospects as therapeutic vaccines for cancer and other kinds of chronic infectious disease such as human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongdan Wang
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youcai An
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ze Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Ab&B Bio-Tech CO., LTD. JS, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li H, Zhu Y, Wang X, Feng Y, Qian Y, Ma Q, Li X, Chen Y, Chen K. Joining Forces: The Combined Application of Therapeutic Viruses and Nanomaterials in Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7679. [PMID: 38005401 PMCID: PMC10674375 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, on a global scale, presents a monumental challenge to our healthcare systems, posing a significant threat to human health. Despite the considerable progress we have made in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, realizing precision cancer therapy, reducing side effects, and enhancing efficacy remain daunting tasks. Fortunately, the emergence of therapeutic viruses and nanomaterials provides new possibilities for tackling these issues. Therapeutic viruses possess the ability to accurately locate and attack tumor cells, while nanomaterials serve as efficient drug carriers, delivering medication precisely to tumor tissues. The synergy of these two elements has led to a novel approach to cancer treatment-the combination of therapeutic viruses and nanomaterials. This advantageous combination has overcome the limitations associated with the side effects of oncolytic viruses and the insufficient tumoricidal capacity of nanomedicines, enabling the oncolytic viruses to more effectively breach the tumor's immune barrier. It focuses on the lesion site and even allows for real-time monitoring of the distribution of therapeutic viruses and drug release, achieving a synergistic effect. This article comprehensively explores the application of therapeutic viruses and nanomaterials in tumor treatment, dissecting their working mechanisms, and integrating the latest scientific advancements to predict future development trends. This approach, which combines viral therapy with the application of nanomaterials, represents an innovative and more effective treatment strategy, offering new perspectives in the field of tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
- Ocean College, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Yunhuan Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xin Wang
- Center of Infectious Disease Research, School of Life Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China;
| | - Yilu Feng
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yuncheng Qian
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Qiman Ma
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yihan Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.F.); (Y.Q.); (Q.M.); (X.L.); (Y.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu M, Liao X, Tao Y, Chen Y. Advances in oncolytic herpes simplex virus and adenovirus therapy for recurrent glioma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285113. [PMID: 38022620 PMCID: PMC10652401 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent glioma treatment is challenging due to molecular heterogeneity and treatment resistance commonly observed in these tumors. Researchers are actively pursuing new therapeutic strategies. Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising option. Oncolytic viruses selectively replicate within tumor cells, destroying them and stimulating the immune system for an enhanced anticancer response. Among Oncolytic viruses investigated for recurrent gliomas, oncolytic herpes simplex virus and oncolytic adenovirus show notable potential. Genetic modifications play a crucial role in optimizing their therapeutic efficacy. Different generations of replicative conditioned oncolytic human adenovirus and oncolytic HSV have been developed, incorporating specific modifications to enhance tumor selectivity, replication efficiency, and immune activation. This review article summarizes these genetic modifications, offering insights into the underlying mechanisms of Oncolytic viruses' therapy. It also aims to identify strategies for further enhancing the therapeutic benefits of Oncolytic viruses. However, it is important to acknowledge that additional research and clinical trials are necessary to establish the safety, efficacy, and optimal utilization of Oncolytic viruses in treating recurrent glioblastoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Hu
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - XuLiang Liao
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Tao
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaohui Chen
- Institute of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghaleh HEG, Vakilzadeh G, Zahiri A, Farzanehpour M. Investigating the potential of oncolytic viruses for cancer treatment via MSC delivery. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:228. [PMID: 37667271 PMCID: PMC10478302 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted considerable interest as a promising approach for cancer treatment due to their ability to undergo tumor-trophic migration. MSCs possess the unique ability to selectively migrate to tumors, making them an excellent candidate for targeted delivery of oncolytic viruses (OVs) to treat isolated tumors and metastatic malignancies. OVs have attracted attention as a potential treatment for cancer due to their ability to selectively infect and destroy tumor cells while sparing normal cells. In addition, OVs can induce immunogenic cell death and contain curative transgenes in their genome, making them an attractive candidate for cancer treatment in combination with immunotherapies. In combination with MSCs, OVs can modulate the tumor microenvironment and trigger anti-tumor immune responses, making MSC-releasing OVs a promising approach for cancer treatment. This study reviews researches on the use of MSC-released OVs as a novel method for treating cancer. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gazal Vakilzadeh
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zahiri
- Students Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vannini A, Parenti F, Barboni C, Forghieri C, Leoni V, Sanapo M, Bressanin D, Zaghini A, Campadelli-Fiume G, Gianni T. Efficacy of Systemically Administered Retargeted Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses-Clearance and Biodistribution in Naïve and HSV-Preimmune Mice. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4042. [PMID: 37627072 PMCID: PMC10452237 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the anticancer efficacy, blood clearance, and tissue biodistribution of systemically administered retargeted oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (ReHVs) in HSV-naïve and HSV-preimmunized (HSV-IMM) mice. Efficacy was tested against lung tumors formed upon intravenous administration of cancer cells, a model of metastatic disease, and against subcutaneous distant tumors. In naïve mice, HER2- and hPSMA-retargeted viruses, both armed with mIL-12, were highly effective, even when administered to mice with well-developed tumors. Efficacy was higher for combination regimens with immune checkpoint inhibitors. A significant amount of infectious virus persisted in the blood for at least 1 h. Viral genomes, or fragments thereof, persisted in the blood and tissues for days. Remarkably, the only sites of viral replication were the lungs of tumor-positive mice and the subcutaneous tumors. No replication was detected in other tissues, strengthening the evidence of the high cancer specificity of ReHVs, a property that renders ReHVs suitable for systemic administration. In HSV-IMM mice, ReHVs administered at late times failed to exert anticancer efficacy, and the circulating virus was rapidly inactivated. Serum stability and in vivo whole blood stability assays highlighted neutralizing antibodies as the main factor in virus inactivation. Efforts to deplete mice of the neutralizing antibodies are ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Parenti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Catia Barboni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Cristina Forghieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Mara Sanapo
- Animal Facility Unit, Biogem, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy;
| | - Daniela Bressanin
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (C.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
| | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.V.); (F.P.); (C.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siew ZY, Loh A, Segeran S, Leong PP, Voon K. Oncolytic Reoviruses: Can These Emerging Zoonotic Reoviruses Be Tamed and Utilized? DNA Cell Biol 2023. [PMID: 37015068 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthoreovirus is a nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus under the Reoviridae family. This group of viruses, especially mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV), are reported with great therapeutic values due to their oncolytic effects. In this review, the life cycle and oncolytic effect of MRV and a few emerging reoviruses were summarized. This article also highlights the challenges and strategies of utilizing MRV and the emerging reoviruses, avian orthoreovirus (ARV) and pteropine orthoreovirus (PRV), as oncolytic viruses (OVs). Besides, the emergence of potential ARV and PRV as OVs were discussed in comparison to MRV. Finally, the risk of reovirus as zoonosis or reverse zoonosis (zooanthroponosis) were debated, and concerns were raised in this article, which warrant continue surveillance of reovirus (MRV, ARV, and PRV) in animals, humans, and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yun Siew
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Alson Loh
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sharrada Segeran
- School of Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Pooi Pooi Leong
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti of Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kajang, Malaysia
| | - Kenny Voon
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Groeneveldt C, van den Ende J, van Montfoort N. Preexisting immunity: Barrier or bridge to effective oncolytic virus therapy? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 70:1-12. [PMID: 36732155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a highly promising treatment strategy for a wide range of cancers, by mediating both the direct killing of tumor cells as well as mobilization of antitumor immune responses. As many OVs circulate in the human population, preexisting OV-specific immune responses are prevalent. Indeed, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are abundantly present in the human population for commonly used OVs, such as Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Vaccinia virus, Measles virus, and Reovirus. This review discusses (pre)clinical evidence regarding the effect of preexisting immunity against OVs on two distinct aspects of OV therapy; OV infection and spread, as well as the immune response induced upon OV therapy. Combined, this review provides evidence that consideration of preexisting immunity is crucial in realizing the full potential of the highly promising therapeutic implementation of OVs. Future investigation of current gaps in knowledge highlighted in this review should yield a more complete understanding of this topic, ultimately allowing for better and more personalized OV therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christianne Groeneveldt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Jasper van den Ende
- Master Infection & Immunity, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Repeated dosing improves oncolytic rhabdovirus therapy in mice via interactions with intravascular monocytes. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1385. [PMID: 36536097 PMCID: PMC9761050 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is debate in the field of oncolytic virus (OV) therapy, whether a single viral dose, or multiple administrations, is better for tumor control. Using intravital microscopy, we describe the fate of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) delivered systemically as a first or a second dose. Following primary administration, VSV binds to the endothelium, initiates tumor infection and activates a proinflammatory response. This initial OV dose induces neutrophil migration into the tumor and limits viral replication. OV administered as a second dose fails to infect the tumor and is captured by intravascular monocytes. Despite a lack of direct infection, this second viral dose, in a monocyte-dependent fashion, enhances and sustains infection by the first viral dose, promotes CD8 T cell recruitment, delays tumor growth and improves survival in multi-dosing OV therapy. Thus, repeated VSV dosing engages monocytes to post-condition the tumor microenvironment for improved infection and anticancer T cell responses. Understanding the complex interactions between the subsequent viral doses is crucial for improving the efficiency of OV therapy and virus-based vaccines.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghajar-Rahimi G, Kang KD, Totsch SK, Gary S, Rocco A, Blitz S, Kachurak K, Chambers MR, Li R, Beierle EA, Bag A, Johnston JM, Markert JM, Bernstock JD, Friedman GK. Clinical advances in oncolytic virotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108193. [PMID: 35487285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors constitute nearly one-third of cancer diagnoses in children and have recently surpassed hematologic malignancies as the most lethal neoplasm in the pediatric population. Outcomes for children with brain tumors are unacceptably poor and current standards of care-surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation-are associated with significant long-term morbidity. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for the treatment of brain tumors. While the majority of brain tumor clinical trials utilizing oncolytic virotherapy have been in adults, five viruses are being tested in pediatric brain tumor clinical trials: herpes simplex virus (G207), reovirus (pelareorep/Reolysin), measles virus (MV-NIS), poliovirus (PVSRIPO), and adenovirus (DNX-2401, AloCELYVIR). Herein, we review past and current pediatric immunovirotherapy brain tumor trials including the relevant preclinical and clinical research that contributed to their development. We describe mechanisms by which the viruses may overcome barriers in treating pediatric brain tumors, examine challenges associated with achieving effective, durable responses, highlight unique aspects and successes of the trials, and discuss future directions of immunovirotherapy research for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gelare Ghajar-Rahimi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacie K Totsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sam Gary
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Abbey Rocco
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kara Kachurak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M R Chambers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asim Bag
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naumenko VA, Stepanenko AA, Lipatova AV, Vishnevskiy DA, Chekhonin VP. Infection of non-cancer cells: A barrier or support for oncolytic virotherapy? MOLECULAR THERAPY - ONCOLYTICS 2022; 24:663-682. [PMID: 35284629 PMCID: PMC8898763 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are designed to specifically target cancer cells, sparing normal cells. Although numerous studies demonstrate the ability of oncolytic viruses to infect a wide range of non-tumor cells, the significance of this phenomenon for cancer virotherapy is poorly understood. To fill the gap, we summarize the data on infection of non-cancer targets by oncolytic viruses with a special focus on tumor microenvironment and secondary lymphoid tissues. The review aims to address two major questions: how do attenuated viruses manage to infect normal cells, and whether it is of importance for oncolytic virotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor A. Naumenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Corresponding author Victor A. Naumenko, PhD, V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia.
| | - Aleksei A. Stepanenko
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Anastasiia V. Lipatova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Daniil A. Vishnevskiy
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
| | - Vladimir P. Chekhonin
- V. Serbsky National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow 119034, Russia
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, N.I Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Staedtke V, Gray-Bethke T, Liu G, Liapi E, Riggins GJ, Bai RY. Neutrophil depletion enhanced the Clostridium novyi-NT therapy in mouse and rabbit tumor models. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdab184. [PMID: 35118381 PMCID: PMC8807082 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia is a prominent feature of solid tumors and can function as fertile environment for oncolytic anaerobic bacteria such as Clostridium novyi-NT (C. novyi-NT) where it can induce tumor destruction in mice and patients. However, two major obstacles have limited its use, namely the host inflammatory response and the incomplete clearance of normoxic tumor areas. METHODS In this study, we first used a subcutaneous tumor model of a glioblastoma (GBM) cell line in immunocompetent mice to investigate the local distribution of tumor hypoxia, kinetics of C. novyi-NT germination and spread, and the local host immune response. We subsequently applied the acquired knowledge to develop a C. novyi-NT therapy in an orthotopic rabbit brain tumor model. RESULTS We found that local accumulation of granular leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, could impede the spread of bacteria through the tumor and prevent complete oncolysis. Depletion of neutrophils via anti-Ly6G antibody or bone marrow suppression using hydroxyurea significantly improved tumor clearance. We then applied this approach to rabbits implanted with an aggressive intracranial brain tumor and achieved long-term survival in majority of the animals without apparent toxicity. CONCLUSION These results indicated that depleting neutrophils can greatly enhance the safety and efficacy of C. novyi-NT cancer therapy for brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Staedtke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Gray-Bethke
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guanshu Liu
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eleni Liapi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory J Riggins
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Schuelke MR, Gundelach JH, Coffey M, West E, Scott K, Johnson DR, Samson A, Melcher A, Vile RG, Bram RJ. Phase I trial of sargramostim/pelareorep therapy in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors. Neurooncol Adv 2022; 4:vdac085. [PMID: 35821679 PMCID: PMC9268737 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death for pediatric patients. Pelareorep, an immunomodulatory oncolytic reovirus, has intravenous efficacy in preclinical glioma models when preconditioned with GM-CSF (sargramostim). We report a phase I trial with the primary goal of evaluating the safety of sargramostim/pelareorep in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors and a secondary goal of characterizing immunologic responses. Methods The trial was open to pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors (3 + 3 cohort design). Each cycle included 3 days of subcutaneous sargramostim followed by 2 days of intravenous pelareorep. Laboratory studies and imaging were acquired upon recruitment and periodically thereafter. Results Six patients participated, including three glioblastoma, two diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma, and one medulloblastoma. Two pelareorep dose levels of 3 × 108 and 5 × 108 tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) were assessed. One patient experienced a dose limiting toxicity of persistent hyponatremia. Common low-grade (1 or 2) adverse events included transient fatigue, hypocalcemia, fever, flu-like symptoms, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia. High-grade (3 or 4) adverse events included neutropenia, lymphopenia, leukopenia, hypophosphatemia, depressed level of consciousness, and confusion. All patients progressed on therapy after a median of 32.5 days and died a median of 108 days after recruitment. Imaging at progression did not show evidence of pseudoprogression or inflammation. Correlative assays revealed transient but consistent changes in immune cells across patients. Conclusions Sargramostim/pelareorep was administered to pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory high-grade brain tumors. Hyponatremia was the only dose limiting toxicity (DLT), though maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Schuelke
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emma West
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen Scott
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Derek R Johnson
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adel Samson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- The Institute of Cancer Research/Royal Marsden, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Richard J Bram
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zeng J, Li X, Sander M, Zhang H, Yan G, Lin Y. Oncolytic Viro-Immunotherapy: An Emerging Option in the Treatment of Gliomas. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721830. [PMID: 34675919 PMCID: PMC8524046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of malignant gliomas remains poor, with median survival fewer than 20 months and a 5-year survival rate merely 5%. Their primary location in the central nervous system (CNS) and its immunosuppressive environment with little T cell infiltration has rendered cancer therapies mostly ineffective, and breakthrough therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown limited benefit. However, tumor immunotherapy is developing rapidly and can help overcome these obstacles. But for now, malignant gliomas remain fatal with short survival and limited therapeutic options. Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a unique antitumor immunotherapy wherein viruses selectively or preferentially kill tumor cells, replicate and spread through tumors while inducing antitumor immune responses. OVTs can also recondition the tumor microenvironment and improve the efficacy of other immunotherapies by escalating the infiltration of immune cells into tumors. Some OVTs can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and possess tropism for the CNS, enabling intravenous delivery. Despite the therapeutic potential displayed by oncolytic viruses (OVs), optimizing OVT has proved challenging in clinical development, and marketing approvals for OVTs have been rare. In June 2021 however, as a genetically engineered OV based on herpes simplex virus-1 (G47Δ), teserpaturev got conditional and time-limited approval for the treatment of malignant gliomas in Japan. In this review, we summarize the current state of OVT, the synergistic effect of OVT in combination with other immunotherapies as well as the hurdles to successful clinical use. We also provide some suggestions to overcome the challenges in treating of gliomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zeng
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxue Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Max Sander
- Department of International Cooperation, Guangzhou Virotech Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hofman L, Lawler SE, Lamfers MLM. The Multifaceted Role of Macrophages in Oncolytic Virotherapy. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081570. [PMID: 34452439 PMCID: PMC8402704 DOI: 10.3390/v13081570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the cancer hallmarks is immune evasion mediated by the tumour microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic virotherapy is a form of immunotherapy based on the application of oncolytic viruses (OVs) that selectively replicate in and induce the death of tumour cells. Virotherapy confers reciprocal interaction with the host’s immune system. The aim of this review is to explore the role of macrophage-mediated responses in oncolytic virotherapy efficacy. The approach was to study current scientific literature in this field in order to give a comprehensive overview of the interactions of OVs and macrophages and their effects on the TME. The innate immune system has a central influence on the TME; tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) generally have immunosuppressive, tumour-supportive properties. In the context of oncolytic virotherapy, macrophages were initially thought to predominantly contribute to anti-viral responses, impeding viral spread. However, macrophages have now also been found to mediate transport of OV particles and, after TME infiltration, to be subjected to a phenotypic shift that renders them pro-inflammatory and tumour-suppressive. These TAMs can present tumour antigens leading to a systemic, durable, adaptive anti-tumour immune response. After phagocytosis, they can recirculate carrying tissue-derived proteins, which potentially enables the monitoring of OV replication in the TME. Their role in therapeutic efficacy is therefore multifaceted, but based on research applying relevant, immunocompetent tumour models, macrophages are considered to have a central function in anti-cancer activity. These novel insights hold important clinical implications. When optimised, oncolytic virotherapy, mediating multifactorial inhibition of cancer immune evasion, could contribute to improved patient survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hofman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Martine L. M. Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-010-703-5993
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roulstone V, Mansfield D, Harris RJ, Twigger K, White C, de Bono J, Spicer J, Karagiannis SN, Vile R, Pandha H, Melcher A, Harrington K. Antiviral antibody responses to systemic administration of an oncolytic RNA virus: the impact of standard concomitant anticancer chemotherapies. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002673. [PMID: 34301814 PMCID: PMC8728387 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oncolytic reovirus therapy for cancer induces a typical antiviral response to this RNA virus, including neutralizing antibodies. Concomitant treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapies has been hypothesized to improve the therapeutic potential of the virus. Chemotherapy side effects can include immunosuppression, which may slow the rate of the antiviral antibody response, as well as potentially make the patient more vulnerable to viral infection. Method Reovirus neutralizing antibody data were aggregated from separate phase I clinical trials of reovirus administered as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, carboplatin and paclitaxel doublet or cyclophosphamide. In addition, the kinetics of individual antibody isotypes were profiled in sera collected in these trials. Results These data demonstrate preserved antiviral antibody responses, with only moderately reduced kinetics with some drugs, most notably gemcitabine. All patients ultimately produced an effective neutralizing antibody response. Conclusion Patients’ responses to infection by reovirus are largely unaffected by the concomitant drug treatments tested, providing confidence that RNA viral treatment or infection is compatible with standard of care treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Mansfield
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Robert J Harris
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie Twigger
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Christine White
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Johann de Bono
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - James Spicer
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang C, Hua N, Xie S, Wu Y, Zhu L, Wang S, Tong X. Oncolytic viruses as a promising therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111573. [PMID: 33894623 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of hematological malignancies such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma has increased over time. Although bone marrow transplantation, immunotherapy and chemotherapy have led to significant improvements in efficacy, poor prognosis in elderly patients, recurrence and high mortality among hematological malignancies remain major challenges, and innovative therapeutic strategies should be explored. Besides directly lyse tumor cells, oncolytic viruses can activate immune responses or be engineered to express therapeutic factors to increase antitumor efficacy, and have gradually been recognized as an appealing approach for fighting cancers. An increasing number of studies have applied oncolytic viruses in hematological malignancies and made progress. In particular, strategies combining immunotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy are emerging. Various phase I clinical trials of oncolytic reovirus with lenalidomide or programmed death 1(PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitors in multiple myeloma are ongoing. Moreover, preclinical studies of combinations with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are underway. Thus, oncolytic virotherapy is expected to be a promising approach to cure hematological malignancies. This review summarizes progress in oncolytic virus research in hematological malignancies. After briefly reviewing the development and oncolytic mechanism of oncolytic viruses, we focus on delivery methods of oncolytic viruses, especially systemic delivery that is suitable for hematological tumors. We then discuss the main types of oncolytic viruses applied for hematological malignancies and related clinical trials. In addition, we present several ways to improve the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic viruses. Finally, we discuss current challenges and provide suggestions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Molecular diagnosis laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Nanni Hua
- Molecular diagnosis laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Shufang Xie
- Molecular diagnosis laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Yi Wu
- Phase I clinical research center, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital,Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- Molecular diagnosis laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Shibing Wang
- Molecular diagnosis laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital ,Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Molecular diagnosis laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital ,Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shin DH, Nguyen T, Ozpolat B, Lang F, Alonso M, Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J. Current strategies to circumvent the antiviral immunity to optimize cancer virotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002086. [PMID: 33795384 PMCID: PMC8021759 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer virotherapy is a paradigm-shifting treatment modality based on virus-mediated oncolysis and subsequent antitumor immune responses. Clinical trials of currently available virotherapies showed that robust antitumor immunity characterizes the remarkable and long-term responses observed in a subset of patients. These data suggest that future therapies should incorporate strategies to maximize the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we highlight the recent evidence that the antiviral immunity of the patients may limit the immunotherapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses and summarize the most relevant approaches to strategically redirect the immune response away from the viruses and toward tumors to heighten the clinical impact of viro-immunotherapy platforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Frederick Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marta Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Candelaria Gomez-Manzano
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Juan Fueyo
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Annels NE, Simpson GR, Denyer M, Arif M, Coffey M, Melcher A, Harrington K, Vile R, Pandha H. Oncolytic Reovirus-Mediated Recruitment of Early Innate Immune Responses Reverses Immunotherapy Resistance in Prostate Tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 20:434-446. [PMID: 33665363 PMCID: PMC7900644 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancers are considered "cold" tumors characterized by minimal T cell infiltrates, absence of a type I interferon (IFN) signature, and the presence of immunosuppressive cells. This non-inflamed phenotype is likely responsible for the lack of sensitivity of prostate cancer patients to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Oncolytic virus therapy can potentially overcome this resistance to immunotherapy in prostate cancers by transforming cold tumors into "hot," immune cell-infiltrated tumors. We investigated whether the combination of intratumoral oncolytic reovirus, followed by targeted blockade of Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibition and/or the immunomodulatory CD73/Adenosine system can enhance anti-tumor immunity. Treatment of subcutaneous TRAMP-C2 prostate tumors with combined intratumoral reovirus and anti-PD-1 or anti-CD73 antibody significantly enhanced survival of mice compared with reovirus or either antibody therapy alone. Only combination therapy led to rejection of pre-established tumors and protection from tumor re-challenge. This therapeutic effect was dependent on CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. NanoString immune profiling of tumors confirmed that reovirus increased tumor immune cell infiltration and revealed an upregulation of the immune-regulatory receptor, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). This expression of BTLA on innate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and its ligand, Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), on T cells from reovirus-infected tumors was in keeping with a role for the HVEM-BTLA pathway in promoting the potent anti-tumor memory response observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola E. Annels
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Guy R. Simpson
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Mick Denyer
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Mehreen Arif
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech, Inc., 210, 1167 Kensington Crescent NW Calgary, AB T2N 1X7, Canada
| | - Alan Melcher
- Translational Immunotherapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW6 6JB, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Targeted Therapy Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW6 6JB, UK
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Leggett Building, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7WG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Müller LME, Migneco G, Scott GB, Down J, King S, Askar B, Jennings V, Oyajobi B, Scott K, West E, Ralph C, Samson A, Ilett EJ, Muthana M, Coffey M, Melcher A, Parrish C, Cook G, Lawson M, Errington-Mais F. Reovirus-induced cell-mediated immunity for the treatment of multiple myeloma within the resistant bone marrow niche. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001803. [PMID: 33741729 PMCID: PMC7986878 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease and oncolytic viruses offer a well-tolerated addition to the therapeutic arsenal. Oncolytic reovirus has progressed to phase I clinical trials and its direct lytic potential has been extensively studied. However, to date, the role for reovirus-induced immunotherapy against MM, and the impact of the bone marrow (BM) niche, have not been reported. METHODS This study used human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors and in vitro co-culture of MM cells and BM stromal cells to recapitulate the resistant BM niche. Additionally, the 5TGM1-Kalw/RijHSD immunocompetent in vivo model was used to examine reovirus efficacy and characterize reovirus-induced immune responses in the BM and spleen following intravenous administration. Collectively, these in vitro and in vivo models were used to characterize the development of innate and adaptive antimyeloma immunity following reovirus treatment. RESULTS Using the 5TGM1-Kalw/RijHSD immunocompetent in vivo model we have demonstrated that reovirus reduces both MM tumor burden and myeloma-induced bone disease. Furthermore, detailed immune characterization revealed that reovirus: (i) increased natural killer (NK) cell and CD8+ T cell numbers; (ii) activated NK cells and CD8+ T cells and (iii) upregulated effector-memory CD8+ T cells. Moreover, increased effector-memory CD8+ T cells correlated with decreased tumor burden. Next, we explored the potential for reovirus-induced immunotherapy using human co-culture models to mimic the myeloma-supportive BM niche. MM cells co-cultured with BM stromal cells displayed resistance to reovirus-induced oncolysis and bystander cytokine-killing but remained susceptible to killing by reovirus-activated NK cells and MM-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. CONCLUSION These data highlight the importance of reovirus-induced immunotherapy for targeting MM cells within the BM niche and suggest that combination with agents which boost antitumor immune responses should be a priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M E Müller
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gemma Migneco
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gina B Scott
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jenny Down
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sancha King
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Basem Askar
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Victoria Jennings
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Babatunde Oyajobi
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Scott
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Emma West
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christy Ralph
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Adel Samson
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Inc, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alan Melcher
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | | | - Gordon Cook
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michelle Lawson
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Jin KT, Du WL, Liu YY, Lan HR, Si JX, Mou XZ. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Solid Tumors: The Challenges and Achievements. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040588. [PMID: 33546172 PMCID: PMC7913179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could be applied in cancer immunotherapy without in-depth knowledge of tumor antigens. The capability of genetic modification makes OVs exciting therapeutic tools with a high potential for manipulation. Improving efficacy, employing immunostimulatory elements, changing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to inflammatory TME, optimizing their delivery system, and increasing the safety are the main areas of OVs manipulations. Recently, the reciprocal interaction of OVs and TME has become a hot topic for investigators to enhance the efficacy of OVT with less off-target adverse events. Current investigations suggest that the main application of OVT is to provoke the antitumor immune response in the TME, which synergize the effects of other immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint blockers and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we focused on the effects of OVs on the TME and antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, OVT challenges, including its moderate efficiency, safety concerns, and delivery strategies, along with recent achievements to overcome challenges, are thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Jing-Xing Si
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Müller L, Berkeley R, Barr T, Ilett E, Errington-Mais F. Past, Present and Future of Oncolytic Reovirus. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3219. [PMID: 33142841 PMCID: PMC7693452 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) has received significant attention in recent years, especially since the approval of talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015 by the Food and Drug administration (FDA). Mechanistic studies of oncolytic viruses (OVs) have revealed that most, if not all, OVs induce direct oncolysis and stimulate innate and adaptive anti-tumour immunity. With the advancement of tumour modelling, allowing characterisation of the effects of tumour microenvironment (TME) components and identification of the cellular mechanisms required for cell death (both direct oncolysis and anti-tumour immune responses), it is clear that a "one size fits all" approach is not applicable to all OVs, or indeed the same OV across different tumour types and disease locations. This article will provide an unbiased review of oncolytic reovirus (clinically formulated as pelareorep), including the molecular and cellular requirements for reovirus oncolysis and anti-tumour immunity, reports of pre-clinical efficacy and its overall clinical trajectory. Moreover, as it is now abundantly clear that the true potential of all OVs, including reovirus, will only be reached upon the development of synergistic combination strategies, reovirus combination therapeutics will be discussed, including the limitations and challenges that remain to harness the full potential of this promising therapeutic agent.
Collapse
|
24
|
Multidirectional Strategies for Targeted Delivery of Oncolytic Viruses by Tumor Infiltrating Immune Cells. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105094. [PMID: 32795509 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy has demonstrated to be a promising approach in cancer treatment due to tumor-specific oncolysis. However, their clinical use so far has been largely limited due to the lack of suitable delivery strategies with high efficacy. Direct 'intratumoral' injection is the way to cross the hurdles of systemic toxicity, while providing local effects. Progress in this field has enabled the development of alternative way using 'systemic' oncolytic virotherapy for producing better results. One major potential roadblock to systemic OV delivery is the low virus persistence in the face of hostile immune system. The delivery challenge is even greater when attempting to target the oncolytic viruses into the entire tumor mass, where not all tumor cells are equally exposed to exactly the same microenvironment. The microenvironment of many tumors is known to be massively infiltrated with various types of leucocytes in both primary and metastatic sites. Interestingly, this intratumoral immune cell heterogeneity exhibits a degree of organized distribution inside the tumor bed as evidenced, for example, by the hypoxic tumor microenviroment where predominantly recruits tumor-associated macrophages. Although in vivo OV delivery seems complicated and challenging, recent results are encouraging for decreasing the limitations of systemically administered oncolytic viruses and an improved efficiency of oncolytic viral therapy in targeting cancerous tissues in vitro. Here, we review the latest developments of carrier cell-based oncolytic virus delivery using tumor-infiltrating immune cells with a focus on the main features of each cellular vehicle.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kemp V, Lamfers MLM, van der Pluijm G, van den Hoogen BG, Hoeben RC. Developing oncolytic viruses for clinical use: A consortium approach. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 56:133-140. [PMID: 32553482 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses forms an appealing approach for cancer treatment. On the one hand the viruses replicate in, and kill, tumor cells, leading to their intra-tumoral amplification. On the other hand the viral infection will activate virus-directed immune responses, and may trigger immune responses directed against tumor cells and tumor antigens. To date, a wide variety of oncolytic viruses is being developed for use in cancer treatment. While the development of oncolytic viruses has often been initiated by researchers in academia and other public institutions, a large majority of the final product development and the testing of these products in clinical trials is industry led. As a consequence relatively few pre-clinical and clinical studies evaluated different oncolytic viruses in competitive side-by-side preclinical or clinical studies. In this review we will summarize the steps and considerations essential in the development and characterization of oncolytic viruses, and describe our multidisciplinary academic consortium, which involves a dozen departments in three different Dutch universities, collaborating in the development of oncolytic viruses. This consortium has the ambition to develop a small series of oncolytic viruses and to evaluate these in various cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kemp
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gabri van der Pluijm
- Department of Urology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC, Leiden, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Burke S, Shergold A, Elder MJ, Whitworth J, Cheng X, Jin H, Wilkinson RW, Harper J, Carroll DK. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus activation of the innate immune response and priming of antitumor adaptive responses in vitro. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1015-1027. [PMID: 32088771 PMCID: PMC7230062 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an emerging approach with the potential to redefine treatment options across a range of cancer indications and in patients who remain resistant to existing standards of care, including immuno-oncology (IO) drugs. MEDI5395, a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV), engineered to express granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), exhibits potent oncolytic activity. It was hypothesized that activation of immune cells by MEDI5395, coupled with its oncolytic activity, would enhance the priming of antitumor immunity. Using MEDI5395 and recombinant NDVs encoding fluorescent reporter genes, we demonstrated preferential virus uptake and non-productive infection in myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Infection resulted in immune-cell activation, with upregulation of cell surface activation markers (e.g., CD80, PD-L1, HLA-DR) and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α2a, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α). Interestingly, in vitro M2-polarized macrophages were more permissive to virus infection than were M1-polarized macrophages. In a co-culture system, infected myeloid cells were effective virus vectors and mediated the transfer of infectious NDV particles to tumor cells, resulting in cell death. Furthermore, NDV-infected DCs stimulated greater proliferation of allogeneic T cells than uninfected DCs. Antigens released after NDV-induced tumor cell lysis were cross-presented by DCs and drove activation of tumor antigen-specific autologous T cells. MEDI5395 therefore exhibited potent immunostimulatory activity and an ability to enhance antigen-specific T-cell priming. This, coupled with its tumor-selective oncolytic capacity, underscores the promise of MEDI5395 as a multimodal therapeutic, with potential to both enhance current responding patient populations and elicit de novo responses in resistant patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Burke
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK.
| | - Amy Shergold
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Matthew J Elder
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Justine Whitworth
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Xing Cheng
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Meissa Vaccines, JLABS, 329 Oyster Point Boulevard, 3rd Floor, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hong Jin
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Wilkinson
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - James Harper
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Danielle K Carroll
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Aaron Klug Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Giacomantonio MA, Sterea AM, Kim Y, Paulo JA, Clements DR, Kennedy BE, Bydoun MJ, Shi G, Waisman DM, Gygi SP, Giacomantonio CA, Murphy JP, Gujar S. Quantitative Proteome Responses to Oncolytic Reovirus in GM-CSF- and M-CSF-Differentiated Bone Marrow-Derived Cells. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:708-718. [PMID: 31884793 PMCID: PMC7294930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of oncolytic viruses (OVs), such as reovirus, is dictated by host immune responses, including those mediated by the pro- versus anti-inflammatory macrophages. As such, a detailed understanding of the interaction between reovirus and different macrophage types is critical for therapeutic efficacy. To explore reovirus-macrophage interactions, we performed tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative temporal proteomics on mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) generated with two cytokines, macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and granulocytic-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), representing anti- and proinflammatory macrophages, respectively. We quantified 6863 proteins across five time points in duplicate, comparing M-CSF (M-BMM) and GM-CSF (GM-BMM) in response to OV. We find that GM-BMMs have lower expression of key intrinsic proteins that facilitate an antiviral immune response, express higher levels of reovirus receptor protein JAM-A, and are more susceptible to oncolytic reovirus infection compared to M-BMMs. Interestingly, although M-BMMs are less susceptible to reovirus infection and subsequent cell death, they initiate an antireovirus adaptive T cell immune response comparable to that of GM-BMMs. Taken together, these data describe distinct proteome differences between these two macrophage populations in terms of their ability to mount antiviral immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andra M Sterea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115-5730 , United States
| | - Derek R Clements
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Moamen J Bydoun
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Ge Shi
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - David M Waisman
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology , Harvard Medical School , Boston , Massachusetts 02115-5730 , United States
| | - Carman A Giacomantonio
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Surgery , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| | - J Patrick Murphy
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Biology , University of Prince Edward Island , Room 443, Duffy Science Centre, 550 University Avenue , Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 , Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
- Department of Biology , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy is a rapidly expanding branch of cancer immunotherapy and represents a genuine opportunity to improve currently available treatment options. However, as single agents oncolytic viruses have shown only moderate clinical benefit and many challenges remain before their full potential is realized. Central to this is the efficient delivery of the virus to the tumor site and potentiation of the antitumor immune response. This chapter describes the loading of oncolytic reovirus onto monocytes which act as carriers for delivery of the virus to the tumor site and, as antigen presenting cells, may also thereby potentiate the development of an adaptive antitumor immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James', St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Marchini A, Daeffler L, Pozdeev VI, Angelova A, Rommelaere J. Immune Conversion of Tumor Microenvironment by Oncolytic Viruses: The Protoparvovirus H-1PV Case Study. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1848. [PMID: 31440242 PMCID: PMC6692828 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells utilize multiple mechanisms to evade and suppress anticancer immune responses creating a “cold” immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virotherapy is emerging as a promising approach to revert tumor immunosuppression and enhance the efficacy of other forms of immunotherapy. Growing evidence indicates that oncolytic viruses (OVs) act in a multimodal fashion, inducing immunogenic cell death and thereby eliciting robust anticancer immune responses. In this review, we summarize information about OV-mediated immune conversion of the tumor microenvironment. As a case study we focus on the rodent protoparvovirus H-1PV and its dual role as an oncolytic and immune modulatory agent. Potential strategies to improve H-1PV anticancer efficacy are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Marchini
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laurent Daeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | - Vitaly I Pozdeev
- Laboratory of Oncolytic Virus Immuno-Therapeutics, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Assia Angelova
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guerrero-Fonseca CA, López-Baquero MA, Bedoya-Rodríguez AA. Virus oncolíticos: un arma contra el cáncer. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2019. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v67n2.68347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. Los virus oncolíticos son virus atenuados, mutados o que por naturaleza se dirigen y matan específicamente células tumorales, sin afectar a las células normales. La administración intratumoral del virus ofrece la oportunidad de tratar el tumor primario pero no focos metastásicos, los cuales pueden ser alcanzados mediante la administración intravenosa. Sin embargo, su eficiencia puede disminuir por la presencia de una respuesta inmunológica preexistente en los sujetos tratados.Objetivo. Exponer las técnicas utilizadas para envolver y transportar los virus con el fin de eludir el sistema inmunológico antes de que el virus llegue al tumor.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda narrativa de la literatura original y de revisión en las bases de datos PubMed, JSTOR y EBSCO sobre métodos o técnicas utilizadas para el tratamiento del cáncer mediante el uso de virus oncolíticos.Resultados. La formación de nanocomplejos entre los virus oncolíticos y biopolímeros —ya sea mediante la unión química o mediante la unión a través de interacciones electrostáticas o el uso de micropartículas, células transportadoras, liposomas, ultrasonido o terapias combinadas– es eficaz para evitar la respuesta inmunológica del huésped contra el virus.Conclusión. Para evitar la respuesta inmunológica del huésped contra los virus oncolíticos se han desarrollo diversos métodos que permiten la liberación controlada y especifica de los mismos. Sin embargo, debido a la diversidad de los virus, se debe tener en cuenta que la eficacia de los métodos de protección y transporte depende de las características bioquímicas tanto del biomaterial como del virus.
Collapse
|
31
|
Dyer A, Baugh R, Chia SL, Frost S, Iris, Jacobus EJ, Khalique H, Pokrovska TD, Scott EM, Taverner WK, Seymour LW, Lei J. Turning cold tumours hot: oncolytic virotherapy gets up close and personal with other therapeutics at the 11th Oncolytic Virus Conference. Cancer Gene Ther 2019; 26:59-73. [PMID: 30177818 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 11th International Oncolytic Virus Conference (IOVC) was held from April 9-12, 2018 in Oxford, UK. This is part of the high-profile academic-led series of meetings that was started back in 2002 by Steve Russell and John Bell, with most of the previous meetings being held in North America (often in Banff). The conference brought together many of the major players in oncolytic virotherapy from all over the world, addressing all stages of research and development-from aspects of basic science and cellular immunology all the way through to early- and late-phase clinical trials. The meeting welcomed 352 delegates from 24 countries. The top seven delegate countries, namely, the UK, US, Canada, The Netherlands, Germany, Japan and South Korea, contributed 291 delegates while smaller numbers coming from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, China, Finland, France, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Malaysia, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Academics comprised about half of the attendees, industry 30% and students 20%. The next IOVC is scheduled to be held on Vancouver Island in autumn 2019. Here we share brief summaries of the oral presentations from invited speakers and proffered papers in the different subtopics presented at IOVC 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Dyer
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Richard Baugh
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sally Frost
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Egon J Jacobus
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Hena Khalique
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tzveta D Pokrovska
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eleanor M Scott
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - William K Taverner
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Len W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| | - Janet Lei
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Berkeley RA, Steele LP, Mulder AA, van den Wollenberg DJM, Kottke TJ, Thompson J, Coffey M, Hoeben RC, Vile RG, Melcher A, Ilett EJ. Antibody-Neutralized Reovirus Is Effective in Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:1161-1173. [PMID: 30209061 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is showing promise for otherwise incurable cancers. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), developed as direct cytotoxic agents, mediate their antitumor effects via activation of the immune system. However, OVs also stimulate antiviral immune responses, including the induction of OV-neutralizing antibodies. Current dogma suggests that the presence of preexisting antiviral neutralizing antibodies in patients, or their development during viral therapy, is a barrier to systemic OV delivery, rendering repeat systemic treatments ineffective. However, we have found that human monocytes loaded with preformed reovirus-antibody complexes, in which the reovirus is fully neutralized, deliver functional replicative reovirus to tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell infection and lysis. This delivery mechanism is mediated, at least in part, by antibody receptors (in particular FcγRIII) that mediate uptake and internalization of the reovirus/antibody complexes by the monocytes. This finding has implications for oncolytic virotherapy and for the design of clinical OV treatment strategies. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1161-73. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Berkeley
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lynette P Steele
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Aat A Mulder
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alan Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Forbes NS, Coffin RS, Deng L, Evgin L, Fiering S, Giacalone M, Gravekamp C, Gulley JL, Gunn H, Hoffman RM, Kaur B, Liu K, Lyerly HK, Marciscano AE, Moradian E, Ruppel S, Saltzman DA, Tattersall PJ, Thorne S, Vile RG, Zhang HH, Zhou S, McFadden G. White paper on microbial anti-cancer therapy and prevention. J Immunother Cancer 2018; 6:78. [PMID: 30081947 PMCID: PMC6091193 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-018-0381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this White Paper, we discuss the current state of microbial cancer therapy. This paper resulted from a meeting ('Microbial Based Cancer Therapy') at the US National Cancer Institute in the summer of 2017. Here, we define 'Microbial Therapy' to include both oncolytic viral therapy and bacterial anticancer therapy. Both of these fields exploit tumor-specific infectious microbes to treat cancer, have similar mechanisms of action, and are facing similar challenges to commercialization. We designed this paper to nucleate this growing field of microbial therapeutics and increase interactions between researchers in it and related fields. The authors of this paper include many primary researchers in this field. In this paper, we discuss the potential, status and opportunities for microbial therapy as well as strategies attempted to date and important questions that need to be addressed. The main areas that we think will have the greatest impact are immune stimulation, control of efficacy, control of delivery, and safety. There is much excitement about the potential of this field to treat currently intractable cancer. Much of the potential exists because these therapies utilize unique mechanisms of action, difficult to achieve with other biological or small molecule drugs. By better understanding and controlling these mechanisms, we will create new therapies that will become integral components of cancer care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Forbes
- grid.266683.f0000 0001 2184 9220Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Massachusetts 159 Goessmann Hall 01003 Amherst MA USA
| | | | - Liang Deng
- 0000 0001 2171 9952grid.51462.34Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 10065 New York NY USA
| | - Laura Evgin
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aMayo Clinic Rochester USA
| | - Steve Fiering
- 0000 0001 2179 2404grid.254880.3Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover USA
| | | | - Claudia Gravekamp
- 0000000121791997grid.251993.5Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx USA
| | - James L Gulley
- 0000 0004 1936 8075grid.48336.3aNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA
| | | | - Robert M Hoffman
- 0000 0001 2107 4242grid.266100.3UC, San Diego San Diego USA
- 0000 0004 0461 1271grid.417448.aAntiCancer Inc. San Diego USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- 0000000121548364grid.55460.32University of Texas Austin USA
| | - Ke Liu
- 0000 0001 2243 3366grid.417587.8Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchUS Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring USA
| | | | - Ariel E Marciscano
- 0000 0004 1936 8075grid.48336.3aNational Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda USA
| | | | - Sheryl Ruppel
- 0000 0004 4665 8158grid.419407.fLeidos Biomedical Research, Inc. Frederick USA
| | - Daniel A Saltzman
- 0000000419368657grid.17635.36University of Minnesota Minneapolis USA
| | | | - Steve Thorne
- 0000 0004 1936 9000grid.21925.3dUniversity of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh USA
| | - Richard G Vile
- 0000 0004 0459 167Xgrid.66875.3aMayo Clinic Rochester USA
| | | | - Shibin Zhou
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Johns Hopkins University Baltimore USA
| | - Grant McFadden
- 0000 0001 2151 2636grid.215654.1Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy , Biodesign InstituteArizona State University 727 E Tyler Street, Room A330E 85281 Tempe AZ USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Melcher A. Oncolytic Virotherapy: Single Cycle Cures or Repeat Treatments? (Repeat Dosing Is Crucial!). Mol Ther 2018; 26:1875-1876. [PMID: 30017879 PMCID: PMC6094867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Radiotherapy and Imaging, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen CY, Hutzen B, Wedekind MF, Cripe TP. Oncolytic virus and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade combination therapy. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:65-77. [PMID: 30105219 PMCID: PMC6074764 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s145532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are lytic for many types of cancers but are attenuated or replication-defective in normal tissues. Aside from tumor lysis, oncolytic viruses can induce host immune responses against cancer cells and may thus be viewed as a form of immunotherapy. Although recent successes with checkpoint inhibitors have shown that enhancing antitumor immunity can be effective, the dynamic nature of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment presents significant hurdles to the broader application of these therapies. Targeting one immune-suppressive pathway may not be sufficient to eliminate tumors. Here we focus on the development of the combination of oncolytic virotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors designed to target the programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 signaling axis. We also discuss future directions for the clinical application of this novel combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital,
| | - Brian Hutzen
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital,
| | - Mary F Wedekind
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, .,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, .,Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Naumenko V, Van S, Dastidar H, Kim DS, Kim SJ, Zeng Z, Deniset J, Lau A, Zhang C, Macia N, Heyne B, Jenne CN, Mahoney DJ. Visualizing Oncolytic Virus-Host Interactions in Live Mice Using Intravital Microscopy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 10:14-27. [PMID: 30073187 PMCID: PMC6070694 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an emerging cancer treatment that uses replicating viruses to infect and kill tumor cells and incite anticancer immunity. While the approach shows promise, it currently fails most patients, indicating strategies to improve OV activity are needed. Developing these will require greater understanding of OV biology, particularly in the context of OV delivery and clearance, the infection process within a complex tumor microenvironment, and the modulation of anticancer immunity. To help achieve this, we have established a technique for high-resolution 4D imaging of OV-host interactions within intact tissues of live mice using intravital microscopy (IVM). We show that oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) directly labeled with Alexa Fluor dyes is easily visualized by single- or multiphoton microscopy while retaining bioactivity in vivo. The addition of fluorophore-tagged antibodies and genetically encoded reporter proteins to image target cells and the virus infection enables real-time imaging of dynamic interactions between VSV and host cells in blood, tumor, and visceral organs of live mice. The method has sufficient in vivo resolution to observe leukocytes in blood binding to and transporting VSV particles, foci of VSV infection spreading through a tumor, and antigen-presenting cells in the spleen interacting with and being infected by VSV. Visualizing OV-host interactions by IVM represents a powerful new tool for studying OV therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Naumenko
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,National University of Science and Technology "MISIS," Leninskiy prospect 4, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Shinia Van
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Himika Dastidar
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dae-Sun Kim
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Seok-Joo Kim
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Zhutian Zeng
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Justin Deniset
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Arthur Lau
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Chunfen Zhang
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Nicolas Macia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Belinda Heyne
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Craig N Jenne
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Douglas J Mahoney
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Marelli G, Howells A, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. Oncolytic Viral Therapy and the Immune System: A Double-Edged Sword Against Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:866. [PMID: 29755464 PMCID: PMC5932159 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral therapy is a new promising strategy against cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can replicate in cancer cells but not in normal cells, leading to lysis of the tumor mass. Beside this primary effect, OVs can also stimulate the immune system. Tumors are an immuno-suppressive environment in which the immune system is silenced in order to avoid the immune response against cancer cells. The delivery of OVs into the tumor wakes up the immune system so that it can facilitate a strong and durable response against the tumor itself. Both innate and adaptive immune responses contribute to this process, producing an immune response against tumor antigens and facilitating immunological memory. However, viruses are recognized by the immune system as pathogens and the consequent anti-viral response could represent a big hurdle for OVs. Finding a balance between anti-tumor and anti-viral immunity is, under this new light, a priority for researchers. In this review, we provide an overview of the various ways in which different components of the immune system can be allied with OVs. We have analyzed the different immune responses in order to highlight the new and promising perspectives leading to increased anti-tumor response and decreased immune reaction to the OVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marelli
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anwen Howells
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas R Lemoine
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vile RG. The Immune System in Oncolytic Immunovirotherapy: Gospel, Schism and Heresy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:942-946. [PMID: 29573976 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Samson A, Bentham MJ, Scott K, Nuovo G, Bloy A, Appleton E, Adair RA, Dave R, Peckham-Cooper A, Toogood G, Nagamori S, Coffey M, Vile R, Harrington K, Selby P, Errington-Mais F, Melcher A, Griffin S. Oncolytic reovirus as a combined antiviral and anti-tumour agent for the treatment of liver cancer. Gut 2018; 67:562-573. [PMID: 27902444 PMCID: PMC5868283 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent promising, proinflammatory cancer treatments. Here, we explored whether OV-induced innate immune responses could simultaneously inhibit HCV while suppressing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Furthermore, we extended this exemplar to other models of virus-associated cancer. DESIGN AND RESULTS Clinical grade oncolytic orthoreovirus (Reo) elicited innate immune activation within primary human liver tissue in the absence of cytotoxicity and independently of viral genome replication. As well as achieving therapy in preclinical models of HCC through the activation of innate degranulating immune cells, Reo-induced cytokine responses efficiently suppressed HCV replication both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Reo-induced innate responses were also effective against models of HBV-associated HCC, as well as an alternative endogenous model of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoma. Interestingly, Reo appeared superior to the majority of OVs in its ability to elicit innate inflammatory responses from primary liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS We propose that Reo and other select proinflammatory OV may be used in the treatment of multiple cancers associated with oncogenic virus infections, simultaneously reducing both virus-associated oncogenic drive and tumour burden. In the case of HCV-associated HCC (HCV-HCC), Reo should be considered as an alternative agent to supplement and support current HCV-HCC therapies, particularly in those countries where access to new HCV antiviral treatments may be limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Bentham
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Karen Scott
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Gerard Nuovo
- The Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Abigail Bloy
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Elizabeth Appleton
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Robert A Adair
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Rajiv Dave
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Adam Peckham-Cooper
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Giles Toogood
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Matthew Coffey
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases 1-23-1 Toyama, Tokyo, Japan
- Oncolytics Biotech, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Vile
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kevin Harrington
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Alan Melcher
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Stephen Griffin
- Leeds Institute of Cancer & Pathology (LICAP) and Leeds Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James’ University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ricca JM, Oseledchyk A, Walther T, Liu C, Mangarin L, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD, Zamarin D. Pre-existing Immunity to Oncolytic Virus Potentiates Its Immunotherapeutic Efficacy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1008-1019. [PMID: 29478729 PMCID: PMC6079372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-viral immunity presents a major hurdle for systemically administered oncolytic viruses (OV). Intratumoral OV therapy has a potential to overcome this problem through activation of anti-tumor immune response, with local and abscopal effects. However, the effects of anti-viral immunity in such a setting are still not well defined. Using Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a model, we explore the effects of pre-existing anti-viral immunity on therapeutic efficacy in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Unexpectedly, we find that while pre-existing immunity to NDV limits its replication in tumors, tumor clearance, abscopal anti-tumor immune effects, and survival are not compromised and, on the contrary, are superior in NDV-immunized mice. These findings demonstrate that pre-existing immunity to NDV may increase its therapeutic efficacy through potentiation of systemic anti-tumor immunity, which provides clinical rationale for repeated therapeutic dosing and prompts investigation of such effects with other OVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Ricca
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anton Oseledchyk
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tyler Walther
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cailian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Levi Mangarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Swim Across America-Ludwig Collaborative Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Samson A, Scott KJ, Taggart D, West EJ, Wilson E, Nuovo GJ, Thomson S, Corns R, Mathew RK, Fuller MJ, Kottke TJ, Thompson JM, Ilett EJ, Cockle JV, van Hille P, Sivakumar G, Polson ES, Turnbull SJ, Appleton ES, Migneco G, Rose AS, Coffey MC, Beirne DA, Collinson FJ, Ralph C, Alan Anthoney D, Twelves CJ, Furness AJ, Quezada SA, Wurdak H, Errington-Mais F, Pandha H, Harrington KJ, Selby PJ, Vile RG, Griffin SD, Stead LF, Short SC, Melcher AA. Intravenous delivery of oncolytic reovirus to brain tumor patients immunologically primes for subsequent checkpoint blockade. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaam7577. [PMID: 29298869 PMCID: PMC6276984 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam7577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), are reshaping cancer therapeutic strategies. Evidence suggests, however, that tumor response and patient survival are determined by tumor programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. We hypothesized that preconditioning of the tumor immune microenvironment using targeted, virus-mediated interferon (IFN) stimulation would up-regulate tumor PD-L1 protein expression and increase cytotoxic T cell infiltration, improving the efficacy of subsequent checkpoint blockade. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a promising form of cancer immunotherapy. For brain tumors, almost all studies to date have used direct intralesional injection of OV, because of the largely untested belief that intravenous administration will not deliver virus to this site. We show, in a window-of-opportunity clinical study, that intravenous infusion of oncolytic human Orthoreovirus (referred to herein as reovirus) leads to infection of tumor cells subsequently resected as part of standard clinical care, both in high-grade glioma and in brain metastases, and increases cytotoxic T cell tumor infiltration relative to patients not treated with virus. We further show that reovirus up-regulates IFN-regulated gene expression, as well as the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in tumors, via an IFN-mediated mechanism. Finally, we show that addition of PD-1 blockade to reovirus enhances systemic therapy in a preclinical glioma model. These results support the development of combined systemic immunovirotherapy strategies for the treatment of both primary and secondary tumors in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adel Samson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Karen J Scott
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David Taggart
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Emma J West
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Erica Wilson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gerard J Nuovo
- Ohio State University, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Simon Thomson
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Robert Corns
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ryan K Mathew
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Martin J Fuller
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Jill M Thompson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Julia V Cockle
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Philip van Hille
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gnanamurthy Sivakumar
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Euan S Polson
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Samantha J Turnbull
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Appleton
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Gemma Migneco
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Ailsa S Rose
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | - Deborah A Beirne
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Trust, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fiona J Collinson
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Christy Ralph
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D Alan Anthoney
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Christopher J Twelves
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Heiko Wurdak
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fiona Errington-Mais
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Peter J Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Richard G Vile
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Stephen D Griffin
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Lucy F Stead
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Alan A Melcher
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123 Old Brompton Road, London SW7 3RP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Atherton MJ, Evgin L, Keller BA, Shenouda MM, Stephenson KB, Vile RG, Bell JC, Evans DH, Lichty BD. Infectious Optimism following the 10th International Oncolytic Virus Meeting. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
43
|
Ajina A, Maher J. Prospects for combined use of oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:90. [PMID: 29157300 PMCID: PMC5696728 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for inoperable locally advanced or metastatic malignant melanoma in the USA and Europe, oncolytic virotherapy is now emerging as a viable therapeutic option for cancer patients. In parallel, following the favourable results of several clinical trials, adoptive cell transfer using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T-cells is anticipated to enter routine clinical practice for the management of chemotherapy-refractory B-cell malignancies. However, CAR T-cell therapy for patients with advanced solid tumours has proved far less successful. This Review draws upon recent advances in the design of novel oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells and provides a comprehensive overview of the synergistic potential of combination oncolytic virotherapy with CAR T-cell adoptive cell transfer for the management of solid tumours, drawing particular attention to the methods by which recombinant oncolytic viruses may augment CAR T-cell trafficking into the tumour microenvironment, mitigate or reverse local immunosuppression and enhance CAR T-cell effector function and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Ajina
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Maher
- King’s College London, CAR Mechanics Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guy’s Hospital Campus, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, East Sussex, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
NKp46 Recognizes the Sigma1 Protein of Reovirus: Implications for Reovirus-Based Cancer Therapy. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01045-17. [PMID: 28724773 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01045-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent approval of oncolytic virus for therapy of melanoma patients has increased the need for precise evaluation of the mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses affect tumor growth. Here we show that the human NK cell-activating receptor NKp46 and the orthologous mouse protein NCR1 recognize the reovirus sigma1 protein in a sialic-acid-dependent manner. We identify sites of NKp46/NCR1 binding to sigma1 and show that sigma1 binding by NKp46/NCR1 leads to NK cell activation in vitro Finally, we demonstrate that NCR1 activation is essential for reovirus-based therapy in vivo Collectively, we have identified sigma1 as a novel ligand for NKp46/NCR1 and demonstrated that NKp46/NCR1 is needed both for clearance of reovirus infection and for reovirus-based tumor therapy.IMPORTANCE Reovirus infects much of the population during childhood, causing mild disease, and hence is considered to be efficiently controlled by the immune system. Reovirus also specifically infects tumor cells, leading to tumor death, and is currently being tested in human clinical trials for cancer therapy. The mechanisms by which our immune system controls reovirus infection and tumor killing are not well understood. We report here that natural killer (NK) cells recognize a viral protein named sigma1 through the NK cell-activating receptor NKp46. Using several mouse tumor models, we demonstrate the importance of NK cells in protection from reovirus infection and in reovirus killing of tumors in vivo Collectively, we identify a new ligand for the NKp46 receptor and provide evidence for the importance of NKp46 in the control of reovirus infections and in reovirus-based cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
45
|
Delivering safer immunotherapies for cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:79-101. [PMID: 28545888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is now a powerful clinical reality, with a steady progression of new drug approvals and a massive pipeline of additional treatments in clinical and preclinical development. However, modulation of the immune system can be a double-edged sword: Drugs that activate immune effectors are prone to serious non-specific systemic inflammation and autoimmune side effects. Drug delivery technologies have an important role to play in harnessing the power of immune therapeutics while avoiding on-target/off-tumor toxicities. Here we review mechanisms of toxicity for clinically-relevant immunotherapeutics, and discuss approaches based in drug delivery technology to enhance the safety and potency of these treatments. These include strategies to merge drug delivery with adoptive cellular therapies, targeting immunotherapies to tumors or select immune cells, and localizing therapeutics intratumorally. Rational design employing lessons learned from the drug delivery and nanomedicine fields has the potential to facilitate immunotherapy reaching its full potential.
Collapse
|
46
|
Ilett E, Kottke T, Thompson J, Rajani K, Zaidi S, Evgin L, Coffey M, Ralph C, Diaz R, Pandha H, Harrington K, Selby P, Bram R, Melcher A, Vile R. Prime-boost using separate oncolytic viruses in combination with checkpoint blockade improves anti-tumour therapy. Gene Ther 2017; 24:21-30. [PMID: 27779616 PMCID: PMC5387692 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The anti-tumour effects associated with oncolytic virus therapy are mediated significantly through immune-mediated mechanisms, which depend both on the type of virus and the route of delivery. Here, we show that intra-tumoral oncolysis by Reovirus induced the priming of a CD8+, Th1-type anti-tumour response. By contrast, systemically delivered Vesicular Stomatitis Virus expressing a cDNA library of melanoma antigens (VSV-ASMEL) promoted a potent anti-tumour CD4+ Th17 response. Therefore, we hypothesised that combining the Reovirus-induced CD8+ T cell response, with the VSV-ASMEL CD4+ Th17 helper response, would produce enhanced anti-tumour activity. Consistent with this, priming with intra-tumoral Reovirus, followed by an intra-venous VSV-ASMEL Th17 boost, significantly improved survival of mice bearing established subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumours. We also show that combination of either therapy alone with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade augmented both the Th1 response induced by systemically delivered Reovirus in combination with GM-CSF, and also the Th17 response induced by VSV-ASMEL. Significantly, anti-PD-1 also uncovered an anti-tumour Th1 response following VSV-ASMEL treatment that was not seen in the absence of checkpoint blockade. Finally, the combination of all three treatments (priming with systemically delivered Reovirus, followed by double boosting with systemic VSV-ASMEL and anti-PD-1) significantly enhanced survival, with long-term cures, compared to any individual, or double, combination therapies, associated with strong Th1 and Th17 responses to tumour antigens. Our data show that it is possible to generate fully systemic, highly effective anti-tumour immunovirotherapy by combining oncolytic viruses, along with immune checkpoint blockade, to induce complementary mechanisms of anti-tumour immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ilett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - T Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K Rajani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - L Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - M Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - C Ralph
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | | | - H Pandha
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - P Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R Bram
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Leoni V, Gatta V, Palladini A, Nicoletti G, Ranieri D, Dall'Ora M, Grosso V, Rossi M, Alviano F, Bonsi L, Nanni P, Lollini PL, Campadelli-Fiume G. Systemic delivery of HER2-retargeted oncolytic-HSV by mesenchymal stromal cells protects from lung and brain metastases. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34774-87. [PMID: 26430966 PMCID: PMC4741489 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fully retargeted oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (o-HSVs) gain cancer-specificity from redirection of tropism to cancer-specific receptors, and are non-attenuated. To overcome the hurdles of systemic delivery, and enable oncolytic viruses (o-viruses) to reach metastatic sites, carrier cells are being exploited. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were never tested as carriers of retargeted o-viruses, given their scarse-null expression of the cancer-specific receptors. We report that MSCs from different sources can be forcedly infected with a HER2-retargeted oncolytic HSV. Progeny virus spread from MSCs to cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We evaluated the organ distribution and therapeutic efficacy in two murine models of metastatic cancers, following a single i.v. injection of infected MSCs. As expected, the highest concentration of carrier-cells and of viral genomes was in the lungs. Viral genomes persisted throughout the body for at least two days. The growth of ovarian cancer lung metastases in nude mice was strongly inhibited, and the majority of treated mice appeared metastasis-free. The treatment significantly inhibited also breast cancer metastases to the brain in NSG mice, and reduced by more than one-half the metastatic burden in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Palladini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giordano Nicoletti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Ranieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Dall'Ora
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Grosso
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Rossi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Alviano
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Bonsi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mansfield DC, Kyula JN, Rosenfelder N, Chao-Chu J, Kramer-Marek G, Khan AA, Roulstone V, McLaughlin M, Melcher AA, Vile RG, Pandha HS, Khoo V, Harrington KJ. Oncolytic vaccinia virus as a vector for therapeutic sodium iodide symporter gene therapy in prostate cancer. Gene Ther 2016; 23:357-68. [PMID: 26814609 PMCID: PMC4827015 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic strains of vaccinia virus are currently in clinical development with clear evidence of safety and promising signs of efficacy. Addition of therapeutic genes to the viral genome may increase the therapeutic efficacy of vaccinia. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of vaccinia virus expressing the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in prostate cancer models, combining oncolysis, external beam radiotherapy and NIS-mediated radioiodide therapy. The NIS-expressing vaccinia virus (VV-NIS), GLV-1h153, was tested in in vitro analyzes of viral cell killing, combination with radiotherapy, NIS expression, cellular radioiodide uptake and apoptotic cell death in PC3, DU145, LNCaP and WPMY-1 human prostate cell lines. In vivo experiments were carried out in PC3 xenografts in CD1 nude mice to assess NIS expression and tumor radioiodide uptake. In addition, the therapeutic benefit of radioiodide treatment in combination with viral oncolysis and external beam radiotherapy was measured. In vitro viral cell killing of prostate cancers was dose- and time-dependent and was through apoptotic mechanisms. Importantly, combined virus therapy and iodizing radiation did not adversely affect oncolysis. NIS gene expression in infected cells was functional and mediated uptake of radioiodide both in vitro and in vivo. Therapy experiments with both xenograft and immunocompetent Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mouse models showed that the addition of radioiodide to VV-NIS-infected tumors was more effective than each single-agent therapy, restricting tumor growth and increasing survival. In conclusion, VV-NIS is effective in prostate cancer models. This treatment modality would be an attractive complement to existing clinical radiotherapy practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C Mansfield
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - J N Kyula
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - N Rosenfelder
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - J Chao-Chu
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - G Kramer-Marek
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - A A Khan
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - V Roulstone
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - M McLaughlin
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
| | - A A Melcher
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - R G Vile
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - H S Pandha
- Postgraduate Medical School, The University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - V Khoo
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
- University of Melbourne and Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - K J Harrington
- Divisions of Cancer Biology and Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Labs, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Campadelli-Fiume G, Petrovic B, Leoni V, Gianni T, Avitabile E, Casiraghi C, Gatta V. Retargeting Strategies for Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses. Viruses 2016; 8:63. [PMID: 26927159 PMCID: PMC4810253 DOI: 10.3390/v8030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) exhibit a high safety profile achieved through attenuation. They carry defects in virulence proteins that antagonize host cell response to the virus, including innate response, apoptosis, authophagy, and depend on tumor cell proliferation. They grow robustly in cancer cells, provided that these are deficient in host cell responses, which is often the case. To overcome the attenuation limits, a strategy is to render the virus highly cancer-specific, e.g., by retargeting their tropism to cancer-specific receptors, and detargeting from natural receptors. The target we selected is HER-2, overexpressed in breast, ovarian and other cancers. Entry of wt-HSV requires the essential glycoproteins gD, gH/gL and gB. Here, we reviewed that oncolytic HSV retargeting was achieved through modifications in gD: the addition of a single-chain antibody (scFv) to HER-2 coupled with appropriate deletions to remove part of the natural receptors' binding sites. Recently, we showed that also gH/gL can be a retargeting tool. The insertion of an scFv to HER-2 at the gH N-terminus, coupled with deletions in gD, led to a recombinant capable to use HER-2 as the sole receptor. The retargeted oncolytic HSVs can be administered systemically by means of carrier cells-forcedly-infected mesenchymal stem cells. Altogether, the retargeted oncolytic HSVs are highly cancer-specific and their replication is not dependent on intrinsic defects of the tumor cells. They might be further modified to express immunomodulatory molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Biljana Petrovic
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Gianni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Elisa Avitabile
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Costanza Casiraghi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Seymour LW, Fisher KD. Oncolytic viruses: finally delivering. Br J Cancer 2016; 114:357-61. [PMID: 26766734 PMCID: PMC4815777 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses can be found at the confluence of virology, genetic engineering and pharmacology where versatile platforms for molecularly targeted anticancer agents can be designed and optimised. Oncolytic viruses offer several important advantages over traditional approaches, including the following. (1) Amplification of the active agent (infectious virus particles) within the tumour. This avoids unnecessary exposure to normal tissues experienced during delivery of traditional stoichiometric chemotherapy and maximises the therapeutic index. (2) The active cell-killing mechanisms, often independent of programmed death mechanisms, should decrease the emergence of acquired drug resistance. (3) Lytic death of cancer cells provides a pro-inflammatory microenvironment and the potential for induction of an anticancer vaccine response. (4) Tumour-selective expression and secretion of encoded anticancer biologics, providing a new realm of potent and cost-effective-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerry D Fisher
- Department Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|