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Romano PS, Akematsu T, Besteiro S, Bindschedler A, Carruthers VB, Chahine Z, Coppens I, Descoteaux A, Alberto Duque TL, He CY, Heussler V, Le Roch KG, Li FJ, de Menezes JPB, Menna-Barreto RFS, Mottram JC, Schmuckli-Maurer J, Turk B, Tavares Veras PS, Salassa BN, Vanrell MC. Autophagy in protists and their hosts: When, how and why? AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2149211. [PMID: 37064813 PMCID: PMC10104450 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2022.2149211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic protists are a group of organisms responsible for causing a variety of human diseases including malaria, sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and toxoplasmosis, among others. These diseases, which affect more than one billion people globally, mainly the poorest populations, are characterized by severe chronic stages and the lack of effective antiparasitic treatment. Parasitic protists display complex life-cycles and go through different cellular transformations in order to adapt to the different hosts they live in. Autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation process, has emerged as a key mechanism required for these differentiation processes, as well as other functions that are crucial to parasite fitness. In contrast to yeasts and mammals, protist autophagy is characterized by a modest number of conserved autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) that, even though, can drive the autophagosome formation and degradation. In addition, during their intracellular cycle, the interaction of these pathogens with the host autophagy system plays a crucial role resulting in a beneficial or harmful effect that is important for the outcome of the infection. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on autophagy and other related mechanisms in pathogenic protists and their hosts. We sought to emphasize when, how, and why this process takes place, and the effects it may have on the parasitic cycle. A better understanding of the significance of autophagy for the protist life-cycle will potentially be helpful to design novel anti-parasitic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silvia Romano
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Takahiko Akematsu
- Department of Biosciences, College of Humanities and Sciences, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Vern B Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zeinab Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology. Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute. Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. Baltimore 21205, MD, USA
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Laval, QC
| | - Thabata Lopes Alberto Duque
- Autophagy Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Cynthia Y He
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology.University of Bern. Baltzerstr. 4 3012 Bern
| | - Karine G Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Feng-Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Patricia Sampaio Tavares Veras
- Laboratory of Host-Parasite Interaction and Epidemiology, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Fiocruz-Bahia
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases - National Council for Scientific Research and Development (CNPq)
| | - Betiana Nebai Salassa
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Vanrell
- Laboratorio de Biología de Trypanosoma cruzi y de la célula hospedadora. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. (IHEM-CONICET-UNCUYO). Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Av. Libertador 80 (5500), Mendoza, Argentina
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2
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Matteucci KC, Correa AAS, Costa DL. Recent Advances in Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis and Malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:905278. [PMID: 35669122 PMCID: PMC9163498 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.905278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and malaria, caused by parasites from the Plasmodium genus, are two of the major causes of death due to infectious diseases in the world. Both diseases are treatable with drugs that have microbicidal properties against each of the etiologic agents. However, problems related to treatment compliance by patients and emergence of drug resistant microorganisms have been a major problem for combating TB and malaria. This factor is further complicated by the absence of highly effective vaccines that can prevent the infection with either M. tuberculosis or Plasmodium. However, certain host biological processes have been found to play a role in the promotion of infection or in the pathogenesis of each disease. These processes can be targeted by host-directed therapies (HDTs), which can be administered in conjunction with the standard drug treatments for each pathogen, aiming to accelerate their elimination or to minimize detrimental side effects resulting from exacerbated inflammation. In this review we discuss potential new targets for the development of HDTs revealed by recent advances in the knowledge of host-pathogen interaction biology, and present an overview of strategies that have been tested in vivo, either in experimental models or in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kely C. Matteucci
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - André A. S. Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Diego L. Costa,
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3
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Schroeder EA, Chirgwin ME, Derbyshire ER. Plasmodium’s fight for survival: escaping elimination while acquiring nutrients. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:544-557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Red Blood Cell BCL-x L Is Required for Plasmodium falciparum Survival: Insights into Host-Directed Malaria Therapies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040824. [PMID: 35456874 PMCID: PMC9027239 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of antimalarial drug resistance is an ongoing problem threatening progress towards the elimination of malaria, and antimalarial treatments are urgently needed for drug-resistant malaria infections. Host-directed therapies (HDT) represent an attractive strategy for the development of new antimalarials with untapped targets and low propensity for resistance. In addition, drug repurposing in the context of HDT can lead to a substantial decrease in the time and resources required to develop novel antimalarials. Host BCL-xL is a target in anti-cancer therapy and is essential for the development of numerous intracellular pathogens. We hypothesised that red blood cell (RBC) BCL-xL is essential for Plasmodium development and tested this hypothesis using six BCL-xL inhibitors, including one FDA-approved compound. All BCL-xL inhibitors tested impaired proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 parasites in vitro at low micromolar or sub-micromolar concentrations. Western blot analysis of infected cell fractions and immunofluorescence microscopy assays revealed that host BCL-xL is relocated from the RBC cytoplasm to the vicinity of the parasite upon infection. Further, immunoprecipitation of BCL-xL coupled with mass spectrometry analysis identified that BCL-xL forms unique molecular complexes with human μ-calpain in uninfected RBCs, and with human SHOC2 in infected RBCs. These results provide interesting perspectives for the development of host-directed antimalarial therapies and drug repurposing efforts.
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Glennon EKK, Tongogara T, Primavera VI, Reeder SM, Wei L, Kaushansky A. Elucidating Spatially-Resolved Changes in Host Signaling During Plasmodium Liver-Stage Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:804186. [PMID: 35111697 PMCID: PMC8801743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.804186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon transmission to the human host, Plasmodium sporozoites exit the skin, are taken up by the blood stream, and then travel to the liver where they infect and significantly modify a single hepatocyte. Low infection rates within the liver have made proteomic studies of infected hepatocytes challenging, particularly in vivo, and existing studies have been largely unable to consider how protein and phosphoprotein differences are altered at different spatial locations within the heterogeneous liver. Using digital spatial profiling, we characterized changes in host signaling during Plasmodium yoelii infection in vivo without disrupting the liver tissue. Moreover, we measured alterations in protein expression around infected hepatocytes and identified a subset of CD163+ Kupffer cells that migrate towards infected cells during infection. These data offer the first insight into the heterogeneous microenvironment that surrounds the infected hepatocyte and provide insights into how the parasite may alter its milieu to influence its survival and modulate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. K. Glennon
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tinotenda Tongogara
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
- Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA, United States
| | - Veronica I. Primavera
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sophia M. Reeder
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ling Wei
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexis Kaushansky,
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6
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The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ionophores for the treatment of human infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111661. [PMID: 34896767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionophores are a diverse class of synthetic and naturally occurring ion transporter compounds which demonstrate both direct and in-direct antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. In addition, ionophores can regulate the host-immune response during communicable and non-communicable disease states. Although the clinical use of ionophores such as Amphotericin B, Bedaquiline and Ivermectin highlight the utility of ionophores in modern medicine, for many other ionophore compounds issues surrounding toxicity, bioavailability or lack of in vivo efficacy studies have hindered clinical development. The antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of a range of compounds with characteristics of ionophores remain largely unexplored. As such, ionophores remain a latent therapeutic avenue to address both the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, and the unmet clinical need for new antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide an overview of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of ionophores, and their potential uses in clinical medicine for combatting infection.
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7
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Abstract
Host-directed therapy (HDT) is gaining traction as a strategy to combat infectious diseases caused by viruses and intracellular bacteria, but its implementation in the context of parasitic diseases has received less attention. Here, we provide a brief overview of this field and advocate HDT as a promising strategy for antimalarial intervention based on untapped targets. HDT provides a basis from which repurposed drugs could be rapidly deployed and is likely to strongly limit the emergence of resistance. This strategy can be applied to any intracellular pathogen and is particularly well placed in situations in which rapid identification of treatments is needed, such as emerging infections and pandemics, as starkly illustrated by the current COVID-19 crisis.
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8
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Ebert G, Lopaticki S, O'Neill MT, Steel RWJ, Doerflinger M, Rajasekaran P, Yang ASP, Erickson S, Ioannidis L, Arandjelovic P, Mackiewicz L, Allison C, Silke J, Pellegrini M, Boddey JA. Targeting the Extrinsic Pathway of Hepatocyte Apoptosis Promotes Clearance of Plasmodium Liver Infection. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4343-4354.e4. [PMID: 32234472 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites infect the liver and develop into exoerythrocytic merozoites that initiate blood-stage disease. The hepatocyte molecular pathways that permit or abrogate parasite replication and merozoite formation have not been thoroughly explored, and a deeper understanding may identify therapeutic strategies to mitigate malaria. Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins regulate cell survival and are co-opted by intracellular pathogens to support development. Here, we show that cIAP1 levels are upregulated during Plasmodium liver infection and that genetic or pharmacological targeting of cIAPs using clinical-stage antagonists preferentially kills infected hepatocytes and promotes immunity. Using gene-targeted mice, the mechanism was defined as TNF-TNFR1-mediated apoptosis via caspases 3 and 8 to clear parasites. This study reveals the importance of cIAPs to Plasmodium infection and demonstrates that host-directed antimalarial drugs can eliminate liver parasites and induce immunity while likely providing a high barrier to resistance in the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Ebert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew T O'Neill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ryan W J Steel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Pravin Rajasekaran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Annie S P Yang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sara Erickson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip Arandjelovic
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Liana Mackiewicz
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Cody Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Justin A Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Sena-dos-Santos C, Braga-da-Silva C, Marques D, Azevedo dos Santos Pinheiro J, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Cavalcante GC. Unraveling Cell Death Pathways during Malaria Infection: What Do We Know So Far? Cells 2021; 10:479. [PMID: 33672278 PMCID: PMC7926694 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic disease (caused by different Plasmodium species) that affects millions of people worldwide. The lack of effective malaria drugs and a vaccine contributes to this disease, continuing to cause major public health and socioeconomic problems, especially in low-income countries. Cell death is implicated in malaria immune responses by eliminating infected cells, but it can also provoke an intense inflammatory response and lead to severe malaria outcomes. The study of the pathophysiological role of cell death in malaria in mammalians is key to understanding the parasite-host interactions and design prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for malaria. In this work, we review malaria-triggered cell death pathways (apoptosis, autophagy, necrosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, and ferroptosis) and we discuss their potential role in the development of new approaches for human malaria therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Sena-dos-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Cíntia Braga-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Diego Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Jhully Azevedo dos Santos Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oncologia e Ciências Médicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C. Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil; (C.S.-d.-S.); (C.B.-d.-S.); (D.M.); (J.A.d.S.P.); (Â.R.-d.-S.)
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10
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Glennon EKK, Austin LS, Arang N, Kain HS, Mast FD, Vijayan K, Aitchison JD, Kappe SHI, Kaushansky A. Alterations in Phosphorylation of Hepatocyte Ribosomal Protein S6 Control Plasmodium Liver Stage Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3391-3399.e4. [PMID: 30893610 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are highly selective when infecting hepatocytes and induce many changes within the host cell upon infection. While several host cell factors have been identified that are important for liver infection, our understanding of what facilitates the maintenance of infection remains incomplete. Here, we describe a role for phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (Ser235/236) (p-RPS6) in Plasmodium yoelii-infected hepatocytes. Blocking RPS6 phosphorylation prior to infection decreases the number of liver stage parasites within 24 h. Infected hepatocytes exhibit elevated levels of p-RPS6 while simultaneously abrogating the induction of phosphorylation of RPS6 in response to insulin stimulation. This is in contrast with the regulation of p-RPS6 by Toxoplasma gondii, which elevates levels of p-RPS6 after infection but does not alter the response to insulin. Our data support a model in which RPS6 phosphorylation is uncoupled from canonical regulators in Plasmodium-infected hepatocytes and is relied on by the parasite to maintain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura S Austin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Nadia Arang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather S Kain
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Fred D Mast
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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11
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Singh KS, Leu JIJ, Barnoud T, Vonteddu P, Gnanapradeepan K, Lin C, Liu Q, Barton JC, Kossenkov AV, George DL, Murphy ME, Dotiwala F. African-centric TP53 variant increases iron accumulation and bacterial pathogenesis but improves response to malaria toxin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:473. [PMID: 31980600 PMCID: PMC6981190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A variant at amino acid 47 in human TP53 exists predominantly in individuals of African descent. P47S human and mouse cells show increased cancer risk due to defective ferroptosis. Here, we show that this ferroptotic defect causes iron accumulation in P47S macrophages. This high iron content alters macrophage cytokine profiles, leads to higher arginase level and activity, and decreased nitric oxide synthase activity. This leads to more productive intracellular bacterial infections but is protective against malarial toxin hemozoin. Proteomics of macrophages reveal decreased liver X receptor (LXR) activation, inflammation and antibacterial defense in P47S macrophages. Both iron chelators and LXR agonists improve the response of P47S mice to bacterial infection. African Americans with elevated saturated transferrin and serum ferritin show higher prevalence of the P47S variant (OR = 1.68 (95%CI 1.07–2.65) p = 0.023), suggestive of its role in iron accumulation in humans. This altered macrophage phenotype may confer an advantage in malaria-endemic sub-Saharan Africa. A polymorphism in human TP53 (P47S) that predominantly exists in individuals of African descent affects ferroptosis. Here, the authors show that this results in iron accumulation in macrophages leading to more productive infection by intracellular bacteria but improved anti-inflammatory response to the malarial toxin hemozoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sachin Singh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Julia I-Ju Leu
- Department of Genetics, The Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Prashanthi Vonteddu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Keerthana Gnanapradeepan
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, The Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Program in Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - James C Barton
- Southern Iron Disorders Center, Birmingham AL 35209 USA and Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Bioinformatics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Donna L George
- Department of Genetics, The Raymond and Ruth Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Maureen E Murphy
- Program in Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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12
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Vera IM, Grilo Ruivo MT, Lemos Rocha LF, Marques S, Bhatia SN, Mota MM, Mancio-Silva L. Targeting liver stage malaria with metformin. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127441. [PMID: 31852843 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an unprecedented 2 decades of success, the combat against malaria - the mosquito-transmitted disease caused by Plasmodium parasites - is no longer progressing. Efforts toward eradication are threatened by the lack of an effective vaccine and a rise in antiparasite drug resistance. Alternative approaches are urgently needed. Repurposing of available, approved drugs with distinct modes of action are being considered as viable and immediate adjuncts to standard antimicrobial treatment. Such strategies may be well suited to the obligatory and clinically silent first phase of Plasmodium infection, where massive parasite replication occurs within hepatocytes in the liver. Here, we report that the widely used antidiabetic drug, metformin, impairs parasite liver stage development of both rodent-infecting Plasmodium berghei and human-infecting P. falciparum parasites. Prophylactic treatment with metformin curtails parasite intracellular growth in vitro. An additional effect was observed in mice with a decrease in the numbers of infected hepatocytes. Moreover, metformin provided in combination with conventional liver- or blood-acting antimalarial drugs further reduced the total burden of P. berghei infection and substantially lessened disease severity in mice. Together, our findings indicate that repurposing of metformin in a prophylactic regimen could be considered for malaria chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iset Medina Vera
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida T Grilo Ruivo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonardo F Lemos Rocha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Marques
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Masschusetts, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Penha-Gonçalves C. Genetics of Malaria Inflammatory Responses: A Pathogenesis Perspective. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1771. [PMID: 31417551 PMCID: PMC6682681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in combating malaria in recent years the burden of severe disease and death due to Plasmodium infections remains a global public health concern. Only a fraction of infected people develops severe clinical syndromes motivating a longstanding search for genetic determinants of malaria severity. Strong genetic effects have been repeatedly ascribed to mutations and allelic variants of proteins expressed in red blood cells but the role of inflammatory response genes in disease pathogenesis has been difficult to discern. We revisited genetic evidence provided by inflammatory response genes that have been repeatedly associated to malaria, namely TNF, NOS2, IFNAR1, HMOX1, TLRs, CD36, and CD40LG. This highlighted specific genetic variants having opposing roles in the development of distinct malaria clinical outcomes and unveiled diverse levels of genetic heterogeneity that shaped the complex association landscape of inflammatory response genes with malaria. However, scrutinizing genetic effects of individual variants corroborates a pathogenesis model where pro-inflammatory genetic variants acting in early infection stages contribute to resolve infection but at later stages confer increased vulnerability to severe organ dysfunction driven by tissue inflammation. Human genetics studies are an invaluable tool to find genes and molecular pathways involved in the inflammatory response to malaria but their precise roles in disease pathogenesis are still unexploited. Genome editing in malaria experimental models and novel genotyping-by-sequencing techniques are promising approaches to delineate the relevance of inflammatory response gene variants in the natural history of infection thereby will offer new rational angles on adjuvant therapeutics for prevention and clinical management of severe malaria.
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14
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Raphemot R, Toro-Moreno M, Lu KY, Posfai D, Derbyshire ER. Discovery of Druggable Host Factors Critical to Plasmodium Liver-Stage Infection. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1253-1262.e5. [PMID: 31257182 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites undergo an obligatory and asymptomatic developmental stage within the liver before infecting red blood cells to cause malaria. The hijacked host pathways critical to parasite infection during this hepatic phase remain poorly understood. Here, we implemented a forward genetic screen to identify over 100 host factors within the human druggable genome that are critical to P. berghei infection in hepatoma cells. Notably, we found knockdown of genes involved in protein trafficking pathways to be detrimental to parasite infection. The disruption of protein trafficking modulators, including COPB2 and GGA1, decreases P. berghei parasite size, and an immunofluorescence study suggests that these proteins are recruited to the Plasmodium parasitophorous vacuole in infected hepatocytes. These findings reveal that various host intracellular protein trafficking pathways are subverted by Plasmodium parasites during the liver stage and provide new insights into their manipulation for growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Raphemot
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Maria Toro-Moreno
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dora Posfai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Emily Rose Derbyshire
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, 213 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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15
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Kain HS, Glennon EKK, Vijayan K, Arang N, Douglass AN, Fortin CL, Zuck M, Lewis AJ, Whiteside SL, Dudgeon DR, Johnson JS, Aderem A, Stevens KR, Kaushansky A. Liver stage malaria infection is controlled by host regulators of lipid peroxidation. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:44-54. [PMID: 31065106 PMCID: PMC7206113 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The facets of host control during Plasmodium liver infection remain largely unknown. We find that the SLC7a11-GPX4 pathway, which has been associated with the production of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and a form of cell death called ferroptosis, plays a critical role in control of Plasmodium liver stage infection. Specifically, blocking GPX4 or SLC7a11 dramatically reduces Plasmodium liver stage parasite infection. In contrast, blocking negative regulators of this pathway, NOX1 and TFR1, leads to an increase in liver stage infection. We have shown previously that increased levels of P53 reduces Plasmodium LS burden in an apoptosis-independent manner. Here, we demonstrate that increased P53 is unable to control parasite burden during NOX1 or TFR1 knockdown, or in the presence of ROS scavenging or when lipid peroxidation is blocked. Additionally, SLC7a11 inhibitors Erastin and Sorafenib reduce infection. Thus, blocking the host SLC7a11-GPX4 pathway serves to selectively elevate lipid peroxides in infected cells, which localize within the parasite and lead to the elimination of liver stage parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather S Kain
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kamalakannan Vijayan
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nadia Arang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alyse N Douglass
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Pathobiology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Fortin
- Departments of Bioengineering & Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan Zuck
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam J Lewis
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samantha L Whiteside
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Denali R Dudgeon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jarrod S Johnson
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kelly R Stevens
- Departments of Bioengineering & Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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16
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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17
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Nordor AV, Bellet D, Siwo GH. Cancer-malaria: hidden connections. Open Biol 2018; 8:rsob.180127. [PMID: 30381365 PMCID: PMC6223206 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer and malaria exemplify two maladies historically assigned to separated research spaces. Cancer, on the one hand, ranks among the top priorities in the research agenda of developed countries. Its rise is mostly explained by the ageing of these populations and linked to environment and lifestyle. Malaria, on the other hand, represents a major health burden for developing countries in the Southern Hemisphere. These two diseases also belong to separate fields of medicine: non-communicable diseases for cancer and communicable diseases for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akpéli V Nordor
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Département de Recherche Translationnelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bellet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Hôpital René Huguenin, Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Pôle Pathologie-Génétique-Immunologie-Hémobiologie, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Geoffrey H Siwo
- IBM Research Africa, Johannesburg, South Africa .,Center for Research Computing, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46656, USA
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18
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Glennon EKK, Dankwa S, Smith JD, Kaushansky A. Opportunities for Host-targeted Therapies for Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:843-860. [PMID: 30122551 PMCID: PMC6168423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent successes of artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs, many still die from severe malaria, and eradication efforts are hindered by the limited drugs currently available to target transmissible gametocyte parasites and liver-resident dormant Plasmodium vivax hypnozoites. Host-targeted therapy is a new direction for infectious disease drug development and aims to interfere with host molecules, pathways, or networks that are required for infection or that contribute to disease. Recent advances in our understanding of host pathways involved in parasite development and pathogenic mechanisms in severe malaria could facilitate the development of host-targeted interventions against Plasmodium infection and malaria disease. This review discusses new opportunities for host-targeted therapeutics for malaria and the potential to harness drug polypharmacology to simultaneously target multiple host pathways using a single drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K K Glennon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; These authors made an equal contribution
| | - Selasi Dankwa
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; These authors made an equal contribution
| | - Joseph D Smith
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, 307 Westlake Ave N Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Harris Hydraulics Laboratory, Box 357965, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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19
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Moreno-Sabater A, Pérignon JL, Mazier D, Lavazec C, Soulard V. Humanized mouse models infected with human Plasmodium species for antimalarial drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 13:131-140. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1410136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Moreno-Sabater
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
- Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris - Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Est - Site Saint-Antoine, Paris, Île-de-France France
| | | | - Dominique Mazier
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
| | - Catherine Lavazec
- Institut Cochin – INSERM U1016, Paris, Île-de-France France
- CNRS - UMR8104, Paris, France
- Universite Paris Descartes, Paris, Île-de-France France
| | - Valerie Soulard
- UPMC Faculte de Medecine - INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL 8255, Centre d’Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, Île-de-France France
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20
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Zuck M, Austin LS, Danziger SA, Aitchison JD, Kaushansky A. The Promise of Systems Biology Approaches for Revealing Host Pathogen Interactions in Malaria. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2183. [PMID: 29201016 PMCID: PMC5696578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite global eradication efforts over the past century, malaria remains a devastating public health burden, causing almost half a million deaths annually (WHO, 2016). A detailed understanding of the mechanisms that control malaria infection has been hindered by technical challenges of studying a complex parasite life cycle in multiple hosts. While many interventions targeting the parasite have been implemented, the complex biology of Plasmodium poses a major challenge, and must be addressed to enable eradication. New approaches for elucidating key host-parasite interactions, and predicting how the parasite will respond in a variety of biological settings, could dramatically enhance the efficacy and longevity of intervention strategies. The field of systems biology has developed methodologies and principles that are well poised to meet these challenges. In this review, we focus our attention on the Liver Stage of the Plasmodium lifecycle and issue a “call to arms” for using systems biology approaches to forge a new era in malaria research. These approaches will reveal insights into the complex interplay between host and pathogen, and could ultimately lead to novel intervention strategies that contribute to malaria eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Zuck
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Laura S Austin
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Samuel A Danziger
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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21
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Identifying host regulators and inhibitors of liver stage malaria infection using kinase activity profiles. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1232. [PMID: 29089541 PMCID: PMC5663700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01345-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites have extensive needs from their host hepatocytes during the obligate liver stage of infection, yet there remains sparse knowledge of specific host regulators. Here we assess 34 host-targeted kinase inhibitors for their capacity to eliminate Plasmodium yoelii-infected hepatocytes. Using pre-existing activity profiles of each inhibitor, we generate a predictive computational model that identifies host kinases, which facilitate Plasmodium yoelii liver stage infection. We predict 47 kinases, including novel and previously described kinases that impact infection. The impact of a subset of kinases is experimentally validated, including Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, members of the MAP Kinase cascade, and WEE1. Our approach also predicts host-targeted kinase inhibitors of infection, including compounds already used in humans. Three of these compounds, VX-680, Roscovitine and Sunitinib, each eliminate >85% of infection. Our approach is well-suited to uncover key host determinants of infection in difficult model systems, including field-isolated parasites and/or emerging pathogens. Host kinases facilitate Plasmodium liver stage (LS) infection, but systematic accounting of important players is lacking. Here, the authors use a computational approach and kinase activity profiles to identify host kinase regulators of LS infection and drugs that could eliminate parasite burden.
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22
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Gonçalves LA, Rodo J, Rodrigues-Duarte L, de Moraes LV, Penha-Gonçalves C. HGF Secreted by Activated Kupffer Cells Induces Apoptosis of Plasmodium-Infected Hepatocytes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:90. [PMID: 28220125 PMCID: PMC5292919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria liver stage infection is an obligatory parasite development step and represents a population bottleneck in Plasmodium infections, providing an advantageous target for blocking parasite cycle progression. Parasite development inside hepatocytes implies a gross cellular insult evoking innate host responses to counteract intra-hepatocytic infection. Using primary hepatocyte cultures, we investigated the role of Kupffer cell-derived hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in malaria liver stage infection. We found that Kupffer cells from Plasmodium-infected livers produced high levels of HGF, which trigger apoptosis of infected hepatocytes through a mitochondrial-independent apoptosis pathway. HGF action in infected hepatocyte primary cultures results in a potent reduction of parasite yield by specifically sensitizing hepatocytes carrying established parasite exo-erythrocytic forms to undergo apoptosis. This apoptosis mechanism is distinct from cell death that is spontaneously induced in infected cultures and is governed by Fas signaling modulation through a mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway. This work indicates that HGF and Fas signaling pathways are part of an orchestrated host apoptosis response that occurs during malaria liver stage infection, decreasing the success of infection of individual hepatocytes. Our results raise the hypothesis that paracrine signals derived from Kupffer cell activation are implicated in directing death of hepatocytes infected with the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joana Rodo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência , Oeiras , Portugal
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23
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Abstract
One quarter of all deaths worldwide each year result from infectious diseases caused by microbial pathogens. Pathogens infect and cause disease by producing virulence factors that target host cell molecules. Studying how virulence factors target host cells has revealed fundamental principles of cell biology. These include important advances in our understanding of the cytoskeleton, organelles and membrane-trafficking intermediates, signal transduction pathways, cell cycle regulators, the organelle/protein recycling machinery, and cell-death pathways. Such studies have also revealed cellular pathways crucial for the immune response. Discoveries from basic research on the cell biology of pathogenesis are actively being translated into the development of host-targeted therapies to treat infectious diseases. Thus there are many reasons for cell biologists to incorporate the study of microbial pathogens into their research programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
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24
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Ruivo MTG, Vera IM, Sales-Dias J, Meireles P, Gural N, Bhatia SN, Mota MM, Mancio-Silva L. Host AMPK Is a Modulator of Plasmodium Liver Infection. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2539-2545. [PMID: 27568570 PMCID: PMC5014760 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulation of the master regulator of energy homeostasis AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity is a strategy used by many intracellular pathogens for successful replication. Infection by most pathogens leads to an activation of host AMPK activity due to the energetic demands placed on the infected cell. Here, we demonstrate that the opposite is observed in cells infected with rodent malaria parasites. Indeed, AMPK activity upon the infection of hepatic cells is suppressed and dispensable for successful infection. By contrast, an overactive AMPK is deleterious to intracellular growth and replication of different Plasmodium spp., including the human malaria parasite, P. falciparum. The negative impact of host AMPK activity on infection was further confirmed in mice under conditions that activate its function. Overall, this work establishes the role of host AMPK signaling as a suppressive pathway of Plasmodium hepatic infection and as a potential target for host-based antimalarial interventions. Plasmodium-infected hepatic cells exhibit decreased AMPK activity AMPK suppression favors hepatic infection; its activation reduces parasite development AMPK activating compounds efficiently reduce liver infection in vitro and in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida T Grilo Ruivo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Iset Medina Vera
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Sales-Dias
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Meireles
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nil Gural
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maria M Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Liliana Mancio-Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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25
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Raphemot R, Posfai D, Derbyshire ER. Current therapies and future possibilities for drug development against liver-stage malaria. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2013-20. [PMID: 27249674 DOI: 10.1172/jci82981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global public health threat, with half of the world's population at risk. Despite numerous efforts in the past decade to develop new antimalarial drugs to surmount increasing resistance to common therapies, challenges remain in the expansion of the current antimalarial arsenal for the elimination of this disease. The requirement of prophylactic and radical cure activities for the next generation of antimalarial drugs demands that new research models be developed to support the investigation of the elusive liver stage of the malaria parasite. In this Review, we revisit current antimalarial therapies and discuss recent advances for in vitro and in vivo malaria research models of the liver stage and their importance in probing parasite biology and the discovery of novel drug candidates.
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26
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Noulin F. Malaria modeling: In vitro stem cells vs in vivo models. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:88-100. [PMID: 27022439 PMCID: PMC4807312 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i3.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent development of stem cell research and the possibility of generating cells that can be stably and permanently modified in their genome open a broad horizon in the world of in vitro modeling. The malaria field is gaining new opportunities from this important breakthrough and novel tools were adapted and opened new frontiers for malaria research. In addition to the new in vitro systems, in recent years there were also significant advances in the development of new animal models that allows studying the entire cell cycle of human malaria. In this paper, we review the different protocols available to study human Plasmodium species either by using stem cell or alternative animal models.
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Kaushansky A, Kappe SH. Selection and refinement: the malaria parasite's infection and exploitation of host hepatocytes. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 26:71-8. [PMID: 26102161 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites belong to the Apicomplexan phylum, which consists mostly of obligate intracellular pathogens that vary dramatically in host cell tropism. Plasmodium sporozoites are highly hepatophilic. The specific molecular mechanisms, which facilitate sporozoite selection and successful infection of hepatocytes, remain poorly defined. Here, we discuss the parasite and host factors which are critical to hepatocyte infection. We derive a model where sporozoites initially select host cells that constitute a permissive environment and then further refine the chosen hepatocyte during liver stage development, ensuring life cycle progression. While many unknowns of pre-erythrocytic infection remain, advancing models and technologies that enable analysis of human malaria parasites and of single infected cells will catalyze a comprehensive understanding of the interaction between the malaria parasite and its hepatocyte host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N, #500, Seattle, WA 98109, United States.
| | - Stefan Hi Kappe
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Formerly Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Ave. N, #500, Seattle, WA 98109, United States; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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