1
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Zhou X, Tamura H, Chang TH, Hung CL. Coupling Single Atoms to a Nanophotonic Whispering-Gallery-Mode Resonator via Optical Guiding. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:103601. [PMID: 36962011 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an efficient optical guiding technique for coupling cold atoms in the near field of a planar nanophotonic circuit, and realize large atom-photon coupling to a whispering-gallery mode in a microring resonator with a single-atom cooperativity C≳8. The guiding potential is created by diffracted light on a nanophotonic waveguide that smoothly connects to a dipole trap in the far field for atom guiding with subwavelength precision. We observe atom-induced transparency for light coupled to a microring, characterize the atom-photon coupling rate, extract guided atom flux, and demonstrate on-chip photon routing by single atoms. Our demonstration promises new applications with cold atoms on a nanophotonic circuit for chiral quantum optics and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Tzu-Han Chang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Chen-Lung Hung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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2
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Pérez-González B, Gómez-León Á, Platero G. Topology detection in cavity QED. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15860-15870. [PMID: 35758058 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01806c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the physics of topological lattice models immersed in c-QED architectures for arbitrary coupling strength with the photon field. We propose the use of the cavity transmission as a topological marker and study its behaviour. For this, we develop an approach combining the input-output formalism with a Mean-Field plus fluctuations description of the setup. We illustrate our results with the specific case of a fermionic Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) chain coupled to a single-mode cavity. Our findings confirm that the cavity can indeed act as a quantum sensor for topological phases, where the initial state preparation plays a crucial role. Additionally, we discuss the persistence of topological features when the coupling strength increases, in terms of an effective Hamiltonian, and calculate the entanglement entropy. Our approach can be applied to other fermionic systems, opening a route to the characterization of their topological properties in terms of experimental observables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pérez-González
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, n°3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Álvaro Gómez-León
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Platero
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, n°3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Enhanced ion-cavity coupling through cavity cooling in the strong coupling regime. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15693. [PMID: 32973298 PMCID: PMC7519056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporating optical cavities in ion traps is becoming increasingly important in the development of photonic quantum networks. However, the presence of the cavity can hamper efficient laser cooling of ions because of geometric constraints that the cavity imposes and an unfavourable Purcell effect that can modify the cooling dynamics substantially. On the other hand the coupling of the ion to the cavity can also be exploited to provide a mechanism to efficiently cool the ion. In this paper we demonstrate experimentally how cavity cooling can be implemented to improve the localisation of the ion and thus its coupling to the cavity. By using cavity cooling we obtain an enhanced ion-cavity coupling of [Formula: see text] MHz, compared with [Formula: see text] MHz when using only Doppler cooling.
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4
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Ivanov DA, Ivanova TY, Caballero-Benitez SF, Mekhov IB. Cavityless self-organization of ultracold atoms due to the feedback-induced phase transition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10550. [PMID: 32601416 PMCID: PMC7324615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback is a general idea of modifying system behavior depending on the measurement outcomes. It spreads from natural sciences, engineering, and artificial intelligence to contemporary classical and rock music. Recently, feedback has been suggested as a tool to induce phase transitions beyond the dissipative ones and tune their universality class. Here, we propose and theoretically investigate a system possessing such a feedback-induced phase transition. The system contains a Bose-Einstein condensate placed in an optical potential with the depth that is feedback-controlled according to the intensity of the Bragg-reflected probe light. We show that there is a critical value of the feedback gain where the uniform gas distribution loses its stability and the ordered periodic density distribution emerges. Due to the external feedback, the presence of a cavity is not necessary for this type of atomic self-organization. We analyze the dynamics after a sudden change of the feedback control parameter. The feedback time constant is shown to determine the relaxation above the critical point. We show as well that the control algorithm with the derivative of the measured signal dramatically decreases the transient time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A Ivanov
- St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Yu Ivanova
- St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | | | - Igor B Mekhov
- St. Petersburg State University, Ulianovskaya 3, Petrodvorets, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia
- University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, Oxford, UK
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5
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Ostermann S, Niedenzu W, Ritsch H. Unraveling the Quantum Nature of Atomic Self-Ordering in a Ring Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:033601. [PMID: 32031825 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.033601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atomic self-ordering to a crystalline phase in optical resonators is a consequence of the intriguing nonlinear dynamics of strongly coupled atom motion and photons. Generally the resulting phase diagrams and atomic states can be largely understood on a mean-field level. However, close to the phase transition point, quantum fluctuations and atom-field entanglement play a key role and initiate the symmetry breaking. Here we propose a modified ring cavity geometry, in which the asymmetry imposed by a tilted pump beam reveals clear signatures of quantum dynamics even in a larger regime around the phase transition point. Quantum fluctuations become visible both in the dynamic and steady-state properties. Most strikingly we can identify a regime where a mean-field approximation predicts a runaway instability, while in the full quantum model the quantum fluctuations of the light field modes stabilize uniform atomic motion. The proposed geometry thus allows to unveil the "quantumness" of atomic self-ordering via experimentally directly accessible quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ostermann
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Niedenzu
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helmut Ritsch
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 21a, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Delić U, Reisenbauer M, Grass D, Kiesel N, Vuletić V, Aspelmeyer M. Cavity Cooling of a Levitated Nanosphere by Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:123602. [PMID: 30978033 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report three-dimensional (3D) cooling of a levitated nanoparticle inside an optical cavity. The cooling mechanism is provided by cavity-enhanced coherent scattering off an optical tweezer. The observed 3D dynamics and cooling rates are as theoretically expected from the presence of both linear and quadratic terms in the interaction between the particle motion and the cavity field. By achieving nanometer-level control over the particle location we optimize the position-dependent coupling and demonstrate axial cooling by two orders of magnitude at background pressures of 6×10^{-2} mbar. We also estimate a significant (>40 dB) suppression of laser phase noise heating, which is a specific feature of the coherent scattering scheme. The observed performance implies that quantum ground state cavity cooling of levitated nanoparticles can be achieved for background pressures below 1×10^{-7} mbar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Delić
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Reisenbauer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Grass
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolai Kiesel
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Markus Aspelmeyer
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Boltzmanngasse 3, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Windey D, Gonzalez-Ballestero C, Maurer P, Novotny L, Romero-Isart O, Reimann R. Cavity-Based 3D Cooling of a Levitated Nanoparticle via Coherent Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:123601. [PMID: 30978044 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally realize cavity cooling of all three translational degrees of motion of a levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. The particle is trapped by a cavity-independent optical tweezer and coherently scatters tweezer light into the blue detuned cavity mode. For vacuum pressures around 10^{-5} mbar, minimal temperatures along the cavity axis in the millikelvin regime are observed. Simultaneously, the center-of-mass (c.m.) motion along the other two spatial directions is cooled to minimal temperatures of a few hundred millikelvin. Measuring temperatures and damping rates as the pressure is varied, we find that the cooling efficiencies depend on the particle position within the intracavity standing wave. This data and the behavior of the c.m. temperatures as functions of cavity detuning and tweezer power are consistent with a theoretical analysis of the experiment. Experimental limits and opportunities of our approach are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Windey
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Gonzalez-Ballestero
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Maurer
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - René Reimann
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Microparticle Manipulation and Imaging through a Self-Calibrated Liquid Crystal on Silicon Display. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present in this paper a revision of three different methods we conceived in the framework of liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) display optimization and application. We preliminarily demonstrate an LCoS self-calibration technique, from which we can perform a complete LCoS characterization. In particular, two important characteristics of LCoS displays are retrieved by using self-addressed digital holograms. On the one hand, we determine its phase-voltage curve by using the interference pattern generated by a digital two-sectorial split-lens configuration. On the other hand, the LCoS surface profile is also determined by using a self-addressed dynamic micro-lens array pattern. Second, the implementation of microparticle manipulation through optical traps created by an LCoS display is demonstrated. Finally, an LCoS display based inline (IL) holographic imaging system is described. By using the LCoS display to implement a double-sideband filter configuration, this inline architecture demonstrates the advantage of obtaining dynamic holographic imaging of microparticles independently of their spatial positions by avoiding the non-desired conjugate images.
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9
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Generation of reconfigurable optical traps for microparticles spatial manipulation through dynamic split lens inspired light structures. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11263. [PMID: 30050141 PMCID: PMC6062552 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an experimental method, based on the use of dynamic split-lens configurations, useful for the trapping and spatial control of microparticles through the photophoretic force. In particular, the concept of split-lens configurations is exploited to experimentally create customized and reconfigurable three-dimensional light structures, in which carbon coated glass microspheres, with sizes in a range of 63–75 μm, can be captured. The generation of light spatial structures is performed by properly addressing phase distributions corresponding to different split-lens configurations onto a spatial light modulator (SLM). The use of an SLM allows a dynamic variation of the light structures geometry just by modifying few control parameters of easy physical interpretation. We provide some examples in video format of particle trapping processes. What is more, we also perform further spatial manipulation, by controlling the spatial position of the particles in the axial direction, demonstrating the generation of reconfigurable three-dimensional photophoretic traps for microscopic manipulation of absorbing particles.
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10
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Hosseini M, Duan Y, Beck KM, Chen YT, Vuletić V. Cavity Cooling of Many Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:183601. [PMID: 28524680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.183601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cavity cooling of all motional degrees of freedom of an atomic ensemble using light that is far detuned from the atomic transitions by several gigahertz. The cooling is achieved by cavity-induced frequency-dependent asymmetric enhancement of the atomic emission spectrum, thereby extracting thermal kinetic energy from the atomic system. Within 100 ms, the atomic temperature is reduced from 200 to 10 μK, where the final temperature is mainly limited by the linewidth of the cavity. In principle, the technique can be applied to molecules and atoms with complex internal energy structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hosseini
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yiheng Duan
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kristin M Beck
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yu-Ting Chen
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Vladan Vuletić
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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11
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Keloth J, Nayak KP, Hakuta K. Fabrication of a centimeter-long cavity on a nanofiber for cavity quantum electrodynamics. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:1003-1006. [PMID: 28248346 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of a 1.2 cm long cavity directly on a nanofiber using femtosecond laser ablation. The cavity modes with finesse values in the range of 200-400 can enable the "strong-coupling" regime of cavity QED, with high cooperativity of 10-20, for a single atom trapped 200 nm away from the fiber surface [Phys. Rev. A80, 053826 (2009)PLRAAN1050-294710.1103/PhysRevA.80.053826]. Such cavity modes can still maintain the transmission between 40%-60%, suggesting a one-pass intracavity transmission of 99.53%. Other cavity modes, which can enable cooperativity in the range of 3-10, show transmission over 60%-85% and are suitable for fiber-based single-photon sources and quantum nonlinear optics in the "Purcell" regime.
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12
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Joulain K, Drevillon J, Ezzahri Y, Ordonez-Miranda J. Quantum Thermal Transistor. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:200601. [PMID: 27258859 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.200601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a thermal transistor can be made up with a quantum system of three interacting subsystems, coupled to a thermal reservoir each. This thermal transistor is analogous to an electronic bipolar one with the ability to control the thermal currents at the collector and at the emitter with the imposed thermal current at the base. This is achieved by determining the heat fluxes by means of the strong-coupling formalism. For the case of three interacting spins, in which one of them is coupled to the other two, that are not directly coupled, it is shown that high amplification can be obtained in a wide range of energy parameters and temperatures. The proposed quantum transistor could, in principle, be used to develop devices such as a thermal modulator and a thermal amplifier in nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Joulain
- Insitut Pprime, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, F-86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - Jérémie Drevillon
- Insitut Pprime, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, F-86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - Younès Ezzahri
- Insitut Pprime, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, F-86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
| | - Jose Ordonez-Miranda
- Insitut Pprime, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, ISAE-ENSMA, F-86962 Futuroscope Chasseneuil, France
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13
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Xu M, Jäger SB, Schütz S, Cooper J, Morigi G, Holland MJ. Supercooling of Atoms in an Optical Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 116:153002. [PMID: 27127966 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.153002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate laser cooling of an ensemble of atoms in an optical cavity. We demonstrate that when atomic dipoles are synchronized in the regime of steady-state superradiance, the motion of the atoms may be subject to a giant frictional force leading to potentially very low temperatures. The ultimate temperature limits are determined by a modified atomic linewidth, which can be orders of magnitude smaller than the cavity linewidth. The cooling rate is enhanced by the superradiant emission into the cavity mode allowing reasonable cooling rates even for dipolar transitions with ultranarrow linewidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Xu
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Simon B Jäger
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - S Schütz
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J Cooper
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
| | - Giovanna Morigi
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M J Holland
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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14
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McClelland JJ, Steele AV, Knuffman B, Twedt KA, Schwarzkopf A, Wilson TM. Bright focused ion beam sources based on laser-cooled atoms. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2016; 3:011302. [PMID: 27239245 PMCID: PMC4882766 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale focused ion beams (FIBs) represent one of the most useful tools in nanotechnology, enabling nanofabrication via milling and gas-assisted deposition, microscopy and microanalysis, and selective, spatially resolved doping of materials. Recently, a new type of FIB source has emerged, which uses ionization of laser cooled neutral atoms to produce the ion beam. The extremely cold temperatures attainable with laser cooling (in the range of 100 μK or below) result in a beam of ions with a very small transverse velocity distribution. This corresponds to a source with extremely high brightness that rivals or may even exceed the brightness of the industry standard Ga+ liquid metal ion source. In this review we discuss the context of ion beam technology in which these new ion sources can play a role, their principles of operation, and some examples of recent demonstrations. The field is relatively new, so only a few applications have been demonstrated, most notably low energy ion microscopy with Li ions. Nevertheless, a number of promising new approaches have been proposed and/or demonstrated, suggesting that a rapid evolution of this type of source is likely in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J McClelland
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - A V Steele
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; zeroK NanoTech, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - B Knuffman
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; zeroK NanoTech, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - K A Twedt
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - A Schwarzkopf
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899; zeroK NanoTech, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | - T M Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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15
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16
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Millen J, Fonseca PZG, Mavrogordatos T, Monteiro TS, Barker PF. Cavity cooling a single charged levitated nanosphere. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 114:123602. [PMID: 25860743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Optomechanical cavity cooling of levitated objects offers the possibility for laboratory investigation of the macroscopic quantum behavior of systems that are largely decoupled from their environment. However, experimental progress has been hindered by particle loss mechanisms, which have prevented levitation and cavity cooling in a vacuum. We overcome this problem with a new type of hybrid electro-optical trap formed from a Paul trap within a single-mode optical cavity. We demonstrate a factor of 100 cavity cooling of 400 nm diameter silica spheres trapped in vacuum. This paves the way for ground-state cooling in a smaller, higher finesse cavity, as we show that a novel feature of the hybrid trap is that the optomechanical cooling becomes actively driven by the Paul trap, even for singly charged nanospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Millen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P Z G Fonseca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T Mavrogordatos
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - T S Monteiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - P F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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17
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Xue P, Zhan X, Bian Z. Simulation of the ground states of spin rings with cavity-assisted neutral atoms. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7623. [PMID: 25557504 PMCID: PMC5154601 DOI: 10.1038/srep07623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum phase transitions occur when the ground state of a Hamiltonian undergoes qualitative changes with a control parameter changing. In this paper we consider a particular system--an Isng-type spin ring with competing many-body interactions. Depending on the relative strength interactions, the ground state of the system is either a product state or entangled state. We implement the system in a cavity-assisted neutral atomic simulator and study the non-locality and entanglement of the simulated ground state of an Ising-type three-spin ring with the control parameter changing. The simplicity of the setup and its robustness to noise give it a great practicality within the framework of current experimental technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xue
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xiang Zhan
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
| | - Zhihao Bian
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, China
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18
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Kessler H, Klinder J, Wolke M, Hemmerich A. Steering matter wave superradiance with an ultranarrow-band optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:070404. [PMID: 25170694 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A superfluid atomic gas is prepared inside an optical resonator with an ultranarrow bandwidth on the order of the single photon recoil energy. When a monochromatic off-resonant laser beam irradiates the atoms, above a critical intensity the cavity emits superradiant light pulses with a duration on the order of its photon storage time. The atoms are collectively scattered into coherent superpositions of discrete momentum states, which can be precisely controlled by adjusting the cavity resonance frequency. With appropriate pulse sequences the entire atomic sample can be collectively accelerated or decelerated by multiples of two recoil momenta. The instability boundary for the onset of matter wave superradiance is recorded and its main features are explained by a mean field model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kessler
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Klinder
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Wolke
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Hemmerich
- Institut für Laser-Physik, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Cavity cooling of free silicon nanoparticles in high vacuum. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2743. [PMID: 24193438 PMCID: PMC3831283 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser cooling has given a boost to atomic physics throughout the last 30 years, as it allows one to prepare atoms in motional states, which can only be described by quantum mechanics. Most methods rely, however, on a near-resonant and cyclic coupling between laser light and well-defined internal states, which has remained a challenge for mesoscopic particles. An external cavity may compensate for the lack of internal cycling transitions in dielectric objects and it may provide assistance in the cooling of their centre-of-mass state. Here we demonstrate cavity cooling of the transverse kinetic energy of silicon nanoparticles freely propagating in high vacuum (<10−8 mbar). We create and launch them with longitudinal velocities down to v≤1 m s−1 using laser-induced ablation of a pristine silicon wafer. Their interaction with the light of a high-finesse infrared cavity reduces their transverse kinetic energy by up to a factor of 30. Laser cooling has been a successful technique to cool atoms and diatomic molecules to very low temperatures. Here, using an external cavity for an improved light coupling, Asenbaum et al. achieve the cooling of much larger objects, silicon nanoparticles, and reduce their transverse kinetic energy by up to a factor of 30.
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20
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Werlang T, Marchiori MA, Cornelio MF, Valente D. Optimal rectification in the ultrastrong coupling regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:062109. [PMID: 25019727 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.062109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of ultrastrong coupling on the transport of heat. In particular, we present a condition for optimal rectification, i.e., flow of heat in one direction and complete isolation in the opposite direction. We show that the strong-coupling formalism is necessary for correctly describing heat flow in a wide range of parameters, including moderate to low couplings. We present a situation in which the strong-coupling formalism predicts optimal rectification whereas the phenomenological approach predicts no heat flow in any direction, for the same parameter values.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Werlang
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT, Brazil
| | - M A Marchiori
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT, Brazil
| | - M F Cornelio
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT, Brazil
| | - D Valente
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá MT, Brazil
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21
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Sames C, Chibani H, Hamsen C, Altin PA, Wilk T, Rempe G. Antiresonance phase shift in strongly coupled cavity QED. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:043601. [PMID: 24580448 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.043601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate phase shifts in the strong coupling regime of single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics. On the light transmitted through the system, we observe a phase shift associated with an antiresonance and show that both its frequency and width depend solely on the atom, despite the strong coupling to the cavity. This shift is optically controllable and reaches 140°--the largest ever reported for a single emitter. Our result offers a new technique for the characterization of complex integrated quantum circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sames
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - H Chibani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - C Hamsen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P A Altin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - T Wilk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - G Rempe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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22
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Rempe G. Quantum optics and cavity QED Quantum network with individual atoms and photons. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2013. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20135703001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Abstract
The coupling of a levitated submicron particle and an optical cavity field promises access to a unique parameter regime both for macroscopic quantum experiments and for high-precision force sensing. We report a demonstration of such controlled interactions by cavity cooling the center-of-mass motion of an optically trapped submicron particle. This paves the way for a light-matter interface that can enable room-temperature quantum experiments with mesoscopic mechanical systems.
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24
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Juffmann T, Ulbricht H, Arndt M. Experimental methods of molecular matter-wave optics. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:086402. [PMID: 23907707 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/8/086402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe the state of the art in preparing, manipulating and detecting coherent molecular matter. We focus on experimental methods for handling the quantum motion of compound systems from diatomic molecules to clusters or biomolecules.Molecular quantum optics offers many challenges and innovative prospects: already the combination of two atoms into one molecule takes several well-established methods from atomic physics, such as for instance laser cooling, to their limits. The enormous internal complexity that arises when hundreds or thousands of atoms are bound in a single organic molecule, cluster or nanocrystal provides a richness that can only be tackled by combining methods from atomic physics, chemistry, cluster physics, nanotechnology and the life sciences.We review various molecular beam sources and their suitability for matter-wave experiments. We discuss numerous molecular detection schemes and give an overview over diffraction and interference experiments that have already been performed with molecules or clusters.Applications of de Broglie studies with composite systems range from fundamental tests of physics up to quantum-enhanced metrology in physical chemistry, biophysics and the surface sciences.Nanoparticle quantum optics is a growing field, which will intrigue researchers still for many years to come. This review can, therefore, only be a snapshot of a very dynamical process.
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25
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Reiserer A, Nölleke C, Ritter S, Rempe G. Ground-state cooling of a single atom at the center of an optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:223003. [PMID: 23767719 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.223003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A single neutral atom is trapped in a three-dimensional optical lattice at the center of a high-finesse optical resonator. Using fluorescence imaging and a shiftable standing-wave trap, the atom is deterministically loaded into the maximum of the intracavity field where the atom-cavity coupling is strong. After 5 ms of Raman sideband cooling, the three-dimensional motional ground state is populated with a probability of (89±2)%. Our system is the first to simultaneously achieve quantum control over all degrees of freedom of a single atom: its position and momentum, its internal state, and its coupling to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiserer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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26
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Yi Z, Gu WJ, Li GX. Ground-state cooling for a trapped atom using cavity-induced double electromagnetically induced transparency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:3445-3462. [PMID: 23481803 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.003445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose a cooling scheme for a trapped atom using the phenomenon of cavity-induced double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), where the atom comprising of four levels in tripod configuration is confined inside a high-finesse optical cavity. By exploiting one cavity-induced EIT, which involves one cavity photon and two laser photons, carrier transition can be eliminated due to the quantum destructive interference of excitation paths. Heating process originated from blue-sideband transition mediated by cavity field can also be prohibited due to the destructive quantum interference with the additional transition between the additional ground state and the excited state. As a consequence, the trapped atom can be cooled to the motional ground state in the leading order of the Lamb-Dicke parameters. In addition, the cooling rate is of the same order of magnitude as that obtained in the cavity-induced single EIT scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yi
- Department of Physics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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27
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Murch KW, Vool U, Zhou D, Weber SJ, Girvin SM, Siddiqi I. Cavity-assisted quantum bath engineering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:183602. [PMID: 23215278 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.183602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum bath engineering for a superconducting artificial atom coupled to a microwave cavity. By tailoring the spectrum of microwave photon shot noise in the cavity, we create a dissipative environment that autonomously relaxes the atom to an arbitrarily specified coherent superposition of the ground and excited states. In the presence of background thermal excitations, this mechanism increases state purity and effectively cools the dressed atom state to a low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Murch
- Quantum Nanoelectronics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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28
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Abstract
Conventional laser cooling relies on repeated electronic excitations by near-resonant light, which constrains its area of application to a selected number of atomic species prepared at moderate particle densities. Optical cavities with sufficiently large Purcell factors allow for laser cooling schemes, avoiding these limitations. Here, we report on an atom-cavity system, combining a Purcell factor above 40 with a cavity bandwidth below the recoil frequency associated with the kinetic energy transfer in a single photon scattering event. This lets us access a yet-unexplored regime of atom-cavity interactions, in which the atomic motion can be manipulated by targeted dissipation with sub-recoil resolution. We demonstrate cavity-induced heating of a Bose-Einstein condensate and subsequent cooling at particle densities and temperatures incompatible with conventional laser cooling.
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29
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Palittapongarnpim P, MacRae A, Lvovsky AI. Note: a monolithic filter cavity for experiments in quantum optics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:066101. [PMID: 22755667 DOI: 10.1063/1.4726458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
By applying a high-reflectivity dielectric coating on both sides of a commercial plano-convex lens, we produce a stable monolithic Fabry-Perot cavity suitable for use as a narrow band filter in quantum optics experiments. The resonant frequency is selected by means of thermal expansion. Owing to the long term mechanical stability, no optical locking techniques are required. We characterize the cavity performance as an optical filter, obtaining a 45dB suppression of unwanted modes while maintaining a transmission of 60%.
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30
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Asenbaum P, Arndt M. Cavity stabilization using the weak intrinsic birefringence of dielectric mirrors. OPTICS LETTERS 2011; 36:3720-3722. [PMID: 21964075 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.003720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a universal cavity stabilization scheme that exploits the intrinsic birefringence of dielectric multilayer mirrors. Homodyne locking using weak mirror birefringence of even an empty Fabry-Perot-type cavity requires neither frequency modulation nor mixing and allows us to generate an error signal that is comparable to more widely used heterodyne stabilization schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Asenbaum
- University of Vienna, Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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31
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Schleier-Smith MH, Leroux ID, Zhang H, Van Camp MA, Vuletić V. Optomechanical cavity cooling of an atomic ensemble. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:143005. [PMID: 22107191 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.143005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate cavity sideband cooling of a single collective motional mode of an atomic ensemble down to a mean phonon occupation number ⟨n⟩(min)=2.0(-0.3)(+0.9). Both ⟨n⟩(min) and the observed cooling rate are in good agreement with an optomechanical model. The cooling rate constant is proportional to the total photon scattering rate by the ensemble, demonstrating the cooperative character of the light-emission-induced cooling process. We deduce fundamental limits to cavity cooling either the collective mode or, sympathetically, the single-atom degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika H Schleier-Smith
- Department of Physics, MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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32
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Koch M, Sames C, Kubanek A, Apel M, Balbach M, Ourjoumtsev A, Pinkse PWH, Rempe G. Feedback cooling of a single neutral atom. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:173003. [PMID: 21231041 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.173003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate feedback cooling of the motion of a single rubidium atom trapped in a high-finesse optical resonator to a temperature of about 160 μK. Time-dependent transmission and intensity-correlation measurements prove the reduction of the atomic position uncertainty. The feedback increases the 1/e storage time into the 1 s regime, 30 times longer than without feedback. Feedback cooling therefore rivals state-of-the-art laser cooling, but with the advantages that it requires less optical access and exhibits less optical pumping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Koch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Garching, Germany.
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33
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Barker PF. Doppler cooling a microsphere. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 105:073002. [PMID: 20868038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.105.073002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Doppler cooling the center-of-mass motion of an optically levitated microsphere via the velocity-dependent scattering force from narrow whispering gallery mode resonances is described. Light that is red detuned from the whispering gallery mode resonance can be used to damp the center-of-mass motion in a process analogous to the Doppler cooling of atoms. The scattering force is not limited by saturation but can be controlled by the incident power. Cooling times on the order of seconds are calculated for a 20 μm diameter silica microsphere trapped within optical tweezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Barker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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34
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Zhang M, Jia HY, Huang JS, Wei LF. Strong couplings between artificial atoms and terahertz cavities. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:1686-1688. [PMID: 20479850 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.001686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An electron floating on liquid helium is proposed to be trapped (by a microelectrode set below the liquid helium) in a high-finesse terahertz (THz) cavity. The two lowest levels of the vertical motion of the electron act as a two-level "atom," which could resonantly interact with the THz cavity, and thus the famous Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM) and driven JCM could be implemented. The numerical results show that, for the typical parameters of the cavity and electrons on the surface of liquid helium, strong coupling between the artificial atom and the THz cavity could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Quantum Optoelectronics Laboratory, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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35
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Xiao YF, Zou CL, Li Y, Dong CH, Han ZF, Gong Q. Asymmetric resonant cavities and their applications in optics and photonics: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12200-010-0003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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36
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Chang DE, Regal CA, Papp SB, Wilson DJ, Ye J, Painter O, Kimble HJ, Zoller P. Cavity opto-mechanics using an optically levitated nanosphere. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1005-10. [PMID: 20080573 PMCID: PMC2824320 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912969107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, remarkable advances have been made in coupling a number of high-Q modes of nano-mechanical systems to high-finesse optical cavities, with the goal of reaching regimes in which quantum behavior can be observed and leveraged toward new applications. To reach this regime, the coupling between these systems and their thermal environments must be minimized. Here we propose a novel approach to this problem, in which optically levitating a nano-mechanical system can greatly reduce its thermal contact, while simultaneously eliminating dissipation arising from clamping. Through the long coherence times allowed, this approach potentially opens the door to ground-state cooling and coherent manipulation of a single mesoscopic mechanical system or entanglement generation between spatially separate systems, even in room-temperature environments. As an example, we show that these goals should be achievable when the mechanical mode consists of the center-of-mass motion of a levitated nanosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Chang
- Institute for Quantum Information and Center for the Physics of Information, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - C. A. Regal
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - S. B. Papp
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - D. J. Wilson
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - J. Ye
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - O. Painter
- Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and
| | - H. J. Kimble
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - P. Zoller
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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37
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Kubanek A, Koch M, Sames C, Ourjoumtsev A, Pinkse PWH, Murr K, Rempe G. Photon-by-photon feedback control of a single-atom trajectory. Nature 2009; 462:898-901. [DOI: 10.1038/nature08563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Rebić S, Twamley J, Milburn GJ. Giant Kerr nonlinearities in circuit quantum electrodynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:150503. [PMID: 19905614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.150503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The very small size of optical nonlinearities places strict restrictions on the types of novel physics one can explore. This work describes how a single artificial multilevel Cooper pair box molecule, interacting with a superconducting microwave coplanar resonator, when suitably driven, can generate extremely large optical nonlinearities at microwave frequencies, with no associated absorption. We describe how the giant self-Kerr effect can be detected by measuring the second-order correlation function and quadrature squeezing spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stojan Rebić
- Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Physics Department, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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39
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Leibrandt DR, Labaziewicz J, Vuletić V, Chuang IL. Cavity sideband cooling of a single trapped ion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:103001. [PMID: 19792300 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.103001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a demonstration and quantitative characterization of one-dimensional cavity cooling of a single trapped (88)Sr(+) ion in the resolved-sideband regime. We measure the spectrum of cavity transitions, the rates of cavity heating and cooling, and the steady-state cooling limit. The cavity cooling dynamics and cooling limit of 22.5(3) motional quanta, limited by the moderate coupling between the ion and the cavity, are consistent with a simple model [Phys. Rev. A 64, 033405 (2001)] without any free parameters, validating the rate equation model for cavity cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Leibrandt
- Department of Physics & Center for Ultracold Atoms Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA.
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40
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Favero I, Stapfner S, Hunger D, Paulitschke P, Reichel J, Lorenz H, Weig EM, Karrai K. Fluctuating nanomechanical system in a high finesse optical microcavity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2009; 17:12813-12820. [PMID: 19654687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.012813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments to sub-wavelength sized nanomechanical systems has been recently proposed in the context of optical cavity cooling and optomechanics of deformable cavities. Here we present an experiment involving a single nanorod consisting of about 10(9) atoms precisely positioned into the confined mode of a miniature high finesse Fabry-Pérot microcavity. We show that the optical transmission of the cavity is affected not only by the static position of the nanorod but also by its vibrational fluctuation. The Brownian motion of the nanorod is resolved with a displacement sensitivity of 200 fm/square root Hz at room temperature. Besides a broad range of sensing applications, cavity-induced manipulation of optomechanical nanosystems and back-action is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Favero
- Fakultät für Physik and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Geschwister Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 München, Germany.
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41
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Mekhov IB, Ritsch H. Quantum nondemolition measurements and state preparation in quantum gases by light detection. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 102:020403. [PMID: 19257251 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.020403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We consider light scattering from ultracold quantum gas in optical lattices into a cavity. The measurement of photons leaking out of the cavity enables a quantum nondemolition access to various atomic variables. The time resolved light detection projects the motional state to various atom-number squeezed and macroscopic superposition states that strongly depend on the geometry. Modifications of the atomic and light properties at a single quantum trajectory are demonstrated. The quantum structure of final states can be revealed by further observations of the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Mekhov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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42
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Zhao Y, Lu W, Barker PF, Dong G. Self-organisation and cooling of a large ensemble of particles in optical cavities. Faraday Discuss 2009; 142:311-8; discussion 319-34. [DOI: 10.1039/b818653g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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44
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Ye J, Kimble HJ, Katori H. Quantum State Engineering and Precision Metrology Using State-Insensitive Light Traps. Science 2008; 320:1734-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1148259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - H. J. Kimble
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Katori
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309–0440, USA
- Norman Bridge Laboratory of Physics 12-33, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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45
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Maniscalco S, Francica F, Zaffino RL, Lo Gullo N, Plastina F. Protecting entanglement via the quantum Zeno effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:090503. [PMID: 18352687 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We study the exact entanglement dynamics of two atoms in a lossy resonator. Besides discussing the steady-state entanglement, we show that in the strong coupling regime the system-reservoir correlations induce entanglement revivals and oscillations and propose a strategy to fight against the deterioration of the entanglement using the quantum Zeno effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Maniscalco
- Department of Physics, University of Turku, Turun yliopisto, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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46
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Strong atom-field coupling for Bose-Einstein condensates in an optical cavity on a chip. Nature 2008; 450:272-6. [PMID: 17994094 DOI: 10.1038/nature06331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 09/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An optical cavity enhances the interaction between atoms and light, and the rate of coherent atom-photon coupling can be made larger than all decoherence rates of the system. For single atoms, this 'strong coupling regime' of cavity quantum electrodynamics has been the subject of many experimental advances. Efforts have been made to control the coupling rate by trapping the atom and cooling it towards the motional ground state; the latter has been achieved in one dimension so far. For systems of many atoms, the three-dimensional ground state of motion is routinely achieved in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs). Although experiments combining BECs and optical cavities have been reported recently, coupling BECs to cavities that are in the strong-coupling regime for single atoms has remained an elusive goal. Here we report such an experiment, made possible by combining a fibre-based cavity with atom-chip technology. This enables single-atom cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments with a simplified set-up and realizes the situation of many atoms in a cavity, each of which is identically and strongly coupled to the cavity mode. Moreover, the BEC can be positioned deterministically anywhere within the cavity and localized entirely within a single antinode of the standing-wave cavity field; we demonstrate that this gives rise to a controlled, tunable coupling rate. We study the heating rate caused by a cavity transmission measurement as a function of the coupling rate and find no measurable heating for strongly coupled BECs. The spectrum of the coupled atoms-cavity system, which we map out over a wide range of atom numbers and cavity-atom detunings, shows vacuum Rabi splittings exceeding 20 gigahertz, as well as an unpredicted additional splitting, which we attribute to the atomic hyperfine structure. We anticipate that the system will be suitable as a light-matter quantum interface for quantum information.
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47
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Szirmai G, Domokos P. Geometric resonance cooling of polarizable particles in an optical waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:213602. [PMID: 18233218 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.213602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the radiation field of an optical waveguide, the Rayleigh scattering of photons is shown to result in a strongly velocity-dependent force on atoms. The pump field, which is injected in the fundamental branch of the waveguide, is favorably scattered by a moving atom into one of the transversely excited branches of propagating modes. All fields involved are far detuned from any resonances of the atom. For a simple polarizable particle, a linear friction force coefficient comparable to that of cavity cooling can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Szirmai
- Research Institute of Solid State Physics and Optics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
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48
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Vilensky MY, Prior Y, Averbukh IS. Cooling in a bistable optical cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:103002. [PMID: 17930385 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose a generic approach to nonresonant laser cooling of atoms and molecules in a bistable optical cavity. The method exemplifies a photonic version of Sisyphus cooling, in which the matter-dressed cavity extracts energy from the particles and discharges it to the external field as a result of sudden transitions between two stable states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Y Vilensky
- Department of Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
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49
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Morigi G, Pinkse PWH, Kowalewski M, de Vivie-Riedle R. Cavity cooling of internal molecular motion. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:073001. [PMID: 17930891 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.073001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We predict that it is possible to cool rotational, vibrational, and translational degrees of freedom of molecules by coupling a molecular dipole transition to an optical cavity. The dynamics is numerically simulated for a realistic set of experimental parameters using OH molecules. The results show that the translational motion is cooled to a few muK and the internal state is prepared in one of the two ground states of the two decoupled rotational ladders in a few seconds. Shorter cooling times are expected for molecules with larger polarizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Morigi
- Departament de Fisica, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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50
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Puppe T, Schuster I, Grothe A, Kubanek A, Murr K, Pinkse PWH, Rempe G. Trapping and observing single atoms in a blue-detuned intracavity dipole trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 99:013002. [PMID: 17678150 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.99.013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A single atom strongly coupled to a cavity mode is stored by three-dimensional confinement in blue-detuned cavity modes of different longitudinal and transverse order. The vanishing light intensity at the trap center reduces the light shift of all atomic energy levels. This is exploited to detect a single atom by means of a dispersive measurement with 95% confidence in 10 micros, limited by the photon-detection efficiency. As the atom switches resonant cavity transmission into cavity reflection, the atom can be detected while scattering about one photon.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Puppe
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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