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Increased risk of hematologic malignancies in primary immunodeficiency disorders: opportunities for immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2018; 190:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Misra MK, Damotte V, Hollenbach JA. Structure-based selection of human metabolite binding P4 pocket of DRB1*15:01 and DRB1*15:03, with implications for multiple sclerosis. Genes Immun 2018; 20:46-55. [PMID: 29362509 PMCID: PMC6054566 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-017-0009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Binding of small molecules in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) peptide-binding groove may result in conformational changes of bound peptide and an altered immune response, but previous studies have not considered a potential role for endogenous metabolites. We performed virtual screening of the complete Human Metabolite Database (HMDB) for docking to the multiple sclerosis (MS) susceptible DRB1*15:01 allele and compared the results to the closely related yet non-susceptible DRB1*15:03 allele; and assessed the potential impact on binding of human myelin basic peptide (MBP). We observed higher energy scores for metabolite binding to DRB1*15:01 than DRB1*15:03. Structural comparison of docked metabolites with DRB1*15:01 and DRB1*15:03 complexed with MBP revealed that PhenylalanineMBP92 allows binding of metabolites in the P4 pocket of DRB1*15:01 but ValineMBP89 abrogates metabolite binding in the P1 pocket. We observed differences in the energy scores for binding of metabolites in the P4 pockets of DRB1*15:01 vs. DRB1*15:03 suggesting stronger binding to DRB1*15:01. Our study confirmed that specific, disease-associated human metabolites bind effectively with the most polymorphic P4 pocket of DRB1*15:01, the primary MS susceptible allele in most populations. Our results suggest that endogenous human metabolites bound in specific pockets of HLA may be immunomodulatory and implicated in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesh K Misra
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Vincent Damotte
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Jill A Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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Zeng S, Yang Y, Cheng X, Zhou B, Li P, Zhao Y, Kong X, Xu Y. HIC1 epigenetically represses CIITA transcription in B lymphocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:1481-1489. [PMID: 27720955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of B lymphocytes into isotope-specific plasma cells represents a hallmark event in adaptive immunity. During B cell maturation, expression of the class II transactivator (CIITA) gene is down-regulated although the underlying epigenetic mechanism is not completely defined. Here we report that hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) was up-regulated in differentiating B lymphocytes paralleling CIITA repression. Over-expression of HIC1 directly repressed endogenous CIITA transcription in B cells. Reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed that HIC1 bound to the proximal CIITA type III promoter (-545/-113); mutation of a conserved HIC1 site within this region abrogated CIITA trans-repression. More important, depletion of HIC1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) restored CIITA expression in differentiating B cells. Mechanistically, HIC1 preferentially interacted with and recruited DNMT1 and DNMT3b to the CIITA promoter to synergistically repress CIITA transcription. On the contrary, silencing of DNMT1/DNMT3b or inhibition of DNMT activity with 5-aza-dC attenuated CIITA trans-repression. Therefore, our data identify HIC1 as a novel factor involved in B cell differentiation acting as an epigenetic repressor of CIITA transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Cheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Bisheng Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Second Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaocen Kong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Simpson IA, Dwyer D, Malide D, Moley KH, Travis A, Vannucci SJ. The facilitative glucose transporter GLUT3: 20 years of distinction. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E242-53. [PMID: 18577699 PMCID: PMC2519757 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90388.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is vital to most mammalian cells, and the passage of glucose across cell membranes is facilitated by a family of integral membrane transporter proteins, the GLUTs. There are currently 14 members of the SLC2 family of GLUTs, several of which have been the focus of this series of reviews. The subject of the present review is GLUT3, which, as implied by its name, was the third glucose transporter to be cloned (Kayano T, Fukumoto H, Eddy RL, Fan YS, Byers MG, Shows TB, Bell GI. J Biol Chem 263: 15245-15248, 1988) and was originally designated as the neuronal GLUT. The overriding question that drove the early work on GLUT3 was why would neurons need a separate glucose transporter isoform? What is it about GLUT3 that specifically suits the needs of the highly metabolic and oxidative neuron with its high glucose demand? More recently, GLUT3 has been studied in other cell types with quite specific requirements for glucose, including sperm, preimplantation embryos, circulating white blood cells, and an array of carcinoma cell lines. The last are sufficiently varied and numerous to warrant a review of their own and will not be discussed here. However, for each of these cases, the same questions apply. Thus, the objective of this review is to discuss the properties and tissue and cellular localization of GLUT3 as well as the features of expression, function, and regulation that distinguish it from the rest of its family and make it uniquely suited as the mediator of glucose delivery to these specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Simpson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Penn State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Refinement of molecular approaches to improve the chance of identification of hematopoietic-restricted minor histocompatibility antigens. J Immunol Methods 2007; 329:125-37. [PMID: 17996247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Minor histocompatibility antigens (mHAgs) constitute the target antigens of the T cell-mediated graft-versus-leukemia response after HLA-identical allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Several human mHAgs have been identified, but only a few are selectively expressed by hematopoietic cells representing potential targets for specific immunotherapy. Molecular approaches including cDNA library screening and genetic linkage analysis have been successfully applied to identify T cell-defined mHAgs, but each approach has its drawbacks which may lead to mis-identification of the mHAg of interest. We improved both molecular strategies to facilitate more robust identification of hematopoietic-restricted mHAgs. First, we adapted cDNA library cloning by using 293T cells with stable expression of the relevant MHC class I allele, CD80 and CD54. We demonstrated that cDNA library screening using this 293T expression system results in strong activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which significantly contributes to improvement of the assay sensitivity. Second, we refined genetic linkage analysis using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping to narrow down the defined genetic region that holds the mHAg-encoding gene. We showed that SNP marker analysis provides additional information about the genetic position of the antigen-encoding gene. Application of these optimized molecular approaches will lead to more rapid and reliable molecular identification of hematopoietic-restricted mHAgs.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) act not only as sentinels for detection of, but also as target cells for viruses, and this can be important for viral transport and spread. All subsets of DCs are equipped with a battery of receptors recognizing virus‐associated molecular signatures, and recognition of those launches a maturation programme that results in substantial alterations of morphology, motility and the DCs' interactive properties with the extracellular matrix and scanning T cells. In addition to being sensed, viruses are internalized into DCs and, for the major proportion, processed into peptides that are subsequently presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Transmission of virus to T cells can occur after completion of their replication cycle if the intracellular milieu of the DC permits that. Alternatively, viruses can remain protected from degradation following entrapment by pattern recognition receptors in intracellular compartments, also referred to as virosomes, which translocate towards the DC/T cell interface. Most likely, transfer of virus to T cells occurs in these junctions, referred to as infectious synapses. In addition to promoting DC maturation, many viruses are able to downmodulate DC development and functions in order to evade immune recognition or to induce a generalized immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pohl
- University of Wuerzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Str. 7, D-97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Shishkova Y, Harms H, Krohne G, Avota E, Schneider-Schaulies S. Immune synapses formed with measles virus-infected dendritic cells are unstable and fail to sustain T cell activation. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1974-86. [PMID: 17394561 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interaction with dendritic cells (DCs) is considered as central to immunosuppression induced by viruses, including measles virus (MV). Commonly, viral infection of DCs abrogates their ability to promote T cell expansion, yet underlying mechanisms at a cellular level are undefined. We found that MV-infected DCs only subtly differed from LPS-matured with regard to integrin activation, acquisition of a migratory phenotype and motility. Similarly, the organization of MV-DC/T cell interfaces was consistent with that of functional immune synapses with regard to CD3 clustering and MHC class II surface recruitment. The majority of MV-DC/T cell conjugates was, however, unstable and only promoted abortive T cell activation. Thus, MV-infected DCs retain activities required for initiating, but not sustaining T cell conjugation and activation. This is partially rescued if surface expression of the MV glycoproteins on DCs is abolished by infection with a recombinant MV encoding VSV G protein instead, indicating that these contribute directly to synapse destabilization and thereby act as effectors of T cell inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoanna Shishkova
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Versbacher Street 7, D-97078 Würzburg, Germany
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Höpner S, Dickhaut K, Hofstätter M, Krämer H, Rückerl D, Söderhäll JA, Gupta S, Marin-Esteban V, Kühne R, Freund C, Jung G, Falk K, Rötzschke O. Small organic compounds enhance antigen loading of class II major histocompatibility complex proteins by targeting the polymorphic P1 pocket. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38535-42. [PMID: 17005558 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606437200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are a key element of the cellular immune response. Encoded by the MHC they are a family of highly polymorphic peptide receptors presenting peptide antigens for the surveillance by T cells. We have shown that certain organic compounds can amplify immune responses by catalyzing the peptide loading of human class II MHC molecules HLA-DR. Here we show now that they achieve this by interacting with a defined binding site of the HLA-DR peptide receptor. Screening of a compound library revealed a set of adamantane derivatives that strongly accelerated the peptide loading rate. The effect was evident only for an allelic subset and strictly correlated with the presence of glycine at the dimorphic position beta86 of the HLA-DR molecule. The residue forms the floor of the conserved pocket P1, located in the peptide binding site of MHC molecule. Apparently, transient occupation of this pocket by the organic compound stabilizes the peptide-receptive conformation permitting rapid antigen loading. This interaction appeared restricted to the larger Gly(beta86) pocket and allowed striking enhancements of T cell responses for antigens presented by these "adamantyl-susceptible" MHC molecules. As catalysts of antigen loading, compounds targeting P1 may be useful molecular tools to amplify the immune response. The observation, however, that the ligand repertoire can be affected through polymorphic sites form the outside may also imply that environmental factors could induce allergic or autoimmune reactions in an allele-selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Höpner
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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Vámosi G, Bodnár A, Damjanovich S, Nagy P, Varga Z, Damjanovich L. The role of supramolecular protein complexes and membrane potential in transmembrane signaling processes of lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2006; 104:53-8. [PMID: 16378646 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The formation of protein patterns in lymphocyte plasma membranes is analyzed in the light of past and, also, very recent experiments. The analysis surveys the lateral organization of major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-2 and -15 receptors, Kv1.3 K+ ion channels and the T-cell receptor as well as their behavior under different conditions. These molecules form small- and large-scale clusters in the membrane of human lymphocytes. Many of the association motifs occur in other investigated cell types. The conclusions point toward a possible role for ion channel activities, membrane potential changes and alterations of the lateral organization of proteins in transmembrane signaling and cytotoxic interactions. In our outlook new factors that potentially affect membrane protein cluster formation and interactions are discussed. A role for MHC glycoproteins in concentrating membrane proteins and organizing protein patterns is suggested, and the possibility that the membrane potential may modulate protein conformation and, thereby, affect protein-protein interactions is pointed out. A well-defined role for the presence of ion channels in the immune synapse is offered, which could explain the significance of ion channel accumulation in the immune synapse together with the T-cell receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Vámosi
- Cell Biophysics Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
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Young SL, Wilson M, Wilson S, Beagley KW, Ward V, Baird MA. Transcutaneous vaccination with virus-like particles. Vaccine 2006; 24:5406-12. [PMID: 16621190 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLP) are inert, empty capsids of viruses, which contain no DNA/RNA from the virus itself. However they retain the structure of a virus and they can be engineered to have antigens attached. We have constructed VLP, derived from Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, and shown they are highly immunogenic. We tested the capacity of these engineered VLP to induce immune responses when they are administered to mice via the transcutaneous route. This route of vaccination is important, in order to generate mucosal protection. Our data showed that VLP are taken up by dendritic cells (DC), antigen-presenting cells that are essential to initiate acquired immune responses. The VLP induced an increase in expression of CD40, CD80 and CD86 but required an adjuvant, CpG DNA oligo-deoxy nucleotides (ODN) motifs, to enhance these responses. In vivo testing has also shown that the VLP, when wiped on to the skin in conjunction with immunostimulatory CpG, induce Ag-specific immune responses, typified by high levels of IFN-gamma and IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Silliman CC, Wang M. The merits of in vitro versus in vivo modeling in investigation of the immune system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 21:123-134. [PMID: 21783649 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunity is vital for determining self and for the recognition and swift eradication of foreign antigens without harming the host. Innate immunity developed in metazoan, multi-cellular organisms under overwhelming selection pressure of invasive microbes and, although imperfect, has performed admirably to enable the evolution of higher eukaryotes. Adaptive immunity developed within an existing innate immune system to more effectively eradicate foreign antigens, whether from pathogens, malignant cells, or microbial toxins, such that repeated stimulations with foreign antigens are more efficiently excluded. Investigation of the immune system requires both in vivo and in vitro experimentation, not only because of the inherent complexity of immunity and the required pertinence of using higher mammals to not falsely disrupt the immune system, but also to use isolates of the specific cellular and humoral components to determine function, signal transduction, and a possible role of these constituents without the complexity and redundancy of immunity in intact animals. The hypotheses of well-designed in vitro experiments must also be tested in intact in vivo models to determine relevance and to discard artifactual findings secondary to the in vitro environment. The following review outlines the basic constituents and functions of both adaptive and innate immunity to demonstrate the importance of both in vivo and in vitro investigation of immunity in our attempt to define host defense and to decrease morbidity and mortality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Silliman
- Bonfils Blood Center, 717 Yosemite Circle, Denver, CO 80230, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Antigen Presentation. Immunology 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/b0-323-03399-7/50009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Barbosa MDFS, Vielmetter J, Chu S, Smith DD, Jacinto J. Clinical link between MHC class II haplotype and interferon-beta (IFN-beta) immunogenicity. Clin Immunol 2005; 118:42-50. [PMID: 16260183 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) is currently the first-line therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, a significant percentage of MS patients develop anti-IFN-beta antibodies, which can reduce the efficacy of the drug. We describe an association between a common MHC class II allele (DRB1*0701), present in 23% of the patients studied, and the anti-IFN-beta antibody response. We identified IFN-beta epitopes using a peptide-binding assay with B cell lines expressing this allele. Moreover, epitope-specific activation responses obtained with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from IFN-beta treated patients with the DRB1*0701 allele indicated a role for T-cell activation in IFN-beta immunogenicity. These results suggest that HLA typing of MS patients may provide an accurate screen for subjects who are likely to develop anti-IFN-beta antibodies and should therefore be considered for alternative therapies. In addition, elucidation of the factors underlying the anti-IFN-beta antibody response should accelerate the engineering of less immunogenic IFN-beta therapeutics.
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Abstract
An improved understanding of the human immune system and the genetic make-up of pathogens, together with advances in instrumentation and bioinformatics, have provided new insights into the variation of immune responses to vaccines within the human population. Pathogen variation and the diversity of the immune system components within the human population make the design of universal vaccines difficult. New subunit vaccines that target immunologically similar subgroups of the human population and representative pathogen variants are emerging from research that combines immunomics, pathogen genomics, and high-throughput instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Brusic
- Institute for Infocomm Research, 21 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, Singapore 119613.
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