1
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Wattad NR, Ozer E, Altgilbers S, Klein C, Cohen E, Zuckrman O, Sessler E, Hadad T, Alcalay Y, Abdu U. Intratesticular versus intraperitoneal Busulfan administration: a comparative study on spermatogenesis suppression in quails and chickens. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103890. [PMID: 38870613 PMCID: PMC11225892 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Generation of transgenic birds can be achieved by temporal suppression of endogenous spermatogenesis in males prior to primordial germ cell implantation. One of many established methods to induce male sterility is the intraperitoneal injection of busulfan, an alkylating agent. Nevertheless, the use of busulfan injections, which may also affect hematopoietic stem cells, carries the risk of potential lethality in animals. Given their safety and non-toxic nature, it has been demonstrated that intratesticular busulfan injections in mammals are less effective than intraperitoneal injections. This study aimed to compare, for the first time, the sterility and toxicity effects of intraperitoneal vs. intratesticular busulfan injections in quail and chickens. Our experimental design involved a previously established single intraperitoneal busulfan injection of 40 mg/kg of body weight (BW). In quail, busulfan was then administered intratesticularly at 3 different concentrations (6, 12, and 20 mg/kg BW), while in chickens, the working concentration was 20 mg/kg BW. We found that a single intraperitoneal busulfan injection of 40 mg/kg of BW resulted in 100% mortality in the treated roosters. In quails, however, this concentration only caused a temporary suppression of fertility for a 15-d period. Moreover, we found that a higher dose of intratesticular injection of busulfan is required to suppress spermatogenesis in quail (20 mg/kg BW) compared to mammals (4 mg/kg BW). Following these findings, we further confirmed that intratesticular injection of 20 mg/kg BW busulfan into roosters did not affect their overall viability. However, it induced a temporary state of male sterility, consistent with the effects observed with intraperitoneal injections. Hence, our data demonstrate that quail and chicken respond differently to busulfan administration. Furthermore, the present study provides evidence that direct injection into the rooster testes causes less physiological stress than intraperitoneal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor R Wattad
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Eden Ozer
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Stefanie Altgilbers
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Neustadt 31535, Germany
| | - Claudia Klein
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut - Federal Research Institute for Animal Health (FLI), Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Neustadt 31535, Germany
| | - Eyal Cohen
- COPIA Agro & Food, Herzliya, 4672501, Israel
| | | | | | - Tamar Hadad
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | | | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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2
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Niu YJ, Zheng D, Liu G, Ren W, Wu G, Peng Y, Wu J, Jin K, Zuo Q, Li G, Han W, Cui XS, Chen G, Li B. Comparative study of PGCs cultivation systems HiS and FAcs: a transcriptomic and cellular biology perspective. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104058. [PMID: 39094492 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In chicken, primordial germ cells (PGC) are crucial for the preservation and manipulation of genetic resources in poultry production. The HiS and FAcs culture systems are two important methods for the in vitro cultivation of chicken PGCs. The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the two cultivation systems for PGCs (His and FAcs culture systems) to assess their efficacy and applicability in supporting PGC growth, maintaining PGC characteristics, and lineage transmission ability. The study found that both HiS and FAcs culture systems could maintain the basic biological characteristics of chicken PGCs, including the simultaneous expression of pluripotency and reproductive marker genes, as well as the presence of abundant glycogen granules. Subsequently, we identified 2,145 differentially expressed genes (DEG) through RNA sequencing. GO and KEGG analysis revealed a large number of DEGs enriched in the cell adhesion and calcium ion binding pathways, and the analysis found that these genes maintained a higher level in HiS-PGCs. Further personalized analysis found that the regulatory genes for maintaining PGC pluripotency were highly expressed in HiS-PGCs, while germ cell-related genes showed similar expression in both systems. Additionally, through RNA sequencing data and cell proliferation ability, it was found that PGCs in the FAcs system had a higher proliferation rate and a faster cell cycle. Finally, it was discovered that the expression of cell migration-related genes was maintained at a higher level in HiS-PGCs, but the migration efficiency of HiS-PGCs did not show a significant difference compared to FAcs-PGCs. These results suggest that both HiS and FAcs culture systems can maintain the proliferation and basic characteristics of chicken PGCs, but differences exist in cell proliferation, pluripotency regulation, and cell adhesion. These findings provide new information for optimizing PGC cultivation systems and are important for the preservation and genetic improvement of chicken PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Niu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Dan Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gaoyuan Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yixiu Peng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Wei Han
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225125, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Guohong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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3
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Huang Z, Xie L, Feng H, Lan M, Xu T, Chen D, Pu L, Lu Y. DAZL regulate germline, pluripotency, and proliferation related genes in chicken PGCs and cooperate with DDX4. Theriogenology 2024; 222:22-30. [PMID: 38615433 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of germ cells and play a crucial role in germline transmission. In chickens, PGCs can be cultured in vitro while maintaining their germline stem cell characteristics. The Deleted in Azoospermia-Like (DAZL) gene, which is highly expressed in PGCs, is essential for germ cell development. Here, through gene knockout experiments, we discovered that the loss of DAZL expression in chicken PGCs led to decreased proliferation and survival. By next employed techniques such as RIP-seq (RNA Binding Protein Immunoprecipitation) and Co-IP-MS/MS (Co-immunoprecipitation Mass Spectrometry), we identified genes directly regulated by DAZL or cooperating with DAZL at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels. DAZL was found to control genes related to germline development, pluripotency, and cell proliferation in PGCs. Additionally, we observed a significant overlap between RNAs and proteins that interact with both DAZL and DDX4, indicating their cooperation in the gene regulation network in chicken PGCs. Our research provides valuable insights into the function of the DAZL gene in germline cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Huang
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Long Xie
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Hu Feng
- From the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Meiyu Lan
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Tianpeng Xu
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dongyang Chen
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Liping Pu
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yangqing Lu
- From the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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4
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Ichikawa K, McGrew MJ. Innovations in poultry reproduction using cryopreserved avian germ cells. Reprod Domest Anim 2024; 59:e14591. [PMID: 38798199 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Meat and eggs from chicken are the major source of animal protein for the human population. The cryopreservation of poultry species is needed to guarantee sustainable production. Here, we describe the existing cryopreservation technologies for avian reproductive cells using embryonic germ cells, spermatozoa and ovarian tissues. We outline strategies to reconstitute chicken breeds from their cryopreserved embryonic germ cells using surrogate hosts and discuss the perspectives for genetic conservation and reconstitution of chicken and wild avian species using surrogate host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Ichikawa
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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5
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Kress C, Jouneau L, Pain B. Reinforcement of repressive marks in the chicken primordial germ cell epigenetic signature: divergence from basal state resetting in mammals. Epigenetics Chromatin 2024; 17:11. [PMID: 38671530 PMCID: PMC11046797 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-024-00537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In mammals, primordial germ cells (PGCs), the embryonic precursors of the germline, arise from embryonic or extra-embryonic cells upon induction by the surrounding tissues during gastrulation, according to mechanisms which are elucidated in mice but remain controversial in primates. They undergo genome-wide epigenetic reprogramming, consisting of extensive DNA demethylation and histone post-translational modification (PTM) changes, toward a basal, euchromatinized state. In contrast, chicken PGCs are specified by preformation before gastrulation based on maternally-inherited factors. They can be isolated from the bloodstream during their migration to the genital ridges. Our prior research highlighted differences in the global epigenetic profile of cultured chicken PGCs compared with chicken somatic cells and mammalian PGCs. This study investigates the acquisition and evolution of this profile during development. RESULTS Quantitative analysis of global DNA methylation and histone PTMs, including their distribution, during key stages of chicken early development revealed divergent PGC epigenetic changes compared with mammals. Unlike mammalian PGCs, chicken PGCs do not undergo genome-wide DNA demethylation or exhibit a decrease in histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation. However, chicken PGCs show 5‑hydroxymethylcytosine loss, macroH2A redistribution, and chromatin decompaction, mirroring mammalian processes. Chicken PGCs initiate their epigenetic signature during migration, progressively accumulating high global levels of H3K9me3, with preferential enrichment in inactive genome regions. Despite apparent global chromatin decompaction, abundant heterochromatin marks, including repressive histone PTMs, HP1 variants, and DNA methylation, persists in chicken PGCs, contrasting with mammalian PGCs. CONCLUSIONS Chicken PGCs' epigenetic signature does not align with the basal chromatin state observed in mammals, suggesting a departure from extensive epigenetic reprogramming. Despite disparities in early PGC development, the persistence of several epigenetic features shared with mammals implies their involvement in chromatin-regulated germ cell properties, with the distinctive elevation of chicken-specific H3K9me3 potentially participating in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Kress
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.
| | - Luc Jouneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INRAE, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BREED, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France
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6
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Kajihara R, Ezaki R, Ichikawa K, Watanabe T, Terada T, Matsuzaki M, Horiuchi H. Wnt signaling blockade is essential for maintaining the pluripotency of chicken embryonic stem cells. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103361. [PMID: 38154448 PMCID: PMC10788285 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling supports the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells. We aimed to understand the effects of Wnt signaling activation or inhibition on chicken embryonic stem cells (chESCs), as these effects are largely unknown. When the glycogen synthase kinase-3 β inhibitor CHIR99021-which activates Wnt signaling-was added to chESC cultures, the colony shape flattened, and the expression levels of pluripotency-related (NANOG, SOX2, SOX3, OCT4, LIN28A, DNMT3B, and PRDM14) and germ cell (CVH and DAZL) markers showed a decreasing trend, and the growth of chESCs was inhibited after approximately 7 d. By contrast, when the Wnt signaling inhibitor XAV939 was added to the culture, dense and compact multipotent colonies (morphologically similar to mouse embryonic stem cell colonies) showing stable expression of pluripotency-related and germline markers were formed. The addition of XAV939 stabilized the proliferation of chESCs in the early stages of culture and promoted their establishment. Furthermore, these chESCs formed chimeras. In conclusion, functional chESCs can be stably cultured using Wnt signaling inhibitors. These findings suggest the importance of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in avian stem cells, offering valuable insights for applied research using chESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kajihara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Ryo Ezaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Kennosuke Ichikawa
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Tenkai Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Takumi Terada
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan; Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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7
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Niu YJ, Ren W, Liu G, Jin K, Zheng D, Zuo Q, Zhang Y, Cui XS, Chen G, Li B. Clonally derived chicken primordial germ cell lines maintain biological characteristics and proliferative potential in long-term culture. Theriogenology 2024; 215:67-77. [PMID: 38011785 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) are important cells with significant implications in preserving genetic resources, chicken breeding and production, and basic research on genetics and development. Currently, chicken PGCs can be cultured long-term in vitro to produce single-cell clones. However, systematic exploration of the cellular characteristics of these single-cell clonal lines has yet to be conducted. In this study, single-cell clonal lines were established from male and female PGCs of Rugao Yellow Chicken and Shouguang Black Chicken, respectively, using a micropipette-based method for single-cell isolation and culture. Analysis of glycogen granule staining, mRNA expression of pluripotency marker genes (POUV, SOX2, NANOG), germ cell marker genes (DAZL, CVH), and SSEA-1, EMA-1, SOX2, C-KIT, and CVH protein expression showed positive results, indicating that PGCs maintain normal cellular properties after single-cell cloning. Furthermore, tests on proliferation ability and gene expression levels in PGC single-cell clonal lines showed high expression of the pluripotency-related genes and TERT compared to control PGCs, and PGC single-cell clonal lines demonstrated higher proliferation ability. Finally, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PGC single-cell clonal lines were established, and it was found that these single-cell clonal lines could still migrate into the gonads of recipients, suggesting their potential for germ-line transmission. This study systematically validated the normal cellular characteristics of PGC single-cell clonal lines, indicating that they could be applied in genetic modification research on chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jie Niu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guangzheng Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dan Zheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Shun Cui
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Guohong Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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8
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Xie L, Huang Z, Lan M, Cao Y, Sun L, Zhang L, Zuo E, Lu Y. An ovalbumin fusion strategy to increase recombinant protein secretion in chicken eggs. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:5. [PMID: 38212799 PMCID: PMC10785457 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Maternal secretion of recombinant proteins into chicken eggs may provide a viable approach for pharmaceutical production but remains limited by poor secretion efficiency through the membrane of oviduct cells, despite high expression levels. Here, we used site-specific integration of an EGFP fused to the OVAL gene by a rigid linker, (EAAAK)3, at the endogenous ovalbumin locus in chicken primordial germ cells to generate OVAL-E3-EGFP transgenic chickens, with transgenic chickens expressing CMV immediate enhancer/β-actin-driven EGFP (CAG-EGFP) as a non-secreted control. In OVAL-E3-EGFP chickens, EGFP protein produced in maternal oviducts accumulates to high levels in eggs, but not in eggs of CAG-EGFP chickens. These results indicated that the secretion of foreign proteins can be substantially increased through fusion to the highly secreted endogenous ovalbumin. This study describes a basis for high yield recombinant protein expression in chicken eggs, enabling rapid and scalable production of numerous pharmaceutical proteins or metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenwen Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Meiyu Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yangqing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
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9
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Chojnacka-Puchta L, Sawicka D. Purification and Transfection Methods of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2770:15-25. [PMID: 38351443 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3698-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) play a special role in the vertebrate life cycle since they are the precursors of germ cells through which the genome is passed to the next generations. PGCs are found in different locations and variable numbers in the chick embryo, as in other species, depending on the developmental stages. Here, we describe in detail a method based on the Percoll gradient, routinely used in our laboratory, allowing us to obtain from blood and gonad anlages significant numbers of viable PGCs which can be successfully cultured or efficiently genetically modified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Chojnacka-Puchta
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dorota Sawicka
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection-National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
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10
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Wang X, Zhu J, Wang H, Deng W, Jiao S, Wang Y, He M, Zhang F, Liu T, Hao Y, Ye D, Sun Y. Induced formation of primordial germ cells from zebrafish blastomeres by germplasm factors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7918. [PMID: 38097571 PMCID: PMC10721796 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of genome editing and primordial germ cell (PGC) transplantation has enormous significance in the study of developmental biology and genetic breeding, despite its low efficiency due to limited number of donor PGCs. Here, we employ a combination of germplasm factors to convert blastoderm cells into induced PGCs (iPGCs) in zebrafish and obtain functional gametes either through iPGC transplantation or via the single blastomere overexpression of germplasm factors. Zebrafish-derived germplasm factors convert blastula cells of Gobiocypris rarus into iPGCs, and Gobiocypris rarus spermatozoa can be produced by iPGC-transplanted zebrafish. Moreover, the combination of genome knock-in and iPGC transplantation perfectly resolves the contradiction between high knock-in efficiency and early lethality during embryonic stages and greatly improves the efficiency of genome knock-in. Together, we present an efficient method for generating PGCs in a teleost, a technique that will have a strong impact in basic research and aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Houpeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wenqi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengbo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mudan He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongkang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ding Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yonghua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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11
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Watanabe T, Ochi Y, Kajihara R, Ichikawa K, Ezaki R, Matsuzaki M, Horiuchi H. Lipofection with Lipofectamine™ 2000 in a heparin-free growth medium results in high transfection efficiency in chicken primordial germ cells. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2300328. [PMID: 37559489 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) that can differentiate into gametes are used to produce genome-edited chickens. However, the transfection efficiency into PGCs is low in chickens; therefore, the yield efficiency of PGCs modified via genome editing is problematic. In this study, we improved transfection efficiency and achieved highly efficient genome editing in chicken PGCs. For transfection, we used lipofection, which is convenient for gene transfer. Chicken PGC cultures require adding heparin to support growth; however, heparin significantly reduces lipofection efficiency (p < 0.01). Heparin-induced lipofection efficiency was restored by adding protamine. Based on these results, we optimized gene transfer into chicken PGCs. Lipofectamine 2000 and our PGC medium were the most efficient transfection reagent and medium, respectively. Finally, based on established conditions, we compared the gene knock-out efficiencies of ovomucoid, a major egg allergen, and gene knock-in efficiencies at the ACTB locus. These results indicate that optimized lipofection is useful for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-out and knock-in. Our findings may contribute to the generation of genome-edited chickens and stimulate research in various applications involving them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenkai Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Ochi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryota Kajihara
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kennosuke Ichikawa
- Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryo Ezaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuzaki
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
- Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
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12
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Suzuki K, Kwon SJ, Saito D, Atsuta Y. LIN28 is essential for the maintenance of chicken primordial germ cells. Cells Dev 2023; 176:203874. [PMID: 37453484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2023.203874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of stem cell maintenance underlies the establishment of long-term and mass culture methods for stem cells that are fundamental for clinical and agricultural applications. In this study, we use chicken primordial germ cell (PGC) as a model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell maintenance. The PGC is a useful experimental model because it is readily gene-manipulatable and easy to test gene function in vivo using transplantation. Previous studies to establish a long-term culture system have shown that secreted factors such as FGF2 are required to maintain the self-renewal capability of PGC. On the other hand, we know little about intracellular regulators responsible for PGC maintenance. Among representative stem cell factors, we focus on RNA-binding factors LIN28A and LIN28B as possible central regulators for the gene regulatory network essential to PGC maintenance. By taking advantage of the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing and a clonal culture technique, we find that both LIN28A and LIN28B regulate the proliferation of PGC in vitro. We further showed that colonization efficiency of grafted PGC at the genital ridges, rudiments for the gonads, of chicken embryos were significantly decreased by knockout (KO) of LIN28A or LIN28B. Of note, overexpression of human LIN28 in LIN28-KO PGC was sufficient to restore the low colonization rates, suggesting that LIN28 plays a key role in PGC colonization at the gonads. Transcriptomic analyses of LIN28-KO PGC reveal that several genes related to mesenchymal traits are upregulated, including EGR1, a transcription factor that promotes the differentiation of mesodermal tissues. Finally, we show that the forced expression of human EGR1 deteriorates replication activity and colonization efficiency of PGCs. Taken together, this work demonstrates that LIN28 maintains self-renewal of PGC by suppressing the expression of differentiation genes including EGR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Seung June Kwon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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13
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Intarapat S, Sukparangsi W, Gusev O, Sheng G. A Bird's-Eye View of Endangered Species Conservation: Avian Genomics and Stem Cell Approaches for Green Peafowl ( Pavo muticus). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2040. [PMID: 38002983 PMCID: PMC10671381 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aves ranks among the top two classes for the highest number of endangered and extinct species in the kingdom Animalia. Notably, the IUCN Red List classified the green peafowl as endangered. This highlights promising strategies using genetics and reproductive technologies for avian wildlife conservation. These platforms provide the capacity to predict population trends and enable the practical breeding of such species. The conservation of endangered avian species is facilitated through the application of genomic data storage and analysis. Storing the sequence is a form of biobanking. An analysis of sequence can identify genetically distinct individuals for breeding. Here, we reviewed avian genomics and stem cell approaches which not only offer hope for saving endangered species, such as the green peafowl but also for other birds threatened with extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sittipon Intarapat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Woranop Sukparangsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand;
| | - Oleg Gusev
- Regulatory Genomics Research Center, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Life Improvement by Future Technologies (LIFT) Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
| | - Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan;
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14
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Challagulla A, Jenkins KA, O'Neil TE, Morris KR, Wise TG, Tizard ML, Bean AGD, Schat KA, Doran TJ. Germline engineering of the chicken genome using CRISPR/Cas9 by in vivo transfection of PGCs. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:775-784. [PMID: 32707002 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2020.1789869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of simple and readily adoptable methods to mediate germline engineering of the chicken genome will have many applications in research, agriculture and industrial biotechnology. We report germline targeting of the endogenous chicken Interferon Alpha and Beta Receptor Subunit 1 (IFNAR1) gene by in vivo transgenic expression of the high-fidelity Cas9 (Cas9-HF1) and guide RNAs (gRNAs) in chickens. First, we developed a Tol2 transposon vector carrying Cas9-HF1, IFNAR1-gRNAs (IF-gRNAs) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenes (pTgRCG) and validated in chicken fibroblast DF1 cells. Next, the pTgRCG plasmid was directly injected into the dorsal aorta of embryonic day (ED) 2.5 chicken embryos targeting the circulating primordial germ cells (PGCs). The resulting chimera roosters generated a fully transgenic generation 1 (G1) hen with constitutive expression of Cas9-HF1 and IF-gRNAs (G1_Tol2-Cas9/IF-gRNA). We detected a spectrum of indels at gRNA-targeted loci in the G1_Tol2-Cas9/IF-gRNA hen and the indels were stably inherited by the G2 progeny. Breeding of the G1_Tol2-Cas9/IF-gRNA hen resulted in up to 10% transgene-free heterozygote IFNAR1 mutants, following null-segregation of the Tol2 insert. The method described here will provide new opportunities for genome editing in chicken and other avian species that lack PGC culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Challagulla
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kristie A Jenkins
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Terri E O'Neil
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kirsten R Morris
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Terry G Wise
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mark L Tizard
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Andrew G D Bean
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
| | - Karel A Schat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Doran
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, Australia
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15
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Ye L, Liu X, Jin K, Niu Y, Zuo Q, Song J, Han W, Chen G, Li B. Effects of Insulin on Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Ferroptosis in Primordial Germ Cells via PI3K-AKT-mTOR Signaling Pathway. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1975. [PMID: 37895324 PMCID: PMC10606282 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are essential for the genetic modification, resource conservation, and recovery of endangered breeds in chickens and need to remain viable and proliferative in vitro. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the functions of the influencing factors and their regulatory mechanisms. In this study, PGCs collected from Rugao yellow chicken embryonic eggs at Day 5.5 were cultured in media containing 0, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 μg/mL insulin. The results showed that insulin regulates cell proliferation in PGCs in a dose-dependent way, with an optimal dose of 10 μg/mL. Insulin mediates the mRNA expression of cell cycle-, apoptosis-, and ferroptosis-related genes. Insulin at 50 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL slowed down the proliferation with elevated ion content and GSH/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in PGCs compared to 10 μg/mL. In addition, insulin activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway dose dependently. Collectively, this study demonstrates that insulin reduces apoptosis and ferroptosis and enhances cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway in PGCs, providing a new addition to the theory of the regulatory role of the growth and proliferation of PGC in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kai Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yingjie Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MA 20742, USA;
| | - Wei Han
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Poultry Institute of Jiangsu, Yangzhou 225003, China;
| | - Guohong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bichun Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (L.Y.); (X.L.); (K.J.); (Y.N.); (Q.Z.)
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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16
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Chen YC, Saito D, Suzuki T, Takemoto T. An inducible germ cell ablation chicken model for high-grade germline chimeras. Development 2023; 150:dev202079. [PMID: 37665168 PMCID: PMC10560566 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Chicken embryos are a powerful and widely used animal model in developmental biology studies. Since the development of CRISPR technology, gene-edited chickens have been generated by transferring primordial germ cells (PGCs) into recipients after genetic modifications. However, low inheritance caused by competition between host germ cells and the transferred cells is a common complication and greatly reduces production efficiency. Here, we generated a gene-edited chicken, in which germ cells can be ablated in a drug-dependent manner, as recipients for gene-edited PGC transfer. We used the nitroreductase/metronidazole (NTR/Mtz) system for cell ablation, in which nitroreductase produces cytotoxic alkylating agents from administered metronidazole, causing cell apoptosis. The chicken Vasa homolog (CVH) gene locus was used to drive the expression of the nitroreductase gene in a germ cell-specific manner. In addition, a fluorescent protein gene, mCherry, was also placed in the CVH locus to visualize the PGCs. We named this system 'germ cell-specific autonomous removal induction' (gSAMURAI). gSAMURAI chickens will be an ideal recipient to produce offspring derived from transplanted exogenous germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Chen
- Division of Research and Development, Setsuro Tech Inc., Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Laboratory for Embryology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takemoto
- Division of Research and Development, Setsuro Tech Inc., Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Laboratory for Embryology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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17
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Golkar-Narenji A, Dziegiel P, Kempisty B, Petitte J, Mozdziak PE, Bryja A. In vitro culture of reptile PGCS to preserve endangered species. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:1314-1326. [PMID: 37178380 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), are the source of gametes in vertebrates. There are similarities in the development of PGCs of reptiles with avian and mammalian species PGCs development. PGCs culture has been performed for avian and mammalian species but there is no report for reptilian PGCs culture. In vitro culture of PGCs is needed to produce transgenic animals, preservation of endangered animals and for studies on cell behaviour and research on fertility. Reptiles are traded as exotic pets and a source of food and they are valuable for their skin and they are useful as model for medical research. Transgenic reptile has been suggested to be useful for pet industry and medical research. In this research different aspects of PGCs development was compared in three main classes of vertebrates including mammalian, avian and reptilian species. It is proposed that a discussion on similarities between reptilian PGCs development with avian and mammalian species helps to find clues for studies of reptilian PGCs development details and finding an efficient protocol for in vitro culture of reptilian PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Golkar-Narenji
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Piotr Dziegiel
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Histology and Embryology, Wrocław Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
- Graduate Physiology Program NC State University North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
| | - James Petitte
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Edward Mozdziak
- Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Graduate Physiology Program NC State University North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of Human Morphology and Embryology, Division of Anatomy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Dolnoslaskie, Poland
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18
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Dehdilani N, Yousefi Taemeh S, Rival-Gervier S, Montillet G, Kress C, Jean C, Goshayeshi L, Dehghani H, Pain B. Enhanced cultivation of chicken primordial germ cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12323. [PMID: 37516783 PMCID: PMC10387062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39536-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cultivation and expansion of chicken primordial germ cells (cPGCs) are of critical importance for both biotechnological applications and the management of poultry genetic biodiversity. The feeder-free culture system has become the most popular approach for the cultivation and expansion of cPGCs. However, despite some success in the cultivation of cPGCs, the reproducibility of culture conditions across different laboratories remains a challenge. This study aimed to compare two defined and enriched media for the growth of cPGCs originating from the Hubbard JA57 broiler. To this end, cPGCs were isolated from the embryonic blood of Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stages 14-16 and cultured at various time points. The Growth properties and characteristics of these cells were evaluated in two different culture conditions (the defined or enriched medium) and their migratory properties were assessed after genetic engineering and injection into the vasculature of 2.5-day-old chicken embryos. The main finding of this study was that the use of an enriched medium (the defined medium with Knock-Out Serum Replacement; KOSR) resulted in improved growth properties of cPGCs originating from the Hubbard JA57 broiler compared to a defined medium. The ability to cultivate and expand cPGCs is crucial for the generation of both genetically engineered birds and breeds of interest from local or commercial origins. Therefore, these results highlight the importance of choosing an appropriate culture medium for cPGCs growth and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Dehdilani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Yousefi Taemeh
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sylvie Rival-Gervier
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Guillaume Montillet
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Clémence Kress
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Christian Jean
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Lena Goshayeshi
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
- Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bertrand Pain
- Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, University of Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSERM, INRAE, U1208, USC1361, 69500, Bron, France.
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19
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Zare M, Mirhoseini SZ, Ghovvati S, Yakhkeshi S, Hesaraki M, Barati M, Sayyahpour FA, Baharvand H, Hassani SN. The constitutively active pSMAD2/3 relatively improves the proliferation of chicken primordial germ cells. Mol Reprod Dev 2023. [PMID: 37379342 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In many multicellular organisms, mature gametes originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). Improvements in the culture of PGCs are important not only for developmental biology research, but also for preserving endangered species, and for genome editing and transgenic animal technologies. SMAD2/3 appear to be powerful regulators of gene expression; however, their potential positive impact on the regulation of PGC proliferation has not been taken into consideration. Here, the effect of TGF-β signaling as the upstream activator of SMAD2/3 transcription factors was evaluated on chicken PGCs' proliferation. For this, chicken PGCs at stages 26-28 Hamburger-Hamilton were obtained from the embryonic gonadal regions and cultured on different feeders or feeder-free substrates. The results showed that TGF-β signaling agonists (IDE1 and Activin-A) improved PGC proliferation to some extent while treatment with SB431542, the antagonist of TGF-β, disrupted PGCs' proliferation. However, the transfection of PGCs with constitutively active SMAD2/3 (SMAD2/3CA) resulted in improved PGC proliferation for more than 5 weeks. The results confirmed the interactions between overexpressed SMAD2/3CA and pluripotency-associated genes NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2. According to the results, the application of SMAD2/3CA could represent a step toward achieving an efficient expansion of avian PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumeh Zare
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | | | - Shahrokh Ghovvati
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran
| | - Saeed Yakhkeshi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Hesaraki
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Barati
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Azam Sayyahpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, School of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Doddamani D, Woodcock M, Taylor L, Nandi S, McTeir L, Davey MG, Smith J, McGrew MJ. The Transcriptome of Chicken Migratory Primordial Germ Cells Reveals Intrinsic Sex Differences and Expression of Hallmark Germ Cell Genes. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081151. [PMID: 37190060 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are germline-restricted embryonic cells that form the functional gametes of the adult animal. The use of avian PGCs in biobanking and producing genetically modified birds has driven research on the in vitro propagation and manipulation of these embryonic cells. In avian species, PGCs are hypothesized to be sexually undetermined at an early embryonic stage and undergo differentiation into an oocyte or spermatogonial fate dictated by extrinsic factors present in the gonad. However, chicken male and female PGCs require different culture conditions, suggesting that there are sex-specific differences, even at early stages. To understand potential differences between male and female chicken PGCs during migratory stages, we studied the transcriptomes of circulatory stage male and female PGCs propagated in a serum-free medium. We found that in vitro cultured PGCs were transcriptionally similar to their in ovo counterparts, with differences in cell proliferation pathways. Our analysis also revealed sex-specific transcriptome differences between male and female cultured PGCs, with notable differences in Smad7 and NCAM2 expression. A comparison of chicken PGCs with pluripotent and somatic cell types identified a set of genes that are exclusive to germ cells, enriched in the germplasm, and associated with germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadakhalandar Doddamani
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark Woodcock
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lorna Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sunil Nandi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lynn McTeir
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Megan G Davey
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jacqueline Smith
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
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21
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Kim YM, Woo SJ, Han JY. Strategies for the Generation of Gene Modified Avian Models: Advancement in Avian Germline Transmission, Genome Editing, and Applications. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040899. [PMID: 37107658 PMCID: PMC10137648 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian models are valuable for studies of development and reproduction and have important implications for food production. Rapid advances in genome-editing technologies have enabled the establishment of avian species as unique agricultural, industrial, disease-resistant, and pharmaceutical models. The direct introduction of genome-editing tools, such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system, into early embryos has been achieved in various animal taxa. However, in birds, the introduction of the CRISPR system into primordial germ cells (PGCs), a germline-competent stem cell, is considered a much more reliable approach for the development of genome-edited models. After genome editing, PGCs are transplanted into the embryo to establish germline chimera, which are crossed to produce genome-edited birds. In addition, various methods, including delivery by liposomal and viral vectors, have been employed for gene editing in vivo. Genome-edited birds have wide applications in bio-pharmaceutical production and as models for disease resistance and biological research. In conclusion, the application of the CRISPR system to avian PGCs is an efficient approach for the production of genome-edited birds and transgenic avian models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seung-Je Woo
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Han
- Avinnogen Co., Ltd., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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22
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Ma Y, Wu W, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wei J, Guo X, Xue M, Zhu G. The Synchronized Progression from Mitosis to Meiosis in Female Primordial Germ Cells between Layers and Broilers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040781. [PMID: 37107539 PMCID: PMC10137798 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Layer and broiler hens show a dramatic difference in the volume and frequency of egg production. However, it is unclear whether the intrinsic competency of oocyte generation is also different between the two types of chicken. All oocytes were derived from the primordial germ cells (PGC) in the developing embryo, and female PGC proliferation (mitosis) and the subsequent differentiation (meiosis) determine the ultimate ovarian pool of germ cells available for future ovulation. In this study, we systematically compared the cellular phenotype and gene expression patterns during PGC mitosis (embryonic day 10, E10) and meiosis (E14) between female layers and broilers to determine whether the early germ cell development is also subjected to the selective breeding of egg production traits. We found that PGCs from E10 showed much higher activity in cell propagation and were enriched in cell proliferation signaling pathways than PGCs from E14 in both types of chicken. A common set of genes, namely insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and E2F transcription factor 4 (E2F4), were identified as the major regulators of cell proliferation in E10 PGCs of both strains. In addition, we found that E14 PGCs from both strains showed an equal ability to initiate meiosis, which was associated with the upregulation of key genes for meiotic initiation. The intrinsic cellular dynamics during the transition from proliferation to differentiation of female germ cells were conserved between layers and broilers. Hence, we surmise that other non-cell autonomous mechanisms involved in germ-somatic cell interactions would contribute to the divergence of egg production performance between layers and broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiao Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Xuzhao Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Jiahui Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Man Xue
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Guiyu Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
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23
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Mizushima S, Sasanami T, Ono T, Kuroiwa A. Current Approaches to and the Application of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) for Avian Genome Editing. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030757. [PMID: 36981028 PMCID: PMC10048369 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry are one of the most valuable resources for human society. They are also recognized as a powerful experimental animal for basic research on embryogenesis. Demands for the supply of low-allergen eggs and bioreactors have increased with the development of programmable genome editing technology. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to produce transgenic animals and various animals in the agricultural industry and has also been successfully adopted for the modification of chicken and quail genomes. In this review, we describe the successful establishment of genome-edited lines combined with germline chimera production systems mediated by primordial germ cells and by viral infection in poultry. The avian intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) system that we previously established and recent advances in ICSI for genome editing are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Mizushima
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sasanami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tamao Ono
- Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri 399-0781, Nagano, Japan
| | - Asato Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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24
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Formation, Application, and Significance of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061096. [PMID: 36978637 PMCID: PMC10044044 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken is one of the most widely consumed sources of protein globally. Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors for ova and sperm. One of the early embryogenesis events in most animals is the segregation of the somatic and germ lineages. PGC cultures occur in the germline, and PGCs are less studied in many species. It is relatively challenging to separate, cultivate, and genetically alter chicken without mutating the basic germline. The present study aims to gather previous research about chicken PGCs and provide a customized review of studies and developments in the field of PGCs, especially for avian species. Furthermore, we show that the propagation of chicken PGCs into embryonic germ cells that contribute to somatic tissues may be produced in vitro. Primordial germ cells offer an ideal system in developmental biology, as these cells play a vital role in the genetic modification and treatment of infertility. Cryopreservation helps to maintain genetic resources and sustainable production in the poultry industry. Keeping in mind the significance of cryopreservation for storage and gametogenesis, we discuss its role in the preservation of primordial germ cells. Transgenesis and genetic modifications in chicken lead to the development of various medicinal chicken varieties and aid in improving their production and quality for consumption purposes. Additionally, these characteristics open up new possibilities for modifying the chicken genome for agricultural and medical purposes.
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25
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Ichikawa K, Horiuchi H. Fate Decisions of Chicken Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs): Development, Integrity, Sex Determination, and Self-Renewal Mechanisms. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030612. [PMID: 36980885 PMCID: PMC10048776 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursor cells of sperm and eggs. The fate decisions of chicken PGCs in terms of their development, integrity, and sex determination have unique features, thereby providing insights into evolutionary developmental biology. Additionally, fate decisions in the context of a self-renewal mechanism have been applied to establish culture protocols for chicken PGCs, enabling the production of genome-edited chickens and the conservation of genetic resources. Thus, studies on the fate decisions of chicken PGCs have significantly contributed to both academic and industrial development. Furthermore, studies on fate decisions have rapidly advanced owing to the recent development of essential research technologies, such as genome editing and RNA sequencing. Here, we reviewed the status of fate decisions of chicken PGCs and provided insight into other important research issues that require attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennosuke Ichikawa
- Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Hiroshima, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Hiroyuki Horiuchi
- Genome Editing Innovation Center, Hiroshima University, 3-10-23 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Hiroshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8528, Hiroshima, Japan
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26
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Han JY, Lee HJ. Genome Editing Mediated by Primordial Germ Cell in Chicken. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2637:301-312. [PMID: 36773156 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3016-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing technology has facilitated the studies on exploring specific gene functions in diverse living organisms. The technology has also contributed to creating high-value livestock in industry fields in terms of enhancing productivity or acquiring disease resistance. Particularly, applying genome editing technologies in avian species has been emphasized in both academic and industrial fields due to their unique developmental patterns as well as application possibilities. To accomplish genome editing in avian species, gene integration into chicken primordial germ cell (PGC) genome using a virus or transposition systems has been widely used, and recently developed programmable genome editing technologies including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas9) systems enable to edit the genetic information precisely for maximizing the application potentials of avian species. In these regards, this chapter will cover the methods for producing genome-edited chickens, particularly by CRISPR/Cas9 technologies allowing targeted gene insertion, gene knockout, and gene tagging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Hong Jo Lee
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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27
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Mitchell E, Tellez G, McGrew MJ. Chicken genome editing for investigating poultry pathogens. Avian Pathol 2023; 52:1-11. [PMID: 36278430 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2130173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major advances in pathogen identification, treatment, vaccine development, and avian immunology have enabled the enormous expansion in global poultry production over the last 50 years. Looking forward, climate change, reduced feed, reduced water access, new avian pathogens and restrictions on the use of antimicrobials threaten to hamper further gains in poultry productivity and health. The development of novel in vitro cell culture systems, coupled with new genetic tools to investigate gene function, will aid in developing novel interventions for existing and newly emerging poultry pathogens. Our growing capacity to cryopreserve and generate genome-edited chicken lines will also be useful for developing improved chicken breeds for poultry farmers and conserving chicken genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Mitchell
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Guillermo Tellez
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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28
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Ibrahim M, Stadnicka K. The science of genetically modified poultry. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2022-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The exuberant development of targeted genome editing has revolutionized research on the chicken genome, generating chickens with beneficial parameters. The chicken model is a crucial experimental tool that can be utilized for drug manufacture, preclinical research, pathological observation, and other applications. In essence, tweaking the chicken’s genome has enabled the poultry industry to get more done with less, generating genetically modified chickens that lay eggs containing large amounts of lifesaving humanized drugs. The transition of gene editing from concept to practical application has been dramatically hastened by the development of programmable nucleases, bringing scientists closer than ever to the efficient producers of tomorrow’s medicines. Combining the developmental and physiological characteristics of the chicken with cutting-edge genome editing, the chicken furnishes a potent frontier that is foreseen to be actively pursued in the future. Herein we review the current and future prospects of gene editing in chickens and the contributions to the development of humanized pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics , PBS University of Science and Technology , 85-084 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stadnicka
- Department of Oncology , Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University , 85-821 Bydgoszcz , Poland
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29
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Idoko-Akoh A, McGrew MJ. Generation of Genome-Edited Chicken Through Targeting of Primordial Germ Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2631:419-441. [PMID: 36995681 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2990-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing technology facilitates the creation of specific and precise genetic changes to unravel gene function and rapidly transfer unique alleles between chicken breeds in contrast to lengthy traditional crossbreeding methods for the study of poultry genetics. Innovations in genome sequencing technology have made it possible to map polymorphisms associated with both monogenic and multigenic traits in livestock species. We, and many others, have demonstrated the use of genome editing to introduce specific monogenic traits in chicken through targeting of cultured primordial germ cells. In this chapter, we describe materials and protocols for performing heritable genome editing in the chicken through targeting of in vitro propagated chicken primordial germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alewo Idoko-Akoh
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute & Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.
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30
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Atsuta Y, Suzuki K, Iikawa H, Yaguchi H, Saito D. Prime editing in chicken fibroblasts and primordial germ cells. Dev Growth Differ 2022; 64:548-557. [PMID: 36374008 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing technologies are revolutionizing developmental biology. One of the advanced CRISPR-based techniques is prime editing (PE), which enables precise gene modification in multiple model organisms. However, there has been no report of taking advantage of the PE system for gene editing in primordial germ cells (PGCs) thus far. In the current study, we describe a method to apply PE to the genome of chicken fibroblasts and PGCs. By combining PE with a transposon-mediated genomic integration, drug selection, and the single-cell culture method, we successfully generated prime-edited chicken fibroblasts and PGCs. The chicken PGC is widely used as an experimental model to study germ cell formation and as a vector for gene transfer to produce transgenic chickens. Such experimental models are useful in the developmental biology field and as potential bioreactors to produce pharmaceutical and nutritious proteins. Thus, the method presented here will provide not only a powerful tool to investigate gene function in germ cell development but also a basis for generating prime-edited transgenic birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuya Suzuki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Haruna Yaguchi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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31
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Challagulla A, Shi S, Nair K, O'Neil TE, Morris KR, Wise TG, Cahill DM, Tizard ML, Doran TJ, Jenkins KA. Marker counter-selection via CRISPR/Cas9 co-targeting for efficient generation of genome edited avian cell lines and germ cells. Anim Biotechnol 2022; 33:1235-1245. [PMID: 33650465 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1885428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Efficient isolation of genetically modified cells that are phenotypically indistinguishable from the unmodified cells remains a major technical barrier for the broader utilization of CRISPR/Cas9. Here, we report a novel enrichment approach to select the genome engineered cells by co-targeting a genomically integrated GFP gene along with the endogenous gene of interest (GOI). Using this co-targeting approach, multiple genomic loci were successfully targeted in chicken (DF1) and quail (CEC-32) fibroblast cell lines by transient transfection of Cas9 and guide RNAs (gRNAs). Clonal isolation of co-targeted DF1 cells showed 75% of cell clones had deletion of GFP and biallelic deletion of the GOI. To assess the utility of this approach to generate genome modified animals, we tested it on chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) expressing GFP by co-targeting with gRNAs against GFP and endogenous ovomucoid (OVM) gene. PGCs enriched for loss of GFP and confirmed for OVM deletion, derived by co-targeting, were injected into Hamburger and Hamilton stage 14-15 chicken embryos, and their ability to migrate to the genital ridge was confirmed. This simple, efficient enrichment approach could easily be applied to the creation of knock-out or edited cell lines or animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Challagulla
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Shunning Shi
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kiran Nair
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Terri E O'Neil
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten R Morris
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Terry G Wise
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - David M Cahill
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark L Tizard
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy J Doran
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristie A Jenkins
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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32
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Altgilbers S, Dierks C, Klein S, Weigend S, Kues WA. Quantitative analysis of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated provirus deletion in blue egg layer chicken PGCs by digital PCR. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15587. [PMID: 36114266 PMCID: PMC9481566 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of sperm and oocytes, pass on the genetic material to the next generation. The previously established culture system of chicken PGCs holds many possibilities for functional genomics studies and the rapid introduction of desired traits. Here, we established a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing protocol for the genetic modification of PGCs derived from chickens with blue eggshell color. The sequence targeted in the present report is a provirus (EAV-HP) insertion in the 5'-flanking region of the SLCO1B3 gene on chromosome 1 in Araucana chickens, which is supposedly responsible for the blue eggshell color. We designed pairs of guide RNAs (gRNAs) targeting the entire 4.2 kb provirus region. Following transfection of PGCs with the gRNA, genomic DNA was isolated and analyzed by mismatch cleavage assay (T7EI). For absolute quantification of the targeting efficiencies in homozygous blue-allele bearing PGCs a digital PCR was established, which revealed deletion efficiencies of 29% when the wildtype Cas9 was used, and 69% when a high-fidelity Cas9 variant was employed. Subsequent single cell dilutions of edited PGCs yielded 14 cell clones with homozygous deletion of the provirus. A digital PCR assay proved the complete absence of this provirus in cell clones. Thus, we demonstrated the high efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in introducing a large provirus deletion in chicken PGCs. Our presented workflow is a cost-effective and rapid solution for screening the editing success in transfected PGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Altgilbers
- Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Claudia Dierks
- Department of Breeding and Genetic Resources, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Department of Breeding and Genetic Resources, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Stem Cell Physiology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
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33
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Sukparangsi W, Thongphakdee A, Intarapat S. Avian Embryonic Culture: A Perspective of In Ovo to Ex Ovo and In Vitro Studies. Front Physiol 2022; 13:903491. [PMID: 35651873 PMCID: PMC9150135 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.903491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian embryos growing outside the natural eggshell (ex ovo) were observed since the early 19th century, and since then chick embryonic structures have revealed reaching an in-depth view of external and internal anatomy, enabling us to understand conserved vertebrate development. However, the internal environment within an eggshell (in ovo) would still be the ideal place to perform various experiments to understand the nature of avian development and to apply other biotechnology techniques. With the advent of genetic manipulation and cell culture techniques, avian embryonic parts were dissected for explant culture to eventually generate expandable cell lines (in vitro cell culture). The expansion of embryonic cells allowed us to unravel the transcriptional network for understanding pluripotency and differentiation mechanism in the embryos and in combination with stem cell technology facilitated the applications of avian culture to the next levels in transgenesis and wildlife conservation. In this review, we provide a panoramic view of the relationship among different cultivation platforms from in ovo studies to ex ovo as well as in vitro culture of cell lines with recent advances in the stem cell fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranop Sukparangsi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri, Thailand
| | - Ampika Thongphakdee
- Wildlife Reproductive Innovation Center, Research Department, Bureau of Conservation and Research, Zoological Park Organization of Thailand Under the Royal Patronage of H.M. the King, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittipon Intarapat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Sittipon Intarapat,
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Barkova OY, Larkina TA, Krutikova AA, Polteva EA, Shcherbakov YS, Peglivanyan GK, Pozovnikova MV. Innovative Approaches to Genome Editing in Chickens. CYTOL GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452722020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Oct4 dependent chromatin activation is required for chicken primordial germ cell migration. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2535-2546. [PMID: 35397052 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the undifferentiated progenitors of the gametes. Unlike the poor maintenance of cultured mammalian PGCs, the avian PGCs can be expanded in vitro indefinitely while preserving pluripotency and germline competence. In mammals, the Oct4 is the master transcription factor that ensures the stemness of pluripotent cells such as PGCs, but the specific function of Oct4 in chicken PGCs remains unclear. As expected, the loss of Oct4 in chicken PGCs reduced the expression of key pluripotency factors and promoted the genes involved in endoderm and ectoderm differentiation. Furthermore, the global active chromatin was reduced as shown by the depletion of the H3K27ac upon Oct4 suppression. Interestingly, the de-activated chromatin caused the down-regulation of adjacent genes which are mostly known regulators of cell junction, chemotaxis and cell migration. Consequently, the Oct4-deficient PGCs show impaired cell migration and could not colonize the gonads when re-introduced into the bloodstream of the embryo. We propose that, in addition to maintaining pluripotency, the Oct4 mediated chromatin activation is dictating chicken PGC migration.
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36
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Koslová A, Trefil P, Mucksová J, Krchlíková V, Plachý J, Krijt J, Reinišová M, Kučerová D, Geryk J, Kalina J, Šenigl F, Elleder D, Kožich V, Hejnar J. Knock-Out of Retrovirus Receptor Gene Tva in the Chicken Confers Resistance to Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroups A and K and Affects Cobalamin (Vitamin B 12)-Dependent Level of Methylmalonic Acid. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122504. [PMID: 34960774 PMCID: PMC8708277 DOI: 10.3390/v13122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The chicken Tva cell surface protein, a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, has been identified as an entry receptor for avian leukosis virus of classic subgroup A and newly emerging subgroup K. Because both viruses represent an important concern for the poultry industry, we introduced a frame-shifting deletion into the chicken tva locus with the aim of knocking-out Tva expression and creating a virus-resistant chicken line. The tva knock-out was prepared by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in chicken primordial germ cells and orthotopic transplantation of edited cells into the testes of sterilized recipient roosters. The resulting tva −/− chickens tested fully resistant to avian leukosis virus subgroups A and K, both in in vitro and in vivo assays, in contrast to their susceptible tva +/+ and tva +/− siblings. We also found a specific disorder of the cobalamin/vitamin B12 metabolism in the tva knock-out chickens, which is in accordance with the recently recognized physiological function of Tva as a receptor for cobalamin in complex with transcobalamin transporter. Last but not least, we bring a new example of the de novo resistance created by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of pathogen dependence genes in farm animals and, furthermore, a new example of gene editing in chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koslová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Pavel Trefil
- BIOPHARM, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, Pohoří-Chotouň 90, 254 49 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Jitka Mucksová
- BIOPHARM, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, Pohoří-Chotouň 90, 254 49 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Veronika Krchlíková
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Jiří Plachý
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Jakub Krijt
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Markéta Reinišová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Dana Kučerová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Josef Geryk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Jiří Kalina
- BIOPHARM, Research Institute of Biopharmacy and Veterinary Drugs, Pohoří-Chotouň 90, 254 49 Jílové u Prahy, Czech Republic; (P.T.); (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Filip Šenigl
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Daniel Elleder
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
| | - Viktor Kožich
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Charles University, First Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic; (J.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Jiří Hejnar
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.K.); (V.K.); (J.P.); (M.R.); (D.K.); (J.G.); (F.Š.); (D.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Dehdilani N, Taemeh SY, Goshayeshi L, Dehghani H. Genetically engineered birds; pre-CRISPR and CRISPR era. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:24-46. [PMID: 34668968 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating biopharmaceuticals in genetically engineered bioreactors continues to reign supreme. Hence, genetically engineered birds have attracted considerable attention from the biopharmaceutical industry. Fairly recent genome engineering methods have made genome manipulation an easy and affordable task. In this review, we first provide a broad overview of the approaches and main impediments ahead of generating efficient and reliable genetically engineered birds, and various factors that affect the fate of a transgene. This section provides an essential background for the rest of the review, in which we discuss and compare different genome manipulation methods in the pre-CRISPR and CRISPR era in the field of avian genome engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Dehdilani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Yousefi Taemeh
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lena Goshayeshi
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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38
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Ballantyne M, Taylor L, Hu T, Meunier D, Nandi S, Sherman A, Flack B, Henshall JM, Hawken RJ, McGrew MJ. Avian Primordial Germ Cells Are Bipotent for Male or Female Gametogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:726827. [PMID: 34660583 PMCID: PMC8511492 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.726827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In birds, males are the homogametic sex (ZZ) and females are the heterogametic sex (ZW). Here, we investigate the role of chromosomal sex and germ cell competition on avian germ cell differentiation. We recently developed genetically sterile layer cockerels and hens for use as surrogate hosts for primordial germ cell (PGC) transplantation. Using in vitro propagated and cryopreserved PGCs from a pedigree Silkie broiler breed, we now demonstrate that sterile surrogate layer hosts injected with same sex PGCs have normal fertility and produced pure breed Silkie broiler offspring when directly mated to each other in Sire Dam Surrogate mating. We found that female sterile hosts carrying chromosomally male (ZZ) PGCs formed functional oocytes and eggs, which gave rise to 100% male offspring after fertilization. Unexpectedly, we also observed that chromosomally female (ZW) PGCs carried by male sterile hosts formed functional spermatozoa and produced viable offspring. These findings demonstrate that avian PGCs are not sexually restricted for functional gamete formation and provide new insights for the cryopreservation of poultry and other bird species using diploid stage germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maeve Ballantyne
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Tuanjun Hu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Meunier
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Nandi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Sherman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Mike J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Protein expression reveals a molecular sexual identity of avian primordial germ cells at pre-gonadal stages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19236. [PMID: 34584135 PMCID: PMC8478952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98454-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In poultry, in vitro propagated primordial germ cells (PGCs) represent an important tool for the cryopreservation of avian genetic resources. However, several studies have highlighted sexual differences exhibited by PGCs during in vitro propagation, which may compromise their reproductive capacities. To understand this phenomenon, we compared the proteome of pregonadal migratory male (ZZ) and female (ZW) chicken PGCs propagated in vitro by quantitative proteomic analysis using a GeLC-MS/MS strategy. Many proteins were found to be differentially abundant in chicken male and female PGCs indicating their early sexual identity. Many of the proteins more highly expressed in male PGCs were encoded by genes localised to the Z sex chromosome. This suggests that the known lack of dosage compensation of the transcription of Z-linked genes between sexes persists at the protein level in PGCs, and that this may be a key factor of their autonomous sex differentiation. We also found that globally, protein differences do not closely correlate with transcript differences indicating a selective translational mechanism in PGCs. Male and female PGC expressed protein sets were associated with differential biological processes and contained proteins known to be biologically relevant for male and female germ cell development, respectively. We also discovered that female PGCs have a higher capacity to uptake proteins from the cell culture medium than male PGCs. This study presents the first evidence of an early predetermined sex specific cell fate of chicken PGCs and their sexual molecular specificities which will enable the development of more precise sex-specific in vitro culture conditions for the preservation of avian genetic resources.
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40
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Karachaliou CE, Vassilakopoulou V, Livaniou E. IgY technology: Methods for developing and evaluating avian immunoglobulins for the in vitro detection of biomolecules. World J Methodol 2021; 11:243-262. [PMID: 34631482 PMCID: PMC8472547 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The term “IgY technology” was introduced in the literature in the mid 1990s to describe a procedure involving immunization of avian species, mainly laying hens and consequent isolation of the polyclonal IgYs from the “immune” egg yolk (thus avoiding bleeding and animal stress). IgYs have been applied to various fields of medicine and biotechnology. The present article will deal with specific aspects of IgY technology, focusing on the currently reported methods for developing, isolating, evaluating and storing polyclonal IgYs. Other topics such as current information on isolation protocols or evaluation of IgYs from different avian species are also discussed. Specific advantages of IgY technology (e.g., novel antibody specificities that may emerge via the avian immune system) will also be discussed. Recent in vitro applications of polyclonal egg yolk-derived IgYs to the field of disease diagnosis in human and veterinary medicine through in vitro immunodetection of target biomolecules will be presented. Moreover, ethical aspects associated with animal well-being as well as new promising approaches that are relevant to the original IgY technology (e.g., development of monoclonal IgYs and IgY-like antibodies through the phage display technique or in transgenic chickens) and future prospects in the area will also be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Vyronia Vassilakopoulou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Athens 15310, Greece
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41
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Jung KM, Kim YM, Kim JL, Han JY. Efficient gene transfer into zebra finch germline-competent stem cells using an adenoviral vector system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14746. [PMID: 34285320 PMCID: PMC8292312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebra finch is a representative animal model for studying the molecular basis of human disorders of vocal development and communication. Accordingly, various functional studies of zebra finch have knocked down or introduced foreign genes in vivo; however, their germline transmission efficiency is remarkably low. The primordial germ cell (PGC)-mediated method is preferred for avian transgenic studies; however, use of this method is restricted in zebra finch due to the lack of an efficient gene transfer method for the germline. To target primary germ cells that are difficult to transfect and manipulate, an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer system with high efficiency in a wide range of cell types may be useful. Here, we isolated and characterized two types of primary germline-competent stem cells, PGCs and spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), from embryonic and adult reproductive tissues of zebra finch and demonstrated that genes were most efficiently transferred into these cells using an adenovirus-mediated system. This system was successfully used to generate gene-edited PGCs in vitro. These results are expected to improve transgenic zebra finch production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Jung
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jin Lee Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Korea.
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42
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Yang H, Lee BR, Lee HC, Choi H, Jung SK, Kim JY, No J, Shanmugam S, Jo YJ, Oh KB, Kim KW, Byun SJ. Development and in vitro evaluation of recombinant chicken promoters to efficiently drive transgene expression in chicken oviduct cells. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101365. [PMID: 34375836 PMCID: PMC8358702 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus injection into EGK-X embryos is a well-defined approach in avian transgenesis. This system uses a chicken ovalbumin gene promoter to induce transgene expression in the chicken oviduct. Although a reconstructed chicken ovalbumin promoter that links an ovalbumin promoter and estrogen-responsive enhancer element (ERE) is useful, a large viral vector containing the ovalbumin promoter and a target gene restricts viral packaging capacity and produces low-titer virus particles. We newly developed recombinant chicken promoters by linking regulatory regions of ovalbumin and other oviduct-specific genes. Putative enhancer fragments of the genes, such as ovotransferrin (TF), ovomucin alpha subunit (OVOA), and ovalbumin-related protein X (OVALX), were placed at the 5`-flanking region of the 2.8-kb ovalbumin promoter. Basal promoter fragments of the genes, namely, pTF, lysozyme (pLYZ), and ovomucoid (pOVM), were placed at the 3`-flanking region of the 1.6-kb ovalbumin ERE. The recombinant promoters cloned into each reporter vector were evaluated using a dual luciferase assay in human and chicken somatic cells, and LMH/2A cells treated with 0-1,000 nM estrogen, and cultured primary chicken oviduct cells. The recombinant promoters with linking ovalbumin and TF, OVOA, pOVM, and pLYZ regulatory regions had 2.1- to 19.5-fold (P < 0.05) higher luciferase activity than the reconstructed ovalbumin promoter in chicken oviduct cells. Therefore, recombinant promoters may be used to efficiently drive transgene expression in transgenic chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Yang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Ram Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwi-Cheul Lee
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonsung Choi
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Keun Jung
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingu No
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sureshkumar Shanmugam
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Jo
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Bong Oh
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Woon Kim
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung June Byun
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea.
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43
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Altgilbers S, Klein S, Dierks C, Weigend S, Kues WA. Cultivation and characterization of primordial germ cells from blue layer hybrids (Araucana crossbreeds) and generation of germline chimeric chickens. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12923. [PMID: 34155221 PMCID: PMC8217269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The chicken (Gallus gallus) is one of the most common and widespread domestic species, with an estimated total population of 25 billion birds worldwide. The vast majority of chickens in agriculture originate from hybrid breeding programs and is concentrated on few commercially used high performance lines, whereas numerous local and indigenous breeds are at risk to become extinct. To preserve the genomic resources of rare and endangered chicken breeds innovative methods are necessary. Here, we established a solid workflow for the derivation and biobanking of chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) from blue layer hybrids. To achieve this, embryos of a cross of heterozygous blue egg layers were sampled to obtain blood derived and gonadal male as well as female PGCs of different genotypes (homozygous, heterozygous and nullizygous blue-allele bearing). The total efficiency of established PGC lines was 45% (47/104) within an average of 49 days until they reached sufficient numbers of cells for cryopreservation. The stem-cell character of the cultivated PGCs was confirmed by SSEA-1 immunostaining, and RT-PCR amplification of the pluripotency- and PGC-specific genes cPOUV, cNANOG, cDAZL and CVH. The Sleeping Beauty transposon system allowed to generate a stable integration of a Venus fluorophore reporter into the chicken genome. Finally, we demonstrated that, after re-transfer into chicken embryos, Venus-positive PGCs migrated and colonized the forming gonads. Semen samples of 13 raised cell chimeric roosters were analyzed by flow cytometry for the efficiency of germline colonization by the transferred PGCs carrying the Venus reporter and their proper differentiation into vital spermatids. Thus, we provide a proof-of-concept study for the potential use of PGCs for the cryobanking of rare breeds or rare alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Altgilbers
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Sabine Klein
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Dierks
- Department of Genetic Ressources, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Department of Genetic Ressources, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany
| | - Wilfried A Kues
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535, Neustadt, Germany.
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Epigenetic modification cooperates with Zeb1 transcription factor to regulate Bmp4 to promote chicken PGCs formation. Gene 2021; 794:145760. [PMID: 34116118 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BMP4 is the critical gene of primordial germ cell formation in mammal, however, the mechanism of PGCs formation in chicken still unknown. In this research, we compared the evolution relationship of different species. Although the protein sequence is highly conservative between mouse, human and chicken, promotors vary among avian and mammal species. Therefore, it is easily to predict that there would be different regulation mechanism of Bmp4 expression in chicken. Here, we elucidate the function of chicken Bmp4 during PGCs formation. In vivo, Bmp4 can promote PGCs development and migration, and increase the expression of key genes (Cvh, c-kit, cxcr4, etc.). Whereas, the expression of these genes will decrease after knocking out Bmp4. After over-expression and knockout Bmp4 in vitro, we found that overexpression of Bmp4 could promote the formation of embryoid bodies (EB) and up-regulate the key genes of PGCs formation and migration, while knockout Bmp4 could inhibit the formation of embryoid bodies and decrease the expression of related genes. Flow and indirect immunofluorescence also indicated the same result. These all results proved that chicken Bmp4 could also promote the formation of PGCs. Furthermore, dual-luciferase activity detection showed that the promotor activity of Bmp4 was positively regulated by transcription factor Zeb1. Overexpression of Zeb1 can also increase the mRNA and protein expression of Bmp4. At the same time, DNA methylation inhibited Bmp4 transcription and histone methylation was able to promote its transcription. In conclusion, this study established that chicken Bmp4 can promote the formation of chicken PGCs. This gene is regulated by DNA, histone methylation and transcription factor Zeb1. These results lay a theoretical foundation for exploring the function and molecular mechanism of Bmp4 in the process of PGCs formation.
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Improving germline transmission efficiency in chimeric chickens using a multi-stage injection approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247471. [PMID: 34086696 PMCID: PMC8177527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although different strategies have been developed to generate transgenic poultry, low efficiency of germline transgene transmission has remained a challenge in poultry transgenesis. Herein, we developed an efficient germline transgenesis method using a lentiviral vector system in chickens through multiple injections of transgenes into embryos at different stages of development. The embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) vasculature was successfully used as a novel route of gene transfer into germline tissues. Compared to the other routes of viral vector administration, the embryo’s bloodstream at Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stages 14–15 achieved the highest rate of germline transmission (GT), 7.7%. Single injection of viral vectors into the CAM vasculature resulted in a GT efficiency of 2.7%, which was significantly higher than the 0.4% obtained by injection into embryos at the blastoderm stage. Double injection of viral vectors into the bloodstream at HH stages 14–15 and through CAM was the most efficient method for producing germline chimeras, giving a GT rate of 13.6%. The authors suggest that the new method described in this study could be efficiently used to produce transgenic poultry in virus-mediated gene transfer systems.
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Zhao R, Zuo Q, Yuan X, Jin K, Jin J, Ding Y, Zhang C, Li T, Jiang J, Li J, Zhang M, Shi X, Sun H, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Chang G, Zhao Z, Li B, Wu X, Zhang Y, Song J, Chen G, Li B. Production of viable chicken by allogeneic transplantation of primordial germ cells induced from somatic cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2989. [PMID: 34017000 PMCID: PMC8138025 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The allogeneic transplantation of primordial germ cells (PGCs) derived from somatic cells overcomes the limitation of avian cloning. Here, we transdifferentiate chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) from black feathered Langshan chickens to PGCs and transplant them into White Plymouth Rock chicken embryos to produce viable offspring with characteristics inherited from the donor. We express Oct4/Sox2/Nanog/Lin28A (OSNL) to reprogram CEFs to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are further induced to differentiate into PGCs by BMP4/BMP8b/EGF. DNA demethylation, histone acetylation and glycolytic activation elevate the iPSC induction efficiency, while histone acetylation and glycolytic inhibition facilitate PGCs formation. The induced PGCs (iPGCs) are transplanted into the recipients, which are self-crossed to produce 189/509 somatic cells derived chicken with the donor's characteristics. Microsatellite analysis and genome sequencing confirm the inheritance of genetic information from the donor. Thus, we demonstrate the feasibility of avian cloning from somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhao
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Zuo
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yuan
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kai Jin
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Jin
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ding
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Li
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Jiang
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Shi
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Sun
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yani Zhang
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qi Xu
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guobin Chang
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- grid.469552.90000 0004 1755 0324The Poultry Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- grid.469552.90000 0004 1755 0324The Poultry Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Guohong Chen
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bichun Li
- grid.268415.cKey Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China ,grid.268415.cJoint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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In vivo enrichment of busulfan-resistant germ cells for efficient production of transgenic avian models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9127. [PMID: 33911174 PMCID: PMC8080772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88706-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Most transgenic animals are generated using a genome-modified stem cell system and genome modification directly in embryos. Although this system is well-established in the development of transgenic animals, donor cell-derived transgenic animal production is inefficient in some cases. Especially in avian models such as chickens, the efficiency of transgenic animal production through primordial germ cells (PGCs) is highly variable compared with embryonic manipulation of mammalian species. Because germ cell and germline-competent stem cell-mediated systems that contain the transgene are enriched only at the upstream level during cell cultivation, the efficiency of transgenic animal production is unreliable. Therefore, we developed an in vivo selection model to enhance the efficiency of transgenic chicken production using microsomal glutathione-S-transferase II (MGSTII)-overexpressing PGCs that are resistant to the alkylating agent busulfan, which induces germ cell-specific cytotoxicity. Under in vitro conditions, MGSTII-tg PGCs were resistant to 1 μM busulfan, which was highly toxic to wild-type PGCs. In germline chimeric roosters, transgene-expressing germ cells were dominantly colonized in the recipient testes after busulfan exposure compared with non-treated germline chimera. In validation of germline transmission, donor PGC-derived progeny production efficiency was 94.68%, and the transgene production rate of heterozygous transgenic chickens was significantly increased in chickens that received 40 mg/kg busulfan (80.33–95.23%) compared with that of non-treated germline chimeras (51.18%). This system is expected to significantly improve the efficiency of generating transgenic chickens and other animal species by increasing the distribution of donor cells in adult testes.
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Lázár B, Molnár M, Sztán N, Végi B, Drobnyák Á, Tóth R, Tokodyné Szabadi N, McGrew MJ, Gócza E, Patakiné Várkonyi E. Successful cryopreservation and regeneration of a partridge colored Hungarian native chicken breed using primordial germ cells. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101207. [PMID: 34242944 PMCID: PMC8271167 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the precursors of germline cells that generate sperm and ova in adults. Thus, they are promising tools for gene editing and genetic preservation, especially in avian species. In this study, we established stable male and female PGC lines from 6Hungarian indigenous chicken breeds with derivation rates ranging from 37.5 to 50 percent. We characterized the PGCs for expression of the germ cell-specific markers during prolonged culture in vitro. An in vivo colonization test was performed on PGCs from four Hungarian chicken breeds and the colonization rates were between 76 and 100%. Cryopreserved PGCs of the donor breed (Partridge color Hungarian) were injected into Black Transylvanian Naked Neck host embryos to form chimeric progeny that, after backcrossing, would permit reconstitution of the donor breed. For 24 presumptive chimeras 13 were male and 11 were female. In the course of backcrossing, 340 chicks were hatched and 17 of them (5%) were pure Partridge colored. Based on the backcrossing 1 hen and 3 roosters of the 24 presumptive chimeras (16.6%) have proven to be germline chimeras. Therefore, it was proven that the original breed can be recovered from primordial germ cells which are stored in the gene bank. To our knowledge, our study is a first that applied feeder free culturing conditions for both male and female cell lines successfully and used multiple indigenous chicken breeds to create a gene bank representing a region (Carpathian Basin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Lázár
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, 200 Isaszegi street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, 4 Szent-Györgyi Albert street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Mariann Molnár
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, 200 Isaszegi street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nikoletta Sztán
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, 200 Isaszegi street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Barbara Végi
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, 200 Isaszegi street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Árpád Drobnyák
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, 200 Isaszegi street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Roland Tóth
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, 4 Szent-Györgyi Albert street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Tokodyné Szabadi
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, 4 Szent-Györgyi Albert street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Michael J McGrew
- The Roslin Institute and Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, EH25 9RG, Midlothian, UK
| | - Elen Gócza
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Animal Biotechnology Department, 4 Szent-Györgyi Albert street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Eszter Patakiné Várkonyi
- National Centre for Biodiversity and Gene Conservation, Institute for Farm Animal Gene Conservation, 200 Isaszegi street, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
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Mizushima S, Sasanami T, Ono T, Matsuzaki M, Kansaku N, Kuroiwa A. Cyclin D1 gene expression is essential for cell cycle progression from the maternal-to-zygotic transition during blastoderm development in Japanese quail. Dev Biol 2021; 476:249-258. [PMID: 33905721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Embryogenesis proceeds by a highly regulated series of events. In animals, maternal factors that accumulate in the egg cytoplasm control cell cycle progression at the initial stage of cleavage. However, cell cycle regulation is switched to a system governed by the activated nuclear genome at a specific stage of development, referred to as maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT). Detailed molecular analyses have been performed on maternal factors and activated zygotic genes in MZT in mammals, fishes and chicken; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear in quail. In the present study, we demonstrated that MZT occurred at blastoderm stage V in the Japanese quail using novel gene targeting technology in which the CRISPR/Cas9 and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) systems were combined. At blastoderm stage V, we found that maternal retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) protein expression was down-regulated, whereas the gene expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) was initiated. When a microinjection of sgRNA containing CCND1-targeted sequencing and Cas9 mRNA was administered at the pronuclear stage, blastoderm development stopped at stage V and the down-regulation of RB1 did not occur. This result indicates the most notable difference from mammals in which CCND-knockout embryos are capable of developing beyond MZT. We also showed that CCND1 induced the phosphorylation of the serine/threonine residues of the RB1 protein, which resulted in the degradation of this protein. These results suggest that CCND1 is one of the key factors for RB1 protein degradation at MZT, and the elimination of RB1 may contribute to cell cycle progression after MZT during blastoderm development in the Japanese quail. Our novel technology, which combined the CRISPR/Cas9 system and ICSI, has the potential to become a powerful tool for avian-targeted mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusei Mizushima
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Sasanami
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tamao Ono
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Mei Matsuzaki
- Program of Food and AgriLife Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Norio Kansaku
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, 229-8501, Japan
| | - Asato Kuroiwa
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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50
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Gessara I, Dittrich F, Hertel M, Hildebrand S, Pfeifer A, Frankl-Vilches C, McGrew M, Gahr M. Highly Efficient Genome Modification of Cultured Primordial Germ Cells with Lentiviral Vectors to Generate Transgenic Songbirds. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:784-796. [PMID: 33740464 PMCID: PMC8072032 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to genetically manipulate organisms has led to significant insights into functional genomics in many species. In birds, manipulation of the genome is hindered by the inaccessibility of the one-cell embryo. During embryonic development, avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) migrate through the bloodstream and reach the gonadal anlage, where they develop into mature germ cells. Here, we explored the use of PGCs to produce transgenic offspring in the zebra finch, which is a major animal model for sexual brain differentiation, vocal learning, and vocal communication. Zebra finch PGCs (zfPGCs) obtained from embryonic blood significantly proliferated when cultured in an optimized culture medium and conserved the expression of germ and stem cell markers. Transduction of cultured zfPGCs with lentiviral vectors was highly efficient, leading to strong expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein. Transduced zfPGCs were injected into the host embryo and transgenic songbirds were successfully generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gessara
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard Gwinner Strasse, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany.
| | - Falk Dittrich
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard Gwinner Strasse, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Moritz Hertel
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard Gwinner Strasse, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Staffan Hildebrand
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Mike McGrew
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Manfred Gahr
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard Gwinner Strasse, 82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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