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Li Y, Liu L, Li S, Peng D, Cao Z, Li X. Cenozoic India-Asia collision driven by mantle dragging the cratonic root. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6674. [PMID: 39107316 PMCID: PMC11303558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The driving force behind the Cenozoic India-Asia collision remains elusive. Using global-scale geodynamic modeling, we find that the continuous motion of the Indian plate is driven by a prominent upper-mantle flow pushing the thick Indian lithospheric root, originated from the northward rollover of the detached Neo-Tethyan slab and sinking slabs below East Asia. The maximum mantle drag occurs within the strong Indian lithosphere and is comparable in magnitude to that of slab pull (1013 N m-1). The thick cratonic root enhances both lithosphere-asthenosphere coupling and upper-plate compressional stress, thereby sustaining the topography of Tibetan Plateau. We show that the calculated resistant force from the India-Asia plate boundary is also close to that due to the gravitational potential energy of Tibetan Plateau. Here, we demonstrate that this mantle flow is key for the formation of the Tibetan Plateau and represents part of a hemispheric convergent flow pattern centered on central Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchong Li
- Department of Earth Science and Environmental Change, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Sanzhong Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao, China.
| | - Diandian Peng
- Department of Earth Science and Environmental Change, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zebin Cao
- Department of Earth Science and Environmental Change, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interior, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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2
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Shi Y, Morgan JP. Gondwanan flood basalts linked seismically to plume-induced lithosphere instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320054121. [PMID: 38470921 PMCID: PMC10962961 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320054121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Delamination of the continental lithospheric mantle is well recorded beneath several continents. However, the fate of the removed continental lithosphere has been rarely noted, unlike subducted slabs reasonably well imaged in the upper and mid mantle. Beneath former Gondwana, recent seismic tomographic models indicate the presence of at least 5 horizontal fast-wavespeed anomalies at ~600 km depths that do not appear to be related to slab subduction, including fast structures in locations consistent with delamination associated with the Paraná Flood Basalt event at ~134 Ma and the Deccan Traps event at ~66 Ma. These fast-wavespeed anomalies often lie above broad slow seismic wavespeed trunks at 500 to 700 km depths beneath former Gondwana, with slow wavespeed anomalies branching around them. Numerical experiments indicate that delaminated lithosphere tends to stagnate in the transition zone and mid-mantle above a mantle plume where it shapes subsequent plume upwelling. For hot plumes, the melt volume generated during plume-influenced delamination can easily reach ~2 to 4 × 106 km3, consistent with the basalt eruption volume at the Deccan Traps. This seismic and numerical evidence suggests that observed high-wavespeed mid-mantle anomalies beneath the locations of former flood basalts are delaminated fragments of former continental lithosphere, and that lithospheric delamination events in the presence of subcontinental plumes induced several of the continental flood basalts associated with the multiple breakup stages of Gondwanaland. Continued upwelling in these plumes can also have entrained subcontinental lithosphere in the mid-mantle to bring its distinctive geochemical signal to the modern mid-ocean spreading centers that surround southern and western Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shi
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jason P. Morgan
- Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
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3
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Roshan P, Pal S. Structural challenges for seismic stability of buildings in hilly areas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:99100-99126. [PMID: 36190625 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Buildings on hills behave dynamically, very different from buildings on flatlands. Due to irregularity in horizontal and vertical planes, they inhibit non-uniform mass and stiffness distribution and are subjected to torsional forces. Studies in various Indian cities in hilly terrains have highlighted serious concerns about existing construction practices. Lack of adequate planning and design has resulted in haphazard development in hilly regions. This state-of-the-art review investigates the factors that influence the structural performance of buildings on slopes while explaining reasons that have caused enormous damages and even collapse of hill buildings in the recent earthquake events. The work discusses building configurations, comparison of various vital building regulations, the major problems encountered in building stocks and associated structural deficiencies on hill slopes. The significance of intensification of earthquake-related losses due to soil amplification has been well documented in the past. Insights from experimental and numerical studies focusing on impacts of topographical and geological factors on damage amplification of hillside buildings are fetched, the results of which are in good corroboration with the findings of post-earthquake surveys and reviews. This study establishes that a higher slope gradient necessitates more slope cutting than a lower slope gradient to get the same building footprint, and many times, this value exceeds the permissible height of slope cutting given in existing building byelaws. Such excessive slope cutting makes the slope weak and unstable. Recommendations and solutions to help enhance structural resilience, reduce disproportionate damages and mitigate failure of hill buildings have been delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Roshan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Pal
- Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India.
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4
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Herath P, Stern TA, Savage MK, Bassett D, Henrys S. Wide-angle seismic reflections reveal a lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary zone in the subducting Pacific Plate, New Zealand. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5697. [PMID: 36149954 PMCID: PMC9506715 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
New wide-angle seismic reflection data from offshore New Zealand show that the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is more structured than previously thought. Three distinct layers are interpreted within a 10- to 12-km-thick LAB zone beginning at a depth of ≈70 km: a 3 (±1)-km-thick layer at the bottom of the lithosphere with a P-wave (VP) azimuthal anisotropy of 14 to 17% and fast azimuth subparallel to the direction of absolute plate motion and a 9 (±2)-km-thick, low VP channel with a P-wave-to-S-wave velocity ratio (VP/VS) of >2.8 in the upper 7 km of the channel and 1.8 to 2.6 in the lower 2 km of the channel. The high VP/VS ratios indicate that this channel may contain 3 to 20% partial melt that facilitates decoupling of the lithosphere from the asthenosphere and reduces resistance for plate motion. Furthermore, the strong azimuthal anisotropy above the low-velocity layer suggests localization of strain due to melt accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasan Herath
- Institute of Geophysics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Tim A. Stern
- Institute of Geophysics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Martha K. Savage
- Institute of Geophysics, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Yang S, Liang X, Jiang M, Chen L, He Y, Thet Mon C, Hou G, Thant M, Sein K, Wan B. Slab remnants beneath the Myanmar terrane evidencing double subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo1027. [PMID: 36026452 PMCID: PMC9417170 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Closure of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean is one of the most significant tectonic events of the Cenozoic, forming the longest continental collision belt on Earth and influencing global climate and biodiversity. However, whether late Mesozoic subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean occurred along one single or a double subduction system remains controversial. Here, upper mantle imaging from seismic tomography and waveform modeling in the Myanmar region reveals two prominent, parallel, slab-like structures with high seismic velocities that trend to the north-south and dip to the east. The western high-velocity zone has been observed previously and represents the modern subducting slab. The eastern zone has not been previously reported and exhibits high-velocity anomalies of 1.0 to 2.5% to a depth of ~300 km. This zone likely represents a remnant of another Neo-Tethyan oceanic slab that subducted ~40 million years ago. Double subduction of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean during the late Mesozoic to early Cenozoic requires reevaluation of previous tectonic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yumei He
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chit Thet Mon
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Geology, Dagon University, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Guangbing Hou
- Key Laboratory of Earth and Planetary Physics, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100029, China
| | - Myo Thant
- Department of Geology, Yangon University, Yangon, Myanmar
- Myanmar Earthquake Committee, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyaing Sein
- Myanmar Geosciences Society, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, CAS, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Evidence of secular variation in Archean crust formation in the Eastern Indian Shield. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14040. [PMID: 35982082 PMCID: PMC9388659 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dominant crustal accretion model in any Archean craton is the key to understanding the dominant geodynamic process responsible for early crust formation during the Hadean (> 4.0 Ga) and Archaean (4.0–2.5 Ga). The continental crust has been proposed to have formed through either horizontal/vertical accretion related to subduction or mantle plume tectonic processes. Here, the Moho depths and average crustal Vp/Vs ratios are modelled at 16 broadband stations in the Eastern Indian Shield (EIS) through HK stacking of radial P-receiver functions (PRFs). These modelled parameters are used to test both plume and subduction models, which might have played a key role in the crustal accretion of the EIS throughout the Archean. We observe a correlation between crustal age and composition within the ellipsoidal Paleoarchean cratonic domain in the Singhbhum-Odisha-Craton (SOC), which reveals an increase in age from the younger granitoid core of the SOC (with thinning of felsic crust) to the surrounding older greenstone belts (with thickening of felsic crust). A thinner mafic crust resulting from multiple magmatic events characterizes the neighbouring Meso-Proterozoic Chotanagpur Granitic Gneissic terrain (CGGT). The Common Conversion Point (CCP) image of radial PRFs reveals northward subduction of the Paleoarchean SOC below the Meso-Proterozoic CGGT.
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7
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Sehsah H, Furnes H, Pham LT, Eldosouky AM. Plume-MOR decoupling and the timing of India-Eurasia collision. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13349. [PMID: 35922451 PMCID: PMC9349248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The debatable timing of India-Eurasia collision is based on geologic, stratigraphic, kinematic, and tectonic evidence. However, the collision event disturbed persistent processes, and the timing of disturbance in such processes could determine the onset of India-Eurasia collision precisely. We use the longevity of Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR)-Kerguelen mantle plume (KMP) interaction cycles along the Ninetyeast ridge (NER) as a proxy to determine the commencement of India-Eurasia collision. The geochemical signature of the KMP tail along the NER is predominantly that of long-term coupling cycles, that was perturbed once by a short-term decoupling cycle. The long-term coupling cycles are mainly of enriched mid-ocean ridge basalts (E-MORBs). The short-term decoupling cycle is mostly derived from two distinct sources, MOR and plume separately, whereas the KMP is still being on-axis. The onset of India-Eurasia collision led to continental materials recycling into the mantle; hence the abrupt enrichment in incompatible elements at ca. 55 Ma, the MOR-plume on-axis decoupling, and the abrupt slowdown in the northward drift of the Indian plate was induced by the onset of India-Eurasia collision, thereafter MOR-plume recoupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haytham Sehsah
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Damietta, 34517, Egypt.
| | - Harald Furnes
- Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegt. 41, 5007, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luan Thanh Pham
- Department of Geophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ahmed M Eldosouky
- Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez University, Suez, 43518, Egypt
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Yamahira K, Ansai S, Kakioka R, Yaguchi H, Kon T, Montenegro J, Kobayashi H, Fujimoto S, Kimura R, Takehana Y, Setiamarga DHE, Takami Y, Tanaka R, Maeda K, Tran HD, Koizumi N, Morioka S, Bounsong V, Watanabe K, Musikasinthorn P, Tun S, Yun LKC, Masengi KWA, Anoop VK, Raghavan R, Kitano J. Mesozoic origin and 'out-of-India' radiation of ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae). Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210212. [PMID: 34343438 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian subcontinent has an origin geologically different from Eurasia, but many terrestrial animal and plant species on it have congeneric or sister species in other parts of Asia, especially in the Southeast. This faunal and floral similarity between India and Southeast Asia is explained by either of the two biogeographic scenarios, 'into-India' or 'out-of-India'. Phylogenies based on complete mitochondrial genomes and five nuclear genes were undertaken for ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) to examine which of these two biogeographic scenarios fits better. We found that Oryzias setnai, the only adrianichthyid distributed in and endemic to the Western Ghats, a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of the Indian subcontinent, is sister to all other adrianichthyids from eastern India and Southeast-East Asia. Divergence time estimates and ancestral area reconstructions reveal that this western Indian species diverged in the late Mesozoic during the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. These findings indicate that adrianichthyids dispersed eastward 'out-of-India' after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia, and subsequently diversified in Southeast-East Asia. A review of geographic distributions of 'out-of-India' taxa reveals that they may have largely fuelled or modified the biodiversity of Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamahira
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Yaguchi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kon
- Center for Strategic Research Project, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirozumi Kobayashi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujimoto
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Davin H E Setiamarga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Wakayama College, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rieko Tanaka
- World Medaka Aquarium, Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hau D Tran
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Noriyuki Koizumi
- Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Morioka
- Fisheries Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Katsutoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Sein Tun
- Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nyaungshwe, Myanmar
| | - L K C Yun
- Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nyaungshwe, Myanmar
| | | | - V K Anoop
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - Rajeev Raghavan
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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Sivasankar T, Ghosh S, Joshi M. Exploitation of optical and SAR amplitude imagery for landslide identification: a case study from Sikkim, Northeast India. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:386. [PMID: 34091764 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detection and mapping of landslides is one of the most important techniques used for reducing the impact of natural disasters especially in the Himalaya, owing to its high amount of tectonic deformation, seismicity, and unfavorable climatic conditions. Moreover, the northeastern part of the Himalaya, severely affected by landslides every monsoon, is poorly studied. The information on the inventories is inhomogeneous and lacking. In this context, satellite-based earth observation data, which has significantly advanced in the last decade and often serves as a potential source for data collection, monitoring, and damage assessment for disasters in a short time span, has been implemented. Keeping in mind the above framework, this study aims to exploit the potentials of Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 optical imagery for identifying new landslides in vegetated and hilly areas of the northeastern part of India. In order to assess the potentials of our data and methodology, a landslide event which occurred on 13 August 2016 13:30 h (IST) in North Sikkim, India, triggered due to rainfall has been explored in detail. The landslide also resulted in the formation of a lake, 2.2 km in length and 290 m in width. Difficulty in procurement of cloud-free datasets immediately after the event led us to the use of Sentinel-1 SAR backscatter data, to assess its potential for this purpose. It is observed that the potential of SAR amplitude imagery is limited to different aspects as per the sensor look direction during the mode of acquisition. Furthermore, the present study also incorporates a change detection algorithm to evaluate the performance of the Sudden Landslide Identification Product (SLIP) model to identify new landslides using Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery. Overall, the results exhibit that integrated usage of both optical and SAR amplitude imagery may provide a plethora of information for identification and mapping of new landslides for damage assessment and early warning. All the above results combined together suggest this method for rapid identification of landslides in the Himalayan terrain with special emphasis on the northeastern part of the Himalaya. The automation of this method for future operational usage is also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swakangkha Ghosh
- Indian School of Mines), Indian Institute of Technology, Dhanbad (Jharkhand), 826004, India.
| | - Mayank Joshi
- G. B. Pant, National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Sikkim Regional Center, Gangtok (Sikkim), India
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Mandal B, Vijaya Rao V, Karuppannan P, Laxminarayana K. Mechanism for epeirogenic uplift of the Archean Dharwar craton, southern India as evidenced by orthogonal seismic reflection profiles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1499. [PMID: 33452325 PMCID: PMC7811008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80965-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plateaus, located far away from the plate boundaries, play an important role in understanding the deep-rooted geological processes responsible for the epeirogenic uplift and dynamics of the plate interior. The Karnataka plateau located in the Dharwar craton, southern India, is a classic example for the plateau uplift. It is explored using orthogonal deep crustal seismic reflection studies, and a mechanism for the epeirogenic uplift is suggested. A pseudo three-dimensional crustal structure derived from these studies suggests a regionally extensive 10 km thick magmatic underplating in the region. It is further constrained from active-source refraction and passive-source seismological data. We interpret the Marion and Reunion mantle plume activities during 88 Ma and 65 Ma on the western part of Dharwar craton are responsible for the magmatic underplating, which caused epeirogenic uplift. Flexural isostasy related to the onshore denudational unloading and offshore sediment loading is also responsible for the persisting uplift in the region. Plate boundary forces are found to be contributing to the plateau uplift. The present study provides a relationship between the mantle plumes, rifting, development of continental margins, plateau uplift, and denudational isostasy. Combination of exogenic and endogenic processes are responsible for the plateau uplift in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Mandal
- grid.419382.50000 0004 0496 9708CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - V. Vijaya Rao
- grid.419382.50000 0004 0496 9708CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - P. Karuppannan
- grid.419382.50000 0004 0496 9708CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500007 India
| | - K. Laxminarayana
- grid.419382.50000 0004 0496 9708CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500007 India
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11
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Yuan J, Yang Z, Deng C, Krijgsman W, Hu X, Li S, Shen Z, Qin H, An W, He H, Ding L, Guo Z, Zhu R. Rapid drift of the Tethyan Himalaya terrane before two-stage India-Asia collision. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa173. [PMID: 34691680 PMCID: PMC8310735 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The India-Asia collision is an outstanding smoking gun in the study of continental collision dynamics. How and when the continental collision occurred remains a long-standing controversy. Here we present two new paleomagnetic data sets from rocks deposited on the distal part of the Indian passive margin, which indicate that the Tethyan Himalaya terrane was situated at a paleolatitude of ∼19.4°S at ∼75 Ma and moved rapidly northward to reach a paleolatitude of ∼13.7°N at ∼61 Ma. This implies that the Tethyan Himalaya terrane rifted from India after ∼75 Ma, generating the North India Sea. We document a new two-stage continental collision, first at ∼61 Ma between the Lhasa and Tethyan Himalaya terranes, and subsequently at ∼53−48 Ma between the Tethyan Himalaya terrane and India, diachronously closing the North India Sea from west to east. Our scenario matches the history of India-Asia convergence rates and reconciles multiple lines of geologic evidence for the collision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- College of Resources, Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chenglong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wout Krijgsman
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht HD 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Xiumian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shihu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhongshan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huafeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Huaiyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lin Ding
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengtang Guo
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Ramola R, Yadav M, Gusain G. Distribution of natural radionuclide along Main Central Thrust in Garhwal Himalaya. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Ramola
- Department of Physics, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Badshahi Tahul Campus, Tehri Garhwal, 249 199, India
| | - Manjulata Yadav
- Department of Physics, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Badshahi Tahul Campus, Tehri Garhwal, 249 199, India
| | - G.S. Gusain
- Department of Physics, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Badshahi Tahul Campus, Tehri Garhwal, 249 199, India
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Hayes GP, Moore GL, Portner DE, Hearne M, Flamme H, Furtney M, Smoczyk GM. Slab2, a comprehensive subduction zone geometry model. Science 2018; 362:58-61. [PMID: 30093602 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Subduction zones are home to the most seismically active faults on the planet. The shallow megathrust interfaces of subduction zones host Earth's largest earthquakes and are likely the only faults capable of magnitude 9+ ruptures. Despite these facts, our knowledge of subduction zone geometry-which likely plays a key role in determining the spatial extent and ultimately the size of subduction zone earthquakes-is incomplete. We calculated the three-dimensional geometries of all seismically active global subduction zones. The resulting model, called Slab2, provides a uniform geometrical analysis of all currently subducting slabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Hayes
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA.
| | - Ginevra L Moore
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA.,Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Daniel E Portner
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA.,Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mike Hearne
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Hanna Flamme
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA.,Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Maria Furtney
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Gregory M Smoczyk
- U.S. Geological Survey National Earthquake Information Center, Golden, CO, USA
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Koulakov I, Gerya T, Rastogi BK, Jakovlev A, Medved I, Kayal JR, El Khrepy S, Al-Arifi N. Growth of mountain belts in central Asia triggers a new collision zone in central India. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10710. [PMID: 30013125 PMCID: PMC6048038 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several unusual strong earthquakes occurred in central India along the Narmada-Son Lineament (NSL) zone, far from active plate boundaries. To understand the role of collisional processes in the origin of this seismicity, we develop a numerical thermomechanical model of shortening between the Indian Plate and Asia. We show that at the final stage of collision, the shortening rate of the high mountain areas slows. The continuing convergence of India and Asia triggers the initiation of a new collision zone in continental part of India. Various geological and geophysical observations indicate that the NSL is a weakest zone with northward thrusting of the thinner central Indian lithosphere underneath the thicker northern part of the Indian Plate. We hypothesize that the NSL was reactivated during the final stage of the India Asia convergence and it will possibly form a new mountain belt within the Indian continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Koulakov
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - T Gerya
- ETH Zurich, Department Of Earth Sciences, Sonneggstrasse 5, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - B K Rastogi
- Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar, 382009, India
| | - A Jakovlev
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - I Medved
- Trofimuk Institute of Petroleum Geology and Geophysics, SB RAS, Prospekt Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - J R Kayal
- Institute of Seismological Research, Gandhinagar, 382009, India
| | - S El Khrepy
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, Seismology Department, NRIAG, Helwan, 11421, Egypt
| | - N Al-Arifi
- King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Tharimena S, Rychert C, Harmon N. A unified continental thickness from seismology and diamonds suggests a melt-defined plate. Science 2017; 357:580-583. [PMID: 28798127 DOI: 10.1126/science.aan0741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saikiran Tharimena
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
| | - Catherine Rychert
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Nicholas Harmon
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
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16
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Yoshida M, Hamano Y. Pangea breakup and northward drift of the Indian subcontinent reproduced by a numerical model of mantle convection. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8407. [PMID: 25673102 PMCID: PMC4325333 DOI: 10.1038/srep08407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Since around 200 Ma, the most notable event in the process of the breakup of Pangea has been the high speed (up to 20 cm yr(-1)) of the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. Our numerical simulations of 3-D spherical mantle convection approximately reproduced the process of continental drift from the breakup of Pangea at 200 Ma to the present-day continental distribution. These simulations revealed that a major factor in the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent was the large-scale cold mantle downwelling that developed spontaneously in the North Tethys Ocean, attributed to the overall shape of Pangea. The strong lateral mantle flow caused by the high-temperature anomaly beneath Pangea, due to the thermal insulation effect, enhanced the acceleration of the Indian subcontinent during the early stage of the Pangea breakup. The large-scale hot upwelling plumes from the lower mantle, initially located under Africa, might have contributed to the formation of the large-scale cold mantle downwelling in the North Tethys Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Deep Earth Structure and Dynamics Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Yozo Hamano
- Department of Deep Earth Structure and Dynamics Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of lac insects (Hemiptera: Kerriidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5943-52. [PMID: 24078090 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2701-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Lac insects are commercial scale insects with high economic value. The combined molecular phylogeny of 20 lac insect populations was generated using elongation factor 1 alpha, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene loci. The 20 populations of lac insects clustered into four distinct clades supported by high bootstrap values in maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Clade A at the base of the dendrogram comprises Kerria ruralis and two populations of Kerria lacca and is the branch with most primitive species. Clade B includes K. lacca, Kerria sindica and the three populations P, V and Z from India. They clustered with high bootstrap support and have evolved later than those in Clade A. The three unidentified populations P, V and Z exhibited a close relationship with K. lacca and are the same species. In Clade C, three populations of Kerria yunnanensis (Ym, Yj and Yl), population Ys from Thailand and population H from India clustered as a group, in which population H clustered with Ym with 100 % bootstrap in all three analysis methods. In Clade D, Kerria chinensis, Kerria pusana and three populations of K. yunnanensis clustered together with strong support, and are located in the upper branches of the dendrogram and are recently evolved taxa. The majority of populations from the Indian subcontinent clade are more closely related to outgroup taxa from the primitive family Pseudococcidae, as compared to the Eurasian populations. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the Indian subcontinent is the centre of original of lac insects which have translocated to the Eurasian Continent. Based on the theory of continental drift and existing fossil records, it is suggested that lac insect evolved from ancient scale insects during the late Cretaceous period when the Indian subcontinent drifted towards the Eurasian Continent. Changes in the global environment have impacted on the distribution and evolution of lac insects during the mid-Cretaceous and early Cenozoic. With increasing temperatures lac insects are likely to translocate to subtropical areas.
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Anbazhagan P, Smitha C, Kumar A, Chandran D. Estimation of design basis earthquake using region-specific Mmax, for the NPP site at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pangaea and the Out-of-Africa Model of Varicella-Zoster Virus Evolution and Phylogeography. J Virol 2012; 86:9558-65. [PMID: 22761371 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00357-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this minireview is to provide an overview of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) phylogenetics and phylogeography when placed in the broad context of geologic time. Planet Earth was formed over 4 billion years ago, and the supercontinent Pangaea coalesced around 400 million years ago (mya). Based on detailed tree-building models, the base of the phylogenetic tree of the Herpesviridae family has been estimated at 400 mya. Subsequently, Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland; in turn, Africa rifted from Gondwanaland. Based on available data, the hypothesis of this minireview is that the ancestral alphaherpesvirus VZV coevolved in simians, apes, and hominins in Africa. When anatomically modern humans first crossed over the Red Sea 60,000 years ago, VZV was carried along in their dorsal root ganglia. Currently, there are five VZV clades, distinguishable by single nucleotide polymorphisms. These clades likely represent continued VZV coevolution, as humans with latent VZV infection left Arabia and dispersed into Asia (clades 2 and 5) and Europe (clades 1, 3, and 4). The prototype VZV sequence contains nearly 125,000 bp, divided into 70 open reading frames. Generally, isolates within a clade display >99.9% identity to one another, while members of one clade compared to a second clade show 99.8% identity to one another. Recently, four different VZV genotypes that do not segregate into the previously defined five clades have been identified, a result indicating a wider than anticipated diversity among newly collected VZV strains around the world.
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van Hinsbergen DJJ, Steinberger B, Doubrovine PV, Gassmöller R. Acceleration and deceleration of India-Asia convergence since the Cretaceous: Roles of mantle plumes and continental collision. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb008051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Evans RL, Jones AG, Garcia X, Muller M, Hamilton M, Evans S, Fourie CJS, Spratt J, Webb S, Jelsma H, Hutchins D. Electrical lithosphere beneath the Kaapvaal craton, southern Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jb007883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Begtrup GE, Gannett W, Yuzvinsky TD, Crespi VH, Zettl A. Nanoscale reversible mass transport for archival memory. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:1835-8. [PMID: 19400579 DOI: 10.1021/nl803800c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We report on a simple electromechanical memory device in which an iron nanoparticle shuttle is controllably positioned within a hollow nanotube channel. The shuttle can be moved reversibly via an electrical write signal and can be positioned with nanoscale precision. The position of the shuttle can be read out directly via a blind resistance read measurement, allowing application as a nonvolatile memory element with potentially hundreds of memory states per device. The shuttle memory has application for archival storage, with information density as high as 10(12) bits/in(2), and thermodynamic stability in excess of one billion years.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Begtrup
- Department of Physics, University of California, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Romanowicz
- Berkeley Seismological Laboratory and Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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26
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Brumfiel G. Speedy continental collision explained. Nature 2007. [DOI: 10.1038/news.2007.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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