1
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Webster NB, Meyer NP. Capitella teleta gets left out: possible evolutionary shift causes loss of left tissues rather than increased neural tissue from dominant-negative BMPR1. Neural Dev 2024; 19:4. [PMID: 38698415 PMCID: PMC11067212 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-024-00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolution of central nervous systems (CNSs) is a fascinating and complex topic; further work is needed to understand the genetic and developmental homology between organisms with a CNS. Research into a limited number of species suggests that CNSs may be homologous across Bilateria. This hypothesis is based in part on similar functions of BMP signaling in establishing fates along the dorsal-ventral (D-V) axis, including limiting neural specification to one ectodermal region. From an evolutionary-developmental perspective, the best way to understand a system is to explore it in a wide range of organisms to create a full picture. METHODS Here, we expand our understanding of BMP signaling in Spiralia, the third major clade of bilaterians, by examining phenotypes after expression of a dominant-negative BMP Receptor 1 and after knock-down of the putative BMP antagonist Chordin-like using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in the annelid Capitella teleta (Pleistoannelida). RESULTS Ectopic expression of the dominant-negative Ct-BMPR1 did not increase CNS tissue or alter overall D-V axis formation in the trunk. Instead, we observed a unique asymmetrical phenotype: a distinct loss of left tissues, including the left eye, brain, foregut, and trunk mesoderm. Adding ectopic BMP4 early during cleavage stages reversed the dominant-negative Ct-BMPR1 phenotype, leading to a similar loss or reduction of right tissues instead. Surprisingly, a similar asymmetrical loss of left tissues was evident from CRISPR knock-down of Ct-Chordin-like but concentrated in the trunk rather than the episphere. CONCLUSIONS Our data highlight a novel asymmetrical phenotype, giving us further insight into the complicated story of BMP's developmental role. We further solidify the hypothesis that the function of BMP signaling during the establishment of the D-V axis and CNS is fundamentally different in at least Pleistoannelida, possibly in Spiralia, and is not required for nervous system delimitation in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Webster
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada
| | - Néva P Meyer
- Biology Department, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, MA, 01610, USA.
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2
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Im SW, Zhang D, Han JH, Kim RM, Choi C, Kim YM, Nam KT. Investigating chiral morphogenesis of gold using generative cellular automata. NATURE MATERIALS 2024:10.1038/s41563-024-01889-x. [PMID: 38693448 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Homochirality is an important feature in biological systems and occurs even in inorganic nanoparticles. However, the mechanism of chirality formation and the key steps during growth are not fully understood. Here we identify two distinguishable pathways from achiral to chiral morphologies in gold nanoparticles by training an artificial neural network of cellular automata according to experimental results. We find that the chirality is initially determined by the nature of the asymmetric growth along the boundaries of enantiomeric high-index planes. The deep learning-based interpretation of chiral morphogenesis provides a theoretical understanding but also allows us to predict an unprecedented crossover pathway and the resulting morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongsu Zhang
- Institute of New Media and Communications, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ryeong Myeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changwoon Choi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Institute of New Media and Communications, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Ham SH, Han MJ, Kim M. Chiral Materials for Optics and Electronics: Ready to Rise? MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:528. [PMID: 38675339 PMCID: PMC11052036 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Chiral materials have gained burgeoning interest in optics and electronics, beyond their classical application field of drug synthesis. In this review, we summarize the diverse chiral materials developed to date and how they have been effectively applied to optics and electronics to get an understanding and vision for the further development of chiral materials for advanced optics and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hyeon Ham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea;
| | - Moon Jong Han
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea;
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4
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Jia S, Tao T, Xie Y, Yu L, Kang X, Zhang Y, Tang W, Gong J. Chirality Supramolecular Systems: Helical Assemblies, Structure Designs, and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307874. [PMID: 37890278 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Chirality, as one of the most striking characteristics, exists at various scales in nature. Originating from the interactions of host and guest molecules, supramolecular chirality possesses huge potential in the design of functional materials. Here, an overview of the recent progress in structure designs and functions of chiral supramolecular materials is present. First, three design routes of the chiral supramolecular structure are summarized. Compared with the template-induced and chemical synthesis strategies that depend on accurate molecular identification, the twisted-assembly technique creates chiral materials through the ordered stacking of the nanowire or films. Next, chirality inversion and amplification are reviewed to explain the chirality transfer from the molecular level to the macroscopic scale, where the available external stimuli on the chirality inversion are also given. Lastly, owing to the optical activity and the characteristics of the layer-by-layer stacking structure, the supramolecular chirality materials display various excellent performances, including smart response, shape-memorization, superior mechanical performance, and applications in biomedical fields. To sum up, this work provides a systematic review of the helical assemblies, structure design, and applications of supramolecular chirality systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhe Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tiantian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yujiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Liuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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5
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Zhang Q, Chen J, Wang W, Lin J, Guo J. Genome-wide investigation of the TGF-β superfamily in scallops. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:24. [PMID: 38166626 PMCID: PMC10763453 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09942-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily genes can regulate various processes, especially in embryogenesis, adult development, and homeostasis. To understand the evolution and divergence patterns of the TGF-β superfamily in scallops, genome-wide data from the Bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), the Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) and the Yesso scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis) were systematically analysed using bioinformatics methods. RESULTS Twelve members of the TGF-β superfamily were identified for each scallop. The phylogenetic tree showed that these genes were grouped into 11 clusters, including BMPs, ADMP, NODAL, GDF, activin/inhibin and AMH. The number of exons and the conserved motif showed some differences between different clusters, while genes in the same cluster exhibited high similarity. Selective pressure analysis revealed that the TGF-β superfamily in scallops was evolutionarily conserved. The spatiotemporal expression profiles suggested that different TGF-β members have distinct functions. Several BMP-like and NODAL-like genes were highly expressed in early developmental stages, patterning the embryonic body plan. GDF8/11-like genes showed high expression in striated muscle and smooth muscle, suggesting that these genes may play a critical role in regulating muscle growth. Further analysis revealed a possible duplication of AMH, which played a key role in gonadal growth/maturation in scallops. In addition, this study found that several genes were involved in heat and hypoxia stress in scallops, providing new insights into the function of the TGF-β superfamily. CONCLUSION Characteristics of the TGF-β superfamily in scallops were identified, including sequence structure, phylogenetic relationships, and selection pressure. The expression profiles of these genes in different tissues, at different developmental stages and under different stresses were investigated. Generally, the current study lays a foundation for further study of their pleiotropic biological functions in scallops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Bioaffiliationersity, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Bioaffiliationersity, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory on Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Marine Bioaffiliationersity, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Jingyu Lin
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jiabao Guo
- Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
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6
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Kim DS, Kim M, Seo S, Kim JH. Nature-Inspired Chiral Structures: Fabrication Methods and Multifaceted Applications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:527. [PMID: 37999168 PMCID: PMC10669407 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8070527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse chiral structures observed in nature find applications across various domains, including engineering, chemistry, and medicine. Particularly notable is the optical activity inherent in chiral structures, which has emerged prominently in the field of optics. This phenomenon has led to a wide range of applications, encompassing optical components, catalysts, sensors, and therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes the imitations and applications of naturally occurring chiral structures. Methods for replicating chiral architectures found in nature have evolved with specific research goals. This review primarily focuses on a top-down approach and provides a summary of recent research advancements. In the latter part of this review, we will engage in discussions regarding the diverse array of applications resulting from imitating chiral structures, from the optical activity in photonic crystals to applications spanning light-emitting devices. Furthermore, we will delve into the applications of biorecognition and therapeutic methodologies, comprehensively examining and deliberating upon the multifaceted utility of chiral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Seul Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Myounggun Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonmin Seo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Kim
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea (M.K.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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7
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Huan P, Liu B. The gastropod Lottia peitaihoensis as a model to study the body patterning of trochophore larvae. Evol Dev 2023. [PMID: 37667429 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The body patterning of trochophore larvae is important for understanding spiralian evolution and the origin of the bilateral body plan. However, considerable variations are observed among spiralian lineages, which have adopted varied strategies to develop trochophore larvae or even omit a trochophore stage. Some spiralians, such as patellogastropod mollusks, are suggested to exhibit ancestral traits by producing equal-cleaving fertilized eggs and possessing "typical" trochophore larvae. In recent years, we developed a potential model system using the patellogastropod Lottia peitaihoensis (= Lottia goshimai). Here, we introduce how the species were selected and establish sources and techniques, including gene knockdown, ectopic gene expression, and genome editing. Investigations on this species reveal essential aspects of trochophore body patterning, including organizer signaling, molecular and cellular processes connecting the various developmental functions of the organizer, the specification and behaviors of the endomesoderm and ectomesoderm, and the characteristic dorsoventral decoupling of Hox expression. These findings enrich the knowledge of trochophore body patterning and have important implications regarding the evolution of spiralians as well as bilateral body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Huan
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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He Q, Hou Y, Li X, Li S, Meng L. Investigation on the Compressive Behavior of Hybrid Polyurethane(PU)-Foam-Filled Hyperbolic Chiral Lattice Metamaterial. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092030. [PMID: 37177178 PMCID: PMC10180923 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel hybrid metamaterial has been developed via fulfilling hyperbolic chiral lattice with polyurethane (PU) foam. Initially, both the hyperbolic and typical body-centered cubic (BCC) lattices are fabricated by 3D printing technique. These lattices are infiltrated in a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) solution dissolved in 1,4-Dioxane, and then freeze casting technique is applied to achieve the PU-foam-filling. Intermediate (IM) layers possessing irregular pores, are formed neighboring to the lattice-foam interface. While, the foam far from the lattice exhibits a multi-layered structure. The mechanical behavior of the hybrid lattice metamaterials has been investigated by monotonic and cyclic compressive tests. The experimental monotonic tests indicate that, the filling foam is able to soften the BCC lattice but to stiffen the hyperbolic one, further to raise the stress plateau and to accelerate the densification for both lattices. The foam hybridization also benefits the hyperbolic lattice to prohibit the property degradation under the cyclic compression. Furthermore, the failure modes of the hybrid hyperbolic lattice are identified as the interface splitting and foam collapse via microscopic analysis. Finally, a parametric study has been performed to reveal the effects of different parameters on the compressive properties of the hybrid hyperbolic lattice metamaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo He
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuliang Hou
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Science Road 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Liang Meng
- State IJR Center of Aerospace Design and Additive Manufacturing, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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9
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Samuel OM, Igado O, Adekanmbi AJ. Compromised bilaterality in the small African pangolin ( Phataginus tricuspis) - An expression of or compensation for developmental errors; asymmetry, elliptical Fourier analyses and modularity. Laterality 2023:1-26. [PMID: 36856607 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2023.2181068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a postnatal evaluation of skull developmental signaling in small African pangolin emphasizing structural, and cognitive trend in ontogeny for assessment of developmental instability, proper identification and classification, forty digitally processed skulls and foramen magnum from different geo-locations were assessed for asymmetry, foramen magnum shape and modularity using geometric and Elliptical Fourier analyses. Multivariate analysis of regression demonstrated low (p < 0.5) but directional fluctuating asymmetry (F1539 = 3.4045, F882 = 3.2665, dorsal and ventral views). Allometric trajectories followed rostrocaudal, caudolateral directions; Intercepts for shape/size predictions were parallel. Mahalanobis distances between centroids (2.42) were significant (p < 0.01). The variance-covariance matrix in ontogeny lies between 0.0017 and 0.56. Foramen magnum outline descriptors by incremental harmonics revealed first 4 effective PCs defined 96.98% of shape properties and 3.02% constituted finerdetails. 74.1% accuracy decline after size factor elimination. Modulation PCA of covariance matrix and asymmetry component was 88.38% and 7.48% (PC1 and 2), respectively, the variance % predicted 10.08%. The studied samples confirmed 'handedness' and fluctuating asymmetries. Foramen magnum shape assumed priority over size in ontogeny with profound asymmetry (from the 5th harmonic), suggestive of compensations to lateralization in neural integration modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Michael Samuel
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Olumayowa Igado
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A Joan Adekanmbi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.,School of Health and Wellness, Bow Valley College, Calgary, Canada
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10
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Yoshimura T, Sasaki T. Hyperstrophic Malformation of Lunella correensis (Récluz, 1853) (Vetigastropoda: Turbinidae). MALACOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.4002/040.065.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Yoshimura
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takenori Sasaki
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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11
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Liu E, Wing D. Population effects of chiral snail shell development relate handedness to health and disease. JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE LIFE SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.33137/juls.v16i1.39954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The spiral patterns of snail shells exhibit chirality, or “handedness.” These patterns often heavily favor the dextral (right-handed, or clockwise) over the sinistral (left-handed, clockwise) phenotype. While the developmental pathways resulting in each enantiomorph (non-superimposable mirror image form) have been studied extensively, there has been limited investigation into how the emphasis on one spiral direction over the other may confer survival benefit. This perspective essay proposes that developmental events determining cell cleavage robustness, mating compatibility, and predator evasion can influence the distribution of dextral and sinistral snails. The connection between chirality and survivability has broader implications for exploring the role of handedness in diseases and their treatments.
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12
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Truchado-García M, Perry KJ, Cavodeassi F, Kenny NJ, Henry JQ, Grande C. A Small Change With a Twist Ending: A Single Residue in EGF-CFC Drives Bilaterian Asymmetry. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 40:6947033. [PMID: 36537201 PMCID: PMC9907556 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetries are essential for proper organization and function of organ systems. Genetic studies in bilaterians have shown signaling through the Nodal/Smad2 pathway plays a key, conserved role in the establishment of body asymmetries. Although the main molecular players in the network for the establishment of left-right asymmetry (LRA) have been deeply described in deuterostomes, little is known about the regulation of Nodal signaling in spiralians. Here, we identified orthologs of the egf-cfc gene, a master regulator of the Nodal pathway in vertebrates, in several invertebrate species, which includes the first evidence of its presence in non-deuterostomes. Our functional experiments indicate that despite being present, egf-cfc does not play a role in the establishment of LRA in gastropods. However, experiments in zebrafish suggest that a single amino acid mutation in the egf-cfc gene in at least the common ancestor of chordates was the necessary step to induce a gain of function in LRA regulation. This study shows that the egf-cfc gene likely appeared in the ancestors of deuterostomes and "protostomes", before being adopted as a mechanism to regulate the Nodal pathway and the establishment of LRA in some lineages of deuterostomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain,Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, United Kingdom,Department of Biochemistry (Te Tari Matū Koiora), University of Otago, Dunedin, (Aotearoa) New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801,The Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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13
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Corno AF, Zhou Z, Uppu SC, Huang S, Marino B, Milewicz DM, Salazar JD. The Secrets of the Frogs Heart. Pediatr Cardiol 2022; 43:1471-1480. [PMID: 35290490 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-022-02870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The heart of the African clawed frog has a double-inlet and single-outlet ventricle supporting systemic and pulmonary circulations via a truncus, and a lifespan of 25-30 years. We sought to understand the unique cardiac anatomic and physiologic characteristics, with balanced circulation and low metabolic rate, by comparing the basic anatomy structures with focused echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-four adult female African clawed frogs were randomly subjected to anatomic dissection (n = 4), echocardiography (n = 10), and cardiac magnetic resonance (n = 10). All anatomical features were confirmed and compared with echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The main characteristics of the cardiovascular circulation in frogs are the following: Intact interatrial septum, with two separate atrio-ventricular valves, preventing atrial mixing of oxygenated and desaturated blood. Single spongiform ventricular cavity, non-conducive for homogeneous mixing. Single outlet with a valve-like mobile spiral structure, actively streaming into systemic and pulmonary arteries. Intact interatrial septum, spongiform ventricle, and valve-like spiral in the conus arteriosus are likely responsible for balanced systemic and pulmonary circulation in frogs, in spite of double-inlet and single-outlet ventricle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Corno
- Children's Heart Institute, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.274, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Santosh C Uppu
- Children's Heart Institute, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.274, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shuning Huang
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University La Sapienza, 00161, Roma, Italy
| | - Dianna M Milewicz
- Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jorge D Salazar
- Children's Heart Institute, Memorial Hermann Children's Hospital, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health, 6431 Fannin Street, MSB 6.274, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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14
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Negretti MI, Böse N, Petri N, Kremnyov S, Tsikolia N. Nodal asymmetry and hedgehog signaling during vertebrate left–right symmetry breaking. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:957211. [PMID: 36172285 PMCID: PMC9511907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.957211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of visceral left–right asymmetry in bilateria is based on initial symmetry breaking followed by subsequent asymmetric molecular patterning. An important step is the left-sided expression of transcription factor pitx2 which is mediated by asymmetric expression of the nodal morphogen in the left lateral plate mesoderm of vertebrates. Processes leading to emergence of the asymmetric nodal domain differ depending on the mode of symmetry breaking. In Xenopus laevis and mouse embryos, the leftward fluid flow on the ventral surface of the left–right organizer leads through intermediate steps to enhanced activity of the nodal protein on the left side of the organizer and subsequent asymmetric nodal induction in the lateral plate mesoderm. In the chick embryo, asymmetric morphogenesis of axial organs leads to paraxial nodal asymmetry during the late gastrulation stage. Although it was shown that hedgehog signaling is required for initiation of the nodal expression, the mechanism of its asymmetry remains to be clarified. In this study, we established the activation of hedgehog signaling in early chick embryos to further study its role in the initiation of asymmetric nodal expression. Our data reveal that hedgehog signaling is sufficient to induce the nodal expression in competent domains of the chick embryo, while treatment of Xenopus embryos led to moderate nodal inhibition. We discuss the role of symmetry breaking and competence in the initiation of asymmetric gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Böse
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Petri
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav Kremnyov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nikoloz Tsikolia,
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15
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Holstein TW. The role of cnidarian developmental biology in unraveling axis formation and Wnt signaling. Dev Biol 2022; 487:74-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Schmidt-Ott U, Yoon Y. Evolution and loss of ß-catenin and TCF-dependent axis specification in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 50:100877. [PMID: 35104659 PMCID: PMC9133022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms and evolution of primary axis specification in insects are discussed in the context of the roles of ß-catenin and TCF in polarizing metazoan embryos. Three hypotheses are presented. First, insects with sequential segmentation and posterior growth use cell-autonomous mechanisms for establishing embryo polarity via the nuclear ratio of ß-catenin and TCF. Second, TCF homologs establish competence for anterior specification. Third, the evolution of simultaneous segmentation mechanisms, also known as long-germ development, resulted in primary axis specification mechanisms that are independent of ß-catenin but reliant on TCF, a condition that preceded the frequent replacement of anterior determinants in long germ insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Schmidt-Ott
- University of Chicago, Dept. of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Yoseop Yoon
- University of California, Irvine, Dept. of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, 811 Health Sciences Rd., Med Sci B262, CA 92617, USA
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17
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Holland LZ, Holland ND. The invertebrate chordate amphioxus gives clues to vertebrate origins. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 147:563-594. [PMID: 35337463 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Amphioxus (cepholochordates) have long been used to infer how the vertebrates evolved from their invertebrate ancestors. However, some of the body part homologies between amphioxus and vertebrates have been controversial. This is not surprising as the amphioxus and vertebrate lineages separated half a billion years ago-plenty of time for independent loss and independent gain of features. The development of new techniques in the late 20th and early 21st centuries including transmission electron microscopy and serial blockface scanning electron microscopy in combination with in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to reveal spatio-temporal patterns of gene expression and gene products have greatly strengthened inference of some homologies (like those between regions of the central nervous system), although others (like nephridia) still need further support. These major advances in establishing homologies between amphioxus and vertebrates, together with strong support from comparative genomics, have firmly established amphioxus as a stand-in or model for the ancestral vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| | - Nicholas D Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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18
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Chirality in Organic and Mineral Systems: A Review of Reactivity and Alteration Processes Relevant to Prebiotic Chemistry and Life Detection Missions. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a central feature in the evolution of biological systems, but the reason for biology’s strong preference for specific chiralities of amino acids, sugars, and other molecules remains a controversial and unanswered question in origins of life research. Biological polymers tend toward homochiral systems, which favor the incorporation of a single enantiomer (molecules with a specific chiral configuration) over the other. There have been numerous investigations into the processes that preferentially enrich one enantiomer to understand the evolution of an early, racemic, prebiotic organic world. Chirality can also be a property of minerals; their interaction with chiral organics is important for assessing how post-depositional alteration processes could affect the stereochemical configuration of simple and complex organic molecules. In this paper, we review the properties of organic compounds and minerals as well as the physical, chemical, and geological processes that affect organic and mineral chirality during the preservation and detection of organic compounds. We provide perspectives and discussions on the reactions and analytical techniques that can be performed in the laboratory, and comment on the state of knowledge of flight-capable technologies in current and future planetary missions, with a focus on organics analysis and life detection.
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19
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Zhang Y, Mao F, Xiao S, Yu H, Xiang Z, Xu F, Li J, Wang L, Xiong Y, Chen M, Bao Y, Deng Y, Huo Q, Zhang L, Liu W, Li X, Ma H, Zhang Y, Mu X, Liu M, Zheng H, Wong NK, Yu Z. Comparative Genomics Reveals Evolutionary Drivers of Sessile Life and Left-right Shell Asymmetry in Bivalves. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 20:1078-1091. [PMID: 35091095 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bivalves are species-rich mollusks with prominent protective roles in coastal ecosystems. Across these ancient lineages, colony-founding larvae anchor themselves either by byssus production or by cemented attachment. The latter mode of sessile life is strongly molded by left-right shell asymmetry during larval development of Ostreoida oysters such as Crassostrea hongkongensis. Here, we sequenced the genome of C. hongkongensis in high resolution and compared it to reference bivalve genomes to unveil genomic determinants driving cemented attachment and shell asymmetry. Importantly, loss of the homeobox gene Antennapedia (Antp) and broad expansion of lineage-specific extracellular gene families are implicated in a shift from byssal to cemented attachment in bivalves. Comparative transcriptomic analysis shows a conspicuous divergence between left-right asymmetrical C. hongkongensis and symmetrical Pinctada fucata in their expression profiles. Especially, a couple of orthologous transcription factor genes and lineage-specific shell-related gene families including that encoding tyrosinases are elevated, and may cooperatively govern asymmetrical shell formation in Ostreoida oysters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Fan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101301, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Fei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101301, China
| | - Yuanyan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mengqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Quan Huo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066044, China
| | - Lvping Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xuming Li
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101301, China
| | - Haitao Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yuehuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiyu Mu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101301, China
| | - Min Liu
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101301, China
| | - Hongkun Zheng
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101301, China.
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China.
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20
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The physical basis of mollusk shell chiral coiling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2109210118. [PMID: 34810260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109210118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Snails are model organisms for studying the genetic, molecular, and developmental bases of left-right asymmetry in Bilateria. However, the development of their typical helicospiral shell, present for the last 540 million years in environments as different as the abyss or our gardens, remains poorly understood. Conversely, ammonites typically have a bilaterally symmetric, planispiraly coiled shell, with only 1% of 3,000 genera displaying either a helicospiral or a meandering asymmetric shell. A comparative analysis suggests that the development of chiral shells in these mollusks is different and that, unlike snails, ammonites with asymmetric shells probably had a bilaterally symmetric body diagnostic of cephalopods. We propose a mathematical model for the growth of shells, taking into account the physical interaction during development between the soft mollusk body and its hard shell. Our model shows that a growth mismatch between the secreted shell tube and a bilaterally symmetric body in ammonites can generate mechanical forces that are balanced by a twist of the body, breaking shell symmetry. In gastropods, where a twist is intrinsic to the body, the same model predicts that helicospiral shells are the most likely shell forms. Our model explains a large diversity of forms and shows that, although molluscan shells are incrementally secreted at their opening, the path followed by the shell edge and the resulting form are partly governed by the mechanics of the body inside the shell, a perspective that explains many aspects of their development and evolution.
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21
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Phuangphong S, Tsunoda J, Wada H, Morino Y. Duplication of spiralian-specific TALE genes and evolution of the blastomere specification mechanism in the bivalve lineage. EvoDevo 2021; 12:11. [PMID: 34663437 PMCID: PMC8524836 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-021-00181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the conserved pattern of the cell-fate map among spiralians, bivalves display several modified characteristics during their early development, including early specification of the D blastomere by the cytoplasmic content, as well as the distinctive fate of the 2d blastomere. However, it is unclear what changes in gene regulatory mechanisms led to such changes in cell specification patterns. Spiralian-TALE (SPILE) genes are a group of spiralian-specific transcription factors that play a role in specifying blastomere cell fates during early development in limpets. We hypothesised that the expansion of SPILE gene repertoires influenced the evolution of the specification pattern of blastomere cell fates. Results We performed a transcriptome analysis of early development in the purplish bifurcate mussel and identified 13 SPILE genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the SPILE gene in molluscs suggested that duplications of SPILE genes occurred in the bivalve lineage. We examined the expression patterns of the SPILE gene in mussels and found that some SPILE genes were expressed in quartet-specific patterns, as observed in limpets. Furthermore, we found that several SPILE genes that had undergone gene duplication were specifically expressed in the D quadrant, C and D quadrants or the 2d blastomere. These expression patterns were distinct from the expression patterns of SPILE in their limpet counterparts. Conclusions These results suggest that, in addition to their ancestral role in quartet specification, certain SPILE genes in mussels contribute to the specification of the C and D quadrants. We suggest that the expansion of SPILE genes in the bivalve lineage contributed to the evolution of a unique cell fate specification pattern in bivalves. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13227-021-00181-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supanat Phuangphong
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Tsunoda
- College of Biological Sciences, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morino
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
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22
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Xing C, Pan R, Hu G, Liu X, Wang Y, Li G. Pitx controls amphioxus asymmetric morphogenesis by promoting left-side development and repressing right-side formation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:166. [PMID: 34416880 PMCID: PMC8377849 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left-right (LR) asymmetry is an essential feature of bilateral animals. Studies in vertebrates show that LR asymmetry formation comprises three major steps: symmetry breaking, asymmetric gene expression, and LR morphogenesis. Although much progress has been made in the first two events, mechanisms underlying asymmetric morphogenesis remain largely unknown due to the complex developmental processes deployed by vertebrate organs. Results We here addressed this question by studying Pitx gene function in the basal chordate amphioxus whose asymmetric organogenesis, unlike that in vertebrates, occurs essentially in situ and does not rely on cell migration. Pitx null mutation in amphioxus causes loss of all left-sided organs and incomplete ectopic formation of all right-sided organs on the left side, whereas Pitx partial loss-of-function leads to milder phenotypes with only some LR organs lost or ectopically formed. At the N1 to N3 stages, Pitx expression is gradually expanded from the dorsal anterior domain to surrounding regions. This leads to activation of genes like Lhx3 and/or Prop1 and Pit, which are essential for left-side organs, and downregulation of genes like Hex and/or Nkx2.1 and FoxE4, which are required for right-side organs to form ectopically on the left side. In Pitx mutants, the left-side expressed genes are not activated, while the right-side genes fail to decrease expression on the left side. In contrast, in embryos overexpressing Pitx genes, the left-side genes are induced ectopically on the right side, and the right-side genes are inhibited. Several Pitx binding sites are identified in the upstream sequences of the left-side and right-side genes which are essential for activation of the former and repression of the latter by Pitx. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that (1) Pitx is a major (although not the only) determinant of asymmetric morphogenesis in amphioxus, (2) the development of different LR organs have distinct requirements for Pitx activity, and (3) Pitx controls amphioxus LR morphogenesis probably through inducing left-side organs and inhibiting right-side organs directly. These findings show much more dependence of LR organogenesis on Pitx in amphioxus than in vertebrates. They also provide insight into the molecular developmental mechanism of some vertebrate LR organs like the lungs and atria, since they show a right-isomerism phenotype in Pitx2 knockout mice like right-sided organs in Pitx mutant amphioxus. Our results also explain why some organs like the adenohypophysis are asymmetrically located in amphioxus but symmetrically positioned in vertebrates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01095-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Rongrong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, China
| | - Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yiquan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiangan District, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
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23
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Nicosia A, Vento F, Marletta G, Messina GML, Satriano C, Villari V, Micali N, De Martino MT, Schotman MJG, Mineo PG. Porphyrin-Based Supramolecular Flags in the Thermal Gradients' Wind: What Breaks the Symmetry, How and Why. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071673. [PMID: 34202150 PMCID: PMC8305271 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking (SSB) phenomenon is a natural event in which a system changes its symmetric state, apparently reasonless, in an asymmetrical one. Nevertheless, this occurrence could be hiding unknown inductive forces. An intriguing investigation pathway uses supramolecular aggregates of suitable achiral porphyrins, useful to mimic the natural light-harvesting systems (as chlorophyll). Using as SSB probe supramolecular aggregates of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis[p(ω-methoxypolyethyleneoxy)phenyl]porphyrin (StarP), a non-ionic achiral PEGylated porphyrin, we explore here its interaction with weak asymmetric thermal gradients fields. The cross-correlation of the experimental data (circular dichroism, confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy) revealed that the used building blocks aggregate spontaneously, organizing in flag-like structures whose thermally-induced circular dichroism depends on their features. Finally, thermal gradient-induced enantioselectivity of the supramolecular flag-like aggregates has been shown and linked to their size-dependence mesoscopic deformation, which could be visualized as waving flags in the wind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Nicosia
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (G.M.); (G.M.L.M.); (C.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (P.G.M.)
| | - Fabiana Vento
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (G.M.); (G.M.L.M.); (C.S.)
| | - Giovanni Marletta
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (G.M.); (G.M.L.M.); (C.S.)
- LAMSUN-CSGI Unit of the Interuniversity Consortium for the Development of Large Interphases Systems (CSGI), Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Grazia M. L. Messina
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (G.M.); (G.M.L.M.); (C.S.)
- LAMSUN-CSGI Unit of the Interuniversity Consortium for the Development of Large Interphases Systems (CSGI), Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cristina Satriano
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (G.M.); (G.M.L.M.); (C.S.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Chimica dei Metalli nei Sistemi Biologici (CIRCMSB), Università Degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, I-70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Villari
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, National Research Council (IPCF-CNR), Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy; (V.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Norberto Micali
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, National Research Council (IPCF-CNR), Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy; (V.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa De Martino
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Maaike J. G. Schotman
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Placido Giuseppe Mineo
- Department of Chemical Sciences and INSTM UdR of Catania, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy; (F.V.); (G.M.); (G.M.L.M.); (C.S.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, National Research Council (IPCF-CNR), Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 37, I-98158 Messina, Italy; (V.V.); (N.M.)
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Via P. Gaifami 18, I-95126 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.N.); (P.G.M.)
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24
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Pardos-Blas JR, Irisarri I, Abalde S, Afonso CML, Tenorio MJ, Zardoya R. The genome of the venomous snail Lautoconus ventricosus sheds light on the origin of conotoxin diversity. Gigascience 2021; 10:giab037. [PMID: 34037232 PMCID: PMC8152183 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venoms are deadly weapons to subdue prey or deter predators that have evolved independently in many animal lineages. The genomes of venomous animals are essential to understand the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the origin and diversification of venoms. RESULTS Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of the venomous Mediterranean cone snail, Lautoconus ventricosus (Caenogastropoda: Conidae). The total size of the assembly is 3.59 Gb; it has high contiguity (N50 = 93.53 Mb) and 86.6 Mb of the genome assembled into the 35 largest scaffolds or pseudochromosomes. On the basis of venom gland transcriptomes, we annotated 262 complete genes encoding conotoxin precursors, hormones, and other venom-related proteins. These genes were scattered in the different pseudochromosomes and located within repetitive regions. The genes encoding conotoxin precursors were normally structured into 3 exons, which did not necessarily coincide with the 3 structural domains of the corresponding proteins. Additionally, we found evidence in the L. ventricosus genome for a past whole-genome duplication event by means of conserved gene synteny with the Pomacea canaliculata genome, the only one available at the chromosome level within Caenogastropoda. The whole-genome duplication event was further confirmed by the presence of a duplicated hox gene cluster. Key genes for gastropod biology including those encoding proteins related to development, shell formation, and sex were located in the genome. CONCLUSIONS The new high-quality L. ventricosus genome should become a reference for assembling and analyzing new gastropod genomes and will contribute to future evolutionary genomic studies among venomous animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Pardos-Blas
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Irisarri
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-37077 Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), Goettingen, Wilhelmsplatz 1, D-37073, Germany
| | - Samuel Abalde
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Frescativägen 40, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos M L Afonso
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005–139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Tenorio
- Departamento CMIM y Q. Inorgánica-INBIO, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rafael Zardoya
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Davison A, Neiman M. Mobilizing molluscan models and genomes in biology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200163. [PMID: 33813892 PMCID: PMC8059959 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscs are among the most ancient, diverse, and important of all animal taxa. Even so, no individual mollusc species has emerged as a broadly applied model system in biology. We here make the case that both perceptual and methodological barriers have played a role in the relative neglect of molluscs as research organisms. We then summarize the current application and potential of molluscs and their genomes to address important questions in animal biology, and the state of the field when it comes to the availability of resources such as genome assemblies, cell lines, and other key elements necessary to mobilising the development of molluscan model systems. We conclude by contending that a cohesive research community that works together to elevate multiple molluscan systems to 'model' status will create new opportunities in addressing basic and applied biological problems, including general features of animal evolution. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Davison
- School of Life Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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26
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El Deeb S, Silva CF, Junior CSN, Hanafi RS, Borges KB. Chiral Capillary Electrokinetic Chromatography: Principle and Applications, Detection and Identification, Design of Experiment, and Exploration of Chiral Recognition Using Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2021; 26:2841. [PMID: 34064769 PMCID: PMC8151978 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reviews the literature of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography from January 2016 to March 2021. This is done to explore the state-of-the-art approach and recent developments carried out in this field. The separation principle of the technique is described and supported with simple graphical illustrations, showing migration under normal and reversed polarity modes of the separation voltage. The most relevant applications of the technique for enantioseparation of drugs and other enantiomeric molecules in different fields using chiral selectors in single, dual, or multiple systems are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection sensitivity of chiral capillary electrokinetic chromatography with UV detector are discussed, and the alternative aspects are explored, besides special emphases to hyphenation compatibility to mass spectrometry. Partial filling and counter migration techniques are described. Indirect identification of the separated enantiomers and the determination of enantiomeric migration order are mentioned. The application of Quality by Design principles to facilitate method development, optimization, and validation is presented. The elucidation and explanation of chiral recognition in molecular bases are discussed with special focus on the role of molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami El Deeb
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Camilla Fonseca Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Clebio Soares Nascimento Junior
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
| | - Rasha Sayed Hanafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Keyller Bastos Borges
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Campus Dom Bosco, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), Praça Dom Helvécio 74, Fábricas, São João del-Rei 36301-160, Minas Gerais, Brazil; (C.F.S.); (C.S.N.J.); (K.B.B.)
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27
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Truchado-Garcia M, Caccavale F, Grande C, D’Aniello S. Expression Pattern of Nitric Oxide Synthase during Development of the Marine Gastropod Mollusc, Crepidula fornicata. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020314. [PMID: 33671839 PMCID: PMC7926364 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) plays a key role in the induction of larval metamorphosis in several invertebrate phyla. The inhibition of the NO synthase in Crepidula fornicata, a molluscan model for evolutionary, developmental, and ecological research, has been demonstrated to block the initiation of metamorphosis highlighting that endogenous NO is crucial in the control of this developmental and morphological process. Nitric Oxide Synthase contributes to the development of shell gland, digestive gland and kidney, being expressed in cells that presumably correspond to FMRF-amide, serotoninergic and catecolaminergic neurons. Here we identified a single Nos gene in embryonic and larval transcriptomes of C. fornicata and studied its localization during development, through whole-mount in situ hybridization, in order to compare its expression pattern with that of other marine invertebrate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Truchado-Garcia
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Filomena Caccavale
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Cristina Grande
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin, 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (S.D.); Tel.: +34-91-4972359 (C.G.); +39-081-5833418 (S.D.)
| | - Salvatore D’Aniello
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.G.); (S.D.); Tel.: +34-91-4972359 (C.G.); +39-081-5833418 (S.D.)
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28
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Jackson DJ. Mantle Modularity Underlies the Plasticity of the Molluscan Shell: Supporting Data From Cepaea nemoralis. Front Genet 2021; 12:622400. [PMID: 33613640 PMCID: PMC7894901 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.622400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscs have evolved the capacity to fabricate a wide variety of shells over their 540+ million-year history. While modern sequencing and proteomic technologies continue to expand the catalog of molluscan shell-forming proteins, a complete functional understanding of how any mollusc constructs its shell remains an ambitious goal. This lack of understanding also constrains our understanding of how evolution has generated a plethora of molluscan shell morphologies. Taking advantage of a previous expression atlas for shell-forming genes in Lymnaea stagnalis, I have characterized the spatial expression patterns of seven shell-forming genes in the terrestrial gastropod Cepaea nemoralis, with the aim of comparing and contrasting their expression patterns between the two species. Four of these genes were selected from a previous proteomic screen of the C. nemoralis shell, two were targeted by bioinformatics criteria designed to identify likely shell-forming gene products, and the final one was a clear homolog of a peroxidase sequence in the L. stagnalis dataset. While the spatial expression patterns of all seven C. nemoralis genes could be recognized as falling into distinct zones within the mantle tissue similar to those established in L. stagnalis, some zones have apparently been modified. These similarities and differences hint at a modularity to the molluscan mantle that may provide a mechanistic explanation as to how evolution has efficiently generated a diversity of molluscan shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Jackson
- Department of Geobiology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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29
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de Koster N, Clark CP, Kohler I. Past, present, and future developments in enantioselective analysis using capillary electromigration techniques. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:38-57. [PMID: 32914880 PMCID: PMC7821218 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enantioseparation of chiral products has become increasingly important in a large diversity of academic and industrial applications. The separation of chiral compounds is inherently challenging and thus requires a suitable analytical technique that can achieve high resolution and sensitivity. In this context, CE has shown remarkable results so far. Chiral CE offers an orthogonal enantioselectivity and is typically considered less costly than chromatographic techniques, since only minute amounts of chiral selectors are needed. Several CE approaches have been developed for chiral analysis, including chiral EKC and chiral CEC. Enantioseparations by EKC benefit from the wide variety of possible pseudostationary phases that can be employed. Chiral CEC, on the other hand, combines chromatographic separation principles with the bulk fluid movement of CE, benefitting from reduced band broadening as compared to pressure-driven systems. Although UV detection is conventionally used for these approaches, MS can also be considered. CE-MS represents a promising alternative due to the increased sensitivity and selectivity, enabling the chiral analysis of complex samples. The potential contamination of the MS ion source in EKC-MS can be overcome using partial-filling and counter-migration techniques. However, chiral analysis using monolithic and open-tubular CEC-MS awaits additional method validation and a dedicated commercial interface. Further efforts in chiral CE are expected toward the improvement of existing techniques, the development of novel pseudostationary phases, and establishing the use of chiral ionic liquids, molecular imprinted polymers, and metal-organic frameworks. These developments will certainly foster the adoption of CE(-MS) as a well-established technique in routine chiral analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky de Koster
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Charles P. Clark
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Division of Systems Biomedicine and PharmacologyLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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30
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Abstract
The freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis has a long research history, but only relatively recently has it emerged as an attractive model organism to study molecular mechanisms in the areas of developmental biology and translational medicine such as learning/memory and neurodegenerative diseases. The species has the advantage of being a hermaphrodite and can both cross- and self-mate, which greatly facilitates genetic approaches. The establishment of body-handedness, or chiromorphogenesis, is a major topic of study, since chirality is evident in the shell coiling. Chirality is maternally inherited, and only recently a gene-editing approach identified the actin-related gene Lsdia1 as the key handedness determinant. This short article reviews the natural habitat, life cycle, major research questions and interests, and experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Kuroda
- Frontier Research Institute, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Masanori Abe
- Frontier Research Institute, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan
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31
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Lanza AR, Seaver EC. Functional evidence that Activin/Nodal signaling is required for establishing the dorsal-ventral axis in the annelid Capitella teleta. Development 2020; 147:147/18/dev189373. [PMID: 32967906 PMCID: PMC7522025 DOI: 10.1242/dev.189373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The TGF-β superfamily comprises two distinct branches: the Activin/Nodal and BMP pathways. During development, signaling by this superfamily regulates a variety of embryological processes, and it has a conserved role in patterning the dorsal-ventral body axis. Recent studies show that BMP signaling establishes the dorsal-ventral axis in some mollusks. However, previous pharmacological inhibition studies in the annelid Capitella teleta, a sister clade to the mollusks, suggests that the dorsal-ventral axis is patterned via Activin/Nodal signaling. Here, we determine the role of both the Activin/Nodal and BMP pathways as they function in Capitella axis patterning. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotides were targeted to Ct-Smad2/3 and Ct-Smad1/5/8, transcription factors specific to the Activin/Nodal and BMP pathways, respectively. Following microinjection of zygotes, resulting morphant larvae were scored for axial anomalies. We demonstrate that the Activin/Nodal pathway of the TGF-β superfamily, but not the BMP pathway, is the primary dorsal-ventral patterning signal in Capitella. These results demonstrate variation in the molecular control of axis patterning across spiralians, despite sharing a conserved cleavage program. We suggest that these findings represent an example of developmental system drift. Summary: Morpholino knockdown experiments in the annelid Capitella teleta demonstrate that the dorsal-ventral axis is primarily patterned by the Activin/Nodal pathway of the TGF-β superfamily, rather than by the BMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R Lanza
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St Augustine, FL 32080-8610, USA
| | - Elaine C Seaver
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Boulevard, St Augustine, FL 32080-8610, USA
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32
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Sidorova A, Tverdislov V, Levashova N, Garaeva A. A model of autowave self-organization as a hierarchy of active media in the biological evolution. Biosystems 2020; 198:104234. [PMID: 32889101 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of the active media concept, we develop a biophysical model of autowave self-organization which is treated as a hierarchy of active media in the evolution of the biosphere. We also propose a mathematical model of the autowave process of speciation in a flow of mutations for the three main taxonometric groups (prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes) with a naturally determined lower boundary of living matter (the appearance of prokaryotes) and an open upper boundary for the formation of new species. It is shown that the fluctuation-bifurcation description of the evolution for the formation of new taxonometric groups as a trajectory of transformation of small fluctuations into giant ones adequately reflects the process of self-organization during the formation of taxa. The major concepts of biological evolution, conditions of hierarchy formation as a fundamental manifestation of self-organization and complexity in the evolution of biological systems are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Sidorova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Vsevolod Tverdislov
- Head of the Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Natalia Levashova
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Anastasia Garaeva
- Postgraduate Student of the Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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33
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Davison A, Thomas P. Internet 'shellebrity' reflects on origin of rare mirror-image snails. Biol Lett 2020; 16:20200110. [PMID: 32486938 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While animal bodies are typically bilaterally symmetric on the outside, the internal organs nearly always show an invariant left-right (LR) asymmetry. In comparison, snails are both internally and externally LR asymmetric, outwardly obvious in the shell coiling direction, or chirality. Although some species of snail are naturally variable for chirality, sinistral individuals occur very rarely in most species. The developmental and genetic basis of these rare mirror-imaged individuals remains mysterious. To resolve this issue, the finding of a 'one in a million' sinistral garden snail called 'Jeremy' was used to recruit citizen scientists to find further sinistral snails. These snails were then bred together to understand whether their occurrence is due an inherited condition. The combined evidence shows that rare sinistral garden snails are not usually produced due to a major effect maternal Mendelian locus. Instead, they are likely mainly produced by a developmental accident. This finding has relevance to understanding the common factors that define cellular and organismal LR asymmetry, and the origin of rare reversed individuals in other animal groups that exhibit nearly invariant LR asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Davison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Philippe Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park NG7 2RD, UK
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34
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Kozmikova I, Kozmik Z. Wnt/β-catenin signaling is an evolutionarily conserved determinant of chordate dorsal organizer. eLife 2020; 9:56817. [PMID: 32452768 PMCID: PMC7292647 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of axis formation in amphioxus is a key step to understanding the evolution of chordate body plan. The current view is that Nodal signaling is the only factor promoting the dorsal axis specification in the amphioxus, whereas Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays no role in this process. Here, we re-examined the role of Wnt/βcatenin signaling in the dorsal/ventral patterning of amphioxus embryo. We demonstrated that the spatial activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling is located in presumptive dorsal cells from cleavage to gastrula stage, and provided functional evidence that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is necessary for the specification of dorsal cell fate in a stage-dependent manner. Microinjection of Wnt8 and Wnt11 mRNA induced ectopic dorsal axis in neurulae and larvae. Finally, we demonstrated that Nodal and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cooperate to promote the dorsal-specific gene expression in amphioxus gastrula. Our study reveals high evolutionary conservation of dorsal organizer formation in the chordate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Kozmikova
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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35
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Petri ND. Evolutionary Diversity of the Mechanisms Providing the Establishment of Left-Right Asymmetry in Metazoans. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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36
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Abstract
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of visceral organs in animals is established during embryonic development via a stepwise process. While some steps are conserved, different strategies are employed among animals for initiating the breaking of body symmetry. In zebrafish (teleost),
Xenopus (amphibian), and mice (mammal), symmetry breaking is elicited by directional fluid flow at the L-R organizer, which is generated by motile cilia and sensed by mechanoresponsive cells. In contrast, birds and reptiles do not rely on the cilia-driven fluid flow. Invertebrates such as
Drosophila and snails employ another distinct mechanism, where the symmetry breaking process is underpinned by cellular chirality acquired downstream of the molecular interaction of myosin and actin. Here, we highlight the convergent entry point of actomyosin interaction and planar cell polarity to the diverse L-R symmetry breaking mechanisms among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Organismal Pattterning Lab, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Patrick Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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37
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Abstract
Snails, earthworms and flatworms are remarkably different animals, but they all exhibit a very similar mode of early embryogenesis: spiral cleavage. This is one of the most widespread developmental programs in animals, probably ancestral to almost half of the animal phyla, and therefore its study is essential for understanding animal development and evolution. However, our knowledge of spiral cleavage is still in its infancy. Recent technical and conceptual advances, such as the establishment of genome editing and improved phylogenetic resolution, are paving the way for a fresher and deeper look into this fascinating early cleavage mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Martín-Durán
- Queen Mary, University of London, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Mile End Road, E1 4NS London, UK
| | - Ferdinand Marlétaz
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology, 1919-1, Tancha, Onna 904-0495, Japan
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38
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HAMADA H. Molecular and cellular basis of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2020; 96:273-296. [PMID: 32788551 PMCID: PMC7443379 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.96.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the human body appears superficially symmetrical with regard to the left-right (L-R) axis, most visceral organs are asymmetric in terms of their size, shape, or position. Such morphological asymmetries of visceral organs, which are essential for their proper function, are under the control of a genetic pathway that operates in the developing embryo. In many vertebrates including mammals, the breaking of L-R symmetry occurs at a structure known as the L-R organizer (LRO) located at the midline of the developing embryo. This symmetry breaking is followed by transfer of an active form of the signaling molecule Nodal from the LRO to the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) on the left side, which results in asymmetric expression of Nodal (a left-side determinant) in the left LPM. Finally, L-R asymmetric morphogenesis of visceral organs is induced by Nodal-Pitx2 signaling. This review will describe our current understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the generation of L-R asymmetry in vertebrates, with a focus on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi HAMADA
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: H. Hamada, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan (e-mail: )
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39
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Baynes A, Montagut Pino G, Duong GH, Lockyer AE, McDougall C, Jobling S, Routledge EJ. Early embryonic exposure of freshwater gastropods to pharmaceutical 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors results in a surprising open-coiled "banana-shaped" shell. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16439. [PMID: 31712739 PMCID: PMC6848481 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the steroidogenesis enzyme 5α-reductase converts testosterone to the more potent androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone. Homologues of 5α-reductase genes have been identified in molluscs. However, recent findings suggest that vertebrate-type steroid androgens are not utilised in molluscan reproductive development. Genomic searches have revealed that molluscs do not possess many of the steroidogenic enzymes required to make testosterone, nor a nuclear androgen receptor. Consequently, the role of 5α-reductase in molluscs presents a mystery. Here, developmental exposures of Biomphalaria glabrata to selective pharmaceutical 5α-reductase inhibitors elicited a strong, highly reproducible phenotypic response characterised by the development of elongated "banana-shaped" shell morphology. In comparison to untreated snails, the shells are open-coiled and the whorls are unattached. Dutasteride (5α-reductase inhibitor) is approximately 10-times more potent at provoking the banana-shaped shell phenotype than finasteride, paralleling the pharmaceuticals' efficacy in humans. Other enzyme inhibitors with different modes of action were tested to investigate the specificity of the phenotype. However, only the pharmaceutical 5α-reductase inhibitors provoked the response. Dutasteride elicited the same phenotype in a second gastropod, Physella acuta. In the absence of evidence for de novo androgen steroidogenesis in molluscs, these findings suggest that novel substrates for 5α-reductase exist in gastropods, lending support to the contention that molluscan endocrinology differs from the well-characterised vertebrate endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baynes
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom.
| | - Gemma Montagut Pino
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
- Centre for Obesity Research, Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Giang Huong Duong
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Lockyer
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Carmel McDougall
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Susan Jobling
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin J Routledge
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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40
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Abstract
Consistent asymmetries between the left and right sides of animal bodies are common. For example, the internal organs of vertebrates are left-right (L-R) asymmetric in a stereotyped fashion. Other structures, such as the skeleton and muscles, are largely symmetric. This Review considers how symmetries and asymmetries form alongside each other within the embryo, and how they are then maintained during growth. I describe how asymmetric signals are generated in the embryo. Using the limbs and somites as major examples, I then address mechanisms for protecting symmetrically forming tissues from asymmetrically acting signals. These examples reveal that symmetry should not be considered as an inherent background state, but instead must be actively maintained throughout multiple phases of embryonic patterning and organismal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Grimes
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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41
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Huang J, You W, Xu Z, Yan Q, Shi C, Tang B, Luo X, Li G, Ke C. An Effective Microinjection Method and TALEN-Mediated Genome Editing in Pacific Abalone. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 21:441-447. [PMID: 31119501 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-019-09901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, is an economically important marine mollusk species and an important model animal for studies on ecological, fertilization and developmental biology. While embryonic injection and genome editing have been wildly used in gene function study and trait improvement in many species, they have not been developed in abalones. In this study, we reported an effective method to inject exogenous materials in H. discus hannai unfertilized eggs. The injected eggs could be fertilized at a ratio of 52.6% ± 5.9% and hatch at a ratio of 14.6% ± 1.6%. On the base of this, we further developed an efficient genome editing approach in this species with the transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technique. Two TALEN pairs targeting the coding sequence of the abalone nodal gene were assembled and tested. While one of the TALEN pairs showed no detectable mutation efficacy, the other one generated mutations in 50% of the targeted loci. The mutation includes small insertions and deletions and base pair replacements like that reported in other species when the TALEN method was applied. Overall, this is the first study to demonstrate site-specific genome editing in abalone. This work can serve as a reference for future studies focusing on the functional genomics in mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Qiuning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of the Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of the Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Bin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of the Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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42
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Poelmann RE, Gittenberger-de Groot AC. Development and evolution of the metazoan heart. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:634-656. [PMID: 31063648 PMCID: PMC6767493 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the evolution and development of the heart in metazoans are highlighted, starting with the evolutionary origin of the contractile cell, supposedly the precursor of cardiomyocytes. The last eukaryotic common ancestor is likely a combination of several cellular organisms containing their specific metabolic pathways and genetic signaling networks. During evolution, these tool kits diversified. Shared parts of these conserved tool kits act in the development and functioning of pumping hearts and open or closed circulations in such diverse species as arthropods, mollusks, and chordates. The genetic tool kits became more complex by gene duplications, addition of epigenetic modifications, influence of environmental factors, incorporation of viral genomes, cardiac changes necessitated by air‐breathing, and many others. We evaluate mechanisms involved in mollusks in the formation of three separate hearts and in arthropods in the formation of a tubular heart. A tubular heart is also present in embryonic stages of chordates, providing the septated four‐chambered heart, in birds and mammals passing through stages with first and second heart fields. The four‐chambered heart permits the formation of high‐pressure systemic and low‐pressure pulmonary circulation in birds and mammals, allowing for high metabolic rates and maintenance of body temperature. Crocodiles also have a (nearly) separated circulation, but their resting temperature conforms with the environment. We argue that endothermic ancestors lost the capacity to elevate their body temperature during evolution, resulting in ectothermic modern crocodilians. Finally, a clinically relevant paragraph reviews the occurrence of congenital cardiac malformations in humans as derailments of signaling pathways during embryonic development. The cardiac regulatory toolkit contains many factors including epigenetic, genetic, viral, hemodynamic, and environmental factors, but also transcriptional activators, repressors, duplicated genes, redundancies and dose‐dependancies. Numerous toolkits regulate mechanisms including cell‐cell interactions, EMT, mitosis patterns, cell migration and differentiation and left/right sidedness involved in the development of endocardial cushions, looping, septum complexes, pharyngeal arch arteries, chamber and valve formation and conduction system. Evolutionary development of the yolk sac circulation likely preceded the advent of endothermy in amniotes. Parallel evolutionary traits regulate the development of contractile pumps in various taxa often in conjunction with the gut, lungs and excretory organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Poelmann
- Institute of Biology, Department of Animal Sciences and Health, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abe M, Kuroda R. The development of CRISPR for a mollusc establishes the formin Lsdia1 as the long-sought gene for snail dextral/sinistral coiling. Development 2019; 146:dev.175976. [PMID: 31088796 DOI: 10.1242/dev.175976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of left-right body asymmetry is a key biological process that is tightly regulated genetically. In the first application of CRISPR/Cas9 to a mollusc, we show decisively that the actin-related diaphanous gene Lsdia1 is the single maternal gene that determines the shell coiling direction of the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis Biallelic frameshift mutations of the gene produced sinistrally coiled offspring generation after generation, in the otherwise totally dextral genetic background. This is the gene sought for over a century. We also show that the gene sets the chirality at the one-cell stage, the earliest observed symmetry-breaking event linked directly to body handedness in the animal kingdom. The early intracellular chirality is superseded by the inter-cellular chirality during the 3rd cleavage, leading to asymmetric nodal and Pitx expression, and then to organismal body handedness. Thus, our findings have important implications for chiromorphogenesis in invertebrates as well as vertebrates, including humans, and for the evolution of snail chirality. This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Abe
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuroda
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan .,Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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44
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Сhiral and Racemic Fields Concept for Understanding of the Homochirality Origin, Asymmetric Catalysis, Chiral Superstructure Formation from Achiral Molecules, and B-Z DNA Conformational Transition. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The four most important and well-studied phenomena of mirror symmetry breaking of molecules were analyzed for the first time in terms of available common features and regularities. Mirror symmetry breaking of the primary origin of biological homochirality requires the involvement of an external chiral inductor (environmental chirality). All reviewed mirror symmetry breaking phenomena were considered from that standpoint. A concept of chiral and racemic fields was highly helpful in this analysis. A chiral gravitational field in combination with a static magnetic field (Earth’s environmental conditions) may be regarded as a hypothetical long-term chiral inductor. Experimental evidences suggest a possible effect of the environmental chiral inductor as a chiral trigger on the mirror symmetry breaking effect. Also, this effect explains a conformational transition of the right-handed double DNA helix to the left-handed double DNA helix (B-Z DNA transition) as possible DNA damage.
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45
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Theodosiou NA, Oppong E. 3D morphological analysis of spiral intestine morphogenesis in the little skate,
Leucoraja erinacea. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:688-701. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuela Oppong
- Department of Biological SciencesUnion College Schenectady New York
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46
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Wanninger A, Wollesen T. The evolution of molluscs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:102-115. [PMID: 29931833 PMCID: PMC6378612 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Molluscs are extremely diverse invertebrate animals with a rich fossil record, highly divergent life cycles, and considerable economical and ecological importance. Key representatives include worm-like aplacophorans, armoured groups (e.g. polyplacophorans, gastropods, bivalves) and the highly complex cephalopods. Molluscan origins and evolution of their different phenotypes have largely remained unresolved, but significant progress has been made over recent years. Phylogenomic studies revealed a dichotomy of the phylum, resulting in Aculifera (shell-less aplacophorans and multi-shelled polyplacophorans) and Conchifera (all other, primarily uni-shelled groups). This challenged traditional hypotheses that proposed that molluscs gradually evolved complex phenotypes from simple, worm-like animals, a view that is corroborated by developmental studies that showed that aplacophorans are secondarily simplified. Gene expression data indicate that key regulators involved in anterior-posterior patterning (the homeobox-containing Hox genes) lost this function and were co-opted into the evolution of taxon-specific novelties in conchiferans. While the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/decapentaplegic (Dpp) signalling pathway, that mediates dorso-ventral axis formation, and molecular components that establish chirality appear to be more conserved between molluscs and other metazoans, variations from the common scheme occur within molluscan sublineages. The deviation of various molluscs from developmental pathways that otherwise appear widely conserved among metazoans provides novel hypotheses on molluscan evolution that can be tested with genome editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein9) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wanninger
- Department of Integrative ZoologyUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 ViennaAustria
| | - Tim Wollesen
- Department of Integrative ZoologyUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 14, 1090 ViennaAustria
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47
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Namigai† EKO, Shimeld SM. Live Imaging of Cleavage Variability and Vesicle Flow Dynamics in Dextral and Sinistral Spiralian Embryos. Zoolog Sci 2019; 36:5-16. [DOI: 10.2108/zs180088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica K. O. Namigai†
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U. K
| | - Sebastian M. Shimeld
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U. K
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48
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Montague TG, Gagnon JA, Schier AF. Conserved regulation of Nodal-mediated left-right patterning in zebrafish and mouse. Development 2018; 145:dev.171090. [PMID: 30446628 DOI: 10.1242/dev.171090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nodal is the major effector of left-right axis development. In mice, Nodal forms heterodimers with Gdf1 and is inhibited by Cerl2/Dand5 at the node, and by Lefty1 in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Studies in zebrafish have suggested some parallels, but also differences, between left-right patterning in mouse and zebrafish. To address these discrepancies, we generated single and double zebrafish mutants for southpaw (spaw, the Nodal ortholog), dand5 and lefty1, and performed biochemical and activity assays with Spaw and Vg1/Gdf3 (the Gdf1 ortholog). Contrary to previous findings, spaw mutants failed to initiate spaw expression in the LPM, and asymmetric heart looping was absent, similar to mouse Nodal mutants. In blastoderm assays, Vg1 and Spaw were interdependent for target gene induction, and contrary to previous results, formed heterodimers. Loss of Dand5 or Lefty1 caused bilateral spaw expression, similar to mouse mutants, and Lefty1 was replaceable with a uniform Nodal signaling inhibitor. Collectively, these results indicate that Dand5 activity biases Spaw-Vg1 heterodimer activity to the left, Spaw around Kupffer's vesicle induces the expression of spaw in the LPM and global Nodal inhibition maintains the left bias of Spaw activity, demonstrating conservation between zebrafish and mouse mechanisms of left-right patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa G Montague
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - James A Gagnon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA .,Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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49
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Oonuma K, Kusakabe TG. Spatio-temporal regulation of Rx and mitotic patterns shape the eye-cup of the photoreceptor cells in Ciona. Dev Biol 2018; 445:245-255. [PMID: 30502325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ascidian larva has a pigmented ocellus comprised of a cup-shaped array of approximately 30 photoreceptor cells, a pigment cell, and three lens cells. Morphological, physiological and molecular evidence has suggested evolutionary kinship between the ascidian larval photoreceptors and vertebrate retinal and/or pineal photoreceptors. Rx, an essential factor for vertebrate photoreceptor development, has also been suggested to be involved in the development of the ascidian photoreceptor cells, but a recent revision of the photoreceptor cell lineage raised a crucial discrepancy between the reported expression patterns of Rx and the cell lineage. Here, we report spatio-temporal expression patterns of Rx at single-cell resolution along with mitotic patterns up to the final division of the photoreceptor-lineage cells in Ciona. The expression of Rx commences in non-photoreceptor a-lineage cells on the right side of the anterior sensory vesicle at the early tailbud stage. At the mid tailbud stage, Rx begins to be expressed in the A-lineage photoreceptor cell progenitors located on the right side of the posterior sensory vesicle. Thus, Rx is specifically but not exclusively expressed in the photoreceptor-lineage cells in the ascidian embryo. Two cis-regulatory modules are shown to be important for the photoreceptor-lineage expression of Rx. The cell division patterns of the photoreceptor-lineage cells rationally explain the generation of the cup-shaped structure of the pigmented ocellus. The present findings demonstrate the complete cell lineage of the ocellus photoreceptor cells and provide a framework elucidating the molecular and cellular mechanisms of photoreceptor development in Ciona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouhei Oonuma
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan.
| | - Takehiro G Kusakabe
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology and Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan.
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50
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Byrnes KG, McDermott K, Coffey JC. Development of mesenteric tissues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 92:55-62. [PMID: 30347243 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesothelial, neurovascular, lymphatic, adipose and mesenchymal tissues make up the mesentery. These tissues are pathobiologically important for numerous reasons. Collectively, they form a continuous, discrete and substantive organ. Additionally, they maintain abdominal digestive organs in position and in continuity with other systems. Furthermore, as they occupy a central position, they mediate transmission of signals between the abdominal digestive system and the remainder of the body. Despite this physiologic centrality, mesenteric tissue development has received little investigatory focus. However, recent advances in our understanding of anatomy demonstrate continuity between all mesenteric tissues, thereby linking previously unrelated studies. In this review, we examine the development of mesenteric tissue in normality and in the setting of congenital abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Gerard Byrnes
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran McDermott
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John Calvin Coffey
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (4i), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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