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Vincent A, Krishnakumar S, Parameswaran S. Heterozygous RB1 mutation enhanced ATP production in human iPSC-derived retinal organoids. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:606. [PMID: 38704498 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent in vitro studies using RB1+/- fibroblasts and MSCs have shown molecular and functional disruptions without the need for biallelic loss of RB1. However, this was not reflected in the recent in vitro studies employing RB1+/- retinal organoids. To gain further insights into the molecular disruptions in the RB1+/- retinal organoids, we performed a high throughput RNA sequencing analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS iPSCs were generated from RB1+/+ and RB1+/- OAMSCs derived from retinoblastoma patients. RB1+/+ and RB1+/- iPSCs were subjected to a step-wise retinal differentiation protocol. Retinal differentiation was evaluated by Real-time PCR and flow cytometry analysis of the retinal markers. To gain further insights into the molecular differences in RB1+/- retinal organoids, a high throughput RNA sequencing followed by differential gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. The analysis revealed a shift from the regular metabolic process of glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in the RB1+/- retinal organoids. To investigate further, we performed assays to determine the levels of pyruvate, lactate and ATP in the retinal organoids. The results revealed significant increase in ATP and pyruvate levels in RB1+/- retinal organoids of day 120 compared to that of the RB1+/+. The results thus revealed enhanced ATP production in the RB1+/- retinal organoids. CONCLUSION The study provides novel insights into the metabolic phenotype of heterozygous RB1 mutant suggesting dysregulation of energy metabolism and glycolytic pathways to be first step even before the changes in cellular proliferation or other phenotypic consequences ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Vincent
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, 41, College Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-Be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, 41, College Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, 41, College Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
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2
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Shen AL, Moran SM, Glover EN, Lin BC, Carney PR, Bradfield CA. Familial isolated pituitary adenoma is independent of Ahr genotype in a novel mouse model of disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28231. [PMID: 38590848 PMCID: PMC10999881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Human familial isolated pituitary adenoma (FIPA) has been linked to germline heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP, also known as ARA9, XAP2, FKBP16, or FKBP37). To investigate the hypothesis that AIP is a pituitary adenoma tumor suppressor via its role in aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling, we have compared the pituitary phenotype of our global null Aip (AipΔC) mouse model with that of a conditional null Aip model (Aipfx/fx) carrying the same deletion, as well as pituitary phenotypes of Ahr global null and Arnt conditional null animals. We demonstrate that germline AipΔC heterozygosity results in a high incidence of pituitary tumors in both sexes, primarily somatotropinomas, at 16 months of age. Biallelic deletion of Aip in Pit-1 cells (Aipfx/fx:rGHRHRcre) increased pituitary tumor incidence and also accelerated tumor progression, supporting a loss-of-function/loss-of-heterozygosity model of tumorigenesis. Tumor development exhibited sexual dimorphism in wildtype and Aipfx/fx:rGHRHRcre animals. Despite the role of AHR as a tumor suppressor in other cancers, the observation that animals lacking AHR in all tissues, or ARNT in Pit-1 cells, do not develop somatotropinomas argues against the hypothesis that pituitary tumorigenesis in AIP-associated FIPA is related to decreased activities of either the Ahr or Arnt gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Shen
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Susan M. Moran
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Edward N. Glover
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Bernice C. Lin
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Current address, Lin-Zhi International, 2945, Oakmead Village Court, Santa Clara, CA, 95051, United States
| | - Patrick R. Carney
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Christopher A. Bradfield
- The McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
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3
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Dinh KN, Vázquez-García I, Chan A, Malhotra R, Weiner A, McPherson AW, Tavaré S. CINner: modeling and simulation of chromosomal instability in cancer at single-cell resolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587939. [PMID: 38617259 PMCID: PMC11014621 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Cancer development is characterized by chromosomal instability, manifesting in frequent occurrences of different genomic alteration mechanisms ranging in extent and impact. Mathematical modeling can help evaluate the role of each mutational process during tumor progression, however existing frameworks can only capture certain aspects of chromosomal instability (CIN). We present CINner, a mathematical framework for modeling genomic diversity and selection during tumor evolution. The main advantage of CINner is its flexibility to incorporate many genomic events that directly impact cellular fitness, from driver gene mutations to copy number alterations (CNAs), including focal amplifications and deletions, missegregations and whole-genome duplication (WGD). We apply CINner to find chromosome-arm selection parameters that drive tumorigenesis in the absence of WGD in chromosomally stable cancer types. We found that the selection parameters predict WGD prevalence among different chromosomally unstable tumors, hinting that the selective advantage of WGD cells hinges on their tolerance for aneuploidy and escape from nullisomy. Direct application of CINner to model the WGD proportion and fraction of genome altered (FGA) further uncovers the increase in CNA probabilities associated with WGD in each cancer type. CINner can also be utilized to study chromosomally stable cancer types, by applying a selection model based on driver gene mutations and focal amplifications or deletions. Finally, we used CINner to analyze the impact of CNA probabilities, chromosome selection parameters, tumor growth dynamics and population size on cancer fitness and heterogeneity. We expect that CINner will provide a powerful modeling tool for the oncology community to quantify the impact of newly uncovered genomic alteration mechanisms on shaping tumor progression and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh N. Dinh
- Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ignacio Vázquez-García
- Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Chan
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Rhea Malhotra
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Adam Weiner
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew W. McPherson
- Computational Oncology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Tavaré
- Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Timmaraju VA, Finkelstein SD, Levine JA. Analytical Validation of Loss of Heterozygosity and Mutation Detection in Pancreatic Fine-Needle Aspirates by Capillary Electrophoresis and Sanger Sequencing. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:514. [PMID: 38472986 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cystic disease, including duct dilation, represents precursor states towards the development of pancreatic cancer, a form of malignancy with relatively low incidence but high mortality. While most of these cysts (>85%) are benign, the remainder can progress over time, leading to malignant transformation, invasion, and metastasis. Cytologic diagnosis is challenging, limited by the paucity or complete absence of cells representative of cystic lesions and fibrosis. Molecular analysis of fluids collected from endoscopic-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic cysts and dilated duct lesions can be used to evaluate the risk of progression to malignancy. The basis for the enhanced diagnostic utility of molecular approaches is the ability to interrogate cell-free nucleic acid of the cyst/duct and/or extracellular fluid. The allelic imbalances at tumor suppressor loci and the selective oncogenic drivers are used clinically to help differentiate benign stable pancreatic cysts from those progressing toward high-grade dysplasia. Methods are discussed and used to determine the efficacy for diagnostic implementation. Here, we report the analytical validation of methods to detect causally associated molecular changes integral to the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer from pancreatic cyst fluids.
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5
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Martinez TC, McNerney ME. Haploinsufficient Transcription Factors in Myeloid Neoplasms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:571-598. [PMID: 37906947 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-051222-013421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Many transcription factors (TFs) function as tumor suppressor genes with heterozygous phenotypes, yet haploinsufficiency generally has an underappreciated role in neoplasia. This is no less true in myeloid cells, which are normally regulated by a delicately balanced and interconnected transcriptional network. Detailed understanding of TF dose in this circuitry sheds light on the leukemic transcriptome. In this review, we discuss the emerging features of haploinsufficient transcription factors (HITFs). We posit that: (a) monoallelic and biallelic losses can have distinct cellular outcomes; (b) the activity of a TF exists in a greater range than the traditional Mendelian genetic doses; and (c) how a TF is deleted or mutated impacts the cellular phenotype. The net effect of a HITF is a myeloid differentiation block and increased intercellular heterogeneity in the course of myeloid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanner C Martinez
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
- Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Megan E McNerney
- Department of Pathology, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago Medicine Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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Harrer DC, Lüke F, Pukrop T, Ghibelli L, Gerner C, Reichle A, Heudobler D. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα/γ agonist pioglitazone for rescuing relapsed or refractory neoplasias by unlocking phenotypic plasticity. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1289222. [PMID: 38273846 PMCID: PMC10808445 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1289222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of seven clinical trials on relapsed or refractory (r/r) metastatic neoplasias followed the question: Are networks of ligand-receptor cross-talks that support tumor-specific cancer hallmarks, druggable with tumor tissue editing approaches therapeutically exploiting tumor plasticity? Differential recombinations of pioglitazone, a dual peroxisome-proliferator activated receptorα/γ (PPARα/γ) agonist, with transcriptional modulators, i.e., all-trans retinoic acid, interferon-α, or dexamethasone plus metronomic low-dose chemotherapy (MCT) or epigenetic modeling with azacitidine plus/minus cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition initiated tumor-specific reprogramming of cancer hallmarks, as exemplified by inflammation control in r/r melanoma, renal clear cell carcinoma (RCCC), Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (mLCH) or differentiation induction in non-promyelocytic acute myeloid leukemia (non-PML AML). Pioglitazone, integrated in differentially designed editing schedules, facilitated induction of tumor cell death as indicated by complete remission (CR) in r/r non-PML AML, continuous CR in r/r RCCC, mLCH, and in HL by addition of everolimus, or long-term disease control in melanoma by efficaciously controlling metastasis, post-therapy cancer repopulation and acquired cell-resistance and genetic/molecular-genetic tumor cell heterogeneity (M-CRAC). PPARα/γ agonists provided tumor-type agnostic biomodulatory efficacy across different histologic neoplasias. Tissue editing techniques disclose that wide-ranging functions of PPARα/γ agonists may be on-topic focused for differentially unlocking tumor phenotypes. Low-dose MCT facilitates targeted reprogramming of cancer hallmarks with transcriptional modulators, induction of tumor cell death, M-CRAC control and editing of non-oncogene addiction. Thus, pioglitazone, integrated in tumor tissue editing protocols, is an important biomodulatory drug for addressing urgent therapeutic problems, such as M-CRAC in relapsed or refractory tumor disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christoph Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Florian Lüke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Heudobler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Minello A, Carreira A. BRCA1/2 Haploinsufficiency: Exploring the Impact of Losing one Allele. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168277. [PMID: 37714298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 20th century, significant progress has been made in elucidating the functions of the tumor suppressor proteins BRCA1 and BRCA2. These proteins play vital roles in maintaining genome integrity, including DNA repair, replication fork protection, and chromosome maintenance. It is well-established that germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer; however, the precise mechanism underlying tumor formation in this context is not fully understood. Contrary to the long-standing belief that the loss of the second wild-type allele is necessary for tumor development, a growing body of evidence suggests that tumorigenesis can occur despite the presence of a single functional allele. This entails that heterozygosity in BRCA1/2 confers haploinsufficiency, where a single copy of the gene is not sufficient to fully suppress tumor formation. Here we provide an overview of the findings and the ongoing debate regarding BRCA haploinsufficiency. We further put out the challenges in studying this topic and discuss its potential relevance in the prevention and treatment of BRCA-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aura Carreira
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Genome Instability and Cancer Predisposition Lab, Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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8
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Harrer DC, Lüke F, Pukrop T, Ghibelli L, Reichle A, Heudobler D. Addressing Genetic Tumor Heterogeneity, Post-Therapy Metastatic Spread, Cancer Repopulation, and Development of Acquired Tumor Cell Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 16:180. [PMID: 38201607 PMCID: PMC10778239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of post-therapy metastatic spread, cancer repopulation and acquired tumor cell resistance (M-CRAC) rationalizes tumor progression because of tumor cell heterogeneity arising from post-therapy genetic damage and subsequent tissue repair mechanisms. Therapeutic strategies designed to specifically address M-CRAC involve tissue editing approaches, such as low-dose metronomic chemotherapy and the use of transcriptional modulators with or without targeted therapies. Notably, tumor tissue editing holds the potential to treat patients, who are refractory to or relapsing (r/r) after conventional chemotherapy, which is usually based on administering a maximum tolerable dose of a cytostatic drugs. Clinical trials enrolling patients with r/r malignancies, e.g., non-small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis and acute myelocytic leukemia, indicate that tissue editing approaches could yield tangible clinical benefit. In contrast to conventional chemotherapy or state-of-the-art precision medicine, tissue editing employs a multi-pronged approach targeting important drivers of M-CRAC across various tumor entities, thereby, simultaneously engaging tumor cell differentiation, immunomodulation, and inflammation control. In this review, we highlight the M-CRAC concept as a major factor in resistance to conventional cancer therapies and discusses tissue editing as a potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Christoph Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.C.H.); (F.L.); (T.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Florian Lüke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.C.H.); (F.L.); (T.P.); (D.H.)
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.C.H.); (F.L.); (T.P.); (D.H.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.C.H.); (F.L.); (T.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Heudobler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (D.C.H.); (F.L.); (T.P.); (D.H.)
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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De Sousa SMC, Shen A, Yates CJ, Clifton-Bligh R, Santoreneos S, King J, Toubia J, Trivellin G, Lania AG, Stratakis CA, Torpy DJ, Scott HS. PAM variants in patients with thyrotrophinomas, cyclical Cushing's disease and prolactinomas. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1305606. [PMID: 38075079 PMCID: PMC10710132 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1305606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Germline loss-of-function variants in PAM, encoding peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM), were recently discovered to be enriched in conditions of pathological pituitary hypersecretion, specifically: somatotrophinoma, corticotrophinoma, and prolactinoma. PAM is the sole enzyme responsible for C-terminal amidation of peptides, and plays a role in the biosynthesis and regulation of multiple hormones, including proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Methods We performed exome sequencing of germline and tumour DNA from 29 individuals with functioning pituitary adenomas (12 prolactinomas, 10 thyrotrophinomas, 7 cyclical Cushing's disease). An unfiltered analysis was undertaken of all PAM variants with population prevalence <5%. Results We identified five coding, non-synonymous PAM variants of interest amongst seven individuals (six germline, one somatic). The five variants comprised four missense variants and one truncating variant, all heterozygous. Each variant had some evidence of pathogenicity based on population prevalence, conservation scores, in silico predictions and/or prior functional studies. The yield of predicted deleterious PAM variants was thus 7/29 (24%). The variants predominated in individuals with thyrotrophinomas (4/10, 40%) and cyclical Cushing's disease (2/7, 29%), compared to prolactinomas (1/12, 8%). Conclusion This is the second study to demonstrate a high yield of suspected loss-of-function, predominantly germline, PAM variants in individuals with pathological pituitary hypersecretion. We have extended the association with corticotrophinoma to include the specific clinical entity of cyclical Cushing's disease and demonstrated a novel association between PAM variants and thyrotrophinoma. PAM variants might act as risk alleles for pituitary adenoma formation, with a possible genotype-phenotype relationship between truncating variants and altered temporal secretion of cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita M. C. De Sousa
- Endocrine & Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- South Australian Adult Genetics Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Angeline Shen
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Yates
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen Santoreneos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - James King
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Giampaolo Trivellin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea G. Lania
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
- Human Genetics and Precision Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Research Institute, ELPEN, Athens, Greece
| | - David J. Torpy
- Endocrine & Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hamish S. Scott
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology, Centre for Cancer Biology, An SA Pathology and University of South Australia Alliance, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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10
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Gutkind JS, Faraji F, Ramirez S, Clubb L, Sato K, Quiroz PA, Galloway W, Mikulski Z, Hoang T, Medetgul-Ernar K, Marangoni P, Jones K, Officer A, Molinolo A, Kim K, Sakaguchi K, Califano J, Smith Q, Klein O, Tamayo P. YAP-Driven Malignant Reprogramming of Epithelial Stem Cells at Single Cell Resolution. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3426301. [PMID: 37961717 PMCID: PMC10635308 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3426301/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiation represents the first step in tumorigenesis during which normal progenitor cells undergo cell fate transition to cancer. Capturing this process as it occurs in vivo, however, remains elusive. Here we employ cell tracing approaches with spatiotemporally controlled oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inhibition to unveil the processes underlying oral epithelial progenitor cell reprogramming into cancer stem cells (CSCs) at single cell resolution. This revealed the rapid emergence of a distinct stem-like cell state, defined by aberrant proliferative, hypoxic, squamous differentiation, and partial epithelial to mesenchymal (pEMT) invasive gene programs. Interestingly, CSCs harbor limited cell autonomous invasive capacity, but instead recruit myeloid cells to remodel the basement membrane and ultimately initiate tumor invasion. CSC transcriptional programs are conserved in human carcinomas and associated with poor patient survival. These findings illuminate the process of cancer initiation at single cell resolution, thus identifying candidate targets for early cancer detection and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farhoud Faraji
- University of California San Diego Health Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Moores Cancer Center
| | | | - Lauren Clubb
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | - Kuniaki Sato
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | | | - William Galloway
- University of California Irvine Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
| | | | - Thomas Hoang
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | | | - Pauline Marangoni
- Craniofacial Biology and Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kyle Jones
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF)
| | - Adam Officer
- University of California San Diego Health Moores Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Quinton Smith
- University of California Irvine Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
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Takayama T, Muguruma N, Igarashi M, Ohsumi S, Oka S, Kakuta F, Kubo Y, Kumagai H, Sasaki M, Sugai T, Sugano K, Takeda Y, Doyama H, Banno K, Fukahori S, Furukawa Y, Horimatsu T, Ishikawa H, Iwama T, Okazaki Y, Saito Y, Matsuura N, Mutoh M, Tomita N, Akiyama T, Yamamoto T, Ishida H, Nakayama Y. Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Cowden Syndrome/PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome in Children and Adults-Secondary Publication. J Anus Rectum Colon 2023; 7:284-300. [PMID: 37900693 PMCID: PMC10600266 DOI: 10.23922/jarc.2023-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cowden syndrome (CS)/PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited condition caused by germline pathogenesis. It is associated with multiple hamartomatous lesions occurring in various organs and tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, skin, mucous membranes, breast, thyroid, endometrium, and brain. Macrocephaly or multiple characteristic mucocutaneous lesions commonly develop in individuals in their 20s. This syndrome is occasionally diagnosed in childhood due to the occurrence of multiple gastrointestinal polyps, autism spectrum disorders, and intellectual disability. CS/PHTS can be diagnosed taking the opportunity of multigene panel testing in patients with cancer. Appropriate surveillance for early diagnosis of associated cancers is required because patients have a high risk of cancers including breast, thyroid, colorectal, endometrial, and renal cancers. Under these circumstances, there is growing concern regarding the management of CS/PHTS in Japan, but there are no available practice guidelines. To address this situation, the guideline committee, which included specialists from multiple academic societies, was organized by the Research Group on Rare and Intractable Diseases granted by the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan. The present clinical guidelines explain the principles in the diagnosis and management of CS/PHTS, together with four clinical questions and the corresponding recommendations, incorporating the concept of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Herein, we present an English version of the guideline, some of which have been updated, to promote seamless implementation of accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of pediatric, adolescent, and adult patients with CS/PHTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Igarashi
- Department of Lower GI Medicine, Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shozo Ohsumi
- Department of Breast Oncology, NHO Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Shiro Oka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Kakuta
- Division of General Pediatrics and Gastroenterology, Miyagi Children's Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Kumagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mika Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, National Hospital Organization Morioka Medical Center, Morioka, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sugai
- Department of Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Kokichi Sugano
- Oncogene Res Unit, Cancer Prevention Unit Tochigi Cancer Center Research Institute, Cancer Prevention, Genetic Counseling Clinic, Genome Center, Tochigi Cancer Center, Utsunomiya, Japan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Sasaki Foundation, Kyoundo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeda
- Faculty of Nursing and Medical Care, Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Doyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouji Banno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Fukahori
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoichi Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Genome Research, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horimatsu
- Department of Real World Data Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Ishikawa Gastroenterology Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeo Iwama
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Intractable Disease Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Saito
- Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naohiro Tomita
- Cancer Treatment Center, Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Takashi Akiyama
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chuden Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Ishida
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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12
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Travis G, McGowan EM, Simpson AM, Marsh DJ, Nassif NT. PTEN, PTENP1, microRNAs, and ceRNA Networks: Precision Targeting in Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4954. [PMID: 37894321 PMCID: PMC10605164 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15204954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a well characterised tumour suppressor, playing a critical role in the maintenance of fundamental cellular processes including cell proliferation, migration, metabolism, and survival. Subtle decreases in cellular levels of PTEN result in the development and progression of cancer, hence there is tight regulation of the expression, activity, and cellular half-life of PTEN at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. PTENP1, the processed pseudogene of PTEN, is an important transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulator of PTEN. PTENP1 expression produces sense and antisense transcripts modulating PTEN expression, in conjunction with miRNAs. Due to the high sequence similarity between PTEN and the PTENP1 sense transcript, the transcripts possess common miRNA binding sites with the potential for PTENP1 to compete for the binding, or 'sponging', of miRNAs that would otherwise target the PTEN transcript. PTENP1 therefore acts as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA), competing with PTEN for the binding of specific miRNAs to alter the abundance of PTEN. Transcription from the antisense strand produces two functionally independent isoforms (PTENP1-AS-α and PTENP1-AS-β), which can regulate PTEN transcription. In this review, we provide an overview of the post-transcriptional regulation of PTEN through interaction with its pseudogene, the cellular miRNA milieu and operation of the ceRNA network. Furthermore, its importance in maintaining cellular integrity and how disruption of this PTEN-miRNA-PTENP1 axis may lead to cancer but also provide novel therapeutic opportunities, is discussed. Precision targeting of PTENP1-miRNA mediated regulation of PTEN may present as a viable alternative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glena Travis
- Cancer Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (G.T.); (E.M.M.)
| | - Eileen M. McGowan
- Cancer Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (G.T.); (E.M.M.)
- Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ann M. Simpson
- Gene Therapy and Translational Molecular Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Deborah J. Marsh
- Translational Oncology Group, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Najah T. Nassif
- Cancer Biology, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; (G.T.); (E.M.M.)
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13
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Anuj A, Reuven N, Roberts SGE, Elson A. BASP1 down-regulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113758. [PMID: 37619639 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine RANKL (Receptor Activator of NFκB Ligand) is the key driver of differentiation of monocytes/macrophages to form multi-nucleated, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, a process that is accompanied by significant changes in gene expression. We show that exposure to RANKL rapidly down-regulates expression of Brain Acid Soluble Protein 1 (BASP1) in cultured primary mouse bone marrow macrophages (BMMs), and that this reduced expression is causally linked to the osteoclastogenic process in vitro. Knocking down BASP1 expression in BMMs or eliminating its expression in these cells or in RAW 264.7 cells enhanced RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, promoted cell-cell fusion, and generated cultures containing larger osteoclasts with increased mineral degrading abilities relative to controls. Expression of exogenous BASP1 in BMMs undergoing osteoclastogenic differentiation produced the opposite effects. Upon exposure to RANKL, primary mouse BMMs in which BASP1 had been knocked down exhibited increased expression of the key osteoclastogenic transcription factor Nfatc1and of its downstream target genes Dc-stamp, Ctsk, Itgb3, and Mmp9 relative to controls. The knock-down cells also exhibited increased sensitivity to the pro-osteoclastogenic effects of RANKL. We conclude that BASP1 is a negative regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, which down-regulates the pro-osteoclastogenic gene expression pattern induced by this cytokine. Decreased expression of BASP1 upon exposure of BMMs to RANKL removes a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis and promotes this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Anuj
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nina Reuven
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Stefan G E Roberts
- School of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Elson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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14
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Faraji F, Ramirez SI, Clubb LM, Sato K, Quiroz PYA, Galloway WMG, Mikulski Z, Hoang TS, Medetgul-Ernar K, Marangoni P, Jones KB, Officer A, Molinolo AA, Kim K, Sakaguchi K, Califano JA, Smith Q, Klein OD, Tamayo P, Gutkind JS. Direct reprogramming of oral epithelial progenitor cells to cancer stem cells at single cell resolution in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.550427. [PMID: 37546810 PMCID: PMC10402053 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.550427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiation represents the initial step in tumorigenesis during which normal progenitor cells undergo cell fate transition to cancer. Most studies investigating cancer-driving mechanisms in solid tumors rely on analyses of established malignant lesions, and thus cannot directly capture processes underlying the reprogramming of normal progenitor cells into cancer cells. Here, using spatiotemporally controlled oncogene expression in a genetically engineered system we demonstrate that concomitant YAP activation and HPV E6-E7 -mediated inhibition of tumor suppressive pathways is sufficient to rapidly reprogram oral epithelial progenitor cells (OEPCs) into cancer stem cells (CSCs). Single cell analyses of these nascent CSCs revealed hallmark transcriptional programs driving tumor initiation. Importantly, these CSC-enriched expression signatures distinguish normal tissue from malignant head and neck tumors and are associated with poor patient survival. Elucidating mechanisms underlying OEPC to CSC reprogramming may offer new insights to halt the conversion of premalignant cells into invasive carcinoma. HIGHLIGHTS YAP and HPV E6-E7 reprogram oral epithelial progenitor cells into cancer stem cells. Single cell analyses reveal the transcriptional architecture of tumor initiation.CSC transcriptional programs distinguish normal tissue from carcinoma.CSC signatures are associated with poor head and neck cancer survival. Abstract Figure
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15
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Rigolin GM, Olimpieri PP, Summa V, Celant S, Scarfò L, Tognolo L, Ballardini MP, Urso A, Sessa M, Gambara S, Cura F, Fortini M, Ghia P, Cuneo A, Russo P. Outcomes in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and TP53 aberration who received first-line ibrutinib: a nationwide registry study from the Italian Medicines Agency. Blood Cancer J 2023; 13:99. [PMID: 37380630 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-023-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this analysis we describe the effectiveness of first-line ibrutinib in 747 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and TP53 aberrations in a nationwide study with a 100% capture of patients who received the study drug. Median age was 71 years (range 32-95). An estimated treatment persistence rate of 63.4% (95% CI 60.0%-67.0%) and survival rate of 82.6% (95% CI 79.9-85.4%) were recorded at 24 months. Disease progression or death were the reasons for discontinuation in 182/397 patients (45.8%). A higher risk of treatment discontinuation was found to be associated with age, ECOG-PS and pre-existing heart disease, whereas ECOG ≥ 1, age ≥ 70 years and male sex were associated with an increased risk of death. Median post-progression overall survival (OS) was 12.2 months (95% CI 9.2-22.0). Post-discontinuation median OS in patients who discontinued ibrutinib for other reasons was not reached (95% CI 42.3 months - NA). Ibrutinib was an effective first-line treatment for CLL and TP53 aberrations in patients treated at large academic centers and community practice hospitals. Clinical characteristics at baseline may influence the effectiveness of ibrutinib, whereas the experience of prescribing centers and multi-hit or single-hit TP53 aberrations had no impact on outcome in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Matteo Rigolin
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lydia Scarfò
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Tognolo
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Ballardini
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Urso
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Sessa
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Gambara
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Cura
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Fortini
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele and IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Cuneo
- Hematology unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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16
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Griger J, Widholz SA, Jesinghaus M, de Andrade Krätzig N, Lange S, Engleitner T, Montero JJ, Zhigalova E, Öllinger R, Suresh V, Winkler W, Lier S, Baranov O, Trozzo R, Ben Khaled N, Chakraborty S, Yu J, Konukiewitz B, Steiger K, Pfarr N, Rajput A, Sailer D, Keller G, Schirmacher P, Röcken C, Fagerstedt KW, Mayerle J, Schmidt-Supprian M, Schneider G, Weichert W, Calado DP, Sommermann T, Klöppel G, Rajewsky K, Saur D, Rad R. An integrated cellular and molecular model of gastric neuroendocrine cancer evolution highlights therapeutic targets. Cancer Cell 2023:S1535-6108(23)00208-8. [PMID: 37352862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric neuroendocrine carcinomas (G-NEC) are aggressive malignancies with poorly understood biology and a lack of disease models. Here, we use genome sequencing to characterize the genomic landscapes of human G-NEC and its histologic variants. We identify global and subtype-specific alterations and expose hitherto unappreciated gains of MYC family members in a large part of cases. Genetic engineering and lineage tracing in mice delineate a model of G-NEC evolution, which defines MYC as a critical driver and positions the cancer cell of origin to the neuroendocrine compartment. MYC-driven tumors have pronounced metastatic competence and display defined signaling addictions, as revealed by large-scale genetic and pharmacologic screening of cell lines and organoid resources. We create global maps of G-NEC dependencies, highlight critical vulnerabilities, and validate therapeutic targets, including candidates for clinical drug repurposing. Our study gives comprehensive insights into G-NEC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Griger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Widholz
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg and University Hospital Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany; Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lange
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan José Montero
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Zhigalova
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Veveeyan Suresh
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wiebke Winkler
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Svenja Lier
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Baranov
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Trozzo
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shounak Chakraborty
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Jiakun Yu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Konukiewitz
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - David Sailer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gisela Keller
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | | | - Julia Mayerle
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany; Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Thomas Sommermann
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Günter Klöppel
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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17
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van Ree JH, Jeganathan KB, Fierro Velasco RO, Zhang C, Can I, Hamada M, Li H, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM. Hyperphosphorylated PTEN exerts oncogenic properties. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2983. [PMID: 37225693 PMCID: PMC10209192 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38740-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN is a multifaceted tumor suppressor that is highly sensitive to alterations in expression or function. The PTEN C-tail domain, which is rich in phosphorylation sites, has been implicated in PTEN stability, localization, catalytic activity, and protein interactions, but its role in tumorigenesis remains unclear. To address this, we utilized several mouse strains with nonlethal C-tail mutations. Mice homozygous for a deletion that includes S370, S380, T382 and T383 contain low PTEN levels and hyperactive AKT but are not tumor prone. Analysis of mice containing nonphosphorylatable or phosphomimetic versions of S380, a residue hyperphosphorylated in human gastric cancers, reveal that PTEN stability and ability to inhibit PI3K-AKT depends on dynamic phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of this residue. While phosphomimetic S380 drives neoplastic growth in prostate by promoting nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, nonphosphorylatable S380 is not tumorigenic. These data suggest that C-tail hyperphosphorylation creates oncogenic PTEN and is a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine H van Ree
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Karthik B Jeganathan
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ismail Can
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Masakazu Hamada
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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18
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Vibert R, Le Gall J, Buecher B, Mouret-Fourme E, Bataillon G, Becette V, Trabelsi-Grati O, Moncoutier V, Dehainault C, Carriere J, Schwartz M, Suybeng V, Bieche I, Colas C, Vincent-Salomon A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Golmard L. APC germline pathogenic variants and epithelial ovarian cancer: causal or coincidental findings? J Med Genet 2023; 60:460-463. [PMID: 36270768 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
APC germline pathogenic variants result in predisposition to familial adenomatous polyposis and extraintestinal tumours such as desmoid fibromatosis, medulloblastomas and thyroid cancers. They have also been recently involved in ovarian microcystic stromal tumours. APC inactivation has been described at the tumour level in epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs). Here, we report the identification of APC germline pathogenic variants in two patients diagnosed with premenopausal EOC in early 30s, with no other pathogenic variant detected in the known ovarian cancer predisposing genes. Subsequent tumour analysis showed neither a second hit of APC inactivation nor β-catenin activation. Both tumours did not have a homologous recombination (HR) deficiency, pointing towards the implication of other genes than those involved in HR. APC may contribute to the carcinogenesis of EOC in a multifactorial context. Further studies are required to clarify the role of APC in predisposition to EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Vibert
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Le Gall
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Bruno Buecher
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Guillaume Bataillon
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Becette
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Olfa Trabelsi-Grati
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Moncoutier
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Dehainault
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Carriere
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Schwartz
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Voreak Suybeng
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Bieche
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Chrystelle Colas
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, Île-de-France, France
- INSERM U830, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Golmard
- Department of Genetics, Institut Curie, Paris, France
- PSL Research University, Paris, France
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19
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Sivakumar S, Jin DX, Rathod R, Ross J, Cantley LC, Scaltriti M, Chen JW, Hutchinson KE, Wilson TR, Sokol ES, Vasan N. Genetic Heterogeneity and Tissue-specific Patterns of Tumors with Multiple PIK3CA Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1125-1136. [PMID: 36595567 PMCID: PMC10011881 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To comprehensively characterize tissue-specific and molecular subclasses of multiple PIK3CA (multi-PIK3CA) mutations and assess their impact on potential therapeutic outcomes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We profiled a pan-cancer cohort comprised of 352,392 samples across 66 tumor types using a targeted hybrid capture-based next-generation sequencing panel covering at least 324 cancer-related genes. Molecularly defined subgroups, allelic configuration, clonality, and mutational signatures were identified and tested for association with PI3K inhibitor therapeutic response. RESULTS Multi-PIK3CA mutations are found in 11% of all PIK3CA-mutant tumors, including 9% of low tumor mutational burden (TMB) PIK3CA-mutant tumors, and are enriched in breast and gynecologic cancers. Multi-PIK3CA mutations are frequently clonal and in cis on the same allele and occur at characteristic positions across tumor types. These mutations tend to be mutually exclusive of mutations in other driver genes, and of genes in the PI3K pathway. Among PIK3CA-mutant tumors with a high TMB, 18% are multi-PIK3CA mutant and often harbor an apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) mutational signature. Despite large differences in specific allele combinations comprising multi-PIK3CA mutant tumors, especially across cancer types, patients with different classes of multi-PIK3CA mutant estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancers respond similarly to PI3K inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our pan-tumor study provides biological insights into the genetic heterogeneity and tissue specificities of multi-PIK3CA mutations, with potential clinical utility to guide PI3K inhibition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ruchita Rathod
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jeffrey Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Departments of Pathology and Urology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | | | | | - Jessica W Chen
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Timothy R Wilson
- Oncology Biomarker Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Neil Vasan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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20
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Fischer A, Lersch R, de Andrade Krätzig N, Strong A, Friedrich MJ, Weber J, Engleitner T, Öllinger R, Yen HY, Kohlhofer U, Gonzalez-Menendez I, Sailer D, Kogan L, Lahnalampi M, Laukkanen S, Kaltenbacher T, Klement C, Rezaei M, Ammon T, Montero JJ, Schneider G, Mayerle J, Heikenwälder M, Schmidt-Supprian M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Steiger K, Liu P, Cadiñanos J, Vassiliou GS, Saur D, Lohi O, Heinäniemi M, Conte N, Bradley A, Rad L, Rad R. In vivo interrogation of regulatory genomes reveals extensive quasi-insufficiency in cancer evolution. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100276. [PMID: 36950387 PMCID: PMC10025556 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mono- or biallelic loss of tumor-suppressor function, effects of discrete gene dysregulations, as caused by non-coding (epi)genome alterations, are poorly understood. Here, by perturbing the regulatory genome in mice, we uncover pervasive roles of subtle gene expression variation in cancer evolution. Genome-wide screens characterizing 1,450 tumors revealed that such quasi-insufficiency is extensive across entities and displays diverse context dependencies, such as distinct cell-of-origin associations in T-ALL subtypes. We compile catalogs of non-coding regions linked to quasi-insufficiency, show their enrichment with human cancer risk variants, and provide functional insights by engineering regulatory alterations in mice. As such, kilo-/megabase deletions in a Bcl11b-linked non-coding region triggered aggressive malignancies, with allele-specific tumor spectra reflecting gradual gene dysregulations through modular and cell-type-specific enhancer activities. Our study constitutes a first survey toward a systems-level understanding of quasi-insufficiency in cancer and gives multifaceted insights into tumor evolution and the tissue-specific effects of non-coding mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Lersch
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Strong
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mathias J. Friedrich
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Weber
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hsi-Yu Yen
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Kohlhofer
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Irene Gonzalez-Menendez
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Sailer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Liz Kogan
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mari Lahnalampi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Saara Laukkanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Thorsten Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Klement
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Majdaddin Rezaei
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Tim Ammon
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J. Montero
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Leticia Quintanilla-Martinez
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Pentao Liu
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Consortium, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Cadiñanos
- Instituto de Medicina Oncológica y Molecular de Asturias (IMOMA), 33193 Oviedo, Spain
| | - George S. Vassiliou
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Olli Lohi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research and Tays Cancer Center, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nathalie Conte
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Lena Rad
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
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21
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Bii VM, Rudoy D, Klezovitch O, Vasioukhin V. Lethal giant larvae gene family ( Llgl1 and Llgl2 ) functions as a tumor suppressor in mouse skin epidermis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531408. [PMID: 36945368 PMCID: PMC10028895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and tissue disorganization occurs in majority of epithelial cancers. Studies in simple model organisms identified molecular mechanisms responsible for the establishment and maintenance of cellular polarity, which play a pivotal role in establishing proper tissue architecture. The exact role of these cell polarity pathways in mammalian cancer is not completely understood. Here we analyzed the mammalian orthologs of drosophila apical-basal polarity gene lethal giant larvae ( lgl ), which regulates asymmetric stem cell division and functions as a tumor suppressor in flies. There are two mammalian orthologs of lgl ( Llgl1 and Llgl2 ). To determine the role of the entire lgl signaling pathway in mammals we generated mice with ablation of both Llgl1 and Llgl2 in skin epidermis using K14-Cre ( Llgl1/2 -/- cKO mice). Surprisingly, we found that ablation of Llgl1/2 genes does not impact epidermal polarity in adult mice. However, old Llgl1/2 cKO mice present with focal skin lesions which are missing epidermal layer and ripe with inflammation. To determine the role of lgl signaling pathway in cancer we generated Trp53 -/- /Llgl1/2 -/- cKO and Trp53 -/+ /Llgl1/2 -/- cKO mice. Loss of Llgl1/2 promoted squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in Trp53 -/- cKO and caused SCC in Trp53 -/+ cKO mice, while no cancer was observed in Trp53 -/+ cKO controls. Mechanistically, we show that ablation of Llgl1/2 causes activation of aPKC and upregulation of NF-kB signaling pathway, which may be necessary for SCC in Trp53 -/+ /Llgl1/2 -/- cKO mice. We conclude that Lgl signaling pathway functions as a tumor suppressor in mammalian skin epidermis.
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22
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Elahi AH, Morales CS, Xu XL, Eliades A, Patsalis PC, Abramson DH, Jhanwar SC. `Targeted pharmacologic inhibition of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) mediated cell cycle regulation in lung and other RB-Related cancers: A brief review of current status and future prospects. Adv Biol Regul 2023; 88:100964. [PMID: 37004354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2023.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) often exhibits Rb deficiency, TRβ and p130 deletion, and SKP2 amplification, suggesting TRβ inactivation and SKP2 activation. It is reported that SKP2 targeted therapy is effective in some cancers in vitro and in vivo, but it is not reported for the treatment of SCLC and retinoblastoma. SKP2 is the synthetic lethal gene in SCLC and retinoblastoma, so SKP2 can be used for targeted therapy in SCLC and retinoblastoma. RB1 knockout mice develop several kinds of tumors, but Rb1 and SKP2 double knockout mice are healthy, suggesting that SKP2 targeted therapy may have significant effects on Rb deficient cancers with less side effects, and if successful in SCLC and retinoblastoma in vitro and in animal model, such compounds may be promising for the clinical treatment of SCLC, retinoblastoma, and variety of Rb deficient cancers. Previously our studies showed that retinoblastomas exhibit retinal cone precursor properties and depend on cone-specific thyroid hormone receptor β2 (TRβ2) and SKP2 signaling. In this study, we sought to suppress SCLC and retinoblastoma cell growth by SKP2 inhibitors as a prelude to targeted therapy in vitro and in vivo. We knocked down TRβ2 and SKP2 or over-expressed p27 in SCLC and retinoblastoma cell lines to investigate SKP2 and p27 signaling alterations. The SCLC cell lines H209 as well as retinoblastoma cell lines Y79, WERI, and RB177 were treated with SKP2 inhibitor C1 at different concentrations, following which Western blotting, Immunostaining, and cell cycle kinetics studies were performed to study SKP2 and p27 expression ubiquitination, to determine impact on cell cycle regulation and growth inhibition. TRβ2 knockdown in Y79, RB177 and H209 caused SKP2 downregulation and degradation, p27 up-regulation, and S phase arrest, whereas, SKP2 knockdown or p27 over-expression caused p27 accumulation and G1-S phase arrest. In the cell lines Y79, WERI, RB177, and H209 treatment with C1 caused SKP2 ubiquitination and degradation, p27 de-ubiquitination and accumulation, and cell growth arrest. SKP2 inhibitor C1 significantly suppressed retinoblastoma as well as SCLC cell growth by SKP2 degradation and p27 accumulation. In vivo study also showed inhibition of tumor growth with C1 treatment. Potential limitations of the success of such a therapeutic approach and its translational application in human primary tumors, and alternative approaches to overcome such limitations are briefly discussed for the treatment of retinoblastoma, SCLC and other RB-related cancers.
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23
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Chevarin M, Alcantara D, Albuisson J, Collonge-Rame MA, Populaire C, Selmani Z, Baurand A, Sawka C, Bertolone G, Callier P, Duffourd Y, Jonveaux P, Bignon YJ, Coupier I, Cornelis F, Cordier C, Mozelle-Nivoix M, Rivière JB, Kuentz P, Thauvin C, Boidot R, Ghiringhelli F, O'Driscoll M, Faivre L, Nambot S. The "extreme phenotype approach" applied to male breast cancer allows the identification of rare variants of ATR as potential breast cancer susceptibility alleles. Oncotarget 2023; 14:111-125. [PMID: 36749285 PMCID: PMC9904323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In oncogenetics, some patients could be considered as "extreme phenotypes", such as those with very early onset presentation or multiple primary malignancies, unusually high numbers of cancers of the same spectrum or rare cancer types in the same parental branch. For these cases, a genetic predisposition is very likely, but classical candidate gene panel analyses often and frustratingly remains negative. In the framework of the EX2TRICAN project, exploring unresolved extreme cancer phenotypes, we applied exome sequencing on rare familial cases with male breast cancer, identifying a novel pathogenic variant of ATR (p.Leu1808*). ATR has already been suspected as being a predisposing gene to breast cancer in women. We next identified 3 additional ATR variants in a cohort of both male and female with early onset and familial breast cancers (c.7762-2A>C; c.2078+1G>A; c.1A>G). Further molecular and cellular investigations showed impacts on transcripts for variants affecting splicing sites and reduction of ATR expression and phosphorylation of the ATR substrate CHEK1. This work further demonstrates the interest of an extended genetic analysis such as exome sequencing to identify very rare variants that can play a role in cancer predisposition in extreme phenotype cancer cases unexplained by classical cancer gene panels testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chevarin
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation diagnostique dans les maladies rares, laboratoire de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Diana Alcantara
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, University of Sussex, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Juliette Albuisson
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Département de biologie et pathologie des tumeurs, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | | | - Céline Populaire
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Zohair Selmani
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
| | - Amandine Baurand
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Sawka
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Geoffrey Bertolone
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Callier
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation diagnostique dans les maladies rares, laboratoire de génétique chromosomique et moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannis Duffourd
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Philippe Jonveaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Médicale, INSERM U954, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Yves-Jean Bignon
- Laboratoire d’Oncologie Moléculaire, Centre Jean Perrin, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - François Cornelis
- Université Bordeaux, IMB, UMR 5251, Talence, France
- Service d’imagerie diagnostique et interventionnelle de l’adulte, Hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Baptiste Rivière
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Paul Kuentz
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Oncobiologie Génétique Bioinformatique, PCBio, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Romain Boidot
- Département de biologie et pathologie des tumeurs, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Département d’oncologie médicale, INSERM LNC U1231, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Marc O'Driscoll
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, University of Sussex, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Faivre
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Nambot
- Inserm UMR 1231 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Service d’Oncogénétique, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Centre de Génétique et Centre de Référence Maladies Rares Anomalies du Développement de l’Interrégion Est, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU TRANSLAD), CHU Dijon Bourgogne et Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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PTEN phosphatase inhibits metastasis by negatively regulating the Entpd5/IGF1R pathway through ATF6. iScience 2023; 26:106070. [PMID: 36824269 PMCID: PMC9942123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN encodes a tumor suppressor with lipid and protein phosphatase activities whose dysfunction has been implicated in melanomagenesis; less is known about how its phosphatases regulate melanoma metastasis. We demonstrate that PTEN expression negatively correlates with metastatic progression in human melanoma samples and a PTEN-deficient mouse melanoma model. Wildtype PTEN expression inhibited melanoma cell invasiveness and metastasis in a dose-dependent manner, behaviors that specifically required PTEN protein phosphatase activity. PTEN phosphatase activity regulated metastasis through Entpd5. Entpd5 knockdown reduced metastasis and IGF1R levels while promoting ER stress. In contrast, Entpd5 overexpression promoted metastasis and enhanced IGF1R levels while reducing ER stress. Moreover, Entpd5 expression was regulated by the ER stress sensor ATF6. Altogether, our data indicate that PTEN phosphatase activity inhibits metastasis by negatively regulating the Entpd5/IGF1R pathway through ATF6, thereby identifying novel candidate therapeutic targets for the treatment of PTEN mutant melanoma.
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Arai H, Akagi K, Nakagawa A, Onai Y, Utsu Y, Masuda S, Aotsuka N. Clinical and genetic diagnosis of Cowden syndrome: A case report of a rare PTEN germline variant and diverse clinical presentation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e32572. [PMID: 36607858 PMCID: PMC9829268 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cowden syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by the development of hamartomas and increased risks of other tumors, including breast, thyroid, and uterine cancers. Most patients with Cowden syndrome show mutations of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene on chromosome 10; however, some patients with mutations do not show clinical symptoms, while patients with clinical symptoms may not have detectable PTEN mutations. CASE PRESENTATION A 39-year-old woman with macrocephaly had previously been diagnosed with Cowden syndrome at another hospital, when she presented with the onset of breast cancer. A wide variety of complications were detected, including cerebellar tumors treated by resection, hydrocephalus, and multiple polyps in the stomach and large intestine. She was further diagnosed with adult-onset Lhermitte-Duclos disease as a complication of Cowden syndrome. She subsequently developed a dural arteriovenous fistula treated by transvenous embolization. After transfer to our hospital, she developed adenomatous goiter treated by resection, recurrent breast cancer treated with hormonal therapy, and multifocal oral mucosal papillomatosis. Her older sister had previously been diagnosed with Cowden syndrome and her father was undiagnosed but had macrocephaly, hydrocephalus, and multifocal oral mucosal papillomatosis, suggestive of Cowden syndrome. After consultation with a genetic specialist, analysis of the PTEN gene showed a rare but likely pathogenic germline c.801 + 2T>A variant located at the splice donor site of intron 7. The patient's clinical diagnosis of Cowden syndrome was accordingly confirmed by the genetic findings. Appropriate surveillance procedures were put in place to detect any further tumors. CONCLUSIONS The clinical symptoms of Cowden syndrome do not always correlate with the genetic results. However, recent improvements in genetic testing suggest the importance of diagnosing this disease using both clinical and genetic approaches, in collaboration with genetic experts, to ensure an accurate diagnosis and appropriate surveillance for malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Arai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
- * Correspondence: Hironori Arai, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, 90-1, Iida-cho, Narita 286-8583, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Kiwamu Akagi
- Department of Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prevention, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayako Nakagawa
- Department of Breast Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Onai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Utsu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masuda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Aotsuka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Japanese Red Cross Narita Hospital, Narita, Japan
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Gregory GL, Copple IM. Modulating the expression of tumor suppressor genes using activating oligonucleotide technologies as a therapeutic approach in cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 31:211-223. [PMID: 36700046 PMCID: PMC9840112 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are frequently downregulated in cancer, leading to dysregulation of the pathways that they control. The continuum model of tumor suppression suggests that even subtle changes in TSG expression, for example, driven by epigenetic modifications or copy number alterations, can lead to a loss of gene function and a phenotypic effect. This approach to exploring tumor suppression provides opportunities for alternative therapies that may be able to restore TSG expression toward normal levels, such as oligonucleotide therapies. Oligonucleotide therapies involve the administration of exogenous nucleic acids to modulate the expression of specific endogenous genes. This review focuses on two types of activating oligonucleotide therapies, small-activating RNAs and synthetic mRNAs, as novel methods to increase the expression of TSGs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina L. Gregory
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ian M. Copple
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
- Corresponding author: Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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The equilibrium of tumor suppression: DUBs as active regulators of PTEN. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1814-1821. [PMID: 36385557 PMCID: PMC9723170 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is among the most commonly lost or mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. PTEN, a bona fide lipid phosphatase that antagonizes the highly oncogenic PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is considered a major dose-dependent tumor suppressor. Although PTEN function can be compromised by genetic mutations in inherited syndromes and cancers, posttranslational modifications of PTEN may also play key roles in the dynamic regulation of its function. Notably, deregulated ubiquitination and deubiquitination lead to detrimental impacts on PTEN levels and subcellular partitioning, promoting tumorigenesis. While PTEN can be targeted by HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases for nuclear import and proteasomal degradation, studies have shown that several deubiquitinating enzymes, including HAUSP/USP7, USP10, USP11, USP13, OTUD3 and Ataxin-3, can remove ubiquitin from ubiquitinated PTEN in cancer-specific contexts and thus reverse ubiquitination-mediated PTEN regulation. Researchers continue to reveal the precise molecular mechanisms by which cancer-specific deubiquitinases of PTEN regulate its roles in the pathobiology of cancer, and new methods of pharmacologically for modulating PTEN deubiquitinases are critical areas of investigation for cancer treatment and prevention. Here, we assess the mechanisms and functions of deubiquitination as a recently appreciated mode of PTEN regulation and review the link between deubiquitinases and PTEN reactivation and its implications for therapeutic strategies.
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Jang H. A New View of Activating Mutations in Cancer. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4114-4123. [PMID: 36069825 PMCID: PMC9664134 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A vast effort has been invested in the identification of driver mutations of cancer. However, recent studies and observations call into question whether the activating mutations or the signal strength are the major determinant of tumor development. The data argue that signal strength determines cell fate, not the mutation that initiated it. In addition to activating mutations, factors that can impact signaling strength include (i) homeostatic mechanisms that can block or enhance the signal, (ii) the types and locations of additional mutations, and (iii) the expression levels of specific isoforms of genes and regulators of proteins in the pathway. Because signal levels are largely decided by chromatin structure, they vary across cell types, states, and time windows. A strong activating mutation can be restricted by low expression, whereas a weaker mutation can be strengthened by high expression. Strong signals can be associated with cell proliferation, but too strong a signal may result in oncogene-induced senescence. Beyond cancer, moderate signal strength in embryonic neural cells may be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, and moderate signals in aging may be associated with neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease. The challenge for improving patient outcomes therefore lies in determining signaling thresholds and predicting signal strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Cancer Innovation Laboratory, NCI, Frederick, Maryland
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Differential expression profiling of onco and tumor-suppressor genes from major-signaling pathways in Wilms' tumor. Pediatr Surg Int 2022; 38:1601-1617. [PMID: 36107237 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05202-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wilms' tumor is the most-frequent malignant-kidney tumor in children under 3-4 years of age and is caused by genetic alterations of oncogenes (OG) and tumor-suppressor genes (TG). Wilms' tumor has been linked to many OG-&-TG. However, only WT1 has a proven role in the development of this embryonic-tumor. METHODS The study investigates the level of mRNA expression of 16 OGs and 20 TGs involved in key-signaling pathways, including chromatin modification; RAS; APC; Cell Cycle/Apoptosis; Transcriptional Regulation; PI3K; NOTCH-&-HH; PI3K & RAS of 24-fresh Wilms'-tumor cases by capture-and-reporter probe Code-Sets chemistry, as CNVs in these pathway genes have been reported. RESULTS Upon extensively investigating, MEN1, MLL2, MLL3, PBRM1, PRDM1, SMARCB1, SETD2, WT1, PTPN11, KRAS, HRAS, NF1, APC, RB1, FUBP1, BCOR, U2AF1, PIK3CA, PTEN, EBXW7, SMO, ALK, CBL, EP300-and-GATA1 were found to be significantly up-regulated in 58.34, 62.5, 79.17, 91.67, 58, 66.66,54, 58.34, 66.67, 75, 62.5, 62.5, 58, 79.17, 79.17, 75, 70.84, 50, 50, 75, 66.66, 62.50, 61.66, 58.34-and-62.50% of cases respectively, whereas BRAF, NF2, CDH1, BCL2, FGFR3, ERBB2, MET, RET, EGFR-and-GATA2 were significantly down regulated in 58, 87.50, 79.16, 54.16, 79.17, 91.66, 66.66, 58.33, 91.66-and-62.50% of cases, respectively. Interestingly, the WT1 gene was five-fold down regulated in 41.66% of cases only. CONCLUSION Hence, extensive profiling of OGs and TGs association of major-signaling pathways in Wilms' tumor cases may aid in disease diagnosis. PBRM1 (up-regulated in 91.67% of cases), ERBB2 and EGFR (down-regulated in 91.66 and 91.66% of cases, respectively) could be marker genes. However, validation of all relevant results in a larger number of samples is required.
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30
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Song H, Liu Y, Tan Y, Zhang Y, Jin W, Chen L, Wu S, Yan J, Li J, Chen Z, Chen S, Wang K. Recurrent noncoding somatic and germline WT1 variants converge to disrupt MYB binding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 2022; 140:1132-1144. [PMID: 35653587 PMCID: PMC9461475 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021014945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alternations can occur at noncoding regions, but how they contribute to cancer pathogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we established a mutational landscape of cis-regulatory regions (CREs) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) based on whole-genome sequencing analysis of paired tumor and germline samples from 24 patients and epigenetic profiling of 16 patients. Mutations occurring in CREs occur preferentially in active enhancers bound by the complex of master transcription factors in APL. Among significantly enriched mutated CREs, we found a recurrently mutated region located within the third intron of WT1, an essential regulator of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Focusing on noncoding mutations within this WT1 intron, an analysis on 169 APL patients revealed that somatic mutations were clustered into a focal hotspot region, including one site identified as a germline polymorphism contributing to APL risk. Significantly decreased WT1 expression was observed in APL patients bearing somatic and/or germline noncoding WT1 variants. Furthermore, biallelic WT1 inactivation was recurrently found in APL patients with noncoding WT1 variants, which resulted in the complete loss of WT1. The high incidence of biallelic inactivation suggested the tumor suppressor activity of WT1 in APL. Mechanistically, noncoding WT1 variants disrupted MYB binding on chromatin and suppressed the enhancer activity and WT1 expression through destroying the chromatin looping formation. Our study highlights the important role of noncoding variants in the leukemogenesis of APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Song
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yabin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Li Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shishuang Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Yan
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Junmin Li
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Saijuan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kankan Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Research Center for Life Sciences and Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; and
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Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, Mashele S. Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175730. [PMID: 36080493 PMCID: PMC9457814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Prostate cancer affects men of all racial and ethnic groups and leads to higher rates of mortality in those belonging to a lower socioeconomic status due to late detection of the disease. There is growing evidence that suggests the contribution of an individual’s genetic profile to prostate cancer. Currently used prostate cancer treatments have serious adverse effects; therefore, new research is focusing on alternative treatment options such as the use of genetic biomarkers for targeted gene therapy, nanotechnology for controlled targeted treatment, and further exploring medicinal plants for new anticancer agents. In this review, we describe the recent advances in prostate cancer research. Abstract Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamello Sekhoacha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Keamogetswe Riet
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Paballo Motloung
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Lemohang Gumenku
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Ayodeji Adegoke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
- Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria
| | - Samson Mashele
- Department of Health Sciences, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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32
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Razzano D, Bouza SJ, Hernandez PV, Wang M, Robert ME, Walther Z, Cai G. Comprehensive molecular profiling of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in FNA, biopsy, and resection specimens. Cancer Cytopathol 2022; 130:726-734. [PMID: 35511415 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular testing to identify molecular alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been increasingly requested because of potential therapeutic implications. In this study, we compared the performance of PDAC fine-needle aspiration (FNA), fine-needle biopsy (FNB), and resection specimens for comprehensive molecular analysis. METHODS A next-generation sequencing-based Oncomine Comprehensive Assay (OCA) was used to analyze molecular alterations in FNA, FNB, or resection specimens. We examined adequacy and success rates for completion of molecular testing and catalogued molecular alterations in these specimen types. RESULTS The cohort included 23 FNA, 20 FNB, and 27 resection cases. Gene mutation or amplification analysis was successful in 18 (78%) FNA and 16 (80%) FNB specimens, whereas gene fusion assessment succeeded in 12 (52%) FNA and 12 (60%) FNB samples. All 27 (100%) resection specimens were adequate for complete OCA. There were significant differences in success rates for mutation and amplification analysis between resection and FNA or FNB specimens (P < .01) but not between FNA and FNB samples (P > .05). Manual microdissection was less likely to be performed for FNA specimens than FNB or resection specimens (P < .01). KRAS mutation was the most common mutation identified (90%), followed by mutations in TP53 (64%), CDKN2A (25%), and SMAD4 (15%) genes. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated similar success rates for comprehensive molecular analysis using FNA and FNB specimens of PDAC, suggesting that FNA material could serve as an alternative source for comprehensive molecular testing. The molecular alterations identified in these specimens may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Razzano
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Soumar J Bouza
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patricia V Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Minhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marie E Robert
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Zenta Walther
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Guoping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Chen JL, Miller DT, Schmidt LS, Malkin D, Korf BR, Eng C, Kwiatkowski DJ, Giannikou K. Mosaicism in Tumor Suppressor Gene Syndromes: Prevalence, Diagnostic Strategies, and Transmission Risk. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:331-361. [PMID: 36044908 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-120121-105450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mosaic state arises when pathogenic variants are acquired in certain cell lineages during postzygotic development, and mosaic individuals may present with a generalized or localized phenotype. Here, we review the current state of knowledge regarding mosaicism for eight common tumor suppressor genes-NF1, NF2, TSC1, TSC2, PTEN, VHL, RB1, and TP53-and their related genetic syndromes/entities. We compare and discuss approaches for comprehensive diagnostic genetic testing, the spectrum of variant allele frequency, and disease severity. We also review affected individuals who have no mutation identified after conventional genetic analysis, as well as genotype-phenotype correlations and transmission risk for each tumor suppressor gene in full heterozygous and mosaic patients. This review provides new insight into similarities as well as marked differences regarding the appreciation of mosaicism in these tumor suppressor syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian L Chen
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David T Miller
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura S Schmidt
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David Malkin
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| | - Krinio Giannikou
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; .,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA;
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34
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Keogh A, Finn S, Radonic T. Emerging Biomarkers and the Changing Landscape of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153772. [PMID: 35954436 PMCID: PMC9367597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer representing 15% of all lung cancers. Unlike other types of lung cancer, treatments for SCLC have changed very little in the past 20 years and therefore, the survival rate remains low. This is due, in part, to the lack of understanding of the biological basis of this disease and the previous idea that all SCLCs are the same. Multiple recent studies have identified that SCLCs have varying biological activity and can be divided into four different groups. The advantage of this is that each of these four groups responds differently to new treatments, which hopefully will dramatically improve survival. Additionally, the aim of these new treatments is to specifically target these biological differences in SCLC so normal/non cancer cells are unaffected, leading to decreased side effects and a better quality of life. There is still a lot unknown about SCLC, but these new findings offer a glimmer of hope for patients in the future. Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are currently managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the understanding of the biology of SCLCs, and discuss the potential diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment opportunities the four proposed subtypes may present for the future. We also discuss the emerging evidence of tumor heterogeneity and plasticity in SCLCs which have been implicated in metastasis and acquired therapeutic resistance seen in these aggressive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Keogh
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s Hospital, D08 NHY1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D08 HD53 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Teodora Radonic
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VUMC, University Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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35
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Bevilacqua G. The Viral Origin of Human Breast Cancer: From the Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) to the Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV). Viruses 2022; 14:v14081704. [PMID: 36016325 PMCID: PMC9412291 DOI: 10.3390/v14081704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A Human Betaretrovirus (HBRV) has been identified in humans, dating as far back as about 4500 years ago, with a high probability of it being acquired by our species around 10,000 years ago, following a species jump from mice to humans. HBRV is the human homolog of the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus), which is the etiological agent of murine mammary tumors. The hypothesis of a HMTV (human mammary tumor virus) was proposed about 50 years ago, and has acquired a solid scientific basis during the last 30 years, with the demonstration of a robust link with breast cancer and with PBC, primary biliary cholangitis. This article summarizes most of what is known about MMTV/HMTV/HBRV since the discovery of MMTV at the beginning of last century, to make evident both the quantity and the quality of the research supporting the existence of HBRV and its pathogenic role. Here, it is sufficient to mention that scientific evidence includes that viral sequences have been identified in breast-cancer samples in a worldwide distribution, that the complete proviral genome has been cloned from breast cancer and patients with PBC, and that saliva contains HBRV, as a possible route of inter-human infection. Controversies that have arisen concerning results obtained from human tissues, many of them outdated by new scientific evidence, are critically discussed and confuted.
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36
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Kuick CH, Tan JY, Jasmine D, Sumanty T, Ng AYJ, Venkatesh B, Chen H, Loh E, Jain S, Seow WY, Ng EHQ, Lian DWQ, Soh SY, Chang KTE, Chen ZX, Loh AHP. Mutations of 1p genes do not consistently abrogate tumor suppressor functions in 1p-intact neuroblastoma. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:717. [PMID: 35768791 PMCID: PMC9245282 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deletion of 1p is associated with poor prognosis in neuroblastoma, however selected 1p-intact patients still experience poor outcomes. Since mutations of 1p genes may mimic the deleterious effects of chromosomal loss, we studied the incidence, spectrum and effects of mutational variants in 1p-intact neuroblastoma. Methods We characterized the 1p status of 325 neuroblastoma patients, and correlated the mutational status of 1p tumor suppressors and neuroblastoma candidate genes with survival outcomes among 100 1p-intact cases, then performed functional validation of selected novel variants of 1p36 genes identified from our patient cohort. Results Among patients with adverse disease characteristics, those who additionally had 1p deletion had significantly worse overall survival. Among 100 tumor-normal pairs sequenced, somatic mutations of 1p tumor suppressors KIF1Bβ and CHD5 were most frequent (2%) after ALK and ATRX (8%), and BARD1 (3%). Mutations of neuroblastoma candidate genes were associated with other synchronous mutations and concurrent 11q deletion (P = 0.045). In total, 24 of 38 variants identified were novel and predicted to be deleterious or pathogenic. Functional validation identified novel KIF1Bβ I1355M variant as a gain-of-function mutation with increased expression and tumor suppressive activity, correlating with indolent clinical behavior; another novel variant CHD5 E43Q was a loss-of-function mutation with decreased expression and increased long-term cell viability, corresponding with aggressive disease characteristics. Conclusions Our study showed that chromosome 1 gene mutations occurred frequently in 1p-intact neuroblastoma, but may not consistently abrogate the function of bonafide 1p tumor suppressors. These findings may augment the evolving model of compounding contributions of 1p gene aberrations toward tumor suppressor inactivation in neuroblastoma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09800-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chik Hong Kuick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Jia Ying Tan
- Neurodevelopment and Cancer Laboratory, NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Deborah Jasmine
- Neurodevelopment and Cancer Laboratory, NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Tohari Sumanty
- Comparative and Medical Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Alvin Y J Ng
- Comparative and Medical Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Byrrappa Venkatesh
- Comparative and Medical Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Huiyi Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Eva Loh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Sudhanshi Jain
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Wan Yi Seow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Eileen H Q Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Derrick W Q Lian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Shui Yen Soh
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.,Department of Paediatric Subspecialties Haematology Oncology Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.,Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Kenneth T E Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.,VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.,Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Zhi Xiong Chen
- Neurodevelopment and Cancer Laboratory, NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore. .,VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. .,National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
| | - Amos H P Loh
- VIVA-KKH Paediatric Brain and Solid Tumour Programme, Children's Blood and Cancer Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore. .,Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore. .,Department of Paediatric Surgery, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
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Lüke F, Harrer DC, Pantziarka P, Pukrop T, Ghibelli L, Gerner C, Reichle A, Heudobler D. Drug Repurposing by Tumor Tissue Editing. Front Oncol 2022; 12:900985. [PMID: 35814409 PMCID: PMC9270020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.900985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combinatory use of drugs for systemic cancer therapy commonly aims at the direct elimination of tumor cells through induction of apoptosis. An alternative approach becomes the focus of attention if biological changes in tumor tissues following combinatory administration of regulatorily active drugs are considered as a therapeutic aim, e.g., differentiation, transdifferentiation induction, reconstitution of immunosurveillance, the use of alternative cell death mechanisms. Editing of the tumor tissue establishes new biological ‘hallmarks’ as a ‘pressure point’ to attenuate tumor growth. This may be achieved with repurposed, regulatorily active drug combinations, often simultaneously targeting different cell compartments of the tumor tissue. Moreover, tissue editing is paralleled by decisive functional changes in tumor tissues providing novel patterns of target sites for approved drugs. Thus, agents with poor activity in non-edited tissue may reveal new clinically meaningful outcomes. For tissue editing and targeting edited tissue novel requirements concerning drug selection and administration can be summarized according to available clinical and pre-clinical data. Monoactivity is no pre-requisite, but combinatory bio-regulatory activity. The regulatorily active dose may be far below the maximum tolerable dose, and besides inhibitory active drugs stimulatory drug activities may be integrated. Metronomic scheduling often seems to be of advantage. Novel preclinical approaches like functional assays testing drug combinations in tumor tissue are needed to select potential drugs for repurposing. The two-step drug repurposing procedure, namely establishing novel functional systems states in tumor tissues and consecutively providing novel target sites for approved drugs, facilitates the systematic identification of drug activities outside the scope of any original clinical drug approvals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lüke
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Division of Personalized Tumor Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Christoph Harrer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pan Pantziarka
- The George Pantziarka TP53 Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Pukrop
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lina Ghibelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albrecht Reichle
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Heudobler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Daniel Heudobler, , orcid.org/0000-0002-8790-4584
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38
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Vitamin B6 Deficiency Promotes Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) at the Drosophila warts (wts) Locus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116087. [PMID: 35682766 PMCID: PMC9181336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The active form of vitamin B6, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), is a cofactor for more than 200 enzymes involved in many metabolic pathways. Moreover, PLP has antioxidant properties and quenches the reactive oxygen species (ROS). Accordingly, PLP deficiency causes chromosome aberrations in Drosophila, yeast, and human cells. In this work, we investigated whether PLP depletion can also cause loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the tumor suppressor warts (wts) in Drosophila. LOH is usually initiated by DNA breakage in heterozygous cells for a tumor suppressor mutation and can contribute to oncogenesis inducing the loss of the wild-type allele. LOH at the wts locus results in epithelial wts homozygous tumors easily detectable on adult fly cuticle. Here, we found that PLP depletion, induced by two PLP inhibitors, promotes LOH of wts locus producing significant frequencies of wts tumors (~7% vs. 2.3%). In addition, we identified the mitotic recombination as a possible mechanism through which PLP deficiency induces LOH. Moreover, LOH of wts locus, induced by PLP inhibitors, was rescued by PLP supplementation. These data further confirm the role of PLP in genome integrity maintenance and indicate that vitamin B6 deficiency may impact on cancer also by promoting LOH.
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Ren D, Sun Y, Li D, Wu H, Jin X. USP22-mediated deubiquitination of PTEN inhibits pancreatic cancer progression by inducing p21 expression. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1200-1217. [PMID: 34743406 PMCID: PMC8895442 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a dual lipid and protein phosphatase. Multiple mechanisms contributing to the regulation of PTEN levels have been identified thus far, including post-translational modifications, epigenetic mechanisms, and transcriptional mechanisms. In the present study, we identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) as a novel deubiquitination-modifying enzyme of PTEN. Furthermore, by inducing deubiquitination and inhibiting the degradation of PTEN, USP22 could induce cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A, also symboled as p21) expression in pancreatic cancer. Besides, MDM2 proto-oncogene (MDM2) inhibitor enhanced the antipancreatic cancer effects of USP22 overexpression. In addition to its regulation of MDM2-tumor protein p53 (p53) signaling, we found that PTEN could induce p21 expression by interacting with ankyrin repeat and KH domain containing 1 (ANKHD1) and inhibiting ANKHD1 binding to the p21 promoter. Taken together, our results indicate that ANKHD1 and MDM2 might be novel therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianyun Ren
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Sino‐German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic CancerUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Sino‐German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic CancerUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Dan Li
- Cardiovascular Medicine DepartmentUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Heshui Wu
- Department of Pancreatic SurgeryUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Sino‐German Laboratory of Personalized Medicine for Pancreatic CancerUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of UrologyThe Second Xiangya HospitalCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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40
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Hudler P, Urbancic M. The Role of VHL in the Development of von Hippel-Lindau Disease and Erythrocytosis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020362. [PMID: 35205407 PMCID: PMC8871608 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL disease or VHL syndrome) is a familial multisystem neoplastic syndrome stemming from germline disease-associated variants of the VHL tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 3. VHL is involved, through the EPO-VHL-HIF signaling axis, in oxygen sensing and adaptive response to hypoxia, as well as in numerous HIF-independent pathways. The diverse roles of VHL confirm its implication in several crucial cellular processes. VHL variations have been associated with the development of VHL disease and erythrocytosis. The association between genotypes and phenotypes still remains ambiguous for the majority of mutations. It appears that there is a distinction between erythrocytosis-causing VHL variations and VHL variations causing VHL disease with tumor development. Understanding the pathogenic effects of VHL variants might better predict the prognosis and optimize management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hudler
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Mojca Urbancic
- Eye Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Grabloviceva ulica 46, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Niu Y, Ferreira Azevedo CA, Li X, Kamali E, Haagen Nielsen O, Storgaard Sørensen C, Frödin M. Multiparametric and accurate functional analysis of genetic sequence variants using CRISPR-Select. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1983-1993. [PMID: 36471068 PMCID: PMC9729100 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Determining the functional role of thousands of genetic sequence variants (mutations) associated with genetic diseases is a major challenge. Here we present clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-SelectTIME, CRISPR-SelectSPACE and CRISPR-SelectSTATE, a set of flexible knock-in assays that introduce a genetic variant in a cell population and track its absolute frequencies relative to an internal, neutral control mutation as a function of time, space or a cell state measurable by flow cytometry. Phenotypically, CRISPR-Select can thereby determine, for example, pathogenicity, drug responsiveness/resistance or in vivo tumor promotion by a specific variant. Mechanistically, CRISPR-Select can dissect how the variant elicits the phenotype by causally linking the variant to motility/invasiveness or any cell state or biochemical process with a flow cytometry marker. The method is applicable to organoids, nontransformed or cancer cell lines. It is accurate, quantitative, fast and simple and works in single-well or 96-well higher throughput format. CRISPR-Select provides a versatile functional variant assay for research, diagnostics and drug development for genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Niu
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Catarina A. Ferreira Azevedo
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Li
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elahe Kamali
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XBiotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Haagen Nielsen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Storgaard Sørensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Morten Frödin
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sterrenberg JN, Folkerts ML, Rangel V, Lee SE, Pannunzio NR. Diversity upon diversity: linking DNA double-strand break repair to blood cancer health disparities. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:328-343. [PMID: 35094960 PMCID: PMC9248772 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations arising from aberrant repair of multiple DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a defining characteristic of many cancers. DSBs are an essential part of physiological processes in antibody-producing B cells. The B cell environment is poised to generate genome instability leading to translocations relevant to the pathology of blood cancers. These are a diverse set of cancers, but limited data from under-represented groups have pointed to health disparities associated with each. We focus on the DSBs that occur in developing B cells and propose the most likely mechanism behind the formation of translocations. We also highlight specific cancers in which these rearrangements occur and address the growing concern of health disparities associated with them.
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Gardiner JC, Cukierman E. Meaningful connections: Interrogating the role of physical fibroblast cell-cell communication in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 154:141-168. [PMID: 35459467 PMCID: PMC9483832 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As part of the connective tissue, activated fibroblasts play an important role in development and disease pathogenesis, while quiescent resident fibroblasts are responsible for sustaining tissue homeostasis. Fibroblastic activation is particularly evident in the tumor microenvironment where fibroblasts transition into tumor-supporting cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), with some CAFs maintaining tumor-suppressive functions. While the tumor-supporting features of CAFs and their fibroblast-like precursors predominantly function through paracrine chemical communication (e.g., secretion of cytokine, chemokine, and more), the direct cell-cell communication that occurs between fibroblasts and other cells, and the effect that the remodeled CAF-generated interstitial extracellular matrix has in these types of cellular communications, remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the reported roles fibroblastic cell-cell communication play within the cancer stroma context and highlight insights we can gain from other disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics Program, Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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Park S, Supek F, Lehner B. Higher order genetic interactions switch cancer genes from two-hit to one-hit drivers. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7051. [PMID: 34862370 PMCID: PMC8642467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27242-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic two-hit model posits that both alleles of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) must be inactivated to cause cancer. In contrast, for some oncogenes and haploinsufficient TSGs, a single genetic alteration can suffice to increase tumor fitness. Here, by quantifying the interactions between mutations and copy number alterations (CNAs) across 10,000 tumors, we show that many cancer genes actually switch between acting as one-hit or two-hit drivers. Third order genetic interactions identify the causes of some of these switches in dominance and dosage sensitivity as mutations in other genes in the same biological pathway. The correct genetic model for a gene thus depends on the other mutations in a genome, with a second hit in the same gene or an alteration in a different gene in the same pathway sometimes representing alternative evolutionary paths to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solip Park
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fran Supek
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ben Lehner
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Few ideas in cancer genetics have been as influential as the “two-hit” theory of tumor suppressors. This idea was introduced in 1971 by Al Knudson in a paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science and forms the basis for our current understanding of the role of mutations in cancer. In this theoretical discussion proposing a genetic basis for retinoblastoma, a childhood cancer of the retina, Knudson posited that these tumors arise from two inactivating mutations, targeting both alleles of a putative tumor suppressor gene. While this work built on earlier proposals that cancers are the result of mutations in more than one gene, it was the first to propose a plausible mechanism by which single genes that are affected by germ-line mutations in heritable cancers could also cause spontaneous, nonheritable tumors when mutated in somatic tissues. Remarkably, Knudson described the existence and properties of a retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene a full 15 years before the gene was cloned.
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Ntzifa A, Londra D, Rampias T, Kotsakis A, Georgoulias V, Lianidou E. DNA Methylation Analysis in Plasma Cell-Free DNA and Paired CTCs of NSCLC Patients before and after Osimertinib Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235974. [PMID: 34885084 PMCID: PMC8656722 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osimertinib has been an effective second-line treatment in EGFR mutant NSCLC patients; however, resistance inevitably occurs. DNA methylation has been previously implicated in NSCLC progression and often in therapy resistance, however its distinct role in osimertinib resistance is not elucidated as yet. In the present study, we directly compared DNA methylation of nine selected genes (RASSF1A, RASSF10, APC, WIF-1, BRMS1, SLFN11, RARβ, SHISA3, and FOXA1) in plasma-cfDNA and paired CTCs of NSCLC patients who were longitudinally monitored during osimertinib treatment. Peripheral blood (PB) from 42 NSCLC patients was obtained at two time points: (a) baseline: before treatment with osimertinib and (b) at progression of disease (PD). DNA methylation of the selected genes was detected in plasma-cfDNA (n = 80) and in paired CTCs (n = 74). Direct comparison of DNA methylation of six genes between plasma-cfDNA and paired CTC samples (n = 70) revealed a low concordance, indicating that CTCs and cfDNA give complementary information. DNA methylation analysis of plasma-cfDNA and CTCs indicated that when at least one of these genes was methylated there was a statistically significant increase at PD compared to baseline (p = 0.031). For the first time, DNA methylation analysis in plasma-cfDNA and paired CTCs of NSCLC patients during osimertinib therapy indicated that DNA methylation of these genes could be a possible resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliki Ntzifa
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Lab, Lab of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Dora Londra
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Lab, Lab of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.N.); (D.L.)
| | - Theodoros Rampias
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Kotsakis
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hellenic Oncology Research Group (HORG), 11471 Athens, Greece;
| | - Evi Lianidou
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells Lab, Lab of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.N.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-727-4311
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Birchler JA, Veitia RA. One Hundred Years of Gene Balance: How Stoichiometric Issues Affect Gene Expression, Genome Evolution, and Quantitative Traits. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:529-550. [PMID: 34814143 DOI: 10.1159/000519592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A century ago experiments with the flowering plant Datura stramonium and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster revealed that adding an extra chromosome to a karyotype was much more detrimental than adding a whole set of chromosomes. This phenomenon was referred to as gene balance and has been recapitulated across eukaryotic species. Here, we retrace some developments in this field. Molecular studies suggest that the basis of balance involves stoichiometric relationships of multi-component interactions. This concept has implication for the mechanisms controlling gene expression, genome evolution, sex chromosome evolution/dosage compensation, speciation mechanisms, and the underlying genetics of quantitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Birchler
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Reiner A Veitia
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris/CNRS, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie F. Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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48
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Garcia-Rendueles AR, Chenlo M, Oroz-Gonjar F, Solomou A, Mistry A, Barry S, Gaston-Massuet C, Garcia-Lavandeira M, Perez-Romero S, Suarez-Fariña M, Pradilla-Dieste A, Dieguez C, Mehlen P, Korbonits M, Alvarez CV. RET signalling provides tumorigenic mechanism and tissue specificity for AIP-related somatotrophinomas. Oncogene 2021; 40:6354-6368. [PMID: 34588620 PMCID: PMC8585666 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how loss-of-function germline mutations in the widely-expressed co-chaperone AIP, result in young-onset growth hormone secreting pituitary tumours. The RET receptor, uniquely co-expressed in somatotrophs with PIT1, induces apoptosis when unliganded, while RET supports cell survival when it is bound to its ligand. We demonstrate that at the plasma membrane, AIP is required to form a complex with monomeric-intracellular-RET, caspase-3 and PKCδ resulting in PIT1/CDKN2A-ARF/p53-apoptosis pathway activation. AIP-deficiency blocks RET/caspase-3/PKCδ activation preventing PIT1 accumulation and apoptosis. The presence or lack of the inhibitory effect on RET-induced apoptosis separated pathogenic AIP variants from non-pathogenic ones. We used virogenomics in neonatal rats to demonstrate the effect of mutant AIP protein on the RET apoptotic pathway in vivo. In adult male rats altered AIP induces elevated IGF-1 and gigantism, with pituitary hyperplasia through blocking the RET-apoptotic pathway. In females, pituitary hyperplasia is induced but IGF-1 rise and gigantism are blunted by puberty. Somatotroph adenomas from pituitary-specific Aip-knockout mice overexpress the RET-ligand GDNF, therefore, upregulating the survival pathway. Somatotroph adenomas from patients with or without AIP mutation abundantly express GDNF, but AIP-mutated tissues have less CDKN2A-ARF expression. Our findings explain the tissue-specific mechanism of AIP-induced somatotrophinomas and provide a previously unknown tumorigenic mechanism, opening treatment avenues for AIP-related tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Garcia-Rendueles
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Chenlo
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Oroz-Gonjar
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonia Solomou
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anisha Mistry
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sayka Barry
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Carles Gaston-Massuet
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Montserrat Garcia-Lavandeira
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sihara Perez-Romero
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Fariña
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Pradilla-Dieste
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Patrick Mehlen
- Patrick Mehlen, Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory- Equipe labellisée 'La Ligue', LabEx DEVweCAN, Institut PLAsCAN, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Department of Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Clara V Alvarez
- Neoplasia & Endocrine Differentiation P0L5, Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Cukierman E. A Reflection on How Carcinoma-Associated Fibroblasts Were Recognized as Active Participants of Epithelial Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4668-4670. [PMID: 34526348 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Today's view of cancer as a systemic disease was facilitated by studies accentuating the local as well as the systemic role that non-tumorigenic cells, such as carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, play in cancer onset, development, and progression. The study highlighted in this Cancer Research Landmark was instrumental for supporting the idea that cancer is a full-body disease that depends on reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Fibroblasts are mesenchymal cells of the connective tissue and are responsible for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Importantly, contractile myofibroblastic activation and immunoregulatory fibroblastic nemosis (the process of mesenchymal cell activation, followed by death, associated with release of proinflammatory molecules) constitute two functional aspects of fibroblasts that are essential for organogenesis as well as for modulating wound healing. Yet, in epithelial cancers, fibroblastic cell functions are chronically misregulated. The study by Olumi and colleagues published in Cancer Research in 1999 exemplifies how normal fibroblasts play a tumor-suppressive role and how modulating fibroblastic activity provides carcinoma-associated fibroblasts with tumor-promoting functions, similar to the needed "second hit" in a tumor suppressor gene. The emphasis on tumor/fibroblast interactions has provided a new framework for thinking about tumorigenesis as well as new targets for therapeutic intervention.See related article by Olumi and colleagues, Cancer Res 1999;59:5002-11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna Cukierman
- Cancer Signaling and Epigenetics, Marvin and Concetta Greenberg Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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50
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Castiaux J, Vandernoot I, Dallemagne J, Bruneau M, Delaunoy M, Peyrassol X, Heimann P, De Wilde V, Wolfromm A. Case Report of an Unusual Tumor in an Adult With a TP53 Germline Mutation. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2021; 21:e645-e648. [PMID: 34049842 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Castiaux
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle Vandernoot
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Dallemagne
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Bruneau
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Delaunoy
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Peyrassol
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Heimann
- Department of Genetics, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie De Wilde
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alice Wolfromm
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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