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Wang C, Jia Y, Xue C, Lin Y, Liu J, Fu X, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y, Gao R, Wei Y, Tang Y, Yu D, Zou Y. Scientific objectives and payload configuration of the Chang'E-7 mission. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad329. [PMID: 38384740 PMCID: PMC10880881 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
As the cornerstone mission of the fourth phase of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program, Chang'E-7 (CE-7) was officially approved, and implementation started in 2022, including a main probe and a communication relay satellite. The main probe, consisting of an orbiter, a lander, a rover and a mini-flying probe, is scheduled to be launched in 2026. The lander will land on Shackleton crater's illuminated rim near the lunar south pole, along with the rover and mini-flying probe. The relay satellite (named Queqiao-2) will be launched in February 2024 as an independent mission to support relay communication during scientific exploration undertaken by Chang'E-4, the upcoming Chang'E-6 in 2024 and subsequent lunar missions. The CE-7 mission is mainly aimed at scientific and resource exploration of the lunar south pole. We present CE-7's scientific objectives, the scientific payloads configuration and the main functions for each scientific payload with its key technical specifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yingzhuo Jia
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Changbin Xue
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yangting Lin
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianzhong Liu
- Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xiaohui Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy and Solar-Terrestrial Environment, School of Space Science and Physics, Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Lin Xu
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yun Huang
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yigang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong Wei
- Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuhua Tang
- Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dengyun Yu
- China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yongliao Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Space Weather, National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- National Space Science Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Mukundan A, Patel A, Saraswat KD, Tomar A, Wang HC. Design of a Foldable Laser-Based Energy Transmission System for a Mini Lunar Rover. 2023 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, COMPUTER, COMMUNICATIONS AND MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING (ICECCME) 2023. [DOI: 10.1109/iceccme57830.2023.10252208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Mukundan
- National Chung Cheng University City,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High Tech Innovations,Chia Yi,62102
| | - Akash Patel
- Luleå University of Technolog City,Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering,Sweden
| | | | - Ankit Tomar
- Indian Institute of Space Science & Technology,Department of Aerospace,Kerala,India,695547
| | - Hsiang-Chen Wang
- National Chung Cheng University City,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Advanced Institute of Manufacturing With High Tech Innovations,Chia Yi,62102
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Cremons DR, Honniball CI. Simulated Lunar Surface Hydration Measurements Using Multispectral Lidar at 3 µm. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 9:e2022EA002277. [PMID: 36035964 PMCID: PMC9400864 DOI: 10.1029/2022ea002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurately measuring the variability of spectroscopic signatures of hydration (H2O + OH) on the illuminated lunar surface at 3 μm as a function of latitude, lunar time of day, and composition is crucial to determining the generation and destruction mechanisms of OH species and understanding the global water cycle. A prime complication in analysis of the spectroscopic feature is the accurate removal of thermal emission, which can modify or even eliminate the hydration feature depending on the data processing methods used and assumptions made. An orbital multispectral lidar, with laser illumination at key diagnostic wavelengths, would provide uniform, zero-phase geometry, complete latitude and time of day coverage from a circular polar orbit, and is agnostic to the thermal state of the surface. We have performed measurement simulations of a four-wavelength multispectral lidar using spectral mixtures of hydrated mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB) glasses and lunar regolith endmembers to assess the lidar performance in measuring hydration signatures on the lunar surface. Our results show a feasible system with wavelengths at 1.5 μm, 2.65 μm, 2.8 μm, and 3.1 μm can measure lunar hydration with a precision of 52 ppm (1σ) or better. These results, combined with the uniform measurement capabilities of multispectral lidar make it a valuable spectroscopic technique for elucidating mechanisms of OH/H2O generation, migration, and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. I. Honniball
- NASA Postdoctoral ProgramNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
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4
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Depth to Diameter Analysis on Small Simple Craters at the Lunar South Pole—Possible Implications for Ice Harboring. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a study comparing the depth to diameter (d/D) ratio of small simple craters (200–1000 m) of an area between −88.5° to −90° latitude at the lunar south pole containing Permanent Shadowed Regions (PSRs) versus craters without PSRs. As PSRs can reach temperatures of 110 K and are capable of harboring volatiles, especially water ice, we analyzed the relationship of depth versus diameter ratios and its possible implications for harboring water ice. Variations in the d/D ratios can also be caused by other processes such as degradation, isostatic adjustment, or differences in surface properties. The conducted d/D ratio analysis suggests that a differentiation between craters containing PSRs versus craters without PSRs occurs. Thus, a possible direct relation between d/D ratio, PSRs, and water ice harboring might exist. Our results suggest that differences in the target’s surface properties may explain the obtained results. The resulting d/D ratios of craters with PSRs can help to select target areas for future In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU) missions.
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Hamill CD, Chabot NL, Mazarico E, Siegler MA, Barker MK, Martinez Camacho JM. New Illumination and Temperature Constraints of Mercury's Volatile Polar Deposits. THE PLANETARY SCIENCE JOURNAL 2020; 1:57. [PMID: 33210087 PMCID: PMC7668200 DOI: 10.3847/psj/abb1c2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Images from the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) aboard the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging mission reveal low-reflectance polar deposits that are interpreted to be lag deposits of organic-rich, volatile material. Interpretation of these highest-resolution images of Mercury's polar deposits has been limited by the available topography models, so local high-resolution (125 m pixel-1) digital elevation models (DEMs) were made using a combination of data from the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) and from shape-from-shading techniques using MDIS images. Local DEMs were made for eight of Mercury's north polar craters; these DEMs were then used to create high-resolution simulated image, illumination, and thermal models. The simulated images reveal that the pixel brightness variations imaged within Mercury's low-reflectance deposits are consistent with scattered light reflecting off of topography and do not need to be explained by volatile compositional differences as previously suggested. The illumination and thermal models show that these low-reflectance polar deposits extend beyond the permanently shadowed region, more than 1.0 km in some locations, and correspond to a maximum surface temperature of greater than 250 K but less than 350 K. The low-reflectance boundaries of all eight polar deposits studied here show a close correspondence with the surface stability boundary of coronene (C24H12). While coronene should only be viewed as a proxy for the myriad volatile compounds that may exist in Mercury's polar deposits, coronene's surface stability boundary supports the idea that Mercury's low-reflectance polar deposits are composed of macromolecular organic compounds, consistent with the hypotheses of exogenous transport and in situ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Hamill
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Nancy L Chabot
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
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Goossens S, Mazarico E, Ishihara Y, Archinal B, Gaddis L. Improving the geometry of Kaguya extended mission data through refined orbit determination using laser altimetry. ICARUS 2020; 336:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113454. [PMID: 32454532 PMCID: PMC7243822 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency's (JAXA) Kaguya spacecraft carried a suite of instruments to map the Moon and its environment globally. During its extended mission, the average altitude was 50 km or lower, and Kaguya science products using these data hence have an increased spatial resolution. However, the geodetic position quality of these products is much worse than that of those acquired during the primary mission (at an altitude of 100 km) because of reduced radiometric tracking and frequent thrusting to maintain spacecraft attitude after the loss of momentum wheels. We have analyzed the Kaguya tracking data using gravity models based on the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) mission, and by making use of a new data type based on laser altimeter data collected by Kaguya: we adjust the spacecraft orbit such that the altimetry tracks fit a precise topographic basemap based on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's (LRO) Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data. This results in geodetically accurate orbits tied to the precise LOLA/LRO frame. Whereas previously archived orbits show errors at the level of several a level of several tens of meters. When altimetry data are not available, the combination of GRAIL gravity and radio tracking results in an orbit precision of around several hundreds of meters for the low-altitude phase of the extended mission. Our greatly improved orbits result in better geolocation of the Kaguya extended mission data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Goossens
- CRESST, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Erwan Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Brent Archinal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Lisa Gaddis
- U.S. Geological Survey, Astrogeology Science Center, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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7
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Deutsch AN, Head JW, Neumann GA. Age constraints of Mercury's polar deposits suggest recent delivery of ice. EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS 2019; 520:26-33. [PMID: 32454531 PMCID: PMC7243170 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface ice at the poles of Mercury appears as several-m-thick deposits that are composed of nearly pure water. We provide new age estimates of Mercury's polar deposits from combined analyses of Poisson statistics and direct observations of crater densities within permanently shadowed, radar-bright regions imaged by the MESSENGER spacecraft. These age estimates suggest that ice was delivered to Mercury within the last ~150 Myr. A single, recent impactor is one possible delivery mechanism that is consistent with our new age constraints, as well as the observed distinct reflectance boundaries of the polar deposits and the relative purity of the ice, as suggested by the Earth-based radar observations. In contrast to ice on Mercury, observations of the lunar poles are suggestive of a highly patchy distribution of surface frost. The patchiness of lunar polar deposits is consistent with long exposure times to the space weathering environment. Given enough time, the polar deposits on Mercury may age into a more heterogeneous spatial distribution, similar to that on the Moon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel N. Deutsch
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - James W. Head
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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8
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Design and Characterization of the Multi-Band SWIR Receiver for the Lunar Flashlight CubeSat Mission. REMOTE SENSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/rs11040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lunar Flashlight (LF) is an innovative National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) CubeSat mission that is dedicated to quantifying and mapping the water ice that is harbored in the permanently shadowed craters of the lunar South Pole. The primary goal is to understand the lunar resource potential for future human exploration of the Moon. To this end, the LF spacecraft will carry an active multi-band reflectometer, based on an optical receiver aligned with four high-power diode lasers emitting in the 1 to 2-μm shortwave infrared band, to measure the reflectance of the lunar surface from orbit near water ice absorption peaks. We present the detailed optical, mechanical, and thermal design of the receiver, which is required to fabricate this instrument within very demanding CubeSat resource allocations. The receiver has been optimized for solar stray light rejection from outside its field of view, and utilizes a 70 × 70-mm, aluminum, off-axis paraboloidal mirror with a focal length of 70 mm, which collects the reflected light from the Moon surface onto a single-pixel InGaAs detector with a 2-mm diameter, hence providing a 20-mrad field of view. The characterization of the flight receiver is also presented, and the results are in agreement with the expected performance obtained from simulations. Planned to be launched by NASA on the first Space Launch System (SLS) test flight, this highly mass-constrained and volume-constrained instrument payload will demonstrate several firsts, including being one of the first instruments onboard a CubeSat performing science measurements beyond low Earth orbit, and the first planetary mission to use multi-band active reflectometry from orbit.
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9
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Mazarico E, Barker MK, Nicholas JB. Advanced Illumination Modeling for Data Analysis and Calibration. Application to the Moon. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2018; 62:3214-3228. [PMID: 30846890 PMCID: PMC6398960 DOI: 10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a new illumination modeling tool, called IllumNG, developed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). We describe its capabilities to enhance the analysis and calibration of science data collected by planetary missions. We highlight these with examples making use of lunar data, particularly the topographic and radiometric measurements collected by the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument, with applications to radiometric measurements from other LRO instruments as well. The unique features of IllumNG are its accuracy and flexibility to handle multiple types of observers and light sources, and its ability to accurately model both singly- and doubly-scattered radiation to an observer.
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10
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Mazarico E, Neumann GA, Barker MK, Goossens S, Smith DE, Zuber MT. Orbit determination of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter: Status after Seven Years. PLANETARY AND SPACE SCIENCE 2018; 162:2-19. [PMID: 30880841 PMCID: PMC6417890 DOI: 10.1016/j.pss.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) has been orbiting the Moon since 2009, obtaining unique and foundational datasets important to understanding the evolution of the Moon and the Solar System. The high-resolution data acquired by LRO benefit from precise orbit determination (OD), limiting the need for geolocation and co-registration tasks. The initial position knowledge requirement (50 meters) was met with radio tracking from ground stations, after combination with LOLA altimetric crossovers. LRO-specific gravity field solutions were determined and allowed radio-only OD to perform at the level of 20 meters, although secular inclination changes required frequent updates. The high-accuracy gravity fields from GRAIL, with <10 km spatial resolution, further improved the radio-only orbit reconstruction quality (<10 meters). However, orbit reconstruction is in part limited by the 0.3-0.5 mm/s measurement noise level in S-band tracking. One-way tracking through Laser Ranging can supplement the tracking available for OD with 28-Hz ranges with 20-cm single-shot precision, but is available only on the nearside (the lunar hemisphere facing the Earth due to tidal locking). Here, we report on the status of the OD effort since the beginning of the mission, a period spanning more than seven years. We describe modeling improvements and the use of new measurements. In particular, the LOLA altimetric data give accurate, uniform, and independent information about LRO's orbit, with a different sensitivity and geometry which includes coverage over the lunar farside and is not tied to ground-based assets. With SLDEM2015 (a combination of the LOLA topographic profiles and the Kaguya Terrain Camera stereo images), another use of altimetry is possible for OD. We extend the 'direct altimetry' technique developed for the ICESat mission to perform OD and adjust spacecraft position to minimize discrepancies between LOLA tracks and SLDEM2015. Comparisons with the radio-only orbits are used to evaluate this new tracking type, of interest for the OD of future lunar orbiters carrying a laser altimeter. LROC NAC images also provide independent accuracy estimation, through the repeated views taken of anthropogenic features for instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Gregory A. Neumann
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael K. Barker
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- Sigma Space Corporation, 4600 Forbes Boulevard, Lanham, Maryland, USA
| | - Sander Goossens
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Baltimore County, Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David E. Smith
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria T. Zuber
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Li S, Lucey PG, Milliken RE, Hayne PO, Fisher E, Williams JP, Hurley DM, Elphic RC. Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8907-8912. [PMID: 30126996 PMCID: PMC6130389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1802345115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water ice may be allowed to accumulate in permanently shaded regions on airless bodies in the inner solar system such as Mercury, the Moon, and Ceres [Watson K, et al. (1961) J Geophys Res 66:3033-3045]. Unlike Mercury and Ceres, direct evidence for water ice exposed at the lunar surface has remained elusive. We utilize indirect lighting in regions of permanent shadow to report the detection of diagnostic near-infrared absorption features of water ice in reflectance spectra acquired by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper [M (3)] instrument. Several thousand M (3) pixels (∼280 × 280 m) with signatures of water ice at the optical surface (depth of less than a few millimeters) are identified within 20° latitude of both poles, including locations where independent measurements have suggested that water ice may be present. Most ice locations detected in M (3) data also exhibit lunar orbiter laser altimeter reflectance values and Lyman Alpha Mapping Project instrument UV ratio values consistent with the presence of water ice and also exhibit annual maximum temperatures below 110 K. However, only ∼3.5% of cold traps exhibit ice exposures. Spectral modeling shows that some ice-bearing pixels may contain ∼30 wt % ice that is intimately mixed with dry regolith. The patchy distribution and low abundance of lunar surface-exposed water ice might be associated with the true polar wander and impact gardening. The observation of spectral features of H2O confirms that water ice is trapped and accumulates in permanently shadowed regions of the Moon, and in some locations, it is exposed at the modern optical surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822;
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Paul G Lucey
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Ralph E Milliken
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Paul O Hayne
- Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Elizabeth Fisher
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Jean-Pierre Williams
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Dana M Hurley
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD 20723
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Abstract
Silica polymorphs, such as quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, coesite, stishovite, seifertite, baddeleyite-type SiO2, high-pressure silica glass, moganite, and opal, have been found in lunar and/or martian rocks by macro-microanalyses of the samples and remote-sensing observations on the celestial bodies. Because each silica polymorph is stable or metastable at different pressure and temperature conditions, its appearance is variable depending on the occurrence of the lunar and martian rocks. In other words, types of silica polymorphs provide valuable information on the igneous process (e.g., crystallization temperature and cooling rate), shock metamorphism (e.g., shock pressure and temperature), and hydrothermal fluid activity (e.g., pH and water content), implying their importance in planetary science. Therefore, this article focused on reviewing and summarizing the representative and important investigations of lunar and martian silica from the viewpoints of its discovery from lunar and martian materials, the formation processes, the implications for planetary science, and the future prospects in the field of “micro-mineralogy”.
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13
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Fisher EA, Lucey PG, Lemelin M, Greenhagen BT, Siegler MA, Mazarico E, Aharonson O, Williams JP, Hayne PO, Neumann GA, Paige DA, Smith DE, Zuber MT. Evidence for surface water ice in the lunar polar regions using reflectance measurements from the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter and temperature measurements from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment. ICARUS 2017; Volume 292:74-85. [PMID: 32367891 PMCID: PMC7197374 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We find that the reflectance of the lunar surface within 5 ° of latitude of the South Pole increases rapidly with decreasing temperature, near ~110K, behavior consistent with the presence of surface water iceThe North polar region does not show this behavior, nor do South polar surfaces at latitudes more than 5° from the pole. This South pole reflectance anomaly persists when analysis is limited to surfaces with slopes less than 10° to eliminate false detection due to the brightening effect of mass wasting, and also when the very bright south polar crater Shackleton is excluded from the analysis. We also find that south polar regions of permanent shadow that have been reported to be generally brighter at 1064 nm do not show anomalous reflectance when their annual maximum surface temperatures are too high to preserve water ice. This distinction is not observed at the North Pole. The reflectance excursion on surfaces with maximum temperatures below 110K is superimposed on a general trend of increasing reflectance with decreasing maximum temperature that is present throughout the polar regions in the north and south; we attribute this trend to a temperature or illumination-dependent space weathering effect (e.g. Hemingway et al. 2015). We also find a sudden increase in reflectance with decreasing temperature superimposed on the general trend at 200K and possibly at 300K. This may indicate the presence of other volatiles such as sulfur or organics. We identified and mapped surfaces with reflectances so high as to be unlikely to be part of an ice-free population. In this south we find a similar distribution found by Hayne et al. 2015 based on UV properties. In the north a cluster of pixels near that pole may represent a limited frost exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Fisher
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology University of Hawaii at Manoa 1680 East West Road Honolulu HI 96822 [Now at Brown University, Dept. of Earth, Environmental & Planetary Sciences, 324 Brook St., Providence, RI 02912]
| | - Paul G Lucey
- Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology University of Hawaii at Manoa 1680 East West Road Honolulu HI 96822
| | - Myriam Lemelin
- Department of Earth & Space Science & Engineering York University Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin T Greenhagen
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11101 Johns Hopkins Rd. Laurel, 20723 MD, USA
| | - Matthew A Siegler
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA and Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, USA
| | | | - Oded Aharonson
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jean-Pierre Williams
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Paul O Hayne
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, United States
| | | | - David A Paige
- Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - David E Smith
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
| | - Maria T Zuber
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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14
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Deutsch AN, Chabot NL, Mazarico E, Ernst CM, Head JW, Neumann GA, Solomon SC. Comparison of areas in shadow from imaging and altimetry in the north polar region of Mercury and implications for polar ice deposits. ICARUS 2016; 280:158-171. [PMID: 29332948 PMCID: PMC5761734 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Earth-based radar observations and results from the MESSENGER mission have provided strong evidence that permanently shadowed regions near Mercury's poles host deposits of water ice. MESSENGER's complete orbital image and topographic datasets enable Mercury's surface to be observed and modeled under an extensive range of illumination conditions. The shadowed regions of Mercury's north polar region from 65°N to 90°N were mapped by analyzing Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) images and by modeling illumination with Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) topographic data. The two independent methods produced strong agreement in identifying shadowed areas. All large radar-bright deposits, those hosted within impact craters ≥6 km in diameter, collocate with regions of shadow identified by both methods. However, only ∼46% of the persistently shadowed areas determined from images and ∼43% of the permanently shadowed areas derived from altimetry host radar-bright materials. Some sizable regions of shadow that do not host radar-bright deposits experience thermal conditions similar to those that do. The shadowed craters that lack radar-bright materials show a relation with longitude that is not related to the thermal environment, suggesting that the Earth-based radar observations of these locations may have been limited by viewing geometry, but it is also possible that water ice in these locations is insulated by anomalously thick lag deposits or that these shadowed regions do not host water ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel N Deutsch
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Nancy L Chabot
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Erwan Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Carolyn M Ernst
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - James W Head
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | | | - Sean C Solomon
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. 20015, USA
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Roehr TM, Cordes F, Kirchner F. Reconfigurable Integrated Multirobot Exploration System (RIMRES): Heterogeneous Modular Reconfigurable Robots for Space Exploration. J FIELD ROBOT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/rob.21477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Roehr
- DFKI Robotics Innovation Center Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Florian Cordes
- DFKI Robotics Innovation Center Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
| | - Frank Kirchner
- DFKI Robotics Innovation Center Bremen and University of Bremen; 28359 Bremen Germany
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16
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Laursen L. Ice may lurk in shadows beyond Moon's poles. Nature 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2012.11501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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