1
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Holbourn A, Kuhnt W, Kulhanek DK, Mountain G, Rosenthal Y, Sagawa T, Lübbers J, Andersen N. Re-organization of Pacific overturning circulation across the Miocene Climate Optimum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8135. [PMID: 39289389 PMCID: PMC11408672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The response of the ocean overturning circulation to global warming remains controversial. Here, we integrate a multiproxy record from International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1490 in the western equatorial Pacific with published data from the Pacific, Southern and Indian Oceans to investigate the evolution of deep water circulation during the Miocene Climate Optimum (MCO) and Middle Miocene Climate Transition (MMCT). We find that the northward export of southern-sourced deep waters was closely tied to high-latitude climate and Antarctic ice cover variations. Global warming during the MCO drove a progressive decrease in carbonate ion concentration and density stratification, shifting the overturning from intermediate to deeper waters. In the western equatorial Pacific, carbonate dissolution was compensated by increased pelagic productivity, resulting in overall elevated carbonate accumulation rates after ~16 Ma. Stepwise global cooling and Antarctic glacial expansion during the MMCT promoted a gradual improvement in carbonate preservation and the initiation of a near-modern Pacific overturning circulation. We infer that changes in the latitudinal thermal gradient and in Southern Ocean zonal wind stress and upper ocean stratification drove radically different modes of deep water formation and overturning across the MCO and MMCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Holbourn
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Kuhnt
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denise K Kulhanek
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gregory Mountain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Rosenthal
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Takuya Sagawa
- Faculty of Geosciences and Civil Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Julia Lübbers
- Institute of Geosciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
- Center for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Nils Andersen
- Leibniz Laboratory for Radiometric Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Bogumil M, Mittal T, Lithgow-Bertelloni C. The effects of bathymetry on the long-term carbon cycle and CCD. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2400232121. [PMID: 38748585 PMCID: PMC11126914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2400232121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The shape of the ocean floor (bathymetry) and the overlaying sediments provide the largest carbon sink throughout Earth's history, supporting ~one to two orders of magnitude more carbon storage than the oceans and atmosphere combined. While accumulation and erosion of these sediments are bathymetry dependent (e.g., due to pressure, temperature, salinity, ion concentration, and available productivity), no systemic study has quantified how global and basin scale bathymetry, controlled by the evolution of tectonics and mantle convection, affects the long-term carbon cycle. We reconstruct bathymetry spanning the last 80 Myr to describe steady-state changes in ocean chemistry within the Earth system model LOSCAR. We find that both bathymetry reconstructions and representative synthetic tests show that ocean alkalinity, calcite saturation state, and the carbonate compensation depth (CCD) are strongly dependent on changes in shallow bathymetry (ocean floor ≤600 m) and on the distribution of the deep marine regions (>1,000 m). Limiting Cenozoic evolution to bathymetry alone leads to predicted CCD variations spanning 500 m, 33 to 50% of the total observed variations in the paleoproxy records. Our results suggest that neglecting bathymetric changes leads to significant misattribution to uncertain carbon cycle parameters (e.g., atmospheric CO2 and water column temperature) and processes (e.g., biological pump efficiency and silicate-carbonate riverine flux). To illustrate this point, we use our updated bathymetry for an Early Paleogene C cycle case study. We obtain carbonate riverine flux estimates that suggest a reversal of the weathering trend with respect to present-day, contrasting with previous studies, but consistent with proxy records and tectonic reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bogumil
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095-1567
| | - Tushar Mittal
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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3
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Rousseau DD, Bagniewski W, Lucarini V. A punctuated equilibrium analysis of the climate evolution of cenozoic exhibits a hierarchy of abrupt transitions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11290. [PMID: 37438407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Earth's climate has experienced numerous critical transitions during its history, which have often been accompanied by massive and rapid changes in the biosphere. Such transitions are evidenced in various proxy records covering different timescales. The goal is then to identify, date, characterize, and rank past critical transitions in terms of importance, thus possibly yielding a more thorough perspective on climatic history. To illustrate such an approach, which is inspired by the punctuated equilibrium perspective on the theory of evolution, we have analyzed 2 key high-resolution datasets: the CENOGRID marine compilation (past 66 Myr), and North Atlantic U1308 record (past 3.3 Myr). By combining recurrence analysis of the individual time series with a multivariate representation of the system based on the theory of the quasi-potential, we identify the key abrupt transitions associated with major regime changes that separate various clusters of climate variability. This allows interpreting the time-evolution of the system as a trajectory taking place in a dynamical landscape, whose multiscale features describe a hierarchy of metastable states and associated tipping points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis-Didier Rousseau
- Géosciences Montpellier, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- Institute of Physics-CSE, Division of Geochronology and Environmental Isotopes, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland.
- Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
| | - Witold Bagniewski
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-Paris Sciences et Lettres, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France
| | - Valerio Lucarini
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Centre for the Mathematics of Planet Earth, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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4
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Tian F, Li R, Xie G, Wang K, Zhang L, Zhang X, Sun W. The formation of supercritical carbon dioxide hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:154-156. [PMID: 36653212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Tian
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rui Li
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guozhi Xie
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weidong Sun
- Center of Deep Sea Research, Center of Ocean Mega Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; College of Marine Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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5
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Wood M, Hayes CT, Paytan A. Global Quaternary Carbonate Burial: Proxy- and Model-Based Reconstructions and Persisting Uncertainties. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2023; 15:277-302. [PMID: 35773213 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-031122-031137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Constraining rates of marine carbonate burial through geologic time is critical for interpreting reconstructed changes in ocean chemistry and understanding feedbacks and interactions between Earth's carbon cycle and climate. The Quaternary Period (the past 2.6 million years) is of particular interest due to dramatic variations in sea level that periodically exposed and flooded areas of carbonate accumulation on the continental shelf, likely impacting the global carbonate budget and atmospheric carbon dioxide. These important effects remain poorly quantified. Here, we summarize the importance of carbonate burial in the ocean-climate system, review methods for quantifying carbonate burial across depositional environments, discuss advances in reconstructing Quaternary carbonate burial over the past three decades, and identify gaps and challenges in reconciling the existing records. Emerging paleoceanographic proxies such as the stable strontium and calcium isotope systems, as well as innovative modeling approaches, are highlighted as new opportunities to produce continuous records of global carbonate burial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Wood
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA;
| | - Christopher T Hayes
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, USA;
| | - Adina Paytan
- Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA;
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6
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Jamson KM, Moon BC, Fraass AJ. Diversity dynamics of microfossils from the Cretaceous to the Neogene show mixed responses to events. PALAEONTOLOGY 2022; 65:e12615. [PMID: 36248238 PMCID: PMC9540813 DOI: 10.1111/pala.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microfossils have a ubiquitous and well-studied fossil record with temporally and spatially fluctuating diversity, but how this arises and how major events affect speciation and extinction is uncertain. We present one of the first applications of PyRate to a micropalaeontological global occurrence dataset, reconstructing diversification rates within a Bayesian framework from the Mesozoic to the Neogene in four microfossil groups: planktic foraminiferans, calcareous nannofossils, radiolarians and diatoms. Calcareous and siliceous groups demonstrate opposed but inconsistent responses in diversification. Radiolarian origination increases from c. 104 Ma, maintaining high rates into the Cenozoic. Calcareous microfossil diversification rates significantly declines across the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary, while rates in siliceous microfossil groups remain stable until the Paleocene-Eocene transition. Diversification rates in the Cenozoic are largely stable in calcareous groups, whereas the Palaeogene is a turbulent time for diatoms. Diversification fluctuations are driven by climate change and fluctuations in sea surface temperatures, leading to different responses in the groups generating calcareous or siliceous microfossils. Extinctions are apparently induced by changes in anoxia, acidification and stratification; speciation tends to be associated with upwelling, productivity and ocean circulation. These results invite further micropalaeontological quantitative analysis and study of the effects of major transitions in the fossil record. Despite extensive occurrence data, regional diversification events were not recovered; neither were some global events. These unexpected results show the need to consider multiple spatiotemporal levels of diversity and diversification analyses and imply that occurrence datasets of different clades may be more appropriate for testing some hypotheses than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Jamson
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
- Present address:
School of Earth & Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBob Wright Centre A405VictoriaBCV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Benjamin C. Moon
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
| | - Andrew J. Fraass
- Palaeobiology Research GroupSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolWills Memorial Building, Queens RoadBristolBS8 1RJUK
- The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University1900 Benjamin Franklin ParkwayPhiladelphiaPA19103USA
- Present address:
School of Earth & Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaBob Wright Centre A405VictoriaBCV8W 2Y2Canada
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7
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Geochronological Evidence Inferring Carbonate Compensation Depth Shoaling in the Philippine Sea after the Mid-Brunhes Event. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Carbonate compensation depth (CCD) is an important factor in the global deep ocean and in global carbon cycling; however, its variabilities have not been well documented in previous studies. In this study, we investigate two deep-sea cores collected from the Philippine Sea in terms of geochronology and geochemical properties over the past ~900 kyr. The principle results are as follows: (1) Two magnetozones are determined from the sediment’s magnetic records, which can be correlated with the Brunhes and Matuyama chrons in the geomagnetic polarity timescale. (2) The age models can be refined by tuning the Ba and Sm intensities of the two studied cores to the global ice volume, and the estimated sediment accumulation rate is ~4 mm/kyr. (3) Chalky mud and the bulk carbon δ13C record vary abruptly at ~430 ka and imply 200 m shoaling of the CCD. Based on these results, a close link is inferred between marine productivity, aeolian dust, and CCD changes, which can be correlated with a major change that occurred during the Mid-Brunhes Event. Therefore, we propose that the sedimentary processes in the Philippine Sea are evidence of global climate change, providing a unique window to observe interactions between various environmental systems.
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8
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Neogene continental denudation and the beryllium conundrum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2026456118. [PMID: 34649990 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026456118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing Cenozoic history of continental silicate weathering is crucial for understanding Earth's carbon cycle and greenhouse history. The question of whether continental silicate weathering increased during the late Cenozoic, setting the stage for glacial cycles, has remained controversial for decades. Whereas numerous independent proxies of weathering in ocean sediments (e.g., Li, Sr, and Os isotopes) have been interpreted to indicate that the continental silicate weathering rate increased in the late Cenozoic, beryllium isotopes in seawater have stood out as an important exception. Beryllium isotopes have been interpreted to indicate stable continental weathering and/or denudation rates over the last 12 Myr. Here we present a Be cycle model whose results show that variations in the 9Be weathering flux are counterbalanced by near-coastal scavenging while the cosmogenic 10Be flux from the upper atmosphere stays constant. As a result, predicted seawater 10Be/9Be ratios remain nearly constant even when global denudation and Be weathering rates increase by three orders of magnitude. Moreover, 10Be/9Be records allow for up to an 11-fold increase in Be weathering and denudation rates over the late Cenozoic, consistent with estimates from other proxies. The large increase in continental weathering indicated by multiple proxies further suggests that the increased CO2 consumption by continental weathering, driven by mountain-building events, was counterbalanced by other geological processes to prevent a runaway icehouse condition during the late Cenozoic. These processes could include enhanced carbonate dissolution via pyrite weathering, accelerated oxidation of fossil organic carbon, and/or reduced basalt weathering as the climate cooled.
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9
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Paytan A, Griffith EM, Eisenhauer A, Hain MP, Wallmann K, Ridgwell A. A 35-million-year record of seawater stable Sr isotopes reveals a fluctuating global carbon cycle. Science 2021; 371:1346-1350. [PMID: 33766882 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz9266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the concentration and isotopic composition of the major constituents in seawater reflect changes in their sources and sinks. Because many of the processes controlling these sources and sinks are tied to the cycling of carbon, such records can provide insights into what drives past changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate. Here, we present a stable strontium (Sr) isotope record derived from pelagic marine barite. Our δ88/86Sr record exhibits a complex pattern, first declining between 35 and 15 million years ago (Ma), then increasing from 15 to 5 Ma, before declining again from ~5 Ma to the present. Numerical modeling reveals that the associated fluctuations in seawater Sr concentrations are about ±25% relative to present-day seawater. We interpret the δ88/86Sr data as reflecting changes in the mineralogy and burial location of biogenic carbonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina Paytan
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
| | | | - Anton Eisenhauer
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mathis P Hain
- Institute of Marine Science, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Klaus Wallmann
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew Ridgwell
- Department of Earth Sciences and Planetary Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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10
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Paleoceanographic Perturbations and the Marine Carbonate System during the Middle to Late Miocene Carbonate Crash—A Critical Review. GEOSCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/geosciences11020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study intends to review and assess the middle to late Miocene Carbonate Crash (CC) events in the low to mid latitudes of the Pacific, Indian, Caribbean and Atlantic Oceans as part of the global paleoceanographic reorganisations between 12 and 9 Ma with an emphasis on record preservation and their relation to mass accumulation rates (MAR). In the Eastern Pacific the accumulation changes in carbonate and opal probably reflect an El-Niño-like state of low productivity, which marks the beginning of the CC-event (11.5 Ma), followed by decreased preservation and influx of corrosive bottom waters (10.3 to 10.1 Ma). At the same time in the Atlantic, carbonate preservation considerably increases, suggesting basin-to-basin fractionation. The low-latitude Indian Ocean, the Pacific and the Caribbean are all characterised by a similar timing of preservation increase starting at ~9.6–9.4 Ma, while their MARs show drastic changes with different timing of events. The Atlantic preservation pattern shows an increase as early as 11.5 Ma and becomes even better after 10.1 Ma. The shallow Indian Ocean (Mascarene plateau) is characterised by low carbonate accumulation throughout and increasing preservation after 9.4 Ma. At the same time, the preservation in the Atlantic, including the Caribbean, is increasing due to enhanced North Atlantic deep-water formation, leading to the increase in carbonate accumulation at 10 Ma. Moreover, the shoaling of the Central American Isthmus might have helped to enhance Caribbean preservation after 9.4 Ma. Lower nannoplankton productivity in the Atlantic should have additionally contributed to low mass accumulation rates during the late CC-interval. Overall, it can be inferred that these carbonate minima events during the Miocene may be the result of decreased surface ocean productivity and oceanographically driven increased seafloor dissolution.
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11
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Komar N, Zeebe RE. Reconciling atmospheric CO 2, weathering, and calcite compensation depth across the Cenozoic. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabd4876. [PMID: 33523943 PMCID: PMC10671158 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd4876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The Cenozoic era (66 to 0 million years) is marked by long-term aberrations in carbon cycling and large climatic shifts, some of which challenge the current understanding of carbon cycle dynamics. Here, we investigate possible mechanisms responsible for the observed long-term trends by using a novel approach that features a full-fledged ocean carbonate chemistry model. Using a compilation of pCO2, pH, and calcite compensation depth (CCD) observational evidence and a suite of simulations, we reconcile long-term Cenozoic climate and CCD trends. We show that the CCD response was decoupled from changes in silicate and carbonate weathering rates, challenging the continental uplift hypothesis. The two dominant mechanisms for decoupling are shelf-basin carbonate burial fractionation combined with proliferation of pelagic calcifiers. The temperature effect on remineralization rates of marine organic matter also plays a critical role in controlling the carbon cycle dynamics, especially during the warmer periods of the Cenozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Komar
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Richard E Zeebe
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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12
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Ao H, Dupont-Nivet G, Rohling EJ, Zhang P, Ladant JB, Roberts AP, Licht A, Liu Q, Liu Z, Dekkers MJ, Coxall HK, Jin Z, Huang C, Xiao G, Poulsen CJ, Barbolini N, Meijer N, Sun Q, Qiang X, Yao J, An Z. Orbital climate variability on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5249. [PMID: 33067447 PMCID: PMC7567875 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18824-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The first major build-up of Antarctic glaciation occurred in two consecutive stages across the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT): the EOT-1 cooling event at ~34.1-33.9 Ma and the Oi-1 glaciation event at ~33.8-33.6 Ma. Detailed orbital-scale terrestrial environmental responses to these events remain poorly known. Here we present magnetic and geochemical climate records from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin that are dated precisely from ~35.5 to 31 Ma by combined magneto- and astro-chronology. These records suggest a hydroclimate transition at ~33.7 Ma from eccentricity dominated cycles to oscillations paced by a combination of eccentricity, obliquity, and precession, and confirm that major Asian aridification and cooling occurred at Oi-1. We conclude that this terrestrial orbital response transition coincided with a similar transition in the marine benthic δ18O record for global ice volume and deep-sea temperature variations. The dramatic reorganization of the Asian climate system coincident with Oi-1 was, thus, a response to coeval atmospheric CO2 decline and continental-scale Antarctic glaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
| | - Guillaume Dupont-Nivet
- Université de Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes, UMR, 6118, Rennes, France.
- Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Eelco J Rohling
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ladant
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew P Roberts
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Alexis Licht
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Centre for Marine Magnetism (CM2), Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mark J Dekkers
- Paleomagnetic Laboratory 'Fort Hoofddijk', Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen K Coxall
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunju Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoqiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Christopher J Poulsen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Natasha Barbolini
- Department of Ecosystem and Landscape Dynamics, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Meijer
- Universität Potsdam, Institute of Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Qiang Sun
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoke Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhisheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center of Earth Science Frontier, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Maherali H, Baraloto C, Blackwood CB. Independent evolutionary changes in fine-root traits among main clades during the diversification of seed plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:541-553. [PMID: 32535912 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Changes in fine-root morphology are typically associated with transitions from the ancestral arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) to the alternative ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or nonmycorrhizal (NM) associations. However, the modifications in root morphology may also coincide with new modifications in leaf hydraulics and growth habit during angiosperm diversification. These hypotheses have not been evaluated concurrently, and this limits our understanding of the causes of fine-root evolution. To explore the evolution of fine-root systems, we assembled a 600+ species database to reconstruct historical changes in seed plants over time. We utilise ancestral reconstruction approaches together with phylogenetically informed comparative analyses to test whether changes in fine-root traits were most strongly associated with mycorrhizal affiliation, leaf hydraulics or growth form. Our findings showed significant shifts in root diameter, specific root length and root tissue density as angiosperms diversified, largely independent from leaf changes or mycorrhizal affiliation. Growth form was the only factor associated with fine-root traits in statistical models including mycorrhizal association and leaf venation, suggesting substantial modifications in fine-root morphology during transitions from woody to nonwoody habits. Divergences in fine-root systems were crucial in the evolution of seed plant lineages, with important implications for ecological processes in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar J Valverde-Barrantes
- International Center for Tropical Biodiversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Christopher Baraloto
- International Center for Tropical Biodiversity, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Abstract
A hidden carbon cycle exists inside Earth. Every year, megatons of carbon disappear into subduction zones, affecting atmospheric carbon dioxide and oxygen over Earth's history. Here we discuss the processes that move carbon towards subduction zones and transform it into fluids, magmas, volcanic gases and diamonds. The carbon dioxide emitted from arc volcanoes is largely recycled from subducted microfossils, organic remains and carbonate precipitates. The type of carbon input and the efficiency with which carbon is remobilized in the subduction zone vary greatly around the globe, with every convergent margin providing a natural laboratory for tracing subducting carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Plank
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA.
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15
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Jian Z, Jin H, Kaminski MA, Ferreira F, Li B, Yu PS. Discovery of the marine Eocene in the northern South China Sea. Natl Sci Rev 2019; 6:881-885. [PMID: 34691948 PMCID: PMC8291548 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, China
| | - Haiyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, China
| | - Michael A Kaminski
- Geosciences Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Baohua Li
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Pai-Sen Yu
- Applied Research Laboratories (NARLabs), Taiwan Ocean Research Institute (TORI), China
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Demmert B, Schinzel F, Schüßler M, Mondeshki M, Kaschta J, Schubert DW, Jacob DE, Wolf SE. Polymer-Functionalised Nanograins of Mg-Doped Amorphous Calcium Carbonate via a Flow-Chemistry Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1818. [PMID: 31167501 PMCID: PMC6601056 DOI: 10.3390/ma12111818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcareous biominerals typically feature a hybrid nanogranular structure consisting of calcium carbonate nanograins coated with organic matrices. This nanogranular organisation has a beneficial effect on the functionality of these bioceramics. In this feasibility study, we successfully employed a flow-chemistry approach to precipitate Mg-doped amorphous calcium carbonate particles functionalized by negatively charged polyelectrolytes-either polyacrylates (PAA) or polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). We demonstrate that the rate of Mg incorporation and, thus, the ratio of the Mg dopant to calcium in the precipitated amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), is flow rate dependent. In the case of the PAA-functionalized Mg-doped ACC, we further observed a weak flow rate dependence concerning the hydration state of the precipitate, which we attribute to incorporated PAA acting as a water sorbent; a behaviour which is not present in experiments with PSS and without a polymer. Thus, polymer-dependent phenomena can affect flow-chemistry approaches, that is, in syntheses of functionally graded materials by layer-deposition processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Demmert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (WW), Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 NSW, Australia.
| | - Frank Schinzel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (WW), Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Martina Schüßler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (WW), Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mihail Mondeshki
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Joachim Kaschta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (WW), Institute of Polymer Materials (WW5), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dirk W Schubert
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (WW), Institute of Polymer Materials (WW5), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Dorrit E Jacob
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, 2109 NSW, Australia.
| | - Stephan E Wolf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering (WW), Institute of Glass and Ceramics (WW3), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Martensstrasse 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Center for Functional Particle Systems (FPS), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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17
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Greene SE, Ridgwell A, Kirtland Turner S, Schmidt DN, Pälike H, Thomas E, Greene LK, Hoogakker BAA. Early Cenozoic Decoupling of Climate and Carbonate Compensation Depth Trends. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY AND PALEOCLIMATOLOGY 2019; 34:930-945. [PMID: 31598585 PMCID: PMC6774345 DOI: 10.1029/2019pa003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the long-term evolution of the Earth system is based on the assumption that terrestrial weathering rates should respond to, and hence help regulate, atmospheric CO2 and climate. Increased terrestrial weathering requires increased carbonate accumulation in marine sediments, which in turn is expected to result in a long-term deepening of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD). Here, we critically assess this long-term relationship between climate and carbon cycling. We generate a record of marine deep-sea carbonate abundance from selected late Paleocene through early Eocene time slices to reconstruct the position of the CCD. Although our data set allows for a modest CCD deepening, we find no statistically significant change in the CCD despite >3 °C global warming, highlighting the need for additional deep-sea constraints on carbonate accumulation. Using an Earth system model, we show that the impact of warming and increased weathering on the CCD can be obscured by the opposing influences of ocean circulation patterns and sedimentary respiration of organic matter. From our data synthesis and modeling, we suggest that observations of warming, declining δ13C and a relatively stable CCD can be broadly reproduced by mid-Paleogene increases in volcanic CO2 outgassing and weathering. However, remaining data-model discrepancies hint at missing processes in our model, most likely involving the preservation and burial of organic carbon. Our finding of a decoupling between the CCD and global marine carbonate burial rates means that considerable care is needed in attempting to use the CCD to directly gauge global carbonate burial rates and hence weathering rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Greene
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - A. Ridgwell
- BRIDGE, School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of California at RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - S. Kirtland Turner
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of California at RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - D. N. Schmidt
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - H. Pälike
- MARUM‐Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - E. Thomas
- Department of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesWesleyan UniversityMiddletownCTUSA
| | - L. K. Greene
- University Program in EcologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
- Department of Evolutionary AnthropologyDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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18
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van der Ploeg R, Selby D, Cramwinckel MJ, Li Y, Bohaty SM, Middelburg JJ, Sluijs A. Middle Eocene greenhouse warming facilitated by diminished weathering feedback. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2877. [PMID: 30038400 PMCID: PMC6056486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO) represents a ~500-kyr period of global warming ~40 million years ago and is associated with a rise in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, but the cause of this CO2 rise remains enigmatic. Here we show, based on osmium isotope ratios (187Os/188Os) of marine sediments and published records of the carbonate compensation depth (CCD), that the continental silicate weathering response to the inferred CO2 rise and warming was strongly diminished during the MECO-in contrast to expectations from the silicate weathering thermostat hypothesis. We surmise that global early and middle Eocene warmth gradually diminished the weatherability of continental rocks and hence the strength of the silicate weathering feedback, allowing for the prolonged accumulation of volcanic CO2 in the oceans and atmosphere during the MECO. These results are supported by carbon cycle modeling simulations, which highlight the fundamental importance of a variable weathering feedback strength in climate and carbon cycle interactions in Earth's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin van der Ploeg
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands.
| | - David Selby
- Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Margot J Cramwinckel
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10029, China
| | - Steven M Bohaty
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jack J Middelburg
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
| | - Appy Sluijs
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CB, The Netherlands
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Roterman CN, Lee WK, Liu X, Lin R, Li X, Won YJ. A new yeti crab phylogeny: Vent origins with indications of regional extinction in the East Pacific. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194696. [PMID: 29547631 PMCID: PMC5856415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of two new species of kiwaid squat lobsters on hydrothermal vents in the Pacific Ocean and in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean has prompted a re-analysis of Kiwaid biogeographical history. Using a larger alignment with more fossil calibrated nodes than previously, we consider the precise relationship between Kiwaidae, Chirostylidae and Eumunididae within Chirostyloidea (Decapoda: Anomura) to be still unresolved at present. Additionally, the placement of both new species within a new “Bristly” clade along with the seep-associated Kiwa puravida is most parsimoniously interpreted as supporting a vent origin for the family, rather than a seep-to-vent progression. Fossil-calibrated divergence analysis indicates an origin for the clade around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary in the eastern Pacific ~33–38 Ma, coincident with a lowering of bottom temperatures and increased ventilation in the Pacific deep sea. Likewise, the mid-Miocene (~10–16 Ma) rapid radiation of the new Bristly clade also coincides with a similar cooling event in the tropical East Pacific. The distribution, diversity, tree topology and divergence timing of Kiwaidae in the East Pacific is most consistent with a pattern of extinctions, recolonisations and radiations along fast-spreading ridges in this region and may have been punctuated by large-scale fluctuations in deep-water ventilation and temperature during the Cenozoic; further affecting the viability of Kiwaidae populations along portions of mid-ocean ridge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Won-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Deep-sea and Seabed Mineral Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xinming Liu
- Guangxi Academy of Oceanography, Nanning, China
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Yong-Jin Won
- Department of Life Science, Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
Earth’s modern climate is defined by the presence of ice at both poles, but that ice is now disappearing. Therefore understanding the origin and causes of polar ice stability is more critical than ever. Here we provide novel geochemical data that constrain past dynamics of glacial ice on Greenland and Arctic sea ice. Based on accurate source determinations of individual ice-rafted Fe-oxide grains, we find evidence for episodic glaciation of distinct source regions on Greenland as far-ranging as ~68°N and ~80°N synchronous with ice-rafting from circum-Arctic sources, beginning in the middle Eocene. Glacial intervals broadly coincide with reduced CO2, with a potential threshold for glacial ice stability near ~500 p.p.m.v. The middle Eocene represents the Cenozoic onset of a dynamic cryosphere, with ice in both hemispheres during transient glacials and substantial regional climate heterogeneity. A more stable cryosphere developed at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and is now threatened by anthropogenic emissions. With rapidly disappearing ice, understanding the past behavior of the cryosphere is critical. Here, the authors indicate the initiation and disappearance of glaciation on Greenland and Arctic sea ice coincided in the past, synchronous with Antarctic ice and global ice volume, and a CO2 threshold of ~500 p.p.m.v.
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Hannisdal B, Haaga KA, Reitan T, Diego D, Liow LH. Common species link global ecosystems to climate change: dynamical evidence in the planktonic fossil record. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0722. [PMID: 28701561 PMCID: PMC5524498 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Common species shape the world around us, and changes in their commonness signify large-scale shifts in ecosystem structure and function. However, our understanding of long-term ecosystem response to environmental forcing in the deep past is centred on species richness, neglecting the disproportional impact of common species. Here, we use common and widespread species of planktonic foraminifera in deep-sea sediments to track changes in observed global occupancy (proportion of sampled sites at which a species is present and observed) through the turbulent climatic history of the last 65 Myr. Our approach is sensitive to relative changes in global abundance of the species set and robust to factors that bias richness estimators. Using three independent methods for detecting causality, we show that the observed global occupancy of planktonic foraminifera has been dynamically coupled to past oceanographic changes captured in deep-ocean temperature reconstructions. The causal inference does not imply a direct mechanism, but is consistent with an indirect, time-delayed causal linkage. Given the strong quantitative evidence that a dynamical coupling exists, we hypothesize that mixotrophy (symbiont hosting) may be an ecological factor linking the global abundance of planktonic foraminifera to long-term climate changes via the relative extent of oligotrophic oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarte Hannisdal
- Centre for Geobiology, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway .,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kristian Agasøster Haaga
- Centre for Geobiology, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway.,Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Reitan
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - David Diego
- Centre for Geobiology, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, PO Box 7803, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lee Hsiang Liow
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.,Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate. Nature 2016; 533:380-4. [PMID: 27111509 DOI: 10.1038/nature17423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Marine diatoms are silica-precipitating microalgae that account for over half of organic carbon burial in marine sediments and thus they play a key role in the global carbon cycle. Their evolutionary expansion during the Cenozoic era (66 Ma to present) has been associated with a superior competitive ability for silicic acid relative to other siliceous plankton such as radiolarians, which evolved by reducing the weight of their silica test. Here we use a mathematical model in which diatoms and radiolarians compete for silicic acid to show that the observed reduction in the weight of radiolarian tests is insufficient to explain the rise of diatoms. Using the lithium isotope record of seawater as a proxy of silicate rock weathering and erosion, we calculate changes in the input flux of silicic acid to the oceans. Our results indicate that the long-term massive erosion of continental silicates was critical to the subsequent success of diatoms in marine ecosystems over the last 40 My and suggest an increase in the strength and efficiency of the oceanic biological pump over this period.
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Norris RD, Turner SK, Hull PM, Ridgwell A. Marine Ecosystem Responses to Cenozoic Global Change. Science 2013; 341:492-8. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1240543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Norris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - S. Kirtland Turner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - P. M. Hull
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - A. Ridgwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
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Goedert JL, Peckmann J, Benham SR, Janssen AW. First record of the Eocene pteropodHeliconoides nitens(Gastropoda: Thecosomata: Limacinidae) from the Pacific Basin. P BIOL SOC WASH 2013. [DOI: 10.2988/0006-324x-126.1.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Stoll H. Ocean science: Ancient burial at sea. Nature 2012; 488:596-7. [PMID: 22932380 DOI: 10.1038/488596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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