1
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Reale S, Hwang J, Oh J, Brune H, Heinrich AJ, Donati F, Bae Y. Electrically driven spin resonance of 4f electrons in a single atom on a surface. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5289. [PMID: 38902242 PMCID: PMC11190280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49447-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A pivotal challenge in quantum technologies lies in reconciling long coherence times with efficient manipulation of the quantum states of a system. Lanthanide atoms, with their well-localized 4f electrons, emerge as a promising solution to this dilemma if provided with a rational design for manipulation and detection. Here we construct tailored spin structures to perform electron spin resonance on a single lanthanide atom using a scanning tunneling microscope. A magnetically coupled structure made of an erbium and a titanium atom enables us to both drive the erbium's 4f electron spins and indirectly probe them through the titanium's 3d electrons. The erbium spin states exhibit an extended spin relaxation time and a higher driving efficiency compared to 3d atoms with spin ½ in similarly coupled structures. Our work provides a new approach to accessing highly protected spin states, enabling their coherent control in an all-electric fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Reale
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jiyoon Hwang
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Oh
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Harald Brune
- Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fabio Donati
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, nanotech@surfaces Laboratory, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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2
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Duverger E, Riedel D. Optoelectronic Readout of Single Er Adatom's Electronic States Adsorbed on the Si(100) Surface at Low Temperature (9 K). ACS NANO 2024; 18:9656-9669. [PMID: 38502103 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Integrating nanoscale optoelectronic functions is vital for applications such as optical emitters, detectors, and quantum information. Lanthanide atoms show great potential in this endeavor due to their intrinsic transitions. Here, we investigate Er adatoms on Si(100)-2×1 at 9 K using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) coupled to a tunable laser. Er adatoms display two main adsorption configurations that are optically excited between 800 and 1200 nm while the STM reads the resulting photocurrents. Our spectroscopic method reveals that various photocurrent signals stem from the bare silicon surface or Er adatoms. Additional photocurrent peaks appear as the signature of the Er adatom relaxation, triggering efficient dissociation of nearby trapped excitons. Calculations using density functional theory with spin-orbit coupling correction highlight the origin of the observed photocurrent peaks as specific 4f→4f or 4f→5d transitions. This spectroscopic technique can facilitate optoelectronic analysis of atomic and molecular assemblies by offering insight into their intrinsic quantum properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Duverger
- Institut FEMTO-ST, Univ. Franche-Comté, CNRS, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - Damien Riedel
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay (ISMO), CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France
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3
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Zhang Y, Fan W, Yang J, Guan H, Zhang Q, Qin X, Duan C, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Rogge S, Yin C, Du J. Photoionisation detection of a single Er 3+ ion with sub-100-ns time resolution. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad134. [PMID: 38487492 PMCID: PMC10939366 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient detection of single optical centres in solids is essential for quantum information processing, sensing and single-photon generation applications. In this work, we use radio-frequency (RF) reflectometry to electrically detect the photoionisation induced by a single Er3+ ion in Si. The high bandwidth and sensitivity of the RF reflectometry provide sub-100-ns time resolution for the photoionisation detection. With this technique, the optically excited state lifetime of a single Er3+ ion in a Si nano-transistor is measured for the first time to be [Formula: see text]s. Our results demonstrate an efficient approach for detecting a charge state change induced by Er excitation and relaxation. This approach could be used for fast readout of other single optical centres in solids and is attractive for large-scale integrated optical quantum systems thanks to the multi-channel RF reflectometry demonstrated with frequency multiplexing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenda Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiliang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hao Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Brett C Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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4
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Johnston A, Felix-Rendon U, Wong YE, Chen S. Cavity-coupled telecom atomic source in silicon. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2350. [PMID: 38490992 PMCID: PMC10943074 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel T centers in silicon hold great promise for quantum networking applications due to their telecom band optical transitions and the long-lived ground state electronic spins. An open challenge for advancing the T center platform is to enhance its weak and slow zero phonon line (ZPL) emission. In this work, by integrating single T centers with a low-loss, small mode-volume silicon photonic crystal cavity, we demonstrate an enhancement of the fluorescence decay rate by a factor of F = 6.89. Efficient photon extraction enables the system to achieve an average ZPL photon outcoupling rate of 73.3 kHz under saturation, which is about two orders of magnitude larger than the previously reported value. The dynamics of the coupled system is well modeled by solving the Lindblad master equation. These results represent a significant step towards building efficient T center spin-photon interfaces for quantum information processing and networking applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Johnston
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Ulises Felix-Rendon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yu-En Wong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Songtao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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5
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Rinner S, Burger F, Gritsch A, Schmitt J, Reiserer A. Erbium emitters in commercially fabricated nanophotonic silicon waveguides. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:3455-3462. [PMID: 38013784 PMCID: PMC10432618 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Quantum memories integrated into nanophotonic silicon devices are a promising platform for large quantum networks and scalable photonic quantum computers. In this context, erbium dopants are particularly attractive, as they combine optical transitions in the telecommunications frequency band with the potential for second-long coherence time. Here, we show that these emitters can be reliably integrated into commercially fabricated low-loss waveguides. We investigate several integration procedures and obtain ensembles of many emitters with an inhomogeneous broadening of <2 GHz and a homogeneous linewidth of <30 kHz. We further observe the splitting of the electronic spin states in a magnetic field up to 9 T that freezes paramagnetic impurities. Our findings are an important step toward long-lived quantum memories that can be fabricated on a wafer-scale using CMOS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Rinner
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Burger
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Gritsch
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmitt
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiserer
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Physics Department and Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Quantum Networks Group, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748Garching, Germany
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6
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Güsken NA, Fu M, Zapf M, Nielsen MP, Dichtl P, Röder R, Clark AS, Maier SA, Ronning C, Oulton RF. Emission enhancement of erbium in a reverse nanofocusing waveguide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2719. [PMID: 37169740 PMCID: PMC10175264 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38262-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Since Purcell's seminal report 75 years ago, electromagnetic resonators have been used to control light-matter interactions to make brighter radiation sources and unleash unprecedented control over quantum states of light and matter. Indeed, optical resonators such as microcavities and plasmonic antennas offer excellent control but only over a limited spectral range. Strategies to mutually tune and match emission and resonator frequency are often required, which is intricate and precludes the possibility of enhancing multiple transitions simultaneously. In this letter, we report a strong radiative emission rate enhancement of Er3+-ions across the telecommunications C-band in a single plasmonic waveguide based on the Purcell effect. Our gap waveguide uses a reverse nanofocusing approach to efficiently enhance, extract and guide emission from the nanoscale to a photonic waveguide while keeping plasmonic losses at a minimum. Remarkably, the large and broadband Purcell enhancement allows us to resolve Stark-split electric dipole transitions, which are typically only observed under cryogenic conditions. Simultaneous radiative emission enhancement of multiple quantum states is of great interest for photonic quantum networks and on-chip data communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Güsken
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Ming Fu
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maximilian Zapf
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael P Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- School of Photovoltaics and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Paul Dichtl
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Robert Röder
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alex S Clark
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UB, UK
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Monash University School of Physics and Astronomy, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Carsten Ronning
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Rupert F Oulton
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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7
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DeAbreu A, Bowness C, Alizadeh A, Chartrand C, Brunelle NA, MacQuarrie ER, Lee-Hone NR, Ruether M, Kazemi M, Kurkjian ATK, Roorda S, Abrosimov NV, Pohl HJ, Thewalt MLW, Higginbottom DB, Simmons S. Waveguide-integrated silicon T centres. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15045-15057. [PMID: 37157355 DOI: 10.1364/oe.482008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The performance of modular, networked quantum technologies will be strongly dependent upon the quality of their quantum light-matter interconnects. Solid-state colour centres, and in particular T centres in silicon, offer competitive technological and commercial advantages as the basis for quantum networking technologies and distributed quantum computing. These newly rediscovered silicon defects offer direct telecommunications-band photonic emission, long-lived electron and nuclear spin qubits, and proven native integration into industry-standard, CMOS-compatible, silicon-on-insulator (SOI) photonic chips at scale. Here we demonstrate further levels of integration by characterizing T centre spin ensembles in single-mode waveguides in SOI. In addition to measuring long spin T1 times, we report on the integrated centres' optical properties. We find that the narrow homogeneous linewidth of these waveguide-integrated emitters is already sufficiently low to predict the future success of remote spin-entangling protocols with only modest cavity Purcell enhancements. We show that further improvements may still be possible by measuring nearly lifetime-limited homogeneous linewidths in isotopically pure bulk crystals. In each case the measured linewidths are more than an order of magnitude lower than previously reported and further support the view that high-performance, large-scale distributed quantum technologies based upon T centres in silicon may be attainable in the near term.
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8
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Mukherjee S, Zhang ZH, Oblinsky DG, de Vries MO, Johnson BC, Gibson BC, Mayes ELH, Edmonds AM, Palmer N, Markham ML, Gali Á, Thiering G, Dalis A, Dumm T, Scholes GD, Stacey A, Reineck P, de Leon NP. A Telecom O-Band Emitter in Diamond. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2557-2562. [PMID: 36988192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Color centers in diamond are promising platforms for quantum technologies. Most color centers in diamond discovered thus far emit in the visible or near-infrared wavelength range, which are incompatible with long-distance fiber communication and unfavorable for imaging in biological tissues. Here, we report the experimental observation of a new color center that emits in the telecom O-band, which we observe in silicon-doped bulk single crystal diamonds and microdiamonds. Combining absorption and photoluminescence measurements, we identify a zero-phonon line at 1221 nm and phonon replicas separated by 42 meV. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we measure an excited state lifetime of around 270 ps and observe a long-lived baseline that may arise from intersystem crossing to another spin manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Brett C Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Edwin L H Mayes
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ádám Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Dalis
- Hyperion Materials & Technologies, 6325 Huntley Road, Columbus, Ohio 43229, United States
| | - Timothy Dumm
- Hyperion Materials & Technologies, 6325 Huntley Road, Columbus, Ohio 43229, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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9
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Abstract
The global quantum internet will require long-lived, telecommunications-band photon-matter interfaces manufactured at scale1. Preliminary quantum networks based on photon-matter interfaces that meet a subset of these demands are encouraging efforts to identify new high-performance alternatives2. Silicon is an ideal host for commercial-scale solid-state quantum technologies. It is already an advanced platform within the global integrated photonics and microelectronics industries, as well as host to record-setting long-lived spin qubits3. Despite the overwhelming potential of the silicon quantum platform, the optical detection of individually addressable photon-spin interfaces in silicon has remained elusive. In this work, we integrate individually addressable 'T centre' photon-spin qubits in silicon photonic structures and characterize their spin-dependent telecommunications-band optical transitions. These results unlock immediate opportunities to construct silicon-integrated, telecommunications-band quantum information networks.
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10
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Liang J, Lu Y, Zhang J, Qiu L, Li W, Zhang Z, Wang C, Wang T. Visible and near-infrared photoluminescence of a supramolecular complex constructed from a cycloparaphenylene nanoring and an erbium metallofullerene. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10227-10233. [PMID: 35748358 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00983h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Erbium metallofullerenes exhibit near-infrared photoluminescence from the Er3+ ions, which has potential applications in telecommunications, optical devices and bioscience. In this manuscript, we report the construction of a supramolecular complex of metallofullerene Er3N@C80 and cycloparaphenylene [12]CPP to adjust the near-infrared photoluminescence of Er3N@C80 through host-guest interactions. Moreover, this supramolecular complex shows a multiwavelength luminescence property. Mass spectrometry, electrochemical measurements and proton NMR spectroscopy were used to characterize the structure of Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP. The electrochemical results of Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP show the negatively shifted redox potentials compared to pristine Er3N@C80 and the 1H NMR signals of Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP shift upfield compared to pristine [12]CPP. More importantly, the photoluminescence spectra show that the [12]CPP nanoring can affect the near-infrared emission of encapsulated Er3+ ions in Er3N@C80, with the characteristic emission peak of Er3+ at 1.5 μm being broadened and enhanced in the Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP complex, while the fluorescence lifetime of Er3+ also becomes longer after assembly formation. Furthermore, the Er3N@C80 guest also can influence the photoluminescence property of [12]CPP, whose emission peaks exhibit a slight blue-shift in the Er3N@C80⊂[12]CPP complex. This study illustrates that the outer nanoring can be employed to adjust the photoluminescence of the encapsulated Er3+ ion in Er3N@C80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Yuxi Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
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11
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Zhao H, Zhao X, Zhang X, Cui Z, Ou-Yang Y, Xie M, Zheng M, Guan X, Wu L, Zhou X, Li L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Jiang Y, Lu W, Zhu X, Peng C, Wang X, Wang S, Zhuang X. Erbium chloride silicate-based vertical cavity surface-emitting laser at the near-infrared communication band. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:1610-1613. [PMID: 35363690 DOI: 10.1364/ol.446752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silicon-based integrated optoelectronics has become a hotspot in the field of computers and information processing systems. An integrated coherent light source on-chip with a small footprint and high efficiency is one of the most important unresolved devices. Here, we realize a silicon-based vertical cavity surface-emitting laser in the near-infrared communication band by making efforts in both controlled preparation of high-gain erbium silicate materials and novel design of high optical feedback microcavity. Single-crystal erbium/ytterbium silicate microplates with erbium concentration as high as 5 × 1021 cm-3 are controlled prepared by a chemical vapor deposition method. They can produce strong luminescence with quite a long lifetime (2.3 ms) at the wavelength of 1.5 μm. By embedding the erbium silicate microplates between two dielectric Bragg reflectors, we construct a vertical cavity surface-emitting laser at 1.5 μm, with a lasing threshold as low as 20 μJ/cm2 and Q factor of nearly 2000. Our study provides a new pathway to achieve a sub-micrometer coherent light source for optical communication.
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12
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Hu G, de Boo GG, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Sellars MJ, Yin C, Rogge S. Time-Resolved Photoionization Detection of a Single Er 3+ Ion in Silicon. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:396-401. [PMID: 34978822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The detection of charge trap ionization induced by resonant excitation enables spectroscopy on single Er3+ ions in silicon nanotransistors. In this work, a time-resolved detection method is developed to investigate the resonant excitation and relaxation of a single Er3+ ion in silicon. The time-resolved detection is based on a long-lived current signal with a tunable reset and allows the measurement under stronger and shorter resonant excitation in comparison to time-averaged detection. Specifically, the short-pulse study gives an upper bound of 23.7 μs on the decay time of the 4I13/2 state of the Er3+ ion. The fast decay and the tunable reset allow faster repetition of the single-ion detection, which is attractive for implementing this method in large-scale quantum systems of single optical centers. The findings on the detection mechanism and dynamics also provide an important basis for applying this technique to detect other single optical centers in solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchong Hu
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Brett Cameron Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Colin McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Central Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance, School of Physical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230 026, People's Republic of China
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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13
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Xie T, Zhao Z, Kong X, Ma W, Wang M, Ye X, Yu P, Yang Z, Xu S, Wang P, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. Beating the standard quantum limit under ambient conditions with solid-state spins. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/32/eabg9204. [PMID: 34362736 PMCID: PMC8346219 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of entangled sensors improves the precision limit from the standard quantum limit (SQL) to the Heisenberg limit. Most previous experiments beating the SQL are performed on the sensors that are well isolated under extreme conditions. Here, we demonstrate a sub-SQL interferometer at ambient conditions by using a multispin system, namely, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond. We achieve two-spin interference with a phase sensitivity of 1.79 ± 0.06 dB beyond the SQL and three-spin interference with a phase sensitivity of 2.77 ± 0.10 dB. Besides, a magnetic sensitivity of 0.87 ± 0.09 dB beyond the SQL is achieved by two-spin interference for detecting a real magnetic field. Particularly, the deterministic and joint initialization of NV negative state, NV electron spin, and two nuclear spins is realized at room temperature. The techniques used here are of fundamental importance for quantum sensing and computing, and naturally applicable to other solid-state spin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Kong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenchao Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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14
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Nandi A, An H, Hosseini M. Coherent atomic mirror formed by randomly distributed ions inside a crystal. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1880-1883. [PMID: 33857094 DOI: 10.1364/ol.423092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatial distribution of atoms plays an important role in the interaction of atomic ensembles and electromagnetic fields. In this Letter, we show that by spatio-spectral tailoring of atomic absorption, one can effectively carve out a periodic array from randomly distributed atomic ensembles hosted by a solid-state crystal. Furthermore, we observe collective atomic resonances and coherent backscattering of light from rare-earth-doped crystals. Coherent backscattering as high as 20% was observed for light at telecom wavelength from Er ions, forming an effective array with over 5000 centers.
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15
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High-fidelity single-shot readout of single electron spin in diamond with spin-to-charge conversion. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1529. [PMID: 33750779 PMCID: PMC7943573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High fidelity single-shot readout of qubits is a crucial component for fault-tolerant quantum computing and scalable quantum networks. In recent years, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond has risen as a leading platform for the above applications. The current single-shot readout of the NV electron spin relies on resonance fluorescence method at cryogenic temperature. However, the spin-flip process interrupts the optical cycling transition, therefore, limits the readout fidelity. Here, we introduce a spin-to-charge conversion method assisted by near-infrared (NIR) light to suppress the spin-flip error. This method leverages high spin-selectivity of cryogenic resonance excitation and flexibility of photoionization. We achieve an overall fidelity > 95% for the single-shot readout of an NV center electron spin in the presence of high strain and fast spin-flip process. With further improvements, this technique has the potential to achieve spin readout fidelity exceeding the fault-tolerant threshold, and may also find applications on integrated optoelectronic devices. The NV centre in diamond has been used extensively in quantum information processing; however fault-tolerant readout of its spin remains challenging. Here, Zhang et al demonstrate a robust scheme that achieves high-fidelity readout via spin to charge conversion.
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16
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Kagan CR, Bassett LC, Murray CB, Thompson SM. Colloidal Quantum Dots as Platforms for Quantum Information Science. Chem Rev 2020; 121:3186-3233. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Wolfowicz G, Anderson CP, Diler B, Poluektov OG, Heremans FJ, Awschalom DD. Vanadium spin qubits as telecom quantum emitters in silicon carbide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1192. [PMID: 32426475 PMCID: PMC7195180 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state quantum emitters with spin registers are promising platforms for quantum communication, yet few emit in the narrow telecom band necessary for low-loss fiber networks. Here, we create and isolate near-surface single vanadium dopants in silicon carbide (SiC) with stable and narrow emission in the O band, with brightness allowing cavity-free detection in a wafer-scale material. In vanadium ensembles, we characterize the complex d 1 orbital physics in all five available sites in 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC. The optical transitions are sensitive to mass shifts from local silicon and carbon isotopes, enabling optically resolved nuclear spin registers. Optically detected magnetic resonance in the ground and excited orbital states reveals a variety of hyperfine interactions with the vanadium nuclear spin and clock transitions for quantum memories. Last, we demonstrate coherent quantum control of the spin state. These results provide a path for telecom emitters in the solid state for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Wolfowicz
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Christopher P. Anderson
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Berk Diler
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Oleg G. Poluektov
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - F. Joseph Heremans
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - David D. Awschalom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Molecular Engineering and Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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18
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Kornher T, Xiao DW, Xia K, Sardi F, Zhao N, Kolesov R, Wrachtrup J. Sensing Individual Nuclear Spins with a Single Rare-Earth Electron Spin. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:170402. [PMID: 32412264 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.170402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rare-earth related electron spins in crystalline hosts are unique material systems, as they can potentially provide a direct interface between telecom band photons and long-lived spin quantum bits. Specifically, their optically accessible electron spins in solids interacting with nuclear spins in their environment are valuable quantum memory resources. Detection of nearby individual nuclear spins, so far exclusively shown for few dilute nuclear spin bath host systems such as the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond or the silicon vacancy in silicon carbide, remained an open challenge for rare earths in their host materials, which typically exhibit dense nuclear spin baths. Here, we present the electron spin spectroscopy of single Ce^{3+} ions in a yttrium orthosilicate host, featuring a coherence time of T_{2}=124 μs. This coherent interaction time is sufficiently long to isolate proximal ^{89}Y nuclear spins from the nuclear spin bath of ^{89}Y. Furthermore, it allows for the detection of a single nearby ^{29}Si nuclear spin, native to the host material with ∼5% abundance. This study opens the door to quantum memory applications in rare-earth ion related systems based on coupled environmental nuclear spins, potentially useful for quantum error correction schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kornher
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Da-Wu Xiao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kangwei Xia
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fiammetta Sardi
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nan Zhao
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Roman Kolesov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Raha M, Chen S, Phenicie CM, Ourari S, Dibos AM, Thompson JD. Optical quantum nondemolition measurement of a single rare earth ion qubit. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1605. [PMID: 32231204 PMCID: PMC7105499 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Optically-interfaced spins in the solid state are a promising platform for quantum technologies. A crucial component of these systems is high-fidelity, projective measurement of the spin state. Here, we demonstrate single-shot spin readout of a single rare earth ion qubit, Er3+, which is attractive for its telecom-wavelength optical transition and compatibility with silicon nanophotonic circuits. In previous work with laser-cooled atoms and ions, and solid-state defects, spin readout is accomplished using fluorescence on an optical cycling transition; however, Er3+ and other rare earth ions generally lack strong cycling transitions. We demonstrate that modifying the electromagnetic environment around the ion can increase the strength and cyclicity of the optical transition by several orders of magnitude, enabling single-shot quantum nondemolition readout of the ion's spin with 94.6% fidelity. We use this readout to probe coherent dynamics and relaxation of the spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouktik Raha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Songtao Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | | | - Salim Ourari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Alan M Dibos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Jeff D Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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20
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Alizadehkhaledi A, Frencken AL, van Veggel FCJM, Gordon R. Isolating Nanocrystals with an Individual Erbium Emitter: A Route to a Stable Single-Photon Source at 1550 nm Wavelength. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1018-1022. [PMID: 31891509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-photon emitters based on individual atoms or individual atomic-like defects are highly sought-after components for future quantum technologies. A key challenge in this field is how to isolate just one such emitter; the best approaches still have an active emitter yield of only 50% so that deterministic integration of single active emitters is not yet possible. Here, we demonstrate the ability to isolate individual erbium emitters embedded in 20 nm nanocrystals of NaYF4 using plasmonic aperture optical tweezers. The optical tweezers capture the nanocrystal, whereas the plasmonic aperture enhances the emission of the Er and allows the measurement of discrete emission rate values corresponding to different numbers of erbium ions. Three separate synthesis runs show near-Poissonian distribution in the discrete levels of emission yield that correspond to the expected ion concentrations, indicating that the yield of active emitters is approximately 80%. Fortunately, the trap allows for selecting the nanocrystals with only a single emitter, and so this gives a route to isolating and integrating single emitters in a deterministic way. This demonstration is a promising step toward single-photon quantum information technologies that utilize single ions in a solid-state medium, particularly because Er emits in the low-loss fiber-optic 1550 nm telecom band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Alizadehkhaledi
- Department Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Related Technologies (CAMTEC) , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Adriaan L Frencken
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Colombia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Related Technologies (CAMTEC) , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Frank C J M van Veggel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Colombia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Related Technologies (CAMTEC) , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
| | - Reuven Gordon
- Department Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials & Related Technologies (CAMTEC) , University of Victoria , Victoria , British Columbia V8W 2Y2 , Canada
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21
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Groot-Berning K, Kornher T, Jacob G, Stopp F, Dawkins ST, Kolesov R, Wrachtrup J, Singer K, Schmidt-Kaler F. Deterministic Single-Ion Implantation of Rare-Earth Ions for Nanometer-Resolution Color-Center Generation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:106802. [PMID: 31573288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Single dopant atoms or dopant-related defect centers in a solid state matrix are of particular importance among the physical systems proposed for quantum computing and communication, due to their potential to realize a scalable architecture compatible with electronic and photonic integrated circuits. Here, using a deterministic source of single laser-cooled Pr^{+} ions, we present the fabrication of arrays of praseodymium color centers in yttrium-aluminum-garnet substrates. The beam of single Pr^{+} ions is extracted from a Paul trap and focused down to 30(9) nm. Using a confocal microscope, we determine a conversion yield into active color centers of up to 50% and realize a placement precision of 34 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Groot-Berning
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Kornher
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Georg Jacob
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Stopp
- QUANTUM, Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Samuel T Dawkins
- Experimentalphysik I, Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
| | - Roman Kolesov
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kilian Singer
- Experimentalphysik I, Institut für Physik, Universität Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
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22
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Zhang Q, Hu G, de Boo GG, Rančić M, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Du J, Sellars MJ, Yin C, Rogge S. Single Rare-Earth Ions as Atomic-Scale Probes in Ultrascaled Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5025-5030. [PMID: 31251075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Continued scaling of semiconductor devices has driven information technology into vastly diverse applications. The performance of ultrascaled transistors is strongly influenced by local electric field and strain. As the size of these devices approaches fundamental limits, it is imperative to develop characterization techniques with nanometer resolution and three-dimensional (3D) mapping capabilities for device optimization. Here, we report on the use of single erbium (Er) ions as atomic probes for the electric field and strain in a silicon ultrascaled transistor. Stark shifts on the Er3+ spectra induced by both the overall electric field and the local charge environment are observed. Changes in strain smaller than 3 × 10-6 are detected, which is around 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the standard techniques used in the semiconductor industry. These results open new possibilities for 3D mapping of the local strain and electric field in the channel of ultrascaled transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Guangchong Hu
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Gabriele G de Boo
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Miloš Rančić
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 0200 , Australia
- Quantronics Group, SPEC, CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Brett C Johnson
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Jeffrey C McCallum
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Matthew J Sellars
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, Research School of Physics , Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 0200 , Australia
| | - Chunming Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
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23
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Celebrano M, Ghirardini L, Finazzi M, Ferrari G, Chiba Y, Abdelghafar A, Yano M, Shinada T, Tanii T, Prati E. Room Temperature Resonant Photocurrent in an Erbium Low-Doped Silicon Transistor at Telecom Wavelength. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E416. [PMID: 30862111 PMCID: PMC6474141 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An erbium-doped silicon transistor prepared by ion implantation and co-doped with oxygen is investigated by photocurrent generation in the telecommunication range. The photocurrent is explored at room temperature as a function of the wavelength by using a supercontinuum laser source working in the μW range. The 1-μm² transistor is tuned to involve in the transport only those electrons lying in the Er-O states. The spectrally resolved photocurrent is characterized by the typical absorption line of erbium and the linear dependence of the signal over the impinging power demonstrates that the Er-doped transistor is operating far from saturation. The relatively small number of estimated photoexcited atoms (≈ 4 × 10 4 ) makes Er-dpoed silicon potentially suitable for designing resonance-based frequency selective single photon detectors at 1550 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Celebrano
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Ghirardini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Via Colombo 81, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Yuki Chiba
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Ayman Abdelghafar
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Maasa Yano
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Shinada
- Center for Innovative Integrated Electronic Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tanii
- School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Ohkubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Enrico Prati
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
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24
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Siyushev P, Nesladek M, Bourgeois E, Gulka M, Hruby J, Yamamoto T, Trupke M, Teraji T, Isoya J, Jelezko F. Photoelectrical imaging and coherent spin-state readout of single nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Science 2019; 363:728-731. [PMID: 30765564 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have become an important instrument for quantum sensing and quantum information science. However, the readout of NV spin state requires bulky optical setups, limiting fabrication of miniaturized compact devices for practical use. Here we realized photoelectrical detection of magnetic resonance as well as Rabi oscillations on a single-defect level. Furthermore, photoelectrical imaging of individual NV centers at room temperature was demonstrated, surpassing conventional optical readout methods by providing high imaging contrast and signal-to-noise ratio. These results pave the way toward fully integrated quantum diamond devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Siyushev
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. .,Corporate Research and Technology, Carl Zeiss AG, Carl-Zeiss-Strasse 22, 73447 Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Milos Nesladek
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium. .,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Emilie Bourgeois
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michal Gulka
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Sítna sq. 3105, 27201 Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hruby
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Takashi Yamamoto
- IMOMEC division, IMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Institute for Materials Research (IMO), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michael Trupke
- Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tokuyuki Teraji
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Junichi Isoya
- Research Center for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8550, Japan
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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25
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Udayakantha M, Schofield P, Waetzig GR, Banerjee S. A full palette: Crystal chemistry, polymorphism, synthetic strategies, and functional applications of lanthanide oxyhalides. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Zhong T, Kindem JM, Bartholomew JG, Rochman J, Craiciu I, Verma V, Nam SW, Marsili F, Shaw MD, Beyer AD, Faraon A. Optically Addressing Single Rare-Earth Ions in a Nanophotonic Cavity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:183603. [PMID: 30444379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.183603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate optical probing of spectrally resolved single Nd^{3+} rare-earth ions in yttrium orthovanadate. The ions are coupled to a photonic crystal resonator and show strong enhancement of the optical emission rate via the Purcell effect, resulting in near radiatively limited single photon emission. The measured high coupling cooperativity between a single photon and the ion allows for the observation of coherent optical Rabi oscillations. This could enable optically controlled spin qubits, quantum logic gates, and spin-photon interfaces for future quantum networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhong
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jonathan M Kindem
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - John G Bartholomew
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Jake Rochman
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Ioana Craiciu
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Varun Verma
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MC 815.04, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Sae Woo Nam
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MC 815.04, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Francesco Marsili
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Matthew D Shaw
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Andrew D Beyer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- Kavli Nanoscience Institute and Thomas J. Watson, Sr., Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
- Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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27
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Dibos AM, Raha M, Phenicie CM, Thompson JD. Atomic Source of Single Photons in the Telecom Band. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:243601. [PMID: 29956997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.243601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Single atoms and atomlike defects in solids are ideal quantum light sources and memories for quantum networks. However, most atomic transitions are in the ultraviolet-visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, where propagation losses in optical fibers are prohibitively large. Here, we observe for the first time the emission of single photons from a single Er^{3+} ion in a solid-state host, whose optical transition at 1.5 μm is in the telecom band, allowing for low-loss propagation in optical fiber. This is enabled by integrating Er^{3+} ions with silicon nanophotonic structures, which results in an enhancement of the photon emission rate by a factor of more than 650. Dozens of distinct ions can be addressed in a single device, and the splitting of the lines in a magnetic field confirms that the optical transitions are coupled to the electronic spin of the Er^{3+} ions. These results are a significant step towards long-distance quantum networks and deterministic quantum logic for photons based on a scalable silicon nanophotonics architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dibos
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M Raha
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - C M Phenicie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - J D Thompson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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28
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Li X, Li B, Fan X, Wei L, Li L, Tao R, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Zeng C. Atomically flat and thermally stable graphene on Si(111) with preserved intrinsic electronic properties. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:8377-8384. [PMID: 29701214 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon and graphene are two wonder materials, and their hybrid heterostructures are expected to be very interesting fundamentally and practically. In the present study, by adopting fast dry transfer and ultra-high vacuum annealing, atomically flat monolayer graphene is successfully prepared on the chemically active Si(111) substrate. More importantly, the graphene overlayer largely maintains its intrinsic electronic properties, as validated by the results of the energy-dependent electronic transparency, Dirac point observation and quantum coherence characteristics, and further confirmed by first-principles calculations. The intrinsic properties of graphene are retained up to 1030 K. The system of atomically flat and thermally stable graphene on a chemically active silicon surface with preserved inherent characteristics renders the graphene/silicon hybrid a promising system in the design of high-performance devices and the exploitation of interfacial topological quantum effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Li
- International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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29
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Chekhovich EA, Ulhaq A, Zallo E, Ding F, Schmidt OG, Skolnick MS. Measurement of the spin temperature of optically cooled nuclei and GaAs hyperfine constants in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:982-986. [PMID: 28783160 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Deep cooling of electron and nuclear spins is equivalent to achieving polarization degrees close to 100% and is a key requirement in solid-state quantum information technologies. While polarization of individual nuclear spins in diamond and SiC (ref. ) reaches 99% and beyond, it has been limited to 50-65% for the nuclei in quantum dots. Theoretical models have attributed this limit to formation of coherent 'dark' nuclear spin states but experimental verification is lacking, especially due to the poor accuracy of polarization degree measurements. Here we measure the nuclear polarization in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots with high accuracy using a new approach enabled by manipulation of the nuclear spin states with radiofrequency pulses. Polarizations up to 80% are observed-the highest reported so far for optical cooling in quantum dots. This value is still not limited by nuclear coherence effects. Instead we find that optically cooled nuclei are well described within a classical spin temperature framework. Our findings unlock a route for further progress towards quantum dot electron spin qubits where deep cooling of the mesoscopic nuclear spin ensemble is used to achieve long qubit coherence. Moreover, GaAs hyperfine material constants are measured here experimentally for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Chekhovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - A Ulhaq
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Sector U, D.H.A, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - E Zallo
- Institute for Integrative Nanoscience, IFW Dresden, Helmholtz str. D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Ding
- Institute for Integrative Nanoscience, IFW Dresden, Helmholtz str. D-01069, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Appelstrasse 2, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - O G Schmidt
- Institute for Integrative Nanoscience, IFW Dresden, Helmholtz str. D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - M S Skolnick
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
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30
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Fresch B, Bocquel J, Hiluf D, Rogge S, Levine RD, Remacle F. Implementation of Multivariable Logic Functions in Parallel by Electrically Addressing a Molecule of Three Dopants in Silicon. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:1790-1797. [PMID: 28470997 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To realize low-power, compact logic circuits, one can explore parallel operation on single nanoscale devices. An added incentive is to use multivalued (as distinct from Boolean) logic. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that the computation of all the possible outputs of a multivariate, multivalued logic function can be implemented in parallel by electrical addressing of a molecule made up of three interacting dopant atoms embedded in Si. The electronic states of the dopant molecule are addressed by pulsing a gate voltage. By simulating the time evolution of the non stationary electronic density built by the gate voltage, we show that one can implement a molecular decision tree that provides in parallel all the outputs for all the inputs of the multivariate, multivalued logic function. The outputs are encoded in the populations and in the bond orders of the dopant molecule, which can be measured using an STM tip. We show that the implementation of the molecular logic tree is equivalent to a spectral function decomposition. The function that is evaluated can be field-programmed by changing the time profile of the pulsed gate voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fresch
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, University of Liege, B4000, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Chemical Science, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Italy
| | - Juanita Bocquel
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Dawit Hiluf
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Sven Rogge
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Raphael D Levine
- The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Françoise Remacle
- Theoretical Physical Chemistry, University of Liege, B4000, Liege, Belgium.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics and Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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31
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Xu K, Xie T, Li Z, Xu X, Wang M, Ye X, Kong F, Geng J, Duan C, Shi F, Du J. Experimental Adiabatic Quantum Factorization under Ambient Conditions Based on a Solid-State Single Spin System. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:130504. [PMID: 28409975 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.130504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The adiabatic quantum computation is a universal and robust method of quantum computing. In this architecture, the problem can be solved by adiabatically evolving the quantum processor from the ground state of a simple initial Hamiltonian to that of a final one, which encodes the solution of the problem. Adiabatic quantum computation has been proved to be a compatible candidate for scalable quantum computation. In this Letter, we report on the experimental realization of an adiabatic quantum algorithm on a single solid spin system under ambient conditions. All elements of adiabatic quantum computation, including initial state preparation, adiabatic evolution (simulated by optimal control), and final state read-out, are realized experimentally. As an example, we found the ground state of the problem Hamiltonian S_{z}I_{z} on our adiabatic quantum processor, which can be mapped to the factorization of 35 into its prime factors 5 and 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kebiao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Tianyu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhaokai Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangkun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianpei Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Changkui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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32
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Laplane C, Zambrini Cruzeiro E, Fröwis F, Goldner P, Afzelius M. High-Precision Measurement of the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya Interaction between Two Rare-Earth Ions in a Solid. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:037203. [PMID: 27472133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.037203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on a direct measurement of the pairwise antisymmetric exchange interaction, known as the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction (DMI), in a Nd^{3+}-doped YVO_{4} crystal. To this end, we introduce a broadband electron spin resonance technique coupled with an optical detection scheme which selectively detects only one Nd^{3+}-Nd^{3+} pair. Using this technique we can fully measure the spin-spin coupling tensor, allowing us to experimentally determine both the strength and direction of the DMI vector. We believe that this ability to fully determine the interaction Hamiltonian is of interest for studying the numerous magnetic phenomena where the DMI interaction is of fundamental importance, including multiferroics. We also detect a singlet-triplet transition within the pair, with a highly suppressed magnetic-field dependence, which suggests that such systems could form singlet-triplet qubits with long coherence times for quantum information applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Laplane
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Florian Fröwis
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Goldner
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mikael Afzelius
- Group of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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33
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Smoleński T, Kazimierczuk T, Kobak J, Goryca M, Golnik A, Kossacki P, Pacuski W. Magnetic ground state of an individual Fe(2+) ion in strained semiconductor nanostructure. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10484. [PMID: 26818580 PMCID: PMC4738340 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Single impurities with nonzero spin and multiple ground states offer a degree of freedom that can be utilized to store the quantum information. However, Fe(2+) dopant is known for having a single nondegenerate ground state in the bulk host semiconductors and thus is of little use for spintronic applications. Here we show that the well-established picture of Fe(2+) spin configuration can be modified by subjecting the Fe(2+) ion to high strain, for example, produced by lattice mismatched epitaxial nanostructures. Our analysis reveals that high strain induces qualitative change in the ion energy spectrum and results in nearly doubly degenerate ground state with spin projection Sz= ± 2. We provide an experimental proof of this concept using a new system: a strained epitaxial quantum dot containing individual Fe(2+) ion. Magnetic character of the Fe(2+) ground state in a CdSe/ZnSe dot is revealed in photoluminescence experiments by exploiting a coupling between a confined exciton and the single-iron impurity. We also demonstrate that the Fe(2+) spin can be oriented by spin-polarized excitons, which opens a possibility of using it as an optically controllable two-level system free of nuclear spin fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Smoleński
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - T. Kazimierczuk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J. Kobak
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M. Goryca
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - A. Golnik
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - P. Kossacki
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - W. Pacuski
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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34
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Abstract
Our first-principles calculation finds that only the Zn vacancy can induce a 1.0 μB magnetic moment in Er-doped ZnO, which comes from the unpaired 2p electrons at the ligand O atom and results in the room-temperature ferromagnetism property of ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjun Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Henan Institute of Education
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Shi
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Henan Institute of Education
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
| | - Jinming Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Engineering
- Henan Institute of Education
- Zhengzhou 450046
- P. R. China
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35
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Xia K, Kolesov R, Wang Y, Siyushev P, Reuter R, Kornher T, Kukharchyk N, Wieck AD, Villa B, Yang S, Wrachtrup J. All-Optical Preparation of Coherent Dark States of a Single Rare Earth Ion Spin in a Crystal. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:093602. [PMID: 26371651 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.093602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
All-optical addressing and coherent control of single solid-state based quantum bits is a key tool for fast and precise control of ground-state spin qubits. So far, all-optical addressing of qubits was demonstrated only in a very few systems, such as color centers and quantum dots. Here, we perform high-resolution spectroscopic of native and implanted single rare earth ions in solid, namely, a cerium ion in yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal. We find narrow and spectrally stable optical transitions between the spin sublevels of the ground and excited optical states. Utilizing these transitions we demonstrate the generation of a coherent dark state in electron spin sublevels of a single Ce^{3+} ion in YAG by coherent population trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Xia
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roman Kolesov
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ya Wang
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Petr Siyushev
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQst), Universität Ulm, Universität Ost, Raum N25, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf Reuter
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Kornher
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadezhda Kukharchyk
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150 Gebäude NB, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas D Wieck
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150 Gebäude NB, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bruno Villa
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sen Yang
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, and Stuttgart Research Center of Photonic Engineering (SCoPE), Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Aslam N, Pfender M, Stöhr R, Neumann P, Scheffler M, Sumiya H, Abe H, Onoda S, Ohshima T, Isoya J, Wrachtrup J. Single spin optically detected magnetic resonance with 60-90 GHz (E-band) microwave resonators. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:064704. [PMID: 26133855 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance with ensembles of electron spins is commonly performed around 10 GHz, but also at frequencies above 240 GHz and in corresponding magnetic fields of over 9 T. However, experiments with single electron and nuclear spins so far only reach into frequency ranges of several 10 GHz, where existing coplanar waveguide structures for microwave (MW) delivery are compatible with single spin readout techniques (e.g., electrical or optical readout). Here, we explore the frequency range up to 90 GHz, with magnetic fields of up to ≈3 T for single spin magnetic resonance in conjunction with optical spin readout. To this end, we develop MW resonators with optical single spin access. In our case, rectangular 60-90 GHz (E-band) waveguides guarantee low-loss supply of microwaves to the resonators. Three dimensional cavities, as well as coplanar waveguide resonators, enhance MW fields by spatial and spectral confinement with a MW efficiency of 1.36 mT/√W. We utilize single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers as hosts for optically accessible spins and show that their properties regarding optical spin readout known from smaller fields (<0.65 T) are retained up to fields of 3 T. In addition, we demonstrate coherent control of single nuclear spins under these conditions. Furthermore, our results extend the applicable magnetic field range of a single spin magnetic field sensor. Regarding spin based quantum registers, high fields lead to a purer product basis of electron and nuclear spins, which promises improved spin lifetimes. For example, during continuous single-shot readout, the (14)N nuclear spin shows second-long longitudinal relaxation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Aslam
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Pfender
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Stöhr
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Philipp Neumann
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marc Scheffler
- 1. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Sumiya
- Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Itami 664-001, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | - Shinobu Onoda
- Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan
| | | | - Junichi Isoya
- Research Center for Knowledge Communities, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8550, Japan
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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37
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Lo CC, Urdampilleta M, Ross P, Gonzalez-Zalba MF, Mansir J, Lyon SA, Thewalt MLW, Morton JJL. Hybrid optical-electrical detection of donor electron spins with bound excitons in silicon. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:490-494. [PMID: 25799326 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrical detection of spins is an essential tool for understanding the dynamics of spins, with applications ranging from optoelectronics and spintronics, to quantum information processing. For electron spins bound to donors in silicon, bulk electrically detected magnetic resonance has relied on coupling to spin readout partners such as paramagnetic defects or conduction electrons, which fundamentally limits spin coherence times. Here we demonstrate electrical detection of donor electron spin resonance in an ensemble by transport through a silicon device, using optically driven donor-bound exciton transitions. We measure electron spin Rabi oscillations, and obtain long electron spin coherence times, limited only by the donor concentration. We also experimentally address critical issues such as non-resonant excitation, strain, and electric fields, laying the foundations for realizing a single-spin readout method with relaxed magnetic field and temperature requirements compared with spin-dependent tunnelling, enabling donor-based technologies such as quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lo
- 1] London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK [2] Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - M Urdampilleta
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - P Ross
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - M F Gonzalez-Zalba
- Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory, J. J. Thomson Avenue Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - J Mansir
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - S A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - M L W Thewalt
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - J J L Morton
- 1] London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK [2] Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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38
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van Donkelaar J, Yang C, Alves ADC, McCallum JC, Hougaard C, Johnson BC, Hudson FE, Dzurak AS, Morello A, Spemann D, Jamieson DN. Single atom devices by ion implantation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:154204. [PMID: 25783169 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/15/154204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To expand the capabilities of semiconductor devices for new functions exploiting the quantum states of single donors or other impurity atoms requires a deterministic fabrication method. Ion implantation is a standard tool of the semiconductor industry and we have developed pathways to deterministic ion implantation to address this challenge. Although ion straggling limits the precision with which atoms can be positioned, for single atom devices it is possible to use post-implantation techniques to locate favourably placed atoms in devices for control and readout. However, large-scale devices will require improved precision. We examine here how the method of ion beam induced charge, already demonstrated for the deterministic ion implantation of 14 keV P donor atoms in silicon, can be used to implant a non-Poisson distribution of ions in silicon. Further, we demonstrate the method can be developed to higher precision by the incorporation of new deterministic ion implantation strategies that employ on-chip detectors with internal charge gain. In a silicon device we show a pulse height spectrum for 14 keV P ion impact that shows an internal gain of 3 that has the potential of allowing deterministic implantation of sub-14 keV P ions with reduced straggling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica van Donkelaar
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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39
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Probing the limits of gate-based charge sensing. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6084. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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40
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Zhang Y, Feng W, Huang K, Yuan L, Du Y, Wu X, Feng S. Luminescence Enhancement of Lu
3
TaO
7
:Eu
3+
@Lu
3
TaO
7
Red‐Emitting Nanophosphors. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- States of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, P. R. China, http://www.synlab.org.cn/2013/11/1708.html
| | - Wenchun Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, 08854 New Jersey, USA
| | - Keke Huang
- States of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, P. R. China, http://www.synlab.org.cn/2013/11/1708.html
| | - Long Yuan
- States of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, P. R. China, http://www.synlab.org.cn/2013/11/1708.html
| | - Yanyan Du
- Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- States of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, P. R. China, http://www.synlab.org.cn/2013/11/1708.html
| | - Shouhua Feng
- States of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, P. R. China, http://www.synlab.org.cn/2013/11/1708.html
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41
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Rare Earth-Doped Crystals for Quantum Information Processing. HANDBOOK ON THE PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF RARE EARTHS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63260-9.00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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42
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Spectroscopy of single Pr3+ ion in LaF3 crystal at 1.5 K. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7364. [PMID: 25482137 PMCID: PMC4258646 DOI: 10.1038/srep07364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical read-out and manipulation of the nuclear spin state of single rare-earth ions doped in a crystal enable the large-scale storage and the transport of quantum information. Here, we report the photo-luminescence excitation spectroscopy results of single Pr(3+) ions in a bulk crystal of LaF3 at 1.5 K. In a bulk sample, the signal from a single ion at the focus is often hidden under the background signal originating from numerous out-of-focus ions in the entire sample. To combine with a homemade cryogenic confocal microscope, we developed a reflecting objective that works in superfluid helium with a numerical aperture of 0.99, which increases the signal by increasing the solid angle of collection to 1.16π and reduces the background by decreasing the focal volume. The photo-luminescence excitation spectrum of single Pr(3+) was measured at a wing of the spectral line of the (3)H4 → (3)P0 transition at 627.33 THz (477.89 nm). The spectrum of individual Pr(3+) ions appears on top of the background of 60 cps as isolated peaks with intensities of 20-30 cps and full-width at half-maximum widths of approximately 3 MHz at an excitation intensity of 80 W cm(-2).
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43
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Electric tuning of direct-indirect optical transitions in silicon. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6950. [PMID: 25377598 PMCID: PMC4223641 DOI: 10.1038/srep06950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic band structures in semiconductors are uniquely determined by the constituent elements of the lattice. For example, bulk silicon has an indirect bandgap and it prohibits efficient light emission. Here we report the electrical tuning of the direct/indirect band optical transition in an ultrathin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) gated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) light-emitting diode. A special Si/SiO2 interface formed by high-temperature annealing that shows stronger valley coupling enables us to observe phononless direct optical transition. Furthermore, by controlling the gate field, its strength can be electrically tuned to 16 times that of the indirect transition, which is nearly 800 times larger than the weak direct transition in bulk silicon. These results will therefore assist the development of both complementary MOS (CMOS)-compatible silicon photonics and the emerging "valleytronics" based on the control of the valley degree of freedom.
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44
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Macfarlane RM, Arcangeli A, Ferrier A, Goldner P. Optical measurement of the effect of electric fields on the nuclear spin coherence of rare-earth ions in solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:157603. [PMID: 25375743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.157603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show that the coherence properties of the nuclear spin states of rare-earth ions in solids can be manipulated by small applied electric fields. This was done by measuring the Stark effect on the nuclear quadrupole transitions of (151)Eu in Y(2)SiO(5) (YSO) using a combination of Raman heterodyne optical detection and Stark modulated quadrupole echoes to achieve high sensitivity. The measured Stark coefficients were 0.42 and 1.0 Hz cm/V for the two quadrupole transitions at 34.54 and 46.20 MHz, respectively. The long decoherence time of the nuclear spin states (25 ms) allowed us to make the measurements in very low electric fields of ∼ 10 V/cm, which produced 100% modulation of the nuclear spin echo, and to measure Stark shifts of ∼ 1 Hz or 20 ppm of the inhomogeneous linewidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Macfarlane
- IBM Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, USA
| | - A Arcangeli
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Ferrier
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ph Goldner
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
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45
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Two-axis control of a singlet-triplet qubit with an integrated micromagnet. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11938-42. [PMID: 25092298 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1412230111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The qubit is the fundamental building block of a quantum computer. We fabricate a qubit in a silicon double-quantum dot with an integrated micromagnet in which the qubit basis states are the singlet state and the spin-zero triplet state of two electrons. Because of the micromagnet, the magnetic field difference ΔB between the two sides of the double dot is large enough to enable the achievement of coherent rotation of the qubit's Bloch vector around two different axes of the Bloch sphere. By measuring the decay of the quantum oscillations, the inhomogeneous spin coherence time T2* is determined. By measuring T2* at many different values of the exchange coupling J and at two different values of ΔB, we provide evidence that the micromagnet does not limit decoherence, with the dominant limits on T2* arising from charge noise and from coupling to nuclear spins.
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46
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Taucer M, Livadaru L, Piva PG, Achal R, Labidi H, Pitters JL, Wolkow RA. Single-electron dynamics of an atomic silicon quantum dot on the H-Si(100)-(2×1) surface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 112:256801. [PMID: 25014824 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.112.256801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the direct observation of single electron charging of a single atomic dangling bond (DB) on the H-Si(100)-2×1 surface. The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope is placed adjacent to the DB to serve as a single-electron sensitive charge detector. Three distinct charge states of the dangling bond--positive, neutral, and negative--are discerned. Charge state probabilities are extracted from the data, and analysis of current traces reveals the characteristic single-electron charging dynamics. Filling rates are found to decay exponentially with increasing tip-DB separation, but are not a function of sample bias, while emptying rates show a very weak dependence on tip position, but a strong dependence on sample bias, consistent with the notion of an atomic quantum dot tunnel coupled to the tip on one side and the bulk silicon on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Taucer
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1 and Quantum Silicon, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
| | | | - Paul G Piva
- Quantum Silicon, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
| | - Roshan Achal
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1 and National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
| | - Hatem Labidi
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1 and National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
| | - Jason L Pitters
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
| | - Robert A Wolkow
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E1 and Quantum Silicon, Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9 and National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council of Canada, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2M9
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47
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Siyushev P, Xia K, Reuter R, Jamali M, Zhao N, Yang N, Duan C, Kukharchyk N, Wieck AD, Kolesov R, Wrachtrup J. Coherent properties of single rare-earth spin qubits. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3895. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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48
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Spectroscopic detection and state preparation of a single praseodymium ion in a crystal. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3627. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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49
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Vasudevan S, Ghosh AW. Using room temperature current noise to characterize single molecular spectra. ACS NANO 2014; 8:2111-2117. [PMID: 24476317 DOI: 10.1021/nn404526w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a way to use room temperature random telegraph noise to characterize single molecules adsorbed on a backgated silicon field-effect transistor. The overlap of molecule and silicon electronic wave functions generates a set of trap levels that impose their unique scattering signatures on the voltage-dependent current noise spectrum. Our results are based on numerical modeling of the current noise, obtained by coupling a density functional treatment of the trap placement within the silicon band gap, a quantum kinetic treatment of the output current, and a Monte Carlo evaluation of the trap occupancy under resonance. As an illustrative example, we show how we can extract molecule-specific "fingerprints" of four benzene-based molecules directly from a frequency-voltage colormap of the noise statistics. We argue that such a colormap carries detailed information about the trap dynamics at the Fermi energy, including the presence of correlated interactions, observed experimentally in backgated carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Vasudevan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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50
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Magyar A, Hu W, Shanley T, Flatté ME, Hu E, Aharonovich I. Synthesis of luminescent europium defects in diamond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3523. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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