1
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Zhang ZH, Zuber JA, Rodgers LVH, Gui X, Stevenson P, Li M, Batzer M, Grimau Puigibert ML, Shields BJ, Edmonds AM, Palmer N, Markham ML, Cava RJ, Maletinsky P, de Leon NP. Neutral Silicon Vacancy Centers in Undoped Diamond via Surface Control. Phys Rev Lett 2023; 130:166902. [PMID: 37154648 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.166902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Neutral silicon vacancy centers (SiV^{0}) in diamond are promising candidates for quantum applications; however, stabilizing SiV^{0} requires high-purity, boron-doped diamond, which is not a readily available material. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach via chemical control of the diamond surface. We use low-damage chemical processing and annealing in a hydrogen environment to realize reversible and highly stable charge state tuning in undoped diamond. The resulting SiV^{0} centers display optically detected magnetic resonance and bulklike optical properties. Controlling the charge state tuning via surface termination offers a route for scalable technologies based on SiV^{0} centers, as well as charge state engineering of other defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Josh A Zuber
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lila V H Rodgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marietta Batzer
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Li Grimau Puigibert
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Brendan J Shields
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Robert J Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Patrick Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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2
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Mukherjee S, Zhang ZH, Oblinsky DG, de Vries MO, Johnson BC, Gibson BC, Mayes ELH, Edmonds AM, Palmer N, Markham ML, Gali Á, Thiering G, Dalis A, Dumm T, Scholes GD, Stacey A, Reineck P, de Leon NP. A Telecom O-Band Emitter in Diamond. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2557-2562. [PMID: 36988192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Color centers in diamond are promising platforms for quantum technologies. Most color centers in diamond discovered thus far emit in the visible or near-infrared wavelength range, which are incompatible with long-distance fiber communication and unfavorable for imaging in biological tissues. Here, we report the experimental observation of a new color center that emits in the telecom O-band, which we observe in silicon-doped bulk single crystal diamonds and microdiamonds. Combining absorption and photoluminescence measurements, we identify a zero-phonon line at 1221 nm and phonon replicas separated by 42 meV. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we measure an excited state lifetime of around 270 ps and observe a long-lived baseline that may arise from intersystem crossing to another spin manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Mukherjee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel G Oblinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | - Brett C Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Brant C Gibson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Edwin L H Mayes
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ádám Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rakpart 3, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, 1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Dalis
- Hyperion Materials & Technologies, 6325 Huntley Road, Columbus, Ohio 43229, United States
| | - Timothy Dumm
- Hyperion Materials & Technologies, 6325 Huntley Road, Columbus, Ohio 43229, United States
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Philipp Reineck
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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3
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Zhang ZH, Stevenson P, Thiering G, Rose BC, Huang D, Edmonds AM, Markham ML, Lyon SA, Gali A, de Leon NP. Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance in Neutral Silicon Vacancy Centers in Diamond via Bound Exciton States. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:237402. [PMID: 33337180 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.237402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Neutral silicon vacancy (SiV^{0}) centers in diamond are promising candidates for quantum networks because of their excellent optical properties and long spin coherence times. However, spin-dependent fluorescence in such defects has been elusive due to poor understanding of the excited state fine structure and limited off-resonant spin polarization. Here we report the realization of optically detected magnetic resonance and coherent control of SiV^{0} centers at cryogenic temperatures, enabled by efficient optical spin polarization via previously unreported higher-lying excited states. We assign these states as bound exciton states using group theory and density functional theory. These bound exciton states enable new control schemes for SiV^{0} as well as other emerging defect systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Gergő Thiering
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brendon C Rose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Adam Gali
- Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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4
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Rose BC, Huang D, Zhang ZH, Stevenson P, Tyryshkin AM, Sangtawesin S, Srinivasan S, Loudin L, Markham ML, Edmonds AM, Twitchen DJ, Lyon SA, de Leon NP. Observation of an environmentally insensitive solid-state spin defect in diamond. Science 2018; 361:60-63. [PMID: 29976820 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Engineering coherent systems is a central goal of quantum science. Color centers in diamond are a promising approach, with the potential to combine the coherence of atoms with the scalability of a solid-state platform. We report a color center that shows insensitivity to environmental decoherence caused by phonons and electric field noise: the neutral charge state of silicon vacancy (SiV0). Through careful materials engineering, we achieved >80% conversion of implanted silicon to SiV0 SiV0 exhibits spin-lattice relaxation times approaching 1 minute and coherence times approaching 1 second. Its optical properties are very favorable, with ~90% of its emission into the zero-phonon line and near-transform-limited optical linewidths. These combined properties make SiV0 a promising defect for quantum network applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon C Rose
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Zi-Huai Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Paul Stevenson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexei M Tyryshkin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Srikanth Srinivasan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Lorne Loudin
- Gemological Institute of America, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stephen A Lyon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Nathalie P de Leon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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5
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Bonato C, Blok MS, Dinani HT, Berry DW, Markham ML, Twitchen DJ, Hanson R. Optimized quantum sensing with a single electron spin using real-time adaptive measurements. Nat Nanotechnol 2016; 11:247-252. [PMID: 26571007 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors based on single solid-state spins promise a unique combination of sensitivity and spatial resolution. The key challenge in sensing is to achieve minimum estimation uncertainty within a given time and with high dynamic range. Adaptive strategies have been proposed to achieve optimal performance, but their implementation in solid-state systems has been hindered by the demanding experimental requirements. Here, we realize adaptive d.c. sensing by combining single-shot readout of an electron spin in diamond with fast feedback. By adapting the spin readout basis in real time based on previous outcomes, we demonstrate a sensitivity in Ramsey interferometry surpassing the standard measurement limit. Furthermore, we find by simulations and experiments that adaptive protocols offer a distinctive advantage over the best known non-adaptive protocols when overhead and limited estimation time are taken into account. Using an optimized adaptive protocol we achieve a magnetic field sensitivity of 6.1 ± 1.7 nT Hz(-1/2) over a wide range of 1.78 mT. These results open up a new class of experiments for solid-state sensors in which real-time knowledge of the measurement history is exploited to obtain optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bonato
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, GA Delft 2600, The Netherlands
| | - M S Blok
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, GA Delft 2600, The Netherlands
| | - H T Dinani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Center for Engineered Quantum Systems, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - D W Berry
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - M L Markham
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - D J Twitchen
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 8BP, UK
| | - R Hanson
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, GA Delft 2600, The Netherlands
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6
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Li L, Chen EH, Zheng J, Mouradian SL, Dolde F, Schröder T, Karaveli S, Markham ML, Twitchen DJ, Englund D. Efficient photon collection from a nitrogen vacancy center in a circular bullseye grating. Nano Lett 2015; 15:1493-7. [PMID: 25714414 DOI: 10.1021/nl503451j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Efficient collection of the broadband fluorescence from the diamond nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is essential for a range of applications in sensing, on-demand single photon generation, and quantum information processing. Here, we introduce a circular "bullseye" diamond grating which enables a collected photon rate of (2.7 ± 0.09) × 10(6) counts per second from a single NV with a spin coherence time of 1.7 ± 0.1 ms. Back-focal-plane studies indicate efficient redistribution of the NV photoluminescence into low-NA modes by the bullseye grating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luozhou Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Hausmann BJM, Bulu IB, Deotare PB, McCutcheon M, Venkataraman V, Markham ML, Twitchen DJ, Lončar M. Integrated high-quality factor optical resonators in diamond. Nano Lett 2013; 13:1898-1902. [PMID: 23427820 DOI: 10.1021/nl3037454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The realization of an integrated diamond photonic platform, based on a thin single crystal diamond film on top of a silicon dioxide/silicon substrate, is reported. Using this approach, we demonstrate high-quality factor single crystal diamond race-track resonators, operating at near-infrared wavelengths (1550 nm). The devices are integrated with low-loss diamond waveguides terminated with polymer pads (spot size converters) to facilitate in- (out-) coupling of light from (to) an optical fiber. Optical characterization of these resonators reveal quality factors as high as ~250,000 and overall insertion losses as low as 1 dB/facet. Scattering induced mode splitting as well as signatures of nonlinear effects such as optical bistability are observed at an input pump power of ~100 mW in the waveguides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J M Hausmann
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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8
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George RE, Robledo LM, Maroney OJE, Blok MS, Bernien H, Markham ML, Twitchen DJ, Morton JJL, Briggs GAD, Hanson R. Opening up three quantum boxes causes classically undetectable wavefunction collapse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3777-81. [PMID: 23412336 PMCID: PMC3593868 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1208374110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most striking features of quantum mechanics is the profound effect exerted by measurements alone. Sophisticated quantum control is now available in several experimental systems, exposing discrepancies between quantum and classical mechanics whenever measurement induces disturbance of the interrogated system. In practice, such discrepancies may frequently be explained as the back-action required by quantum mechanics adding quantum noise to a classical signal. Here, we implement the "three-box" quantum game [Aharonov Y, et al. (1991) J Phys A Math Gen 24(10):2315-2328] by using state-of-the-art control and measurement of the nitrogen vacancy center in diamond. In this protocol, the back-action of quantum measurements adds no detectable disturbance to the classical description of the game. Quantum and classical mechanics then make contradictory predictions for the same experimental procedure; however, classical observers are unable to invoke measurement-induced disturbance to explain the discrepancy. We quantify the residual disturbance of our measurements and obtain data that rule out any classical model by ≳7.8 standard deviations, allowing us to exclude the property of macroscopic state definiteness from our system. Our experiment is then equivalent to the test of quantum noncontextuality [Kochen S, Specker E (1967) J Math Mech 17(1):59-87] that successfully addresses the measurement detectability loophole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E George
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom.
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9
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Waldherr G, Beck J, Neumann P, Said RS, Nitsche M, Markham ML, Twitchen DJ, Twamley J, Jelezko F, Wrachtrup J. High-dynamic-range magnetometry with a single nuclear spin in diamond. Nat Nanotechnol 2011; 7:105-108. [PMID: 22179568 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensors based on the nitrogen-vacancy defect in diamond are being developed to measure weak magnetic and electric fields at the nanoscale. However, such sensors rely on measurements of a shift in the Lamor frequency of the defect, so an accumulation of quantum phase causes the measurement signal to exhibit a periodic modulation. This means that the measurement time is either restricted to half of one oscillation period, which limits accuracy, or that the magnetic field range must be known in advance. Moreover, the precision increases only slowly (as T(-0.5)) with measurement time T (ref. 3). Here, we implement a quantum phase estimation algorithm on a single nuclear spin in diamond to combine both high sensitivity and high dynamic range. By achieving a scaling of the precision with time to T(-0.85), we improve the sensitivity by a factor of 7.4 for an accessible field range of 16 mT, or, alternatively, we improve the dynamic range by a factor of 130 for a sensitivity of 2.5 µT Hz(-1/2). Quantum phase estimation algorithms have also recently been implemented using a single electron spin in a nitrogen-vacancy centre. These methods are applicable to a variety of field detection schemes, and do not require quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Waldherr
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, Research Center SCOPE, and MPI for Solid State Research, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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10
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Balmer RS, Brandon JR, Clewes SL, Dhillon HK, Dodson JM, Friel I, Inglis PN, Madgwick TD, Markham ML, Mollart TP, Perkins N, Scarsbrook GA, Twitchen DJ, Whitehead AJ, Wilman JJ, Woollard SM. Chemical vapour deposition synthetic diamond: materials, technology and applications. J Phys Condens Matter 2009; 21:364221. [PMID: 21832327 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Substantial developments have been achieved in the synthesis of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond in recent years, providing engineers and designers with access to a large range of new diamond materials. CVD diamond has a number of outstanding material properties that can enable exceptional performance in applications as diverse as medical diagnostics, water treatment, radiation detection, high power electronics, consumer audio, magnetometry and novel lasers. Often the material is synthesized in planar form; however, non-planar geometries are also possible and enable a number of key applications. This paper reviews the material properties and characteristics of single crystal and polycrystalline CVD diamond, and how these can be utilized, focusing particularly on optics, electronics and electrochemistry. It also summarizes how CVD diamond can be tailored for specific applications, on the basis of the ability to synthesize a consistent and engineered high performance product.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Balmer
- Element Six Ltd, Kings Ride Park, Ascot SL5 8BP, UK
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11
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Li X, Nandhakumar IS, Gabriel T, Attard GS, Markham ML, Smith DC, Baumberg JJ, Govender K, O'Brien P, Smyth-Boyle D. Electrodeposition of mesoporous CdTe films with the aid of citric acid from lyotropic liquid crystalline phases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b603911a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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