1
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Bleier J, Furtado de Mendonca PR, Habrian CH, Stanley C, Vyklicky V, Isacoff EY. Subtype-specific conformational landscape of NMDA receptor gating. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114634. [PMID: 39154344 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Variable GluN2 subunits in diheterotetrameric receptors with identical GluN1 subunits set very different functional properties. To understand this diversity, we use single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to measure the conformations of the ligand binding domain and modulatory amino-terminal domain of the common GluN1 subunit in receptors with different GluN2 subunits. Our results demonstrate a strong influence of the GluN2 subunits on GluN1 rearrangements, both in non-agonized and partially agonized activation intermediates, which have been elusive to structural analysis, and in the fully liganded state. Chimeric analysis reveals structural determinants that contribute to these subtype differences. Our study provides a framework for understanding the conformational landscape that supports highly divergent levels of activity, desensitization, and agonist potency in receptors with different GluN2s and could open avenues for the development of subtype-specific modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bleier
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Chris H Habrian
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cherise Stanley
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Vojtech Vyklicky
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ehud Y Isacoff
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Weill Neurohub, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Molecular Biology & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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2
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Mirmotahari SA, Aliomrani M, Hassanzadeh F, Sirous H, Rostami M. Hybrid derivatives containing dimethyl fumarate and benzothiazole scaffolds for the potential treatment of multiple sclerosis; in silico & in vivo study. Daru 2024:10.1007/s40199-024-00529-8. [PMID: 39106020 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-024-00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory neurological disease of the CNS. Riluzole and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are two FDA-approved drugs to treat amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and MS. Riluzole (a benzothiazole derivative) inhibits glutamate release from nerve terminals by antagonizing the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor, and DMF upregulates anti-oxidative pathways. OBJECTIVES Herein, using molecular hybridization strategy, we synthesized some new hybrid structures of Riluzole and DMF through some common successive synthetic pathways for evaluating their potential activity for remyelination in MS treatment. METHODS Molecular docking experiments assessed the binding affinity of proposed structures to the NMDA active site. The designed structures were synthesized and purified based on well-known chemical synthesis procedures. Afterward, in vivo evaluation for their activity was done in the C57Bl/6 Cuprizone-induced demyelination MS model. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The proposed derivatives were recognized to be potent enough based on docking studies (ΔGbind of all derivatives were -7.2 to -7.52 compare to the Ifenprodil (-6.98) and Riluzole (-4.42)). The correct structures of desired derivatives were confirmed using spectroscopic methods. Based on in vivo studies, D4 and D6 derivatives exhibited the best pharmacological results, although only D6 showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control. Also, for D4 and D6 derivatives, myelin staining confirmed reduced degeneration in the corpus callosum. Consequently, D4 and D6 derivatives are promising candidates for developing new NMDA antagonists with therapeutic value against MS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Azin Mirmotahari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran
| | - Mehdi Aliomrani
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Farshid Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran
| | - Hajar Sirous
- Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rostami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R., Iran.
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3
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Chou TH, Epstein M, Fritzemeier RG, Akins NS, Paladugu S, Ullman EZ, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF, Furukawa H. Molecular mechanism of ligand gating and opening of NMDA receptor. Nature 2024; 632:209-217. [PMID: 39085540 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Glutamate transmission and activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors are the fundamental means by which neurons control their excitability and neuroplasticity1. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is unique among all ligand-gated channels, requiring two ligands-glutamate and glycine-for activation. These receptors function as heterotetrameric ion channels, with the channel opening dependent on the simultaneous binding of glycine and glutamate to the extracellular ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of the GluN1 and GluN2 subunits, respectively2,3. The exact molecular mechanism for channel gating by the two ligands has been unclear, particularly without structures representing the open channel and apo states. Here we show that the channel gate opening requires tension in the linker connecting the LBD and transmembrane domain (TMD) and rotation of the extracellular domain relative to the TMD. Using electron cryomicroscopy, we captured the structure of the GluN1-GluN2B (GluN1-2B) NMDAR in its open state bound to a positive allosteric modulator. This process rotates and bends the pore-forming helices in GluN1 and GluN2B, altering the symmetry of the TMD channel from pseudofourfold to twofold. Structures of GluN1-2B NMDAR in apo and single-liganded states showed that binding of either glycine or glutamate alone leads to distinct GluN1-2B dimer arrangements but insufficient tension in the LBD-TMD linker for channel opening. This mechanistic framework identifies a key determinant for channel gating and a potential pharmacological strategy for modulating NMDAR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chou
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Max Epstein
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Srinu Paladugu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elijah Z Ullman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Neurodegenerative Disease Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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4
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Tworig JM, Morrie RD, Bistrong K, Somaiya RD, Hsu S, Liang J, Cornejo KG, Feller MB. Differential Expression Analysis Identifies Candidate Synaptogenic Molecules for Wiring Direction-Selective Circuits in the Retina. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1461232024. [PMID: 38514178 PMCID: PMC11063823 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1461-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
An organizational feature of neural circuits is the specificity of synaptic connections. A striking example is the direction-selective (DS) circuit of the retina. There are multiple subtypes of DS retinal ganglion cells (DSGCs) that prefer motion along one of four preferred directions. This computation is mediated by selective wiring of a single inhibitory interneuron, the starburst amacrine cell (SAC), with each DSGC subtype preferentially receiving input from a subset of SAC processes. We hypothesize that the molecular basis of this wiring is mediated in part by unique expression profiles of DSGC subtypes. To test this, we first performed paired recordings from isolated mouse retinas of both sexes to determine that postnatal day 10 (P10) represents the age at which asymmetric synapses form. Second, we performed RNA sequencing and differential expression analysis on isolated P10 ON-OFF DSGCs tuned for either nasal or ventral motion and identified candidates which may promote direction-specific wiring. We then used a conditional knock-out strategy to test the role of one candidate, the secreted synaptic organizer cerebellin-4 (Cbln4), in the development of DS tuning. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we observed a small deficit in directional tuning among ventral-preferring DSGCs lacking Cbln4, though whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings did not identify a significant change in inhibitory inputs. This suggests that Cbln4 does not function primarily via a cell-autonomous mechanism to instruct wiring of DS circuits. Nevertheless, our transcriptomic analysis identified unique candidate factors for gaining insights into the molecular mechanisms that instruct wiring specificity in the DS circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Tworig
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Ryan D Morrie
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Karina Bistrong
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Rachana D Somaiya
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Shaw Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jocelyn Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Karen G Cornejo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Marla B Feller
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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5
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Jiang L, Liu N, Zhao F, Huang B, Kang D, Zhan P, Liu X. Discovery of GluN2A subtype-selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ligands. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1987-2005. [PMID: 38799621 PMCID: PMC11119548 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which belong to the ionotropic Glutamate receptors, constitute a family of ligand-gated ion channels. Within the various subtypes of NMDA receptors, the GluN1/2A subtype plays a significant role in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. The present article aims to provide a comprehensive review of ligands targeting GluN2A-containing NMDA receptors, encompassing negative allosteric modulators (NAMs), positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and competitive antagonists. Moreover, the ligands' structure-activity relationships (SARs) and the binding models of representative ligands are also discussed, providing valuable insights for the clinical rational design of effective drugs targeting CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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6
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Bender PA, Chakraborty S, Durham RJ, Berka V, Carrillo E, Jayaraman V. Bi-directional allosteric pathway in NMDA receptor activation and modulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.16.589813. [PMID: 38659769 PMCID: PMC11042370 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.16.589813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors involved in learning and memory. NMDA receptors primarily comprise two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits. The GluN2 subunit dictates biophysical receptor properties, including the extent of receptor activation and desensitization. GluN2A- and GluN2D-containing receptors represent two functional extremes. To uncover the conformational basis of their functional divergence, we utilized single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer to probe the extracellular domains of these receptor subtypes under resting and ligand-bound conditions. We find that the conformational profile of the GluN2 amino-terminal domain correlates with the disparate functions of GluN2A- and GluN2D-containing receptors. Changes at the pre-transmembrane segments inversely correlate with those observed at the amino-terminal domain, confirming direct allosteric communication between these domains. Additionally, binding of a positive allosteric modulator at the transmembrane domain shifts the conformational profile of the amino-terminal domain towards the active state, revealing a bidirectional allosteric pathway between extracellular and transmembrane domains.
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7
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Michalski K, Furukawa H. Structure and function of GluN1-3A NMDA receptor excitatory glycine receptor channel. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5952. [PMID: 38598639 PMCID: PMC11006217 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and other ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate most of the excitatory signaling in the mammalian brains in response to the neurotransmitter glutamate. Uniquely, NMDARs composed of GluN1 and GluN3 are activated exclusively by glycine, the neurotransmitter conventionally mediating inhibitory signaling when it binds to pentameric glycine receptors. The GluN1-3 NMDARs are vital for regulating neuronal excitability, circuit function, and specific behaviors, yet our understanding of their functional mechanism at the molecular level has remained limited. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of GluN1-3A NMDARs bound to an antagonist, CNQX, and an agonist, glycine. The structures show a 1-3-1-3 subunit heterotetrameric arrangement and an unprecedented pattern of GluN3A subunit orientation shift between the glycine-bound and CNQX-bound structures. Site-directed disruption of the unique subunit interface in the glycine-bound structure mitigated desensitization. Our study provides a foundation for understanding the distinct structural dynamics of GluN3 that are linked to the unique function of GluN1-3 NMDARs.
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8
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Carles A, Freyssin A, Perin-Dureau F, Rubinstenn G, Maurice T. Targeting N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3733. [PMID: 38612544 PMCID: PMC11011887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are the main class of ionotropic receptors for the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. They play a crucial role in the permeability of Ca2+ ions and excitatory neurotransmission in the brain. Being heteromeric receptors, they are composed of several subunits, including two obligatory GluN1 subunits (eight splice variants) and regulatory GluN2 (GluN2A~D) or GluN3 (GluN3A~B) subunits. Widely distributed in the brain, they regulate other neurotransmission systems and are therefore involved in essential functions such as synaptic transmission, learning and memory, plasticity, and excitotoxicity. The present review will detail the structure, composition, and localization of NMDARs, their role and regulation at the glutamatergic synapse, and their impact on cognitive processes and in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's disease). The pharmacology of different NMDAR antagonists and their therapeutic potentialities will be presented. In particular, a focus will be given on fluoroethylnormemantine (FENM), an investigational drug with very promising development as a neuroprotective agent in Alzheimer's disease, in complement to its reported efficacy as a tomography radiotracer for NMDARs and an anxiolytic drug in post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Carles
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Aline Freyssin
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.F.)
- ReST Therapeutics, 34095 Montpellier, France; (F.P.-D.); (G.R.)
| | | | | | - Tangui Maurice
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France; (A.C.); (A.F.)
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9
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Kolić D, Kovarik Z. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Structure, function, and role in organophosphorus compound poisoning. Biofactors 2024. [PMID: 38415801 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning induces symptoms of the cholinergic crises with the occurrence of severe epileptic seizures. Seizures are induced by hyperstimulation of the cholinergic system, but are enhanced by hyperactivation of the glutamatergic system. Overstimulation of muscarinic cholinergic receptors by the elevated acetylcholine causes glutamatergic hyperexcitation and an increased influx of Ca2+ into neurons through a type of ionotropic glutamate receptors, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (NMDAR). These excitotoxic signaling processes generate reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, and activation of the neuroinflammatory response, which can lead to recurrent epileptic seizures, neuronal cell death, and long-term neurological damage. In this review, we illustrate the NMDAR structure, complexity of subunit composition, and the various receptor properties that change accordingly. Although NMDARs are in normal physiological conditions important for controlling synaptic plasticity and mediating learning and memory functions, we elaborate the detrimental role NMDARs play in neurotoxicity of OPs and focus on the central role NMDAR inhibition plays in suppressing neurotoxicity and modulating the inflammatory response. The limited efficacy of current medical therapies for OP poisoning concerning the development of pharmacoresistance and mitigating proinflammatory response highlights the importance of NMDAR inhibitors in preventing neurotoxic processes and points to new avenues for exploring therapeutics for OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Kolić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Bleier J, de Mendonca PRF, Habrian C, Stanley C, Vyklicky V, Isacoff EY. Conformational basis of subtype-specific allosteric control of NMDA receptor gating. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.10.579740. [PMID: 38370786 PMCID: PMC10871359 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.10.579740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that are integral to synaptic transmission and plasticity. Variable GluN2 subunits in diheterotetrameric receptors with identical GluN1 subunits set very different functional properties, which support their individual physiological roles in the nervous system. To understand the conformational basis of this diversity, we assessed the conformation of the common GluN1 subunit in receptors with different GluN2 subunits using single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET). We established smFRET sensors in the ligand binding domain and modulatory amino-terminal domain to study an apo-like state and partially liganded activation intermediates, which have been elusive to structural analysis. Our results demonstrate a strong, subtype-specific influence of apo and glutamate-bound GluN2 subunits on GluN1 rearrangements, suggesting a conformational basis for the highly divergent levels of receptor activity, desensitization and agonist potency. Chimeric analysis reveals structural determinants that contribute to the subtype differences. Our study provides a framework for understanding GluN2-dependent functional properties and could open new avenues for subtype-specific modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bleier
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
| | | | - Chris Habrian
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
- Current address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cherise Stanley
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
| | - Vojtech Vyklicky
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
- Current address: DIANA Biotechnologies, a.s. Průmyslová 596, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
- Weill Neurohub, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720 USA
- Molecular Biology & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
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11
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Huang X, Chen W, Zhu S. Expression and Purification of Mammalian NMDA Receptor Protein for Functional Characterization. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2799:13-27. [PMID: 38727900 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3830-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are critical for brain function and serve as drug targets for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. They typically form the tetrameric assembly of GluN1-GluN2 (2A to 2D) subtypes, with their diverse three-dimensional conformations linked with the physiologically relevant function in vivo. Purified proteins of tetrameric assembled NMDA receptors have broad applications in the structural elucidation, hybridoma technology for antibody production, and high-throughput drug screening. However, obtaining sufficient quantity and monodisperse NMDA receptor protein is still technically challenging. Here, we summarize a paradigm for the expression and purification of diverse NMDA receptor subtypes, with detailed descriptions on screening constructs by fluorescence size-exclusion chromatography (FSEC), generation of recombinant baculovirus, expression in the eukaryotic expression system, protein purification by affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), biochemical and functional validation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Hanson JE, Yuan H, Perszyk RE, Banke TG, Xing H, Tsai MC, Menniti FS, Traynelis SF. Therapeutic potential of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor modulators in psychiatry. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:51-66. [PMID: 37369776 PMCID: PMC10700609 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate a slow component of excitatory synaptic transmission, are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system, and regulate synaptic plasticity. NMDA receptor modulators have long been considered as potential treatments for psychiatric disorders including depression and schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders such as Rett Syndrome, and neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. New interest in NMDA receptors as therapeutic targets has been spurred by the findings that certain inhibitors of NMDA receptors produce surprisingly rapid and robust antidepressant activity by a novel mechanism, the induction of changes in the brain that well outlast the presence of drug in the body. These findings are driving research into an entirely new paradigm for using NMDA receptor antagonists in a host of related conditions. At the same time positive allosteric modulators of NMDA receptors are being pursued for enhancing synaptic function in diseases that feature NMDA receptor hypofunction. While there is great promise, developing the therapeutic potential of NMDA receptor modulators must also navigate the potential significant risks posed by the use of such agents. We review here the emerging pharmacology of agents that target different NMDA receptor subtypes, offering new avenues for capturing the therapeutic potential of targeting this important receptor class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse E Hanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tue G Banke
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ming-Chi Tsai
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Frank S Menniti
- MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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13
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Zheng W, Liu X. Modeling and Simulation of the NMDA Receptor at Coarse-Grained and Atomistic Levels. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2799:269-280. [PMID: 38727913 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3830-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate-gated excitatory channels that play essential roles in brain functions. While high-resolution structures were solved for an allosterically inhibited form of functional NMDA receptor, other key functional states (particularly the active open-channel state) have not yet been resolved at atomic resolutions. To decrypt the molecular mechanism of the NMDA receptor activation, structural modeling and simulation are instrumental in providing detailed information about the dynamics and energetics of the receptor in various functional states. In this chapter, we describe coarse-grained modeling of the NMDA receptor using an elastic network model and related modeling/analysis tools (e.g., normal mode analysis, flexibility and hotspot analysis, cryo-EM flexible fitting, and transition pathway modeling) based on available structures. Additionally, we show how to build an atomistic model of the active-state receptor with targeted molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and explore its energetics and dynamics with conventional MD simulation. Taken together, these modeling and simulation can offer rich structural and dynamic information which will guide experimental studies of the activation of this key receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Physics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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14
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Bogdanović N, Segura-Covarrubias G, Zhang L, Tajima N. Structural dynamics of GluK2 kainate receptors in apo and partial agonist bound states. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3592604. [PMID: 38076992 PMCID: PMC10705692 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3592604/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Kainate receptors (KARs) belong to the family of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) and are tetrameric ligand-gated ion channels that regulate neurotransmitter release and excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. While KARs share overall architectures with other iGluR subfamilies, their dynamics are significantly different from those of other iGluRs. KARs are activated by both full and partial agonists. While there is less efficacy with partial agonists than with full agonists, the detailed mechanism has remained elusive. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the structures of homomeric rat GluK2 KARs in the absence of ligands (apo) and in complex with a partial agonist. Intriguingly, the apo state KARs were captured in desensitized conformation. This structure confirms the KAR desensitization prior to activation. Structures of KARs complexed to the partial agonist domoate populate in domoate bound desensitized and non-active/non-desensitized states. These previously unseen intermediate structures highlight the molecular mechanism of partial agonism in KARs. Additionally, we show how N-glycans stabilized the ligand-binding domain dimer via cation/anion binding and modulated receptor gating properties using electrophysiology. Our findings provide vital structural and functional insights into the unique KAR gating mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojša Bogdanović
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Guadalupe Segura-Covarrubias
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
- Equal contribution
| | - Lisa Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
| | - Nami Tajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio, 44106, USA
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15
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Ritter N, Disse P, Aymanns I, Mücher L, Schreiber JA, Brenker C, Strünker T, Schepmann D, Budde T, Strutz-Seebohm N, Ametamey SM, Wünsch B, Seebohm G. Downstream Allosteric Modulation of NMDA Receptors by 3-Benzazepine Derivatives. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7238-7252. [PMID: 37542648 PMCID: PMC10657792 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) composed of different splice variants display distinct pH sensitivities and are crucial for learning and memory, as well as for inflammatory or injury processes. Dysregulation of the NMDAR has been linked to diseases like Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. The development of selective receptor modulators, therefore, constitutes a promising approach for numerous therapeutical applications. Here, we identified (R)-OF-NB1 as a promising splice variant selective NMDAR antagonist. We investigated the interaction of (R)-OF-NB1 and NMDAR from a biochemical, bioinformatical, and electrophysiological perspective to characterize the downstream allosteric modulation of NMDAR by 3-benzazepine derivatives. The allosteric modulatory pathway starts at the ifenprodil binding pocket in the amino terminal domain and immobilizes the connecting α5-helix to the ligand binding domain, resulting in inhibition. In contrast, the exon 5 splice variant GluN1-1b elevates the NMDARs flexibility and promotes the open state of its ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ritter
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Aymanns
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Mücher
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian A Schreiber
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Brenker
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Timo Strünker
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Domagkstr. 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Budde
- Institute of Physiology I, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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16
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Mony L, Paoletti P. Mechanisms of NMDA receptor regulation. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102815. [PMID: 37988826 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels widely expressed in the central nervous system that play key role in brain development and plasticity. On the downside, NMDAR dysfunction, be it hyperactivity or hypofunction, is harmful to neuronal function and has emerged as a common theme in various neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, intellectual disability, and schizophrenia. Not surprisingly, NMDAR signaling is under a complex set of regulatory mechanisms that maintain NMDAR-mediated transmission in check. These include an unusual large number of endogenous agents that directly bind NMDARs and tune their activity in a subunit-dependent manner. Here, we review current knowledge on the regulation of NMDAR signaling. We focus on the regulation of the receptor by its microenvironment as well as by external (i.e. pharmacological) factors and their underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. Recent developments showing how NMDAR dysregulation participate to disease mechanisms are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, F-75005 Paris, France.
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17
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Wu E, Zhang J, Zhang J, Zhu S. Structural insights into gating mechanism and allosteric regulation of NMDA receptors. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102806. [PMID: 37950957 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) belong to the ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) superfamily and act as coincidence detectors that are crucial to neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. They typically assemble as heterotetramers of two obligatory GluN1 subunits and two alternative GluN2 (from 2A to 2D) and/or GluN3 (3A and 3B) subunits. These alternative subunits mainly determine the diverse biophysical and pharmacological properties of different NMDAR subtypes. Over the past decade, the unprecedented advances in structure elucidation of these tetrameric NMDARs have provided atomic insights into channel gating, allosteric modulation and the action of therapeutic drugs. A wealth of structural and functional information would accelerate the artificial intelligence-based drug design to exploit more NMDAR subtype-specific molecules for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjiang Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China. https://twitter.com/DuDaDa_Flower
| | - Jilin Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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18
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D’Erasmo M, Akins NS, Ma P, Jing Y, Swanger SA, Sharma SK, Bartsch PW, Menaldino DS, Arcoria PJ, Bui TT, Pons-Bennaceur A, Le P, Allen JP, Ullman EZ, Nocilla KA, Zhang J, Perszyk RE, Kim S, Acker TM, Taz A, Burton SL, Coe K, Fritzemeier RG, Burnashev N, Yuan H, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF. Development of a Dihydroquinoline-Pyrazoline GluN2C/2D-Selective Negative Allosteric Modulator of the N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3059-3076. [PMID: 37566734 PMCID: PMC10485906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit-selective inhibition of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for several neurological disorders, including epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, depression, and acute brain injury. We previously described the dihydroquinoline-pyrazoline (DQP) analogue 2a (DQP-26) as a potent NMDAR negative allosteric modulator with selectivity for GluN2C/D over GluN2A/B. However, moderate (<100-fold) subunit selectivity, inadequate cell-membrane permeability, and poor brain penetration complicated the use of 2a as an in vivo probe. In an effort to improve selectivity and the pharmacokinetic profile of the series, we performed additional structure-activity relationship studies of the succinate side chain and investigated the use of prodrugs to mask the pendant carboxylic acid. These efforts led to discovery of the analogue (S)-(-)-2i, also referred to as (S)-(-)-DQP-997-74, which exhibits >100- and >300-fold selectivity for GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDARs (IC50 0.069 and 0.035 μM, respectively) compared to GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing receptors (IC50 5.2 and 16 μM, respectively) and has no effects on AMPA, kainate, or GluN1/GluN3 receptors. Compound (S)-(-)-2i is 5-fold more potent than (S)-2a. In addition, compound 2i shows a time-dependent enhancement of inhibitory actions at GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDARs in the presence of the agonist glutamate, which could attenuate hypersynchronous activity driven by high-frequency excitatory synaptic transmission. Consistent with this finding, compound 2i significantly reduced the number of epileptic events in a murine model of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)-induced epilepsy that is associated with upregulation of the GluN2C subunit. Thus, 2i represents a robust tool for the GluN2C/D target validation. Esterification of the succinate carboxylate improved brain penetration, suggesting a strategy for therapeutic development of this series for NMDAR-associated neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
P. D’Erasmo
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Peipei Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yao Jing
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sharon A. Swanger
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Savita K. Sharma
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Perry W. Bartsch
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - David S. Menaldino
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Paul J. Arcoria
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Thi-Thien Bui
- INMED,
INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13284 Marseille, France
| | | | - Phuong Le
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - James P. Allen
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Elijah Z. Ullman
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kelsey A. Nocilla
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Riley E. Perszyk
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Sukhan Kim
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Timothy M. Acker
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Azmain Taz
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Samantha L. Burton
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin Coe
- Janssen
Research & Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Nail Burnashev
- INMED,
INSERM, Aix Marseille University, 13284 Marseille, France
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Stephen F. Traynelis
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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19
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Zhou C, Tajima N. Structural insights into NMDA receptor pharmacology. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1713-1731. [PMID: 37431773 PMCID: PMC10586783 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) comprise a subfamily of ionotropic glutamate receptors that form heterotetrameric ligand-gated ion channels and play fundamental roles in neuronal processes such as synaptic signaling and plasticity. Given their critical roles in brain function and their therapeutic importance, enormous research efforts have been devoted to elucidating the structure and function of these receptors and developing novel therapeutics. Recent studies have resolved the structures of NMDARs in multiple functional states, and have revealed the detailed gating mechanism, which was found to be distinct from that of other ionotropic glutamate receptors. This review provides a brief overview of the recent progress in understanding the structures of NMDARs and the mechanisms underlying their function, focusing on subtype-specific, ligand-induced conformational dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A
| | - Nami Tajima
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A
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20
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Lüken J, Goerges G, Ritter N, Disse P, Schreiber JA, Schmidt J, Frehland B, Schepmann D, Seebohm G, Wünsch B. Indazole as a Phenol Bioisostere: Structure-Affinity Relationships of GluN2B-Selective NMDA Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:11573-11588. [PMID: 37580890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Negative allosteric modulation of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors prevents overstimulation, resulting in neuroprotective effects. Since the phenol of prominent negative allosteric modulators is prone to rapid glucuronidation, its bioisosteric replacement by an indazole was envisaged. The key step in the synthesis was a Sonogashira reaction of non-protected iodoindazoles with propargylpiperidine derivatives. Modification of the alkynyl moiety allowed the introduction of several functional groups. The synthesized indazoles showed very high GluN2B affinity but limited selectivity over σ receptors. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the same molecular interactions with the ifenprodil binding site as the analogous phenols. In two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments, enantiomeric 3-(4-benzylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(1H-indazol-5-yl)propan-1-ols (S)-10a and (R)-10a displayed higher inhibitory activity than ifenprodil. In contrast to phenolic GluN2B antagonists, the indazoles were not conjugated with glucuronic acid. It can be concluded that the phenol of potent GluN2B antagonists can be replaced bioisosterically by an indazole, retaining the high GluN2B affinity and activity but inhibiting glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lüken
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gunnar Goerges
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nadine Ritter
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Julian A Schreiber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Judith Schmidt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Frehland
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 45, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- GRK 2515, Chemical Biology of Ion Channels (Chembion), Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Rouzbeh N, Rau AR, Benton AJ, Yi F, Anderson CM, Johns MR, Jensen L, Lotti JS, Holley DC, Hansen KB. Allosteric modulation of GluN1/GluN3 NMDA receptors by GluN1-selective competitive antagonists. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313340. [PMID: 37078900 PMCID: PMC10125900 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors are critical for normal brain function and are implicated in central nervous system disorders. Structure and function of NMDA receptors composed of GluN1 and GluN3 subunits are less understood compared to those composed of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. GluN1/3 receptors display unusual activation properties in which binding of glycine to GluN1 elicits strong desensitization, while glycine binding to GluN3 alone is sufficient for activation. Here, we explore mechanisms by which GluN1-selective competitive antagonists, CGP-78608 and L-689,560, potentiate GluN1/3A and GluN1/3B receptors by preventing glycine binding to GluN1. We show that both CGP-78608 and L-689,560 prevent desensitization of GluN1/3 receptors, but CGP-78608-bound receptors display higher glycine potency and efficacy at GluN3 subunits compared to L-689,560-bound receptors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that L-689,560 is a potent antagonist of GluN1FA+TL/3A receptors, which are mutated to abolish glycine binding to GluN1, and that this inhibition is mediated by a non-competitive mechanism involving binding to the mutated GluN1 agonist binding domain (ABD) to negatively modulate glycine potency at GluN3A. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that CGP-78608 and L-689,560 binding or mutations in the GluN1 glycine binding site promote distinct conformations of the GluN1 ABD, suggesting that the GluN1 ABD conformation influences agonist potency and efficacy at GluN3 subunits. These results uncover the mechanism that enables activation of native GluN1/3A receptors by application of glycine in the presence of CGP-78608, but not L-689,560, and demonstrate strong intra-subunit allosteric interactions in GluN1/3 receptors that may be relevant to neuronal signaling in brain function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirvan Rouzbeh
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Andrew R. Rau
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Avery J. Benton
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Feng Yi
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Carly M. Anderson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Mia R. Johns
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Loren Jensen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - James S. Lotti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - David C. Holley
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kasper B. Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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22
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Chen JZ, Church WB, Bastard K, Duff AP, Balle T. Binding and Dynamics Demonstrate the Destabilization of Ligand Binding for the S688Y Mutation in the NMDA Receptor GluN1 Subunit. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104108. [PMID: 37241849 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Encephalopathies are brain dysfunctions that lead to cognitive, sensory, and motor development impairments. Recently, the identification of several mutations within the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) have been identified as significant in the etiology of this group of conditions. However, a complete understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism and changes to the receptor due to these mutations has been elusive. We studied the molecular mechanisms by which one of the first mutations within the NMDAR GluN1 ligand binding domain, Ser688Tyr, causes encephalopathies. We performed molecular docking, randomly seeded molecular dynamics simulations, and binding free energy calculations to determine the behavior of the two major co-agonists: glycine and D-serine, in both the wild-type and S688Y receptors. We observed that the Ser688Tyr mutation leads to the instability of both ligands within the ligand binding site due to structural changes associated with the mutation. The binding free energy for both ligands was significantly more unfavorable in the mutated receptor. These results explain previously observed in vitro electrophysiological data and provide detailed aspects of ligand association and its effects on receptor activity. Our study provides valuable insight into the consequences of mutations within the NMDAR GluN1 ligand binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Zheng Chen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - William Bret Church
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Karine Bastard
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Anthony P Duff
- National Deuteration Facility, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
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23
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Ritter N, Disse P, Wünsch B, Seebohm G, Strutz-Seebohm N. Pharmacological Potential of 3-Benzazepines in NMDAR-Linked Pathophysiological Processes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051367. [PMID: 37239037 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) linked neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and dementia is constantly increasing. This is partly due to demographic change and presents new challenges to societies. To date, there are no effective treatment options. Current medications are nonselective and can lead to unwanted side effects in patients. A promising therapeutic approach is the targeted inhibition of NMDARs in the brain. NMDARs containing different subunits and splice variants display different physiological properties and play a crucial role in learning and memory, as well as in inflammatory or injury processes. They become overactivated during the course of the disease, leading to nerve cell death. Until now, there has been a lack of understanding of the general functions of the receptor and the mechanism of inhibition, which need to be understood in order to develop inhibitors. Ideal compounds should be highly targeted and even splice-variant-selective. However, a potent and splice-variant-selective NMDAR-targeting drug has yet to be developed. Recently developed 3-benzazepines are promising inhibitors for further drug development. The NMDAR splice variants GluN1-1b-4b carry a 21-amino-acid-long, flexible exon 5. Exon 5 lowers the NMDAR's sensitivity to allosteric modulators by probably acting as an NMDAR modulator itself. The role of exon 5 in NMDAR modulation is still poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the structure and pharmacological relevance of tetrahydro-3-benzazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ritter
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Disse
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
- Chembion, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Piniella D, Zafra F. Functional crosstalk of the glycine transporter GlyT1 and NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2023; 232:109514. [PMID: 37003571 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) constitute one of the main glutamate (Glu) targets in the central nervous system and are involved in synaptic plasticity, which is the molecular substrate of learning and memory. Hypofunction of NMDARs has been associated with schizophrenia, while overstimulation causes neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases or in stroke. The function of NMDARs requires coincidental binding of Glu along with other cellular signals such as neuronal depolarization, and the presence of other endogenous ligands that modulate their activity by allosterism. Among these allosteric modulators are zinc, protons and Gly, which is an obligatory co-agonist. These characteristics differentiate NMDARs from other receptors, and their structural bases have begun to be established in recent years. In this review we focus on the crosstalk between Glu and glycine (Gly), whose concentration in the NMDAR microenvironment is maintained by various Gly transporters that remove or release it into the medium in a regulated manner. The GlyT1 transporter is particularly involved in this task, and has become a target of great interest for the treatment of schizophrenia since its inhibition leads to an increase in synaptic Gly levels that enhances the activity of NMDARs. However, the only drug that has completed phase III clinical trials did not yield the expected results. Notwithstanding, there are additional drugs that continue to be investigated, and it is hoped that knowledge gained from the recently published 3D structure of GlyT1 may allow the rational design of more effective new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Piniella
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain
| | - Francisco Zafra
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Facultad de Ciencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain.
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25
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Zhang J, Zhang M, Wang Q, Wen H, Liu Z, Wang F, Wang Y, Yao F, Song N, Kou Z, Li Y, Guo F, Zhu S. Distinct structure and gating mechanism in diverse NMDA receptors with GluN2C and GluN2D subunits. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:629-639. [PMID: 36959261 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-00959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are heterotetramers comprising two GluN1 and two alternate GluN2 (N2A-N2D) subunits. Here we report full-length cryo-EM structures of the human N1-N2D di-heterotetramer (di-receptor), rat N1-N2C di-receptor and N1-N2A-N2C tri-heterotetramer (tri-receptor) at a best resolution of 3.0 Å. The bilobate N-terminal domain (NTD) in N2D intrinsically adopts a closed conformation, leading to a compact NTD tetramer in the N1-N2D receptor. Additionally, crosslinking the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of two N1 protomers significantly elevated the channel open probability (Po) in N1-N2D di-receptors. Surprisingly, the N1-N2C di-receptor adopted both symmetric (minor) and asymmetric (major) conformations, the latter further locked by an allosteric potentiator, PYD-106, binding to a pocket between the NTD and LBD in only one N2C protomer. Finally, the N2A and N2C subunits in the N1-N2A-N2C tri-receptor display a conformation close to one protomer in the N1-N2A and N1-N2C di-receptors, respectively. These findings provide a comprehensive structural understanding of diverse function in major NMDA receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilin Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Han Wen
- DP Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zheyi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Fangjun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | | | - Fenyong Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Song
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengwei Kou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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26
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Harris L, Regan MC, Myers SJ, Nocilla KA, Akins NS, Tahirovic YA, Wilson LJ, Dingledine R, Furukawa H, Traynelis SF, Liotta DC. Novel GluN2B-Selective NMDA Receptor Negative Allosteric Modulator Possesses Intrinsic Analgesic Properties and Enhances Analgesia of Morphine in a Rodent Tail Flick Pain Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:917-935. [PMID: 36779874 PMCID: PMC9983021 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cases of accidental death associated with drug overdose are due to chronic opioid use, tolerance, and addiction. Analgesic tolerance is characterized by a decreased response to the analgesic effects of opioids, requiring increasingly higher doses to maintain the desired level of pain relief. Overactivation of GluN2B-containing N-methyl-d-Aspartate receptors is thought to play a key role in mechanisms underlying cellular adaptation that takes place in the development of analgesic tolerance. Herein, we describe a novel GluN2B-selective negative allosteric modulator, EU93-108, that shows high potency and brain penetrance. We describe the structural basis for binding at atomic resolution. This compound possesses intrinsic analgesic properties in the rodent tail immersion test. EU93-108 has an acute and significant anodyne effect, whereby morphine when combined with EU93-108 produces a higher tail flick latency compared to that of morphine alone. These data suggest that engagement of GluN2B as a target has utility in the treatment of pain, and EU93-108 could serve as an appropriate tool compound to interrogate this hypothesis. Future structure-activity relationship work around this scaffold could give rise to compounds that can be co-administered with opioids to diminish the onset of tolerance due to chronic opioid use, thereby modifying their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnea
D. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Michael C. Regan
- W.M.
Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, New York11724, United States
- RADD
Pharmaceuticals, Westport, Connecticut06880, United States
| | - Scott J. Myers
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Kelsey A. Nocilla
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Nicholas S. Akins
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Yesim A. Tahirovic
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Ray Dingledine
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M.
Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, New York11724, United States
| | - Stephen F. Traynelis
- Department
of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
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27
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Chen H, Dong Y, Wu Y, Yi F. Targeting NMDA receptor signaling for therapeutic intervention in brain disorders. Rev Neurosci 2023:revneuro-2022-0096. [PMID: 36586105 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor hyperfunction plays a key role in the pathological processes of depression and neurodegenerative diseases, whereas NMDA receptor hypofunction is implicated in schizophrenia. Considerable efforts have been made to target NMDA receptor function for the therapeutic intervention in those brain disorders. In this mini-review, we first discuss ion flux-dependent NMDA receptor signaling and ion flux-independent NMDA receptor signaling that result from structural rearrangement upon binding of endogenous agonists. Then, we review current strategies for exploring druggable targets of the NMDA receptor signaling and promising future directions, which are poised to result in new therapeutic agents for several brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yuanping Dong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Yun Wu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
| | - Feng Yi
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, P. R. China
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28
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Ramírez A, Monjaraz E, Manjarrez E, Moyaho A, Cebada J, Flores A. Pharmacological characterization and differential expression of NMDA receptor subunits in the chicken vestibular system during development. Synapse 2023; 77:e22252. [PMID: 36099479 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that in vitro preparations of the isolated vestibular system of diverse animal species still exhibit stable resting electrical activity and mechanically evoked synaptic transmission between hair cells and primary afferent endings. However, there are no reports related to their neurodevelopment. Therefore, this research aimed to examine whether NMDA receptors mediate these electrical signals in an isolated preparation of the chicken vestibular system at three developmental stages, E15, E18, and E21. We found that the spontaneous and mechanically evoked discharges from primary afferents of the posterior semicircular canal were modulated by agonists NMDA and glycine, but not by the agonist d-serine applied near the synapses. Moreover, the individually applied by bath perfusion of three NMDA receptor antagonists (MK-801, ifenprodil, and 2-naphthoic acid) or high Mg2+ decreased the resting discharge rate, the NMDA response, and the discharge rate of mechanically evoked activity from these primary afferents. Furthermore, we found that the vestibular ganglion shows a stage-dependent increase in the expression of NMDA receptor subunits GluN1, GluN2 (A-C), and GluN3 (A-B), being greater at E21, except for GluN2D, which was inversely related to the developmental stage. However, in the crista ampullaris, the expression pattern remained constant throughout development. This could suggest the possible existence of presynaptic NMDA receptors. Our results highlight that although the NMDA receptors are functionally active at the early embryonic stages of the vestibular system, NMDA and glycine reach their mature functionality to increase NMDA responses close to hatching (E21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ramírez
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México.,Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Eduardo Monjaraz
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Elías Manjarrez
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Alejandro Moyaho
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Jorge Cebada
- Facultad de Medicina, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Amira Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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29
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Driver C, Jackson TNW, Lagopoulos J, Hermens DF. Molecular mechanisms underlying the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists: Highlighting their potential for transdiagnostic therapeutics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2022; 119:110609. [PMID: 35878675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The so-called "psychedelic renaissance" has stimulated expanded interest in several classes of drugs that appear to possess transdiagnostic effects in the treatment of mental health disorders, specifically. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists are one such class with diverse therapeutic potential. NMDARs mediate excitatory postsynaptic signalling in the central nervous system (CNS) and are integral to normal neurobiological processes including neuronal development, synaptic transmission, and plasticity, and thus involved in learning and memory. However, NMDAR hyper-function is also implicated in acute CNS trauma, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as chronic pain. The complex structure of NMDARs permits several locations for therapeutic inhibition, making these receptors a potential target for multiple drugs which modulate them in different ways. NMDAR antagonists, which may be competitive, non-competitive, or uncompetitive, either block glutamate from binding the receptor or modulate the response to glutamate binding. Despite longstanding concerns about side effects of NMDAR antagonists, recent research suggests that, when appropriately used, these agents have favourable safety profiles. Furthermore, their fast-acting mechanism of action, resulting in rapid effects compared to other therapeutic agents, makes them a promising class of drugs that may yield effective therapeutics for multiple CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Driver
- Mental Health and Neuroscience, Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Timothy N W Jackson
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel F Hermens
- Youth Mental Health and Neurobiology, Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Chou TH, Kang H, Simorowski N, Traynelis SF, Furukawa H. Structural insights into assembly and function of GluN1-2C, GluN1-2A-2C, and GluN1-2D NMDARs. Mol Cell 2022; 82:4548-4563.e4. [PMID: 36309015 PMCID: PMC9722627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmission mediated by diverse subtypes of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is fundamental for basic brain functions and development as well as neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. NMDARs are glycine- and glutamate-gated ion channels that exist as heterotetramers composed of obligatory GluN1 and GluN2(A-D) and/or GluN3(A-B). The GluN2C and GluN2D subunits form ion channels with distinct properties and spatio-temporal expression patterns. Here, we provide the structures of the agonist-bound human GluN1-2C NMDAR in the presence and absence of the GluN2C-selective positive allosteric potentiator (PAM), PYD-106, the agonist-bound GluN1-2A-2C tri-heteromeric NMDAR, and agonist-bound GluN1-2D NMDARs by single-particle electron cryomicroscopy. Our analysis shows unique inter-subunit and domain arrangements of the GluN2C NMDARs, which contribute to functional regulation and formation of the PAM binding pocket and is distinct from GluN2D NMDARs. Our findings here provide the fundamental blueprint to study GluN2C- and GluN2D-containing NMDARs, which are uniquely involved in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chou
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Hyunook Kang
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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31
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Iacobucci GJ, Liu B, Wen H, Sincox B, Zheng W, Popescu GK. Complex functional phenotypes of NMDA receptor disease variants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:5113-5123. [PMID: 36117210 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
NMDA receptors have essential roles in the physiology of central excitatory synapses and their dysfunction causes severe neuropsychiatric symptoms. Recently, a series of genetic variants have been identified in patients, however, functional information about these variants is sparse and their role in pathogenesis insufficiently known. Here we investigate the mechanism by which two GluN2A variants may be pathogenic. We use molecular dynamics simulation and single-molecule electrophysiology to examine the contribution of GluN2A subunit-residues, P552 and F652, and their pathogenic substitutions, P552R and F652V, affect receptor functions. We found that P552 and F652 interact during the receptors' normal activity cycle; the interaction stabilizes receptors in open conformations and is required for a normal electrical response. Engineering shorter side-chains at these positions (P552A and/or F652V) caused a loss of interaction energy and produced receptors with severe gating, conductance, and permeability deficits. In contrast, the P552R side chain resulted in stronger interaction and produced a distinct, yet still drastically abnormal electrical response. These results identify the dynamic contact between P552 and F652 as a critical step in the NMDA receptor activation, and show that both increased and reduced communication through this interaction cause dysfunction. Results show that subtle differences in NMDA receptor primary structure can generate complex phenotypic alterations whose binary classification is too simplistic to serve as a therapeutic guide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary J Iacobucci
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Beiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Han Wen
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Brittany Sincox
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Zheng
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Gabriela K Popescu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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32
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Jiang Y, Liu Z, Liao Y, Sun S, Dai Y, Tang Y. Ischemic stroke: From pathological mechanisms to neuroprotective strategies. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1013083. [PMID: 36438975 PMCID: PMC9681807 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1013083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) has complex pathological mechanisms, and is extremely difficult to treat. At present, the treatment of IS is mainly based on intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, but they are limited by a strict time window. In addition, after intravenous thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, damaged neurons often fail to make ideal improvements due to microcirculation disorders. Therefore, finding suitable pathways and targets from the pathological mechanism is crucial for the development of neuroprotective agents against IS. With the hope of making contributions to the development of IS treatments, this review will introduce (1) how related targets are found in pathological mechanisms such as inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and complement system activation; and (2) the current status and challenges in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenquan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyong Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yajie Dai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yibo Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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33
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Yovanno RA, Chou TH, Brantley SJ, Furukawa H, Lau AY. Excitatory and inhibitory D-serine binding to the NMDA receptor. eLife 2022; 11:e77645. [PMID: 36301074 PMCID: PMC9612912 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) uniquely require binding of two different neurotransmitter agonists for synaptic transmission. D-serine and glycine bind to one subunit, GluN1, while glutamate binds to the other, GluN2. These agonists bind to the receptor's bi-lobed ligand-binding domains (LBDs), which close around the agonist during receptor activation. To better understand the unexplored mechanisms by which D-serine contributes to receptor activation, we performed multi-microsecond molecular dynamics simulations of the GluN1/GluN2A LBD dimer with free D-serine and glutamate agonists. Surprisingly, we observed D-serine binding to both GluN1 and GluN2A LBDs, suggesting that D-serine competes with glutamate for binding to GluN2A. This mechanism is confirmed by our electrophysiology experiments, which show that D-serine is indeed inhibitory at high concentrations. Although free energy calculations indicate that D-serine stabilizes the closed GluN2A LBD, its inhibitory behavior suggests that it either does not remain bound long enough or does not generate sufficient force for ion channel gating. We developed a workflow using pathway similarity analysis to identify groups of residues working together to promote binding. These conformation-dependent pathways were not significantly impacted by the presence of N-linked glycans, which act primarily by interacting with the LBD bottom lobe to stabilize the closed LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy A Yovanno
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Tsung Han Chou
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Sarah J Brantley
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborUnited States
| | - Albert Y Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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Karlov DS, Temnyakova NS, Vasilenko DA, Barygin OI, Dron MY, Zhigulin AS, Averina EB, Grishin YK, Grigoriev VV, Gabrel'yan AV, Aniol VA, Gulyaeva NV, Osipenko SV, Kostyukevich YI, Palyulin VA, Popov PA, Fedorov MV. Biphenyl scaffold for the design of NMDA-receptor negative modulators: molecular modeling, synthesis, and biological activity. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:822-830. [PMID: 35923717 PMCID: PMC9298482 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate) receptor antagonists are promising tools for the treatment of a wide variety of central nervous system impairments including major depressive disorder. We present here the activity optimization process of a biphenyl-based NMDA negative allosteric modulator (NAM) guided by free energy calculations, which led to a 100 times activity improvement (IC50 = 50 nM) compared to a hit compound identified in virtual screening. Preliminary calculation results suggest a low affinity for the human ether-a-go-go-related gene ion channel (hERG), a high affinity for which was earlier one of the main obstacles for the development of first-generation NMDA-receptor negative allosteric modulators. The docking study and the molecular dynamics calculations suggest a completely different binding mode (ifenprodil-like) compared to another biaryl-based NMDA NAM EVT-101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry S Karlov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center 143026 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda S Temnyakova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A Vasilenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Oleg I Barygin
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 194223 St. Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Y Dron
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 194223 St. Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Arseniy S Zhigulin
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences 194223 St. Petersburg Russian Federation
| | - Elena B Averina
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yuri K Grishin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir V Grigoriev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences 142432 Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Gabrel'yan
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences 142432 Chernogolovka Moscow Region Russian Federation
| | - Viktor A Aniol
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences 117485 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Gulyaeva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences 117485 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Sergey V Osipenko
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center 143026 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Yury I Kostyukevich
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center 143026 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Palyulin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Petr A Popov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center 143026 Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Maxim V Fedorov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center 143026 Moscow Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology 1 Olympic ave 354340 Sochi Russian Federation
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35
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Chang A, Liu JM, Nguyen K, Kumar PR. Expression optimization, purification, and biophysical characterization of a GluN2D-containing NMDA receptor. Protein Expr Purif 2022; 198:106129. [PMID: 35752385 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2022.106129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are hetero-tetrameric ion channels typically consisting of two GluN1 and two GluN2 subunits. A GluN2D subunit containing NMDA receptor dysfunction has been implicated in several neurological diseases, including schizophrenia; however, the lack of a purified GluN2D containing NMDA receptor has been a hurdle for structural and biophysical studies. Here, we present expression and purification strategies to generate human GluN2D containing NMDA receptor, confirm its hetero-tetrameric form using fluorescence size exclusion chromatography (FSEC) and evaluated its suitability for structural studies. The purification methodology outlined here will help in the development of GluN2D specific channel modulators and enable structure activity relationship (SAR) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aram Chang
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Justin M Liu
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Katrina Nguyen
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - P Rajesh Kumar
- Physical Biochemistry and Molecular Design, Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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36
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Structural insights into binding of therapeutic channel blockers in NMDA receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:507-518. [PMID: 35637422 PMCID: PMC10075384 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Excitatory signaling mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is critical for brain development and function, as well as for neurological diseases and disorders. Channel blockers of NMDARs are of medical interest owing to their potential for treating depression, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy. However, precise mechanisms underlying binding and channel blockade have remained limited owing to challenges in obtaining high-resolution structures at the binding site within the transmembrane domains. Here, we monitor the binding of three clinically important channel blockers: phencyclidine, ketamine, and memantine in GluN1-2B NMDARs at local resolutions of 2.5-3.5 Å around the binding site using single-particle electron cryo-microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, and electrophysiology. The channel blockers form different extents of interactions with the pore-lining residues, which control mostly off-speeds but not on-speeds. Our comparative analyses of the three unique NMDAR channel blockers provide a blueprint for developing therapeutic compounds with minimal side effects.
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37
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Tajima N, Simorowski N, Yovanno RA, Regan MC, Michalski K, Gómez R, Lau AY, Furukawa H. Development and characterization of functional antibodies targeting NMDA receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:923. [PMID: 35177668 PMCID: PMC8854693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are critically involved in basic brain functions and neurodegeneration as well as tumor invasiveness. Targeting specific subtypes of NMDARs with distinct activities has been considered an effective therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders and diseases. However, complete elimination of off-target effects of small chemical compounds has been challenging and thus, there is a need to explore alternative strategies for targeting NMDAR subtypes. Here we report identification of a functional antibody that specifically targets the GluN1-GluN2B NMDAR subtype and allosterically down-regulates ion channel activity as assessed by electrophysiology. Through biochemical analysis, x-ray crystallography, single-particle electron cryomicroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we show that this inhibitory antibody recognizes the amino terminal domain of the GluN2B subunit and increases the population of the non-active conformational state. The current study demonstrates that antibodies may serve as specific reagents to regulate NMDAR functions for basic research and therapeutic objectives. Selective targeting individual subtypes of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is a desirable therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders. Here, the authors report identification of a functional antibody that specifically targets and allosterically down-regulates ion channel activity of the GluN1—GluN2B NMDAR subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Tajima
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Noriko Simorowski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Remy A Yovanno
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, WBSB 706, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Michael C Regan
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Kevin Michalski
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Ricardo Gómez
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Albert Y Lau
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, WBSB 706, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- W.M. Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, 11724, USA.
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38
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Barreto RR, Veras PJL, de Oliveira Leite G, Vieira Neto AE, Zogheib LV, Sessle BJ, Campos AR. Botulinum toxin promotes orofacial antinociception by modulating TRPV1 and NMDA receptors in adult zebrafish. Toxicon 2022; 210:158-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Nesbit MO, Chai A, Axerio-Cilies P, Phillips AG, Wang YT, Held K. The selective dopamine D 1 receptor agonist SKF81297 modulates NMDA receptor currents independently of D 1 receptors. Neuropharmacology 2022; 207:108967. [PMID: 35077763 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) agonists are frequently used to study the role of D1Rs in neurotransmission and behaviour. They have been repeatedly shown to modulate glutamatergic NMDAR currents in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), giving rise to the idea that D1R activation tunes glutamatergic networks by regulating NMDAR activity. We report that the widely used D1R agonist SKF81297 potentiates NMDAR currents in a dose-dependent manner, independently of D1R activation in mPFC slices, cortical neuron cultures and NMDAR-expressing recombinant HEK293 cells. SKF81297 potentiated NMDAR currents through both GluN2A and GluN2B subtypes in the absence of D1R expression, while inhibiting NMDAR currents through GluN2C and GluN2D subtypes. In contrast, the D1R ligands SKF38393, dopamine and SCH23390 inhibited GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDAR currents. SKF81297 also inhibited GluN2A- and GluN2B-containing NMDAR currents at higher concentrations and when glutamate/glycine levels were high, exhibiting bidirectional modulation. To our knowledge, these findings are the first report of a D1R-independent positive modulatory effect of a D1R ligand on NMDA receptors. Importantly, our results further emphasize the possibility of off-target effects of many D1R ligands, which has significant implications for interpreting the large body of research relying on these compounds to examine dopamine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya O Nesbit
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Anping Chai
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peter Axerio-Cilies
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yu Tian Wang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Brain Diseases, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Katharina Held
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada; Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration and Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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40
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Gibb AJ. Allosteric antagonist action at triheteromeric NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 2022; 202:108861. [PMID: 34736958 PMCID: PMC8641061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are one subtype of glutamate receptor that play fundamental roles in synaptic physiology and synaptic plasticity in the nervous system, in addition to being implicated in several neurological disorders. It is now established that many NMDA receptors in the nervous system are triheteromeric, composed of two glycine-binding GluN1 subunits and two different glutamate binding GluN2 subunits. The pharmacology of NMDA receptor has become well established since the pioneering work of Watkins and Evans almost half a century ago and has seen a resurgence of interest in the past decade as new subtype-selective allosteric modulators have been discovered. In this article, features specific to allosteric antagonist action at triheteromeric NMDA receptors are reviewed with a focus on understanding the mechanism of action of drugs acting at triheteromeric GluN1/GluN2B/GluN2D receptors. These receptors are of importance in the basal ganglia and in interneurons of the hippocampus and implications for understanding the action of allosteric antagonists at synaptic triheteromeric receptors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair J Gibb
- Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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41
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Rajan R, Schepmann D, Steigerwald R, Schreiber JA, El‐Awaad E, Jose J, Seebohm G, Wünsch B. [2.2]Paracyclophane-Based TCN-201 Analogs as GluN2A-Selective NMDA Receptor Antagonists. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3201-3209. [PMID: 34265163 PMCID: PMC8596836 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown the involvement of GluN2A subunit-containing NMDA receptors in various neurological and pathological disorders. In the X-ray crystal structure, TCN-201 (1) and analogous pyrazine derivatives 2 and 3 adopt a U-shape (hairpin) conformation within the binding site formed by the ligand binding domains of the GluN1 and GluN2A subunits. In order to mimic the resulting π/π-interactions of two aromatic rings in the binding site, a [2.2]paracyclophane system was designed to lock these aromatic rings in a parallel orientation. Acylation of [2.2]paracyclophane (5) with oxalyl chloride and chloroacetyl chloride and subsequent transformations led to the oxalamide 7, triazole 10 and benzamides 12. The GluN2A inhibitory activities of the paracyclophane derivatives were tested with two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology using Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing selectively functional NMDA receptors with GluN2A subunit. The o-iodobenzamide 12 b with the highest similarity to TCN-201 showed the highest GuN2A inhibitory activity of this series of compounds. At a concentration of 10 μM, 12 b reached 36 % of the inhibitory activity of TCN-201 (1). This result indicates that the [2.2]paracyclophane system is well accepted by the TCN-201 binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remya Rajan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Ruben Steigerwald
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- GRK 2515Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Julian A. Schreiber
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH)University Hospital MünsterRobert-Koch-Str. 4548149MünsterGermany
| | - Ehab El‐Awaad
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Joachim Jose
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- GRK 2515Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- GRK 2515Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
- Cellular Electrophysiology and Molecular BiologyInstitute for Genetics of Heart Diseases (IfGH)University Hospital MünsterRobert-Koch-Str. 4548149MünsterGermany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie derWestfälischen Wilhelms-Universität MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 – CiM)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
- GRK 2515Chemical biology of ion channels (Chembion)Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster48149MünsterGermany
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42
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Hansen KB, Wollmuth LP, Bowie D, Furukawa H, Menniti FS, Sobolevsky AI, Swanson GT, Swanger SA, Greger IH, Nakagawa T, McBain CJ, Jayaraman V, Low CM, Dell'Acqua ML, Diamond JS, Camp CR, Perszyk RE, Yuan H, Traynelis SF. Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:298-487. [PMID: 34753794 PMCID: PMC8626789 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many physiologic effects of l-glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system, are mediated via signaling by ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). These ligand-gated ion channels are critical to brain function and are centrally implicated in numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. There are different classes of iGluRs with a variety of receptor subtypes in each class that play distinct roles in neuronal functions. The diversity in iGluR subtypes, with their unique functional properties and physiologic roles, has motivated a large number of studies. Our understanding of receptor subtypes has advanced considerably since the first iGluR subunit gene was cloned in 1989, and the research focus has expanded to encompass facets of biology that have been recently discovered and to exploit experimental paradigms made possible by technological advances. Here, we review insights from more than 3 decades of iGluR studies with an emphasis on the progress that has occurred in the past decade. We cover structure, function, pharmacology, roles in neurophysiology, and therapeutic implications for all classes of receptors assembled from the subunits encoded by the 18 ionotropic glutamate receptor genes. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glutamate receptors play important roles in virtually all aspects of brain function and are either involved in mediating some clinical features of neurological disease or represent a therapeutic target for treatment. Therefore, understanding the structure, function, and pharmacology of this class of receptors will advance our understanding of many aspects of brain function at molecular, cellular, and system levels and provide new opportunities to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper B Hansen
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Lonnie P Wollmuth
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Derek Bowie
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hiro Furukawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Frank S Menniti
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Alexander I Sobolevsky
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Geoffrey T Swanson
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Sharon A Swanger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Ingo H Greger
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Terunaga Nakagawa
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chris J McBain
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Vasanthi Jayaraman
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chian-Ming Low
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Mark L Dell'Acqua
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Jeffrey S Diamond
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Chad R Camp
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Riley E Perszyk
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Hongjie Yuan
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
| | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT (K.B.H.); Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for Nervous System Disorders, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY (L.P.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada (D.B.); WM Keck Structural Biology Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY (H.F.); MindImmune Therapeutics, Inc., The George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI (F.S.M.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY (A.I.S.); Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (G.T.S.); Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA and Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA (S.A.S.); Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (I.H.G.); Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (T.N.); Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (C.J.M.), and Synaptic Physiology Section, NINDS Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (J.S.D.); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX (V.J.); Department of Pharmacology, Department of Anaesthesia, Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore (C.-M.L.); Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO (M.L.D.); and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA (C.R.C., R.E.P., H.Y., S.F.T.)
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Han L, Shan Q. Different Behaviors of a Glycine Receptor Channel Pore Residue between Wild-Type-Mimicking and Disease-Type-Mimicking Formats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3397-3409. [PMID: 34460217 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycine receptor (GlyR) is a neurotransmitter-gated chloride channel that mediates fast inhibitory neurotransmission, predominantly in the spinal cord and brain stem. Mutations of the GlyR are the major cause of hereditary hyperekplexia. Site-specific cysteine substitution followed by labeling with a fluorophore has previously been used to explore the behaviors of the hyperekplexia-related 271 (19') residue of the GlyR. However, this manipulation dramatically compromises sensitivity toward the agonist glycine and alters the pharmacological effects of various agents in manners similar to those of the hyperekplexia-causing R19'Q/L mutations, raising the question whether what is reported by the substituted and modified residue faithfully reflects what actually happens to the wild-type (WT) residue. In this study, a mechanism-rescuing second-site mutation was introduced to create a WT-mimicking GlyR (with the 19' residue cysteine substitution and modification still in place), in which the sensitivity toward glycine and pharmacological effects of various agents were restored. Further experiments revealed stark differences in the behaviors upon the various pharmacological treatments and consequently the underlying mechanisms of the 19' residue between this WT-mimicking GlyR and the GlyR without the mechanism rescue, which is correspondingly defined as the disease-type (DT)-mimicking GlyR. The data presented in this study warn generally that caution is required when attempting to deduce the behaviors of a WT residue from data based on substituted or modified residues that alter protein structure and function. Extra measures, such as rescuing mechanisms via alternative means as presented in this study, are needed to mitigate this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Qiang Shan
- Laboratory for Synaptic Plasticity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, China
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Tian M, Stroebel D, Piot L, David M, Ye S, Paoletti P. GluN2A and GluN2B NMDA receptors use distinct allosteric routes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4709. [PMID: 34354080 PMCID: PMC8342458 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allostery represents a fundamental mechanism of biological regulation that involves long-range communication between distant protein sites. It also provides a powerful framework for novel therapeutics. NMDA receptors (NMDARs), glutamate-gated ionotropic receptors that play central roles in synapse maturation and plasticity, are prototypical allosteric machines harboring large extracellular N-terminal domains (NTDs) that provide allosteric control of key receptor properties with impact on cognition and behavior. It is commonly thought that GluN2A and GluN2B receptors, the two predominant NMDAR subtypes in the adult brain, share similar allosteric transitions. Here, combining functional and structural interrogation, we reveal that GluN2A and GluN2B receptors utilize different long-distance allosteric mechanisms involving distinct subunit-subunit interfaces and molecular rearrangements. NMDARs have thus evolved multiple levels of subunit-specific allosteric control over their transmembrane ion channel pore. Our results uncover an unsuspected diversity in NMDAR molecular mechanisms with important implications for receptor physiology and precision drug development. NMDA receptors are glutamate-gated ion channels essential for synapse maturation and plasticity. Here the authors show that GluN2A and GluN2B NMDA receptors — the two principal subtypes NMDARs in the adult CNS — operate through distinct long range allosteric mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Tian
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - David Stroebel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laura Piot
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa David
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Shixin Ye
- Unité INSERM U1195, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.
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45
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Geoffroy C, Paoletti P, Mony L. Positive allosteric modulation of NMDA receptors: mechanisms, physiological impact and therapeutic potential. J Physiol 2021; 600:233-259. [PMID: 34339523 DOI: 10.1113/jp280875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels that play key roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Both hyper- and hypo-activation of NMDARs are deleterious to neuronal function. In particular, NMDAR hypofunction is involved in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric conditions like schizophrenia, intellectual disability, age-dependent cognitive decline, or Alzheimer's disease. While early medicinal chemistry efforts were mostly focused on the development of NMDAR antagonists, the last 10 years have seen a boom in the development of NMDAR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Here we review the currently developed NMDAR PAMs, their pharmacological profiles and mechanisms of action, as well as their physiological effects in healthy animals and animal models of NMDAR hypofunction. In light of the complexity of physiological outcomes of NMDAR PAMs in vivo, we discuss the remaining challenges and questions that need to be addressed to better grasp and predict the therapeutic potential of NMDAR positive allosteric modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Geoffroy
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Mony
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
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46
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Ding F, Bai Y, Cheng Q, Yu S, Cheng M, Wu Y, Zhang X, Liang X, Gu X. Bidentatide, a Novel Plant Peptide Derived from Achyranthes bidentata Blume: Isolation, Characterization, and Neuroprotection through Inhibition of NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157977. [PMID: 34360755 PMCID: PMC8348887 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention is being focused on the use of polypeptide-based N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists for the treatment of nervous system disorders. In our study on Achyranthes bidentata Blume, we identified an NMDA receptor subtype 2B (NR2B) antagonist that exerts distinct neuroprotective actions. This antagonist is a 33 amino acid peptide, named bidentatide, which contains three disulfide bridges that form a cysteine knot motif. We determined the neuroactive potential of bidentatide by evaluating its in vitro effects against NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity. The results showed that pretreating primary cultured hippocampal neurons with bidentatide prevented NMDA-induced cell death and apoptosis via multiple mechanisms that involved intracellular Ca2+ inhibition, NMDA current inhibition, and apoptosis-related protein expression regulation. These mechanisms were all dependent on bidentatide-induced inhibitory regulation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors; thus, bidentatide may contribute to the development of neuroprotective agents that would likely possess the high selectivity and safety profiles inherent in peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (F.D.); (Q.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.B.); (M.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qiong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (F.D.); (Q.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (F.D.); (Q.C.); (S.Y.)
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.B.); (M.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yulin Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.B.); (M.C.); (Y.W.)
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, East Jinshui Road 156, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaozhe Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.B.); (M.C.); (Y.W.)
- Partner Group of Max Planck Society, Dalian 116023, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences of Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian 116023, China; (Y.B.); (M.C.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.L.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (F.D.); (Q.C.); (S.Y.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (X.L.); (X.G.)
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Wang H, Lv S, Stroebel D, Zhang J, Pan Y, Huang X, Zhang X, Paoletti P, Zhu S. Gating mechanism and a modulatory niche of human GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptors. Neuron 2021; 109:2443-2456.e5. [PMID: 34186027 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are glutamate-gated calcium-permeable ion channels that are widely implicated in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we report a gallery of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the human GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor at an overall resolution of 4 Å in complex with distinct ligands or modulators. In the full-length context of GluN1-GluN2A receptors, we visualize the competitive antagonists bound to the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of GluN1 and GluN2A subunits, respectively. We reveal that the binding of positive allosteric modulator shortens the distance between LBDs and the transmembrane domain (TMD), which further stretches the opening of the gate. In addition, we unexpectedly visualize the binding cavity of the "foot-in-the-door" blocker 9-aminoacridine within the LBD-TMD linker region, differing from the conventional "trapping" blocker binding site at the vestibule within the TMD. Our study provides molecular insights into the crosstalk between LBDs and TMD during channel activation, inhibition, and allosteric transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shiyun Lv
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - David Stroebel
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jinbao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yijie Pan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xuejing Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Center of Cryo Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pierre Paoletti
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université PSL, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Shujia Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence Technology, Shanghai 201210, China.
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48
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McDaniel MJ, Ogden KK, Kell SA, Burger PB, Liotta DC, Traynelis SF. NMDA receptor channel gating control by the pre-M1 helix. J Gen Physiol 2021; 152:151592. [PMID: 32221541 PMCID: PMC7141592 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) is an ionotropic glutamate receptor formed from the tetrameric assembly of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. Within the flexible linker between the agonist binding domain (ABD) and the M1 helix of the pore-forming transmembrane helical bundle lies a two-turn, extracellular pre-M1 helix positioned parallel to the plasma membrane and in van der Waals contact with the M3 helix thought to constitute the channel gate. The pre-M1 helix is tethered to the bilobed ABD, where agonist-induced conformational changes initiate activation. Additionally, it is a locus for de novo mutations associated with neurological disorders, is near other disease-associated de novo sites within the transmembrane domain, and is a structural determinant of subunit-selective modulators. To investigate the role of the pre-M1 helix in channel gating, we performed scanning mutagenesis across the GluN2A pre-M1 helix and recorded whole-cell macroscopic and single channel currents from HEK293 cell-attached patches. We identified two residues at which mutations perturb channel open probability, the mean open time, and the glutamate deactivation time course. We identified a subunit-specific network of aromatic amino acids located in and around the GluN2A pre-M1 helix to be important for gating. Based on these results, we are able to hypothesize about the role of the pre-M1 helix in other NMDAR subunits based on sequence and structure homology. Our results emphasize the role of the pre-M1 helix in channel gating, implicate the surrounding amino acid environment in this mechanism, and suggest unique subunit-specific contributions of pre-M1 helices to GluN1 and GluN2 gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J McDaniel
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kevin K Ogden
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Steven A Kell
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA.,Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | - Stephen F Traynelis
- Department of Pharmacology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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49
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Conformational rearrangement of the NMDA receptor amino-terminal domain during activation and allosteric modulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2694. [PMID: 33976221 PMCID: PMC8113580 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors essential for synaptic plasticity and memory. Receptor activation involves glycine- and glutamate-stabilized closure of the GluN1 and GluN2 subunit ligand binding domains that is allosterically regulated by the amino-terminal domain (ATD). Using single molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) to monitor subunit rearrangements in real-time, we observe a stable ATD inter-dimer distance in the Apo state and test the effects of agonists and antagonists. We find that GluN1 and GluN2 have distinct gating functions. Glutamate binding to GluN2 subunits elicits two identical, sequential steps of ATD dimer separation. Glycine binding to GluN1 has no detectable effect, but unlocks the receptor for activation so that glycine and glutamate together drive an altered activation trajectory that is consistent with ATD dimer separation and rotation. We find that protons exert allosteric inhibition by suppressing the glutamate-driven ATD separation steps, and that greater ATD separation translates into greater rotation and higher open probability. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) activation involves closure of the GluN1 and GluN2 subunit ligand binding domains, which is regulated allosterically by the amino-terminal domain (ATD). Here, smFRET, used to monitor conformational rearrangements of the NMDAR ATD, reveals that glutamate binding to GluN2 subunits elicits two identical, sequential steps of ATD dimer separation that are regulated by protons.
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50
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Essiz S, Gencel M, Aktolun M, Demir A, Carpenter TS, Servili B. Correlated conformational dynamics of the human GluN1-GluN2A type N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. J Mol Model 2021; 27:162. [PMID: 33969428 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate-gated ion channels found in the nerve cell membranes. As a result of overexcitation of NMDARs, neuronal death occurs and may lead to diseases such as epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. In this study, human GluN1- GluN2A type NMDAR structure is modeled based on the X-ray structure of the Xenopus laevis template and missing loops are added by ab-initio loop modeling. The final structure is chosen according to two different model assessment scores. To be able to observe the structural changes upon ligand binding, glycine and glutamate molecules are docked into the corresponding binding sites of the receptor. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations of 1.3 μs are performed for both apo and ligand-bound structures. Structural parameters, which have been considered to show functionally important changes in previous NMDAR studies, are monitored as conformational rulers to understand the dynamics of the conformational changes. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) is performed for the equilibrated part of the simulations. From these analyses, the differences in between apo and ligand-bound simulations can be summarized as the following: The girdle right at the beginning of the pore loop, which connects M2 and M3 helices of the ion channel, partially opens. Ligands act like an adhesive for the ligand-binding domain (LBD) by keeping the bi-lobed structure together and consequently this is reflected to the overall dynamics of the protein as an increased correlation of the LBD with especially the amino-terminal domain (ATD) of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Essiz
- Bioinformatics and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, 34083 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melis Gencel
- Bioinformatics and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, 34083 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Aktolun
- Bioinformatics and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, 34083 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Demir
- Bioinformatics and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, 34083 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Timothy S Carpenter
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Burak Servili
- Bioinformatics and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, 34083 Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
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