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Hou T, Guo K, Zhu J, Xu Z, Zhang X, Zhang K, Lu M, Tao L, Xu Y. High-Energy Polynitrogen N 10 Stabilized on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403615. [PMID: 39096113 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of stable polynitrogen compounds with high-energy density has long been a major challenge. The cyclo-pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5 -) is successfully converted into aromatic and structurally symmetric bipentazole (N10) via electrochemical synthesis using highly conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the substrate and sodium pentazolate hydrate ([Na(H2O)(N5)]·2H2O) as the raw material. Attenuated total refraction Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory calculations confirmed the structure and homogeneous distribution of N10 in the sidewalls of the MWCNTs (named MWCNT-N10-n m). The MWCNT-N10-2.0 m is further used as a catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction to synthesize hydrogen peroxide from oxygen with a two-electron selectivity of up to 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ke Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Ze Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Kan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Li Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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2
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Zhang JR, Wang SY, Hua W. Core Hole Effect to Valence Excitations: Tracking and Visualizing the Same Excitation in XPS Shake-Up Satellites and UV Absorption Spectra. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:6125-6133. [PMID: 38994655 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Introducing a core hole significantly alters the electronic structure of a molecule, and various X-ray spectroscopy techniques are available for probing the valence electronic structure in the presence of a core hole. In this study, we visually demonstrate the influence of a core hole on valence excitations by computing the ultraviolet absorption spectra and the shake-up satellites in X-ray photoelectron spectra for pyrrole, furan, and thiophene, as complemented by the natural transition orbital (NTO) analysis over transitions with and without a core hole. Employing equivalent core hole time-dependent density functional theory (ECH-TDDFT) and TDDFT methods, we achieved balanced accuracy in both spectra for reliable comparative analysis. We tracked the same involved valence transition in both spectra, offering a vivid illustration of the core hole effect via the change in corresponding particle NTOs introduced by a 1s core hole on a Cα, Cβ, or O atom. Our analysis deepens the understanding of the core hole effect on valence transitions, a phenomenon ubiquitously observed in general X-ray spectroscopic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Rong Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
| | - Weijie Hua
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Microstructure and Quantum Sensing, Department of Applied Physics, School of Physics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China
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3
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Xia H, Jiang T, Qi G, Liu T, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Revisiting Pentazole: An Investigation into the Intriguing Molecule Exhibiting Dual Organic and Inorganic Characteristics. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:13166-13170. [PMID: 38973778 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Pentazole (cyclo-HN5) is a unique heterocycle categorized as both an organic and inorganic compound. However, attempts to synthesize and characterize cyclo-HN5 have been unsuccessful thus far. In this study, we synthesized a cyclo-HN5 solution and investigated the spectra, structure, aromaticity, acidity, and stability of cyclo-HN5. The lone pair of electrons on the protonated N atom of cyclo-HN5 participates in π-electron delocalization, forming two N═N bonds. Further investigations suggest that cyclo-HN5 exhibits significantly decreased π aromaticity and slightly lower σ aromaticity than cyclo-N5-. Experimental results suggest that pure cyclo-HN5 is unstable at ambient temperatures and pressures, but it can be isolated at high pressures or stabilized in solution by abundant hydrogen bonds. The pKa of cyclo-HN5 was determined as 1.63 (H2O, 25 °C) via potentiometric titration, indicating that cyclo-HN5 is a medium-strong acid. This study reveals the fundamental structure and properties of cyclo-HN5, thereby providing important data for advancing cyclo-HN5 chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Guangyu Qi
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, China
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710072, China
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4
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Jin B, Liu S, Hu K, Yao Z, Liu B. Ambient-Condition Recoverable Polymeric N 10 Discovered from the Predicted Zr-N Compounds. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12615-12623. [PMID: 38917336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Polynitrogen has been widely studied recently as a rising star of high energy density materials. Here, we performed a systematic study of the Zr-N compounds in the N-rich region by the first-principles method. The high-pressure phase diagram of the Zr-N system is enriched by proposing five new compounds. ZrN10 with the infinitely extended band shaped structure is first reported. The band-like polynitrogen of ZrN10 decomposes into a more stable chain-like polynitrogen structure under the influence of temperature. Additionally, the novel honeycomb-like band-shaped N10 structure hcb-N10 has been discovered by removing the Zr atoms. The absence of the -4 oxidation state in the N10 unit prompts its further polymerization, which makes hcb-N10 possess dynamical and thermal stability in ambient conditions. hcb-N10 is a semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.97 eV due to highly localized electrons. Both chain-ZrN10 and hcb-N10 represent potential candidates for HEDMs with outstanding energy and explosive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Kuo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P.R. China
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5
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Zhang J, Jin Z, Hao W, Luo L, Liu Q, Deng H, Guo Z, Shen J, Peng R, Jin B. Self-Assembly Method for Synthesizing High-Dimensional EMOFs with High Stability and Laser Response. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12498-12505. [PMID: 38912702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Dimension and solvent molecules affect the performance of energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs). High-dimensional EMOFs are usually characterized by high stability and low sensitivity due to their complex network structure. However, solvent molecules affect the detonation performance of EMOFs, and these molecules may be removed at low temperatures, resulting in structural collapse and affecting the stability of EMOFs. In this work, zero-dimensional (0D) Co(AFTO)2·(H2O)2 (EMOF 1) and Ni(AFTO)2·(H2O)2 (EMOF 2) with coordinated water molecules and [Co(AFTO)2]n·EtOH (EMOF 3) and [Ni(AFTO)2]n (EMOF 4) (AFTO = 5-(4-amino-furazan-3-yl)-1-hydroxytetrazole) with high-dimensional structure were synthesized using hydrothermal and self-assembly methods in ethanol, respectively. Structural and performance tests show that EMOF 3 and 4 exhibit remarkable thermal stability and low mechanical sensitivity. This method is a simple, effective, and green technique for synthesizing high-dimensional EMOFs with high stability through self-assembly in ethanol solution. In addition, EMOF 3 and 4 can be used as primary green laser explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Wenjia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Liqiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Quancheng Liu
- College of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hu Deng
- College of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Juan Shen
- School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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6
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Zhang F, Yuan B, Guo X, Huang H. Sodium catalytic phenylpentazole cracking: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18076-18088. [PMID: 38895812 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This work presents an in-depth investigation into the cracking reaction mechanism of phenylpentazole (C6H5N5) under the catalytic influence of sodium metal, utilizing density functional theory. The geometries of the reactants, transition states, intermediates, and products are meticulously optimized employing the GGA/PW91/DNP level of theory. Also, a rigorous analysis is undertaken, encompassing various key factors including configuration parameters, Mulliken charges, densities of states, and reaction energies. Three distinct reaction pathways are comprehensively examined, shedding light on the intricate details and intricacies of each pathway. The results show that a remarkable outcome in which the activation energy of the C6H5N5 cracking reaction releases N2, facilitated by catalytic metal Na, reveals a strikingly reduced value of a mere 5.2 kcal mol-1 compared to the previously reported activation energies ranging from 20 to 30 kcal mol-1. Evidently, this significantly lowered barrier can be readily surpassed at typical room temperatures, exhibiting practical applicability. Notably, the alkali metal Na effectively serves as a catalyst, successfully diminishing the activation energy required for N2 production through the pyrolysis of pentazole compounds. This breakthrough discovery provides a theoretical basis for experimental research on the low-temperature cracking of pentazole compounds. It also offers valuable insights for the development and application of new high energy density materials, contributing to the creation of a green and low-carbon circular economic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
| | - Binfang Yuan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
| | - Huisheng Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Fuling 408100, China.
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7
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Li Y, Jiang Z, Liu Z, Li B. Constructing Single- or Dual-Layer Biomass Composite Energetic Material through Self-Assembly of Biomass Polyphenol Structural Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12313-12321. [PMID: 38838006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
High energy and high risk have always restricted the application of materials in the military and civilian fields. To achieve this goal, researchers have studied the structural characteristics and structure-activity relationship of biomass polyphenol material to obtain core-shell biomass polyphenol composite energetic materials through molecular and structural design. The interface structure has a significant impact on the safety performance and thermal stability of energetic materials. The unique advantages of natural biomass polyphenol chemistry (tannic acid and tea polyphenols) include the structural design and performance control of energetic materials. This paper provides a review of the preparation of core-shell biomass polyphenol energetic materials, which involve the use of polyphenols as the shell layer, surface modification layer, and intermediate layer to enhance intermolecular interactions. This approach aims to enhance the thermal stability and reduce the sensitivity. Furthermore, the paper offers suggestions for potential future research directions based on the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zijun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bindong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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8
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Jiang T, Xia H, Zhang W, Liu T. Insight into the Stability of Pentazolyl Derivatives based on Covalent Bond. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400105. [PMID: 38721760 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Pentazole is regarded as a unique inorganic molecule that possess organic heterocyclic structure. Therefore, the research on pentazolyl derivatives represents a cutting-edge direction in both contemporary inorganic chemistry and heterocyclic chemistry. Moreover, their synthesis is regarded as the most significant research topic in the field of energetic materials due to the great potential of pentazolyl derivatives to breakthrough the energy bottleneck of CHNO-based energetic materials. However, synthesizing pentazolyl derivatives is challenging. To provide a theoretical support for the synthesis, we conducted theoretical studies on six single-ring pentazolyl derivatives with different functional groups. The results suggest that derivatization reduces the bond strength and weakens the aromaticity of the pentazolate ring. Further analysis showed that derivatization mainly affects the π aromaticity of the pentazolate ring, and ultimately causing poor stability of the pentazolyl derivatives. Among the six derivatives investigated in this study, fluoro pentazole (cyclo-N5-F) and hydroxyl pentazole (cyclo-N5-OH) possess good aromaticity, which is similar to the reported cyclo-N5-NCHN(CH3)2. Further calculations show that the kinetic stability of cyclo-N5-OH is higher than that of cyclo-N5-F. These results collectively indicate that cyclo-N5-OH is a promising candidate for synthesizing single-ring pentazolyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Honglei Xia
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
| | - Tianlin Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 621900, Mianyang, China
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9
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Hou T, Yuan X, Jiang S, Xu Z, Zhang X, Lu M, Xu Y. Experimental detection of the diamino-pentazolium cation and theoretical exploration of derived high energy materials. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10120. [PMID: 38698073 PMCID: PMC11065884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we realized the detection of diamino-pentazolium cation (DAPZ+) in the reaction solution experimentally and proved it to be meta-diamino-pentazole based on the transition state theory. Quantum chemical methods were used to predict its spectral properties, charge distribution, stability and aromaticity. Considering that DAPZ+ has excellent detonation properties, it was further explored by assembling it with N5-, N3- and C(NO2)3- anions, respectively. The results show a strong interaction between DAPZ+ and the three anions, which will have a positive effect on its stability. Thanks to the high enthalpy of formation and density, the calculated detonation properties of the three systems are exciting, especially [DAPZ+][N5-] (D: 10,016 m·s-1; P: 37.94 GPa), whose actual detonation velocity may very likely exceed CL-20 (D: 9773 m·s-1). There is no doubt that this work will become the precursor for the theoretical exploration of new polynitrogen ionic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Shuaijie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ze Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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10
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Yi P, Lin C, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Trinitromethyl-Substituted 1 H-1,2,4-Triazole Bridging Nitropyrazole: A Strategy of Utterly Manipulable Nitration Achieving High-Energy Density Material. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38683233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Nitro groups have been demonstrated to play a decisive role in the development of the most powerful known energetic materials. Two trinitromethyl-substituted 1H-1,2,4-triazole bridging nitropyrazoles were first synthesized by straightforward routes and were characterized by chemical (MS, NMR, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction) and experimental analysis (sensitivity toward friction, impact, and differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric analysis test). Their detonation properties (detonation pressure, detonation velocity, etc.) were predicted by the EXPLO5 package based on the crystal density and calculated heat of formation with Gaussian 09. These new trinitromethyl triazoles were found to show suitable sensitivities, high density, and highly positive heat of formation. The combination of exceedingly high performances superior to those of HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitrotetraazacyclooctane), and its straightforward preparation highlights compound 8 as a promising high-energy density material (HEDM). This work supports the effectivity of utterly manipulable nitration and provides a generalizable design synthesis strategy for developing new HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Chenchen Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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11
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Zhu R, Zhu S, Zhang S, Liu Y, Liu G, Gou R, Yang B. Initial Decomposition Mechanism of NH 3OH +N 5- Crystal under Thermal and Shock Loading: A First-Principles Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2121-2129. [PMID: 38452368 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
NH3OH+N5- is a novel energetic material (EM) which has attracted much interest for its promising performances, including high energy density, high density, low sensitivity, and low toxicity. In this study, the initial decomposition mechanism of NH3OH+N5- crystal was investigated under thermal and shock loading by molecular dynamics simulation. First, programmed heating and constant temperature simulations were carried out by molecular dynamics simulation on the basis of density functional theory (DFT-MD). Results indicated that the initial decomposition reactions of NH3OH+N5- could be described by three reactions: proton transfer, ring-opening reaction, and cation decomposition and recombination, and three pathways of ring-opening reaction were found, including the ring-opening of N5-, HN5, and H2N6. The first two reactions are the main pathways that produce N2 molecules. Furthermore, we carried out DFT-MD simulations to study the shock decomposition behaviors of NH3OH+N5-, and three initial steps were proposed: N5-, HN5, and N6 ring-opening. The fewer N5- and HN5 ring-opening reactions were found during the shock simulation, accompanied by a significant change in the N5- bond angle. What's more, the transition states of decomposition reactions were investigated through quantum chemical calculations. The results revealed that the proton transfer reaction exhibits lower activation barriers compared to ring-opening reactions, and proton transfer would accelerate ring-opening reactions. In addition, the ring-opening reaction is the main energy-releasing reaction in the early stages of the decomposition. This work could promote the comprehension of the decomposition mechanism and energy release regularity of N5- ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Zhu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Guangrui Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Ruijun Gou
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
| | - Boqian Yang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, PR China
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12
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Aslandukov A, Aslandukova A, Laniel D, Khandarkhaeva S, Yin Y, Akbar FI, Chariton S, Prakapenka V, Bright EL, Giacobbe C, Wright J, Comboni D, Hanfland M, Dubrovinskaia N, Dubrovinsky L. Stabilization of N 6 and N 8 anionic units and 2D polynitrogen layers in high-pressure scandium polynitrides. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2244. [PMID: 38472167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen catenation under high pressure leads to the formation of polynitrogen compounds with potentially unique properties. The exploration of the entire spectrum of poly- and oligo-nitrogen moieties is still in its earliest stages. Here, we report on four novel scandium nitrides, Sc2N6, Sc2N8, ScN5, and Sc4N3, synthesized by direct reaction between yttrium and nitrogen at 78-125 GPa and 2500 K in laser-heated diamond anvil cells. High-pressure synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that in the crystal structures of the nitrogen-rich Sc2N6, Sc2N8, and ScN5 phases nitrogen is catenated forming previously unknown N66- and N86- units and ∞ 2 ( N 5 3 - ) anionic corrugated 2D-polynitrogen layers consisting of fused N12 rings. Density functional theory calculations, confirming the dynamical stability of the synthesized compounds, show that Sc2N6 and Sc2N8 possess an anion-driven metallicity, while ScN5 is an indirect semiconductor. Sc2N6, Sc2N8, and ScN5 solids are promising high-energy-density materials with calculated volumetric energy density, detonation velocity, and detonation pressure higher than those of TNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Aslandukov
- Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (BGI), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Alena Aslandukova
- Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (BGI), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dominique Laniel
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Saiana Khandarkhaeva
- Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (BGI), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yuqing Yin
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Fariia I Akbar
- Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (BGI), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Vitali Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | | | - Jonathan Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Davide Comboni
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Michael Hanfland
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (BGI), University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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13
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Cao Y, Liu Y, Zhang W. Pentazolate Anion: A Rare and Preferred Five-Membered Ligand for Constructing Pentasil-Zeolite Topology Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317355. [PMID: 38165698 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
As the fourth full-nitrogen structure, the pentazolate anion (cyclo-N5 - ) was highly coveted for decades. In 2017, the first air-stable non-metal pentazolate salt, (N5 )6 (H3 O)3 (NH4 )4 Cl, was obtained, representing a milestone in this field. As the latest member of the azole family, cyclo-N5 - is comprised of five nitrogen atoms. Although significant attention has been paid to the potential of cyclo-N5 - as an energetic material, its poor thermostability hinders any practical application. However, the unique ring structure and multiple coordination capability of cyclo-N5 - provide a platform for the fabrication of various structures, among which pentasil-zeolite topologies are the most intriguing. In addition, the introduction of structure-directing auxiliaries enables the self-assembly of diverse topological architectures, potentially imparting cyclo-N5 - with the potential to impact wide-ranging areas of coordination chemistry and topology. In this minireview, different pentasil-zeolite topologies based on metal-pentazolate frameworks are evaluated. To date, three zeolitic and zeolite-like topologies have been reported, namely the melanophlogite (MEP), chibaite (MTN), and unj topologies. The MEP topology consists of two nanocages, Na20 N60 and Na24 N60 , whereas the MTN topology contains Na20 N60 and Na28 N80 nanocages. Furthermore, the unj topology features multiple homochiral channels consisting of two helical chains. Various possible strategies for obtaining additional pentasil-zeolite topologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuteng Cao
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Wenquan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials (ICM), China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, China
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14
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Zhang L, Lang Q, Zhu M, Zhang X, Jiang S, Lu M, Lin Q. Enhancing Conjugation Effect to Develop Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials with Higher Energy and Stability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:10211-10217. [PMID: 38369818 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
This work reports a strategy by enhancing conjugation effect and synthesizes a symmetrical and planar compound, 1,2-bis (4,5-di(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)diazene (NL24). The incorporation of azo and 1,2,3-triazole moieties manifests a synergistic effect, amplifying the conjugation effect of the azo bridge and thereby elevating the stability of NL24 (Td: 263 °C, IS: 7 J). Notably, NL24, possessing a structural configuration comprising four tetrazoles harboring a total of 24 nitrogen atoms, exhibits excellent detonation performances (ΔHf: 6.06 kJ g-1, VD: 9002 m s-1). This strategy achieves the balance of energy and stability of polycyclic tetrazoles and provides a direction for high-performance energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qing Lang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mimi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shuaijie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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15
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Liu H, Chen P, Huang X, Wei X. A physical organic strategy to predict and interpret stabilities of chemical bonds in energetic compounds for the discovery of thermal-resistant properties. J Mol Model 2024; 30:84. [PMID: 38407671 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05877-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The in-depth understanding about the stability of chemical bonds in energetic compounds plays a central role for molecular design and safety-related evaluations. Most energetic compounds contain nitro as explosophores, and nitro cleavage is fundamental for thermal and mechanical stability. However, the quantum chemistry approach to accurately predict energy and temperature properties related to bond stability is challenging, due to the tradeoff between computational costs and deviations. Herein, the bond orders are proposed as accurate and computational-cost efficient descriptors for predicting the chemical bond stability and thermal-resistant properties. The intrinsic bond strength index (IBSI) demonstrates the best prediction for experimental homolytic bond dissociation energies (R2 > 0.996), which is on par with the results from high-precision quantum chemistry methods. The effects from bond connectivity and steric hindrance hierarchy were analyzed to reveal underlying mechanisms. Additionally, the IBSI descriptors are successfully applied to predict the thermal decomposition temperatures of 24 heat-resistant energetic compounds (R2 = 0.995), thus validating the effectiveness for the prediction and interpretation of chemical bond stability in energetic compounds via a physical organic approach. METHODS All DFT calculations were performed with Gaussian 09 software. To investigate the dependence of the method on functionals and basis sets, 9 DFT methods were considered (B3LYP/6-31G(d,p), B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), B3LYP/def2-TZVP, M062X/6-31G(d,p), M062X/6-311G(d,p), M062X/def2-TZVP, ωB97XD/6-31G(d,p), ωB97XD/6-311G(d,p), and ωB97XD/def2-TZVP). The bond order descriptors LBO and IBSI are obtained through the bond order analysis module in the Multiwfn software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Liu
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Huang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics (CAEP), Mianyang, 621900, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Wei
- School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Lin C, Yi P, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Synthesis and detonation characters of 3,4,5-1 H-trinitropyrazole and its nitrogen-rich energetic salts. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1430-1433. [PMID: 38180128 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The development of energetic materials is still facing challenges due to the inherent contradiction between energy and sensitivity. Two new nitrogen-rich energetic salts of 3,4,5-1H-trinitropyrazole (HTNP) were synthesized. They are fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR, MS and IR spectroscopy. The DSC and BAM tests were carried out as well. These TNP salts show high thermostability and high positive heat of formation. Their detonation performances were calculated by the EXPLO5 program. Most noteworthy is that DATr salt exhibits superior sensitivity and detonation performance comparable to secondary explosive RDX, making it promising for use as a new-generation green energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Lin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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17
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Yu C, Gu B, Bao M, Chen J, Shi W, Ye J, Zhang W. In Situ Electrochemical Construction of CuN 3@CuCl Hybrids for Controllable Energy Release and Self-Passivation Ability. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1642-1651. [PMID: 38198689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Advanced energetic materials (EMs) play a crucial role in the advancement of microenergetic systems as actuation parts, igniters, propulsion units, and power. The sustainable electrosynthesis of EMs has gained momentum and achieved substantial improvements in the past decade. This study presents the facile synthesis of a new type of high-performance CuN3@CuCl hybrids via a co-electrodeposition methodology utilizing porous Cu as the sacrificial template. The composition, morphology, and energetic characteristics of the CuN3@CuCl hybrids can be easily tuned by adjusting the deposition times. The resulting hybrids demonstrate remarkable energy output (1120 J·g-1) and good laser-induced initiating ability. As compared with porous CuN3, the uniform doping of inert CuCl enhances the electrostatic safety of the hybridized material without compromising its overall energetic characteristics. Notably, the special oxidizing behavior of CuCl gradually lowers the susceptibility of the hybrid material to laser and electrostatic stimulation. This has significant implications for the passivation or self-destruction of highly sensitive EMs. Overall, this study pioneers a new path for the development of MEMS-compatible EMs, facilitating further microenergetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Bonan Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Minghao Bao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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18
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Qu C, Li J, Ding K, Guo S, Jia Y. All-Nitrogen Energetic Material Cubic Gauche Polynitrogen: Plasma Synthesis and Thermal Performance. Molecules 2024; 29:504. [PMID: 38276582 PMCID: PMC10819177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous theoretical calculations have demonstrated that polynitrogen with an extending polymeric network is an ultrahigh-energy all-nitrogen material. Typical samples, such as cubic gauche polynitrogen (cg-N), have been synthesized, but the thermal performance of polynitrogen has not been unambiguously determined. Herein, macroscopic samples of polynitrogen were synthesized utilizing a coated substrate, and their thermal decomposition behavior was investigated. Polynitrogen with carbon nanotubes was produced using a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method and characterized using infrared, Raman, X-ray diffraction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope. The results showed that the structure of the deposited polynitrogen was consistent with that of cg-N and the amount of deposition product obtained with coated substrates increased significantly. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at various heating rates and TG-DSC-FTIR-MS analyses were performed. The thermal decomposition temperature of cg-N was determined to be 429 °C. The apparent activation energy (Ea) of cg-N calculated by the Kissinger and Ozawa equations was 84.7 kJ/mol and 91.9 kJ/mol, respectively, with a pre-exponential constant (lnAk) of 12.8 min-1. In this study, cg-N was demonstrated to be an all-nitrogen material with good thermal stability and application potential to high-energy-density materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Qu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
| | - Kewei Ding
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
| | - Songsong Guo
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
| | - Yating Jia
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China; (C.Q.)
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19
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Li L, Yan Z, Tong W, Hu C, Wang S, Li H, Yang L, Han JM. Construction of High Energy Nanoscale Lead Azide Composite with Improved Flame Sensibility from Intercalated Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:474-484. [PMID: 38100511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop efficient methods for preparing high-content modified nanoscale lead azide (LA) composites used in microinitiating devices. In this work, a structurally controllable salicylate-intercalated lead hydroxide with a nanoscale mesoporous structure is designed. Using it as a precursor, carbon-based lead azide (LA/C) and salicylate-based lead azide (LA/SA) are fabricated by the gas-solid azidation of the framework (GAF) method within 3 h, greatly reducing the preparation time of nano-LA composites. The characterizations of the composites demonstrate that the Pb in the precursors is transformed into nanoscale LA attached to the salicylate radical or its carbonized skeleton. Due to the unique embedded nanostructures and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity of salicylate-derived carbon materials, LA/C exhibits excellent electrostatic safety (E50 = 0.25 J) and flame sensitivity (H50 = 28 cm). The adjustable organic-inorganic ratio of intercalated hydroxides allows the LA content in LA/C to reach as high as 92.5%, enabling 6.50 mg of LA/C to successfully detonate secondary explosive CL-20 in a microinitiating device, demonstrating an amazing detonation ability superior to other reported LA complexes. The research provides a new perspective for the development of nanoscale LA composites with high LA content and appropriate sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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20
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Qin K, Zhu M, Zhang M, Zhang L, Cheng B, Lin Q. Thermodynamic Analysis and Pyrolysis Mechanism of 4,4'-Azobis-1,2,4-triazole. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:36471-36478. [PMID: 37810696 PMCID: PMC10552472 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The nonisothermal thermal decomposition kinetics of 4,4'-azobis-1,2,4-triazole (ATRZ) at different heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20 °C·min-1) were investigated by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies. The thermal decomposition kinetic parameters such as apparent activation energy (E) and pre-exponential factor (A) were calculated by the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Šatava-Šestak methods. The E and A values calculated by the above three methods are very close, which are 391.1 kJ·mol-1/1034.92 s-1, 381.1 kJ·mol-1/1034.30 s-1, and 393.4 kJ·mol-1/1035.76 s-1, respectively. Then, the decomposition mechanism function of ATRZ is analyzed by the calculated results. The results show that the decomposition temperature of ATRZ is about 300 °C and the exothermic decomposition speed is fast. The decomposition pathway of ATRZ was analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY-GC-MS). The thermal decomposition kinetic equation of the ATRZ was deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mingmin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Benduan Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Nanjing University of Science
and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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21
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Qin L, Chen J. Synthesis mechanism of four metallic Cyclo-N5- energetic materials: A theoretical Perspective. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:124305. [PMID: 38127389 DOI: 10.1063/5.0167200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past five years, over 20 types of cyclo-N5- energetic materials (EMs) have been successfully synthesized. Metallic cyclo-N5- EMs exhibit higher density and performance compared to non-metallic cyclo-N5- EMs. However, the mechanisms for such metallic cyclo-N5- EMs remain unexplored. Herein, we performed a thorough quantum chemistry study on the mechanistic pathway for the cyclo-N5- trapped by metal cations in four cyclo-N5- EMs: [Na(H2O) (N5)] · 2H2O, [M(H2O)4(N5)2] · 4H2O (M = Mn, Fe, and Co), by density functional theory methods and transition state theory. During the synthesis process, the cyclo-N5- in the precursor hybrid aromatic compound is susceptible to electrophilic attack by metal cations. This attack disrupts the hydrogen bond interaction surrounding the cyclo-N5-, ultimately leading to the formation of either an ionic bond or a coordination bond between the metal cation and the cyclo-N5-, resulting in an electrophilic substitution reaction. In addition, solvent effects reduce the energy of the ionic bond, thereby promoting the reaction. Our findings will provide valuable insights for future route design and contribute to enhancing the synthesis yield of cyclo-N5- EMs in both theoretical and experimental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yao Long
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Sensors, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement and Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Testing Technology, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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22
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Xu Z, Hou T, Yang F, Zhang L, Zhang X, Liu W, Lang Q, Lu M, Xu Y. 2,2'-Azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with a N 10 Chain and 1,5'-Bitetrazolate-2 N-oxides: Construction of Highly Energetic Nitrogen-Rich Materials Based on C-N-Linked Tetrazoles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41580-41589. [PMID: 37609932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of high-nitrogen compounds, including a unique molecule 2,2'-azobis(1,5'-bitetrazole) with a branched N10 chain and 1,5'-bitetrazolate-2N-oxides, were synthesized successfully based on C-N-linked 1,5'-bistetrazoles using azo coupling of N-amine bonds and N-oxide introduction strategies. All compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry, in which the structures of five compounds were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis (2, T-N10B, 3a, 3b, and THX). The nitrogen contents of these five compounds range from 63.62 (THX) to 83.43% (T-N10B), which are much higher than that of CL-20 (38.34%). The heat of formation for the prepared compounds was calculated by using the Gaussian 09 program, with T-N10B having the highest value of 5.13 kJ g-1, about 6 times higher than that of CL-20 (0.83 kJ g-1). The calculated detonation performances by EXPLO5 v6.05.04 show that THX has excellent detonation performance (D = 9581 m s-1, P = 35.93 GPa) and a remarkable specific impulse (Isp = 284.9 s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Tianyang Hou
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Linan Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
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23
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Miao X, Yang X, Li Y, Pang S. Thermal stability of azole-rich energetic compounds: their structure, density, enthalpy of formation and energetic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37409442 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Energetic compounds, as a type of special material, are widely used in the fields of national defense, aerospace and exploration. Their research and production have received growing attention. Thermal stability is a crucial factor for the safety of energetic materials. Azole-rich energetic compounds have emerged as a research hotspot in recent years owing to their excellent properties. Due to the aromaticity of unsaturated azoles, many azole-rich energetic compounds have significant thermal stability, which is one of the properties that researchers focus on. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the physicochemical and energetic properties of various energetic materials, highlighting the relationship between thermal stability and the structural, physicochemical, and energetic properties of azole-rich energetic compounds. To improve the thermal stability of compounds, five aspects can be considered, including functional group modification, bridging, preparation of energetic salts, energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs) and co-crystals. It was demonstrated that increasing the strength and number of hydrogen bonds of azoles and expanding the π-π stacking area are the key factors to improve thermal stability, which provides a valuable way to develop energetic materials with higher energy and thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Miao
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Xinbo Yang
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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24
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Wu X, Yu Q, Wang K, Li Y, Xu J, Zhang JG. Monitoring the Micro-Structural Evolution Mechanism of Next-Generation Ultra-High-Energy All-Nitrogen Materials: A Molecular Dynamic Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7221-7230. [PMID: 37167614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Micro-structural evolution mechanisms of next-generation ultra-high-energy all-nitrogen materials under the extreme conditions of high temperature coupled with high pressure were revealed by state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics studies based on highest-nitrogen-content energetic material 2,2'-azobis(5-azidotetrazole). The results indicate that there are three primary initial uni-molecular decomposition pathways, namely, tetrazole ring opening, azido group elimination, and the breaking of the N-N bond between the azo group and azidotetrazole. In complicated global decomposition reactions, there exists the formation of nitrogen-rich clusters and all-nitrogen species. Lowering the temperature or increasing the pressure is conducive to increasing the N content in the nitrogen-rich cluster and widening the time distribution for the cluster. Abundant all-nitrogen species N4, N5, N6, N7, N8, N9, N10, and N13 were formed, and their detailed evolutionary process and construction mechanisms were enunciated. We innovatively constructed a series of next-generation ultra-high-energy all-nitrogen materials, which are expected to realize the controllable construction of next-generation ultra-high-energy all-nitrogen materials under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Qiyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yunqiu Li
- JiangSu Province Nanjing Engineering Vocational College, Nanjing 211135, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Jiangsu Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Agro-Forest Biomass, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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25
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Laniel D, Trybel F, Yin Y, Fedotenko T, Khandarkhaeva S, Aslandukov A, Aprilis G, Abrikosov AI, Bin Masood T, Giacobbe C, Bright EL, Glazyrin K, Hanfland M, Wright J, Hotz I, Abrikosov IA, Dubrovinsky L, Dubrovinskaia N. Aromatic hexazine [N 6] 4- anion featured in the complex structure of the high-pressure potassium nitrogen compound K 9N 56. Nat Chem 2023; 15:641-646. [PMID: 36879075 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent high-pressure synthesis of pentazolates and the subsequent stabilization of the aromatic [N5]- anion at atmospheric pressure have had an immense impact on nitrogen chemistry. Other aromatic nitrogen species have also been actively sought, including the hexaazabenzene N6 ring. Although a variety of configurations and geometries have been proposed based on ab initio calculations, one that stands out as a likely candidate is the aromatic hexazine anion [N6]4-. Here we present the synthesis of this species, realized in the high-pressure potassium nitrogen compound K9N56 formed at high pressures (46 and 61 GPa) and high temperature (estimated to be above 2,000 K) by direct reaction between nitrogen and KN3 in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The complex structure of K9N56-composed of 520 atoms per unit cell-was solved based on synchrotron single-crystal X-ray diffraction and corroborated by density functional theory calculations. The observed hexazine anion [N6]4- is planar and proposed to be aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Laniel
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany. .,Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Florian Trybel
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yuqing Yin
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Timofey Fedotenko
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Andrey Aslandukov
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Alexei I Abrikosov
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Talha Bin Masood
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ingrid Hotz
- Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor A Abrikosov
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Leonid Dubrovinsky
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Natalia Dubrovinskaia
- Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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26
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Feng S, Zhang B, Luo C, Liu Y, Zhu S, Gou R, Zhang S, Yin P, Pang S. Challenging the Limitations of Tetranitro Biimidazole through Introducing a gem-Dinitromethyl Scaffold. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 36795059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
A gem-dinitromethyl group was successfully introduced into the TNBI·2H2O structure (TNBI: 4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2,2'-bi-1H-imidazole) to obtain 1-(dinitromethyl)-4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-1H,1'H-2,2'-biimidazole (DNM-TNBI). Benefiting from the transformation of an N-H proton into a gem-dinitromethyl group, the current limitations of TNBI were well solved. More importantly, DNM-TNBI has high density (1.92 g·cm-3, 298 K), good oxygen balance (15.3%), and excellent detonation properties (Dv = 9102 m·s-1, P = 37.6 GPa), suggesting that it has great potential as an oxidizer or a high-performance energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbiao Feng
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China.,School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoseng Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Chunwang Luo
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shuangfei Zhu
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ruijun Gou
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Shuhai Zhang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Ping Yin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.,Beijing Institute of Technology Chongqing Innovation Center, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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27
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Theoretical design of new insensitive high energy metal complexes based on the double fused-ring insensitive ligands strategy. J Mol Model 2023. [PMID: 36864315 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In this work, 24 new nitrogen-rich fused-ring energetic metal complexes were designed based on the double fused-ring insensitive ligands strategy. First, 7-nitro-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-amine and 6-amino-3-(4H,8H-bis([1,2,5]oxadiazolo)[3,4-b:3',4'-e]pyrazin-4-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,5-dioxide were linked together by coordinating with metals cobalt and copper. Then, three energetic groups (NH2, NO2, and C(NO2)3) were introduced into the system to modify the structure and adjust the performance. Then, their structures and properties were investigated theoretically; the effects of different metals and small energetic groups were studied also. Finally, 9 compounds which have both higher energy and lower sensitivity than the famous high energy compound compound 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine were selected out. In addition, it was found that copper, NO2, and C(NO2)3 could increase the energy while cobalt and NH2 would be helpful for reducing the sensitivity. METHODS Calculations were performed at the TPSS/6-31G(d) level by using the Gaussian 09 software.
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28
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Liu Y, Yi P, Gong L, Yi X, He P, Wang T, Zhang J. Three-Dimensional Metal-Organic Frameworks as Super Heat-Resistant Explosives: Potassium 4,4'-Oxybis[3,3'-(5-tetrazol)]furazan and Potassium (1,2,4-Triazol-3-yl)tetrazole. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3186-3194. [PMID: 36757804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat-resistant explosives play an irreplaceable role in specialized applications. Two energetic metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), potassium 4,4'-oxybis[3,3'-(5-tetrazol)]furazan and potassium (1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)tetrazole, featuring a three-dimensional metal-organic framework structure, were first synthesized and characterized by chemical (1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal XRD) and physicochemical analyses (sensitivity toward friction, impact, electrostatic, and DSC-TGA test). The new 3D EMOFs were found to show high thermostability, highly positive heat of formation, and suitable sensitivities. The Hirshfeld surface was further analyzed in order to explore the effect on sensitivities. Their detonation properties (detonation velocity, detonation pressure, etc.) were calculated by the EXPLO5 program. K2NTT exhibits extremely high decomposition temperatures of up to 361 °C; meanwhile, its detonation performance is comparable to that of TATB and other energetic potassium salts, which makes it a promising heat-resistant explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lishan Gong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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29
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Chen P, Dou H, Zhang J, He C, Pang S. Trinitromethyl Energetic Groups Enhance High Heats of Detonation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4144-4151. [PMID: 36629788 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of groups with high enthalpies of formation can effectively improve the detonation performance of the compounds. A series of novel energetic compounds (10-13) with high enthalpies of formation, high density, and high nitrogen-oxygen content were designed and synthesized by combining gem-polynitromethyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazole, furoxan, and azo groups. All the new compounds were thoroughly characterized by IR, NMR, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Compounds 10 and 11 were also further characterized with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 11 has high density (1.93 g cm-3), high enthalpy of formation (993.5 kJ mol-1), high detonation velocity (9411 m s-1), and high heat of detonation (6889 kJ kg-1) and is a potentially excellent secondary explosive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Hui Dou
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Jinya Zhang
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
| | - Chunlin He
- Experimental Center of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Academy of Beijing Institute of Technology, Jiaxing 314019, China
- Chongqing Innovation Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China
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30
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Prediction of novel tetravalent metal pentazolate salts with anharmonic effect. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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31
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Shi J, Zhu P, Liu J, Shen R, Xia H, Jiang H, Xu S, Zhao F. Coupling Oscillating–Swirling–Coflowing: A Microfluidic Strategy for Superior Safety and Output Performance of Core–Shell Energetic Microspheres. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Peng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Jianzhe Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Ruiqi Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Huanming Xia
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi710065, China
| | - Siyu Xu
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi710065, China
| | - Fengqi Zhao
- Science and Technology on Combustion and Explosion Laboratory, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an, Shaanxi710065, China
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32
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Yu C, Gu B, Wang J, Chen J, Zhang W, Shi W, Yang G, Lei X, Zhu J. Valence-Oriented Electrosynthesis Strategies of Cu-Based 5-Nitrotetrazolate for Environmentally Acceptable Primary Explosives. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19379-19387. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Bonan Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Gexing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Xiaoting Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing210094, China
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33
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Zhai H, Xu R, Dai J, Ma X, Yu X, Li Q, Ma Y. Stabilized Nitrogen Framework Anions in the Ga–N System. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21640-21647. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, International Center for Computational Method and Software, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, International Center for Computational Method and Software, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jianhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Quan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, International Center for Computational Method and Software, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yanming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, International Center for Computational Method and Software, and Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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34
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Luo L, Hao W, Guo Z, Huang T, Liu Q, Deng H, Peng R, Jin B. Controllable Structural Modulation: Assembling Variable Dimension Energetic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Free Protons. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16248-16255. [PMID: 36179063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we provide an efficient strategy for constructing three-dimensional (3D) energetic coordination polymers (ECPs), namely, metal-organic frameworks (EMOFs), avoiding solvent coordination without changing the organic ligands or metal nodes. Three ECPs with the same ligand and metal center, namely, two-dimensional (2D) layer ECP [Pb(HOBTT)(H2O)2]n (1), 3D solvent-free EMOFs [Pb(HOBTT)]n (2), and dense [Pb3(OBTT)2]n (3) (H3OBTT = 4,5-bis(1-hydroxytetrazol-5-yl)-2H-1,2,3-triazole), were rationally designed and synthesized via free protons. As expected, the theoretical density of 3 (4.080 g·cm-3) is greater than those of 2 (3.299 g·cm-3) and 1 (3.055 g·cm-3). Thermal stabilities indicate that their decomposition temperature exceeds 300 °C. Theoretical calculations show that the detonation performance of 3 is better than that of 1 and 2. The detonation performance of 1-3 was further proven by laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjia Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhicheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Quancheng Liu
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| | - Hu Deng
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, China
| | - Rufang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Bo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang621010, Sichuan, China
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35
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Pan Q, Zhang H, Guo X, Sun S, Li S. Pyrolysis Kinetics and Combustion Behaviors of a High-Nitrogen Compound, 4,4′-Azobis(1,2,4-triazole). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911313. [PMID: 36232615 PMCID: PMC9570474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the thermal decomposition behavior of 4,4′-azobis(1,2,4-triazole) (ATRZ), the non-isothermal thermal decomposition kinetics of ATRZ were studied using the thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) method. The TG–DSC of ATRZ was analyzed at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K·min−1 in an argon atmosphere. The thermal decomposition kinetic parameters at peak temperature (Tp), such as apparent activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (lgA) of ATRZ, were calculated using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Satava–Sestak methods. Ea and lgA calculated using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Satava–Sestak methods are very close, at 780.2 kJ·mol−1/70.5 s−1, 751.1 kJ·mol−1/71.8 s−1, and 762.1 kJ·mol−1/71.8 s−1, respectively. Using a combination of three methods, the reaction mechanism function g(α) of ATRZ was obtained. The results show that the decomposition temperature of ATRZ is about 310 °C, and the decomposition is rapidly exothermic. The pyrolysis path of ATRZ was investigated through a pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) experiment. ATRZ has three different decomposition paths and finally generates N2, HC-N-CH, N≡C-N, and HC=N-C≡N. The laser ignition combustion duration of ATRZ was 0.5033 s and the peak temperature was 1913 °C. The laser ignition combustion duration of ATRZ+CL-20 was 1.0277 s and the peak temperature was 2105 °C. The rapid energy release rate of ATRZ promotes the combustion energy release of CL-20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion of Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Electronic System Engineering, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Xueyong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion of Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Sen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion of Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shenghua Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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36
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Yang X, Li N, Li Y, Pang S. The ionic salts with super oxidizing ions O2+ and N5+: Potential candidates for high-energy oxidants. Front Chem 2022; 10:1005816. [PMID: 36212074 PMCID: PMC9532705 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1005816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important component of energetic materials, high-energy oxidant is one of the key materials to improve their energy. The oxidizability of oxidant directly determines the intensity of combustion or explosion reaction. It is generally believed that when the nature of reductant is certain, the stronger the oxidizability, the more intense the reaction. Dioxygenyl cation (O2+) and pentazenium cation (N5+) are two kinds of super oxidizing ions, which oxidizability are comparable to that of fluorine. A series of high energetic ionic salts with O2+, N5+ and various anions as active components are designed, and the results show that: 1) Most ionic salts have appropriate thermodynamic stability, high density (up to 2.201 g/cm3), high enthalpy of formation (up to 1863.234 kJ/mol) and excellent detonation properties (up to 10.83 km/s, 45.9 GPa); 2) The detonation velocity value of O2 (nitrotetrazole-N-oxides) and O2B(N3)4 exceed 10.0 km/s, and the detonation pressure exceed 45.0 GPa because of the O2+ salts have higher crystal density (g/cm3) and oxygen balance than that of N5+salts; 3) With a higher nitrogen content than O2+, the N5+ salts have higher enthalpy of formation, which exceed 330 kJ/mol than that of O2+ salts; 4) The linear spatial structure of N5+ leads the salts to reduce their density. Encouragingly, this study proves that these super oxidizing ions have the potential to become high-energy oxidants, which could be a theoretical reference for the design of new high energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbo Yang
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchuan Li
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuchuan Li, ; Siping Pang,
| | - Siping Pang
- School of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuchuan Li, ; Siping Pang,
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37
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Kurtay G, Şen N. Improved stability of picric acid: 1-aminopyrene’ charge-transfer complex: Synthesis, characterization, energetic performance and molecular docking study with B-DNA. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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38
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Zhang J, Feng Y, Bo Y, Chinnam AK, Singh J, Staples RJ, He X, Wang K, Zhang J, Shreeve JM. Synthesis of a high-energy-density material through rapid replacement of crystal water of hydrates. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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39
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Stierstorfer J, Benz M, Klapötke TM. 1‐Nitrimino‐5‐azidotetrazole ‒ Extending Energetic Tetrazole Chemistry. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200186. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Stierstorfer
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München Chemistry and Biochemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13Haus D 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Maximilian Benz
- LMU München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 München GERMANY
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- LMU München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry Butenandtstr. 5-13 81477 München GERMANY
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40
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Yan Z, Yang L, Tong W, Han JM. Facile Synthesis of Energetic Nanoparticles of Copper Azide with High Initiation Ability for Micro-Initiator Applications Using Layered Copper Hydroxide. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9096-9103. [PMID: 35670700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper azide (CA) is one of the preferred primary explosives in the micro-initiating device, and it is of conducive significance to develop high-content CA-modified materials. In this work, we reported two types of CA composites with CA nanorods embedded in carbon nanosheets (CA/C) and CA distributed on salicylic acid (CA/SA) using layered copper hydroxide nanosheets intercalated with salicylic acid as the precursor. The detailed characterizations demonstrated that CA/C exhibits eximious electrostatic sensitivity (1.06 mJ) due to the inherent structural characteristics of CA/C such as the limitation of the free movement of CA by the layered structure and preeminent electrical conductivity of carbon nanosheets. Surprisingly, CA/C with nearly 1.0 mg in the miro-initiating device can reliably detonate Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20). CA/C exhibits extremely high CA content (93%), excellent ignition ability, and detonation ability, and its performance is superior to pure CA and most CA-modified materials reported previously. CA/SA also has an excellent detonation ability and its electrostatic sensitivity is as low as 0.92 mJ. These findings provide a new perspective for the development of high-performance primary explosives for the micro-initiating device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Wenchao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Min Han
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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41
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Zhao Z, Liu R, Guo L, Liu S, Sui M, Niu S, Liu B, Wang P, Yao Z, Liu B. High-Pressure Synthesis and Stability Enhancement of Lithium Pentazolate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9012-9018. [PMID: 35658435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pentazolate anion, cyclo-N5-, has received extensive attention as a new generation of energetic species for explosive or propulsion applications. Binary pentazolate compounds have been obtained under high-pressure conditions and their stability enhancement is crucial for obtaining more competitive high energy density materials (HEDMs). Here, we report the synthesis of a new solid phase of lithium pentazolate (space group P21/c) through the chemical transformation of pure lithium azide under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions. Upon decompression, the structural transition from P21/c-LiN5 to P21/m-LiN5 at ∼15.6 GPa was observed for the first time. Cyclo-N5- can be traced down to ∼5.7 GPa at room temperature and recovered to ambient pressure under a low-temperature condition (80 K). Our results reveal the enhancement of pentazolate anion stability with the increasing content of metal cations and demonstrate that low temperature is an effective route for the recovery of the pentazolate anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Ran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Linlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Minghong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shifeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhen Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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42
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Yang X, Bian C, Duan H, Wang J. Further study on energetic salts of TNATT anion. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Stabilization of hexazine rings in potassium polynitride at high pressure. Nat Chem 2022; 14:794-800. [PMID: 35449217 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00925-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polynitrogen molecules are attractive for high-energy-density materials due to energy stored in nitrogen-nitrogen bonds; however, it remains challenging to find energy-efficient synthetic routes and stabilization mechanisms for these compounds. Direct synthesis from molecular dinitrogen requires overcoming large activation barriers and the reaction products are prone to inherent inhomogeneity. Here we report the synthesis of planar N62- hexazine dianions, stabilized in K2N6, from potassium azide (KN3) on laser heating in a diamond anvil cell at pressures above 45 GPa. The resulting K2N6, which exhibits a metallic lustre, remains metastable down to 20 GPa. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify this material, through good agreement with the theoretically predicted structural, vibrational and electronic properties for K2N6. The N62- rings characterized here are likely to be present in other high-energy-density materials stabilized by pressure. Under 30 GPa, an unusual N20.75--containing compound with the formula K3(N2)4 was formed instead.
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44
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Grishakov KS, Degtyarenko NN. Low pressure metastable single-bonded solid nitrogen phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8351-8360. [PMID: 35332346 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00620k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the framework of the density functional theory, the possibility of the formation of single-bonded solid atomic nitrogen phases as a result of adiabatic compression of molecular and cluster nitrogen structures at zero temperature has been studied. It has been demonstrated that nitrogen clusters N8(C2v)-B, which are theoretically predicted as one of the promising candidates for high energy density materials, can transform under compression into a solid atomic phase with crystal lattice symmetry P21. The P21 phase is dynamically stable under decompression to zero pressure. It is shown that the ε-N2 molecular phase transforms under compression into a solid atomic phase with R3̄c symmetry, and retains a vibrationally stable crystal structure when the pressure is reduced to 30 GPa, transforming into a stable cluster form at lower pressures. The atoms in the P21 and R3̄c solid atomic phases are linked by single bonds; therefore, these structures can store a large amount of energy ≈1.4 eV per atom. A detailed comparison of the properties of new P21 and R3̄c solid atomic phases with other nitrogen crystal structures that are dynamically stable at low pressures has been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin S Grishakov
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia. .,Research Institute for the Development of Scientific and Educational Potential of Youth, 14/55 Aviatorov St., Moscow, 119620, Russia
| | - Nikolay N Degtyarenko
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe Shosse 31, Moscow 115409, Russia.
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45
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Yu C, Zhang W, Xian M, Wang J, Chen J, Chen Y, Shi W, Yang G, Ye J, Ma K, Zhu J. Copper Azide Nanoparticle-Encapsulating MOF-Derived Porous Carbon: Electrochemical Preparation for High-Performance Primary Explosive Film. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107364. [PMID: 35143716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desired but still remains challenging to design a primary explosive-based nanoparticle-encapsulated conductive skeleton for the development of powerful yet safe energetic films employed in miniaturized explosive systems. Herein, a proof-of-concept electrochemical preparation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) derived porous carbon embedding copper-based azide (Cu(N3 )2 or CuN3 , CA) nanoparticles on copper substrate is described. A Cu-based MOF, i.e., Cu-BTC is fabricated based on anodized Cu(OH)2 nanorods, as a template, to achieve CA/C film through pyrolysis and electrochemical azidation. Such a CA/C film, which is woven by numerous ultrafine nanofibers, favorably demonstrates excellent energy release (945-2090 J g-1 ), tunable electrostatic sensitivity (0.22-1.39 mJ), and considerable initiation ability. The performance is superior to most reported primary explosives, since the CA nanoparticles contribute to high brisance and the protection of the porous carbon network. Notably, the growth mechanism of the CA/C film is further disclosed by detailed experimental investigation and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. This work will offer new insight to design and develop a CA-based primary explosive film for applications in advanced explosive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Mingchun Xian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Wei Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Gexing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jiahai Ye
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Kefeng Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Junwu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Micro-Nano Energetic Devices Key Laboratory, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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46
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Lang Q, Jiang S, Xu Y, Lu M. Theoretical study on N‐oxide pentazolate high‐energy‐density materials: Toward excellent energetic performance and good stability. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Shuaijie Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing China
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47
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Li X, Long Y, Zhang C, Sun C, Hu B, Lu P, Chen J. Hydrogen Bond and π-π Stacking Interaction: Stabilization Mechanism of Two Metal Cyclo-N 5 --Containing Energetic Materials. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:6627-6639. [PMID: 35252658 PMCID: PMC8892846 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cyclo-N5 - has attracted extensive attention because all-nitrogen high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) have been expected to reach a TNT equivalent of over 3.0. However, for cyclo-N5 --containing HEDMs, the stabilization mechanism has remained enigmatic. In this study, two typical cyclo-N5 --containing metal hydrates, [Na(H2O)(N5)]·2H2O (Na-cyclo-N5 -) and [Mg(H2O)6(N5)2]·4H2O (Mg-cyclo-N5 -), are selected to gain insights into the factors affecting their stability by the first-principles method. Both binding/lattice energy calculations and density of states analysis show that Mg-cyclo-N5 - is more stable than Na-cyclo-N5 -. Hydrogen bonding is the main stabilization mechanism for stabilizing crystals and cyclo-N5 -. Two types of hydrogen bonds, O-H···O and O-H···N, are clarified, which construct a 3D hydrogen bond network in Mg-cyclo-N5 - and an intralayer 2D hydrogen bond network in Na-cyclo-N5 -. Moreover, nonuniform stress causes distortion of cyclo-N5 -. Comparing the two samples, the distortion degree of cyclo-N5 - is higher in Na-cyclo-N5 -, which indicates that cyclo-N5 - decomposition is easier. These findings will enhance the future prospects for the design and synthesis of cyclo-N5 --containing HEDMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School
of Science, Beijing University of Posts
and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
- Beijing
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yao Long
- Beijing
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Chengguo Sun
- School
of Chemical Engineering, University of Science
and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, Liaoning 114051, China
| | - Bingcheng Hu
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University
of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Pengfei Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications,
Ministry of Education, Beijing University
of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Beijing
Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China
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48
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Luo Y, Zheng W, Wang X, Shen F. Nitrification Progress of Nitrogen-Rich Heterocyclic Energetic Compounds: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051465. [PMID: 35268569 PMCID: PMC8911595 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a momentous energetic group, a nitro group widely exists in high-energy-density materials (HEDMs), such as trinitrotoluene (TNT), 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB), cyclo-1,3,5-trimethylene-2,4,6-trinitramine (RDX), etc. The nitro group has a significant effect on improving the oxygen balance and detonation performances of energetic materials (EMs). Moreover, the nitro group is a strong electron-withdrawing group, and it can increase the acidity of the acidic hydrogen-containing nitrogen-rich energetic compounds to facilitate the construction of energetic ionic salts. Thus, it is possible to design nitro-nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with adjustable properties. In this paper, the nitration methods of azoles, including imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, and oxadiazole, as well as azines, including pyrazine, pyridazine, triazine, and tetrazine, have been concluded. Furthermore, the prospect of the future development of nitrogen-rich heterocyclic energetic compounds has been stated, so as to provide references for researchers who are engaged in the synthesis of EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Luo
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Wanwan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fei Shen
- High-Tech Institute of Xi’an, Xi’an 710025, China; (Y.L.); (F.S.)
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
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49
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Yang X, Bian C, Duan H, Ma J, Zhu N, Wang J. Lone pair/π-hole interactions in the edge-to-face stacking of the criss-cross construction molecule: towards thermally stability, low sensitivity, and high detonation performance. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Yan YF, Wu HF, Xu JG, Zheng FK, Guo GC. A Zn(II) coordination polymer assembled by triazole derivative: Crystal structures and energetic behavior. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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