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Yuan G, Liu G, Wei D. Roles of P300 and Late Positive Potential in Initial Romantic Attraction. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:718847. [PMID: 34720856 PMCID: PMC8552996 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.718847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial romantic attraction (IRA) refers to a series of positive reactions to potential romantic partners at the initial encounter; it evolved to promote mate selection, allowing individuals to focus their mating efforts on their preferred potential mates. After decades of effort, we now have a deeper understanding of the evolutionary value and dominant factors of IRA; however, little is known regarding the brain mechanisms related to its generation and evaluation. In this study, we combined classic event-related potential analysis with dipole-source analysis to examine electroencephalogram (EEG) signals generated while participants assessed their romantic interest in potential partners. The EEG signals were categorized into IRA-engendered and unengendered conditions based on behavioral indicators. We found that the faces elicited multiple late positivities, including P300 over the occipital-parietal regions and late positive potentials (LPPs) over the anterior regions. When compared to faces that did not engender IRA, faces that did engender IRA elicited (1) enhanced P300 over the parietal regions and heightened neural activity in the insula and cingulate cortex and (2) larger LPPs over the anterior regions and heightened neural activity in the orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, frontal eye field, visual cortex, and insula. These results suggest IRA is generated and evaluated by an extensive brain network involved in emotion processing, attention control, and social evaluations. Furthermore, these findings indicate that P300 and LPP may represent different cognitive processes during IRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Yuan
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Affective Computing and Information Processing, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Circuits and Intelligent Information Processing, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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Li W, Li H. Predicament of Chinese legislation on genetically modified food (GMF) labeling management and solutions - from the perspective of the new food safety law. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:4737-4743. [PMID: 28369963 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper considers the background of Article 69 of the newly revised Food Safety Law in China in combination with the current situation of Chinese legislation on GMF labeling management, compared with a foreign genetically modified food labeling management system, revealing deficiencies in the Chinese legislation with respect to GMF labeling management, and noting that institutions should properly consider the GMF labeling management system in China. RESULTS China adheres to the principle of mandatory labeling based on both product and processes in relation to GMFs and implements a system of process-centered mandatory labeling under a negotiation-construction form. However, China has not finally defined the supervision mode of mandatory labeling of GMFs through laws, and this remains a challenge for GMF labeling management when two mandatory labeling modes coexist. CONCLUSION Since April 2015 and October 1, 2015 when the Food Safety Law was revised and formally implemented respectively, the applicable judicial interpretations and enforcement regulations have not made applicable revisions and only principle-based terms have been included in the Food Safety Law, it is still theoretically and practically difficult for mandatory labeling of GMFs in juridical practices and conflicts between the principle of GMF labeling and the purpose that safeguards consumers' right to know remain. The GMF labeling system should be legislatively and practically improved to an extent that protects consumers' right to know. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- The School of Law, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Han Li
- The School of Law, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mühlberger C, Angus DJ, Jonas E, Harmon-Jones C, Harmon-Jones E. Perceived control increases the reward positivity and stimulus preceding negativity. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:310-322. [PMID: 28118688 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reward positivity (RewP) and the stimulus preceding negativity (SPN), two ERPs associated with reward delivery and reward anticipation, are modulated by motivational intensity. Motivational intensity is the effort organisms would make to exert behaviors, and it varies with the difficulty of exerting that behavior. If a task is perceived as impossible, which means that one does not have control over own outcomes, motivational intensity is low. In the current study, we tested the prediction that perceiving control over one's outcomes increases both the RewP to feedback and the SPN prior to feedback compared to perceiving no control. We also examined whether P300 and LPP amplitudes to reward and nonreward images were similarly modulated. Twenty-five female participants completed a gambling task in which correct choices were followed by pictures of attractive men and incorrect choices were followed by pictures of rocks. To manipulate perceived control, participants were told that, in one block of trials, they could learn a mouse-click rule in order to see only pictures of men (high perceived control condition), while in the other block, the pictures would appear randomly (low perceived control condition). However, in both conditions, feedback appeared randomly. Although the RewP was elicited in both blocks, the RewP and SPN were higher in the high perceived control condition (i.e., when participants thought that they could influence their outcomes). Perceived control did not modulate the P300 and LPP to pictures. The results suggest that approach motivation and its intensity modulate the processing of performance feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Jonas
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cindy Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eddie Harmon-Jones
- School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Glaum P, Vandermeer J. Potential for and consequences of naturalized Bt products: Qualitative dynamics from indirect intransitivities. Ecol Modell 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Delborne JA. Transgenes and transgressions: scientific dissent as heterogeneous practice. SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE 2008; 38:509-541. [PMID: 19227618 DOI: 10.1177/0306312708089716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although scholars in science and technology studies have explored many dynamics and consequences of scientific controversy, no coherent theory of scientific dissent has emerged. This paper proposes the elements of such a framework, based on understanding scientific dissent as a set of heterogeneous practices. I use the controversy over the presence of transgenic DNA in Mexican maize in the early 2000s to point to a processual model of scientific dissent. 'Contrarian science' includes knowledge claims that challenge the dominant scientific trajectory, but need not necessarily lead to dissent. 'Impedance' represents efforts to undermine the credibility of contrarian science (or contrarian scientists) and may originate within or outside of the scientific community. In the face of impedance, contrarian scientists may become dissenters. The actions of the scientist at the center of the case study, Professor Ignacio Chapela of the University of California, Berkeley, demonstrate particular practices of scientific dissent, ranging from 'agonistic engagement' to 'dissident science'. These practices speak not only to functional strategies of winning scientific debate, but also to attempts to reconfigure relations among scientists, publics, institutions, and politics that order knowledge production.
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Miller HI, Morandini P, Ammann K. Is biotechnology a victim of anti-science bias in scientific journals? Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:122-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ortiz-García S, Ezcurra E, Schoel B, Acevedo F, Soberón J, Snow AA. Reply to Cleveland et al.’s “Detecting (trans)gene flow to landraces in centers of crop origin: lessons from the case of maize in Mexico”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2006007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cleveland DA, Soleri D, Cuevas FA, Crossa J, Gepts P. Detecting (trans)gene flow to landraces in centers of crop origin: lessons from the case of maize in Mexico. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 4:197-208; discussion 209-15. [PMID: 16827547 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2006006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
There is much discussion of the probability of transgene flow from transgenic crop varieties to landraces and wild relatives in centers of origin or diversity, and its genetic, ecological, and social consequences. Without costly research on the variables determining gene flow, research on transgene frequencies in landrace (or wild relative) populations can be valuable for understanding transgene flow and its effects. Minimal research requirements include (1) understanding how farmer practices and seed systems affect landrace populations, (2) sampling to optimize Ne/n (effective/census population size), (3) minimizing variance at all levels sampled, and (4) using Ne to calculate binomial probabilities for transgene frequencies. A key case is maize in Mexico. Two peer-reviewed papers, based on landrace samples from the Sierra Juárez region of Oaxaca, Mexico, reached seemingly conflicting conclusions: transgenes are present (Quist and Chapela, 2001, Nature 414: 541-543; 2002, Nature 416: 602) or "detectable transgenes" are absent (Ortiz-García et al., 2005, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 12338-12343 and 18242). We analyzed these papers using information on Oaxacan maize seed systems and estimates of Ne. We conclude that if Quist and Chapela's results showing presence are accepted, Ortiz-García et al.'s conclusions of no evidence of transgenes at detectable levels or for their introgression into maize landraces in the Sierra de Juárez of Oaxaca are not scientifically justified. This is because their samples are not representative, and their statistical analysis is inconclusive due to using n instead of Ne. Using estimates of Ne based on Ortiz-García et al.'s n, we estimate that transgenes could be present in maize landraces in the Sierra Juárez region at frequencies of approximately 1-4%, and are more likely to be present in the 90% of Oaxacan landrace area that is not mountainous. Thus, we have no scientific evidence of maize transgene presence or absence in recent years in Mexico, Oaxaca State, or the Sierra Juárez region.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Cleveland
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4160, USA.
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Ehrenfeld D. Transgenics and vertebrate cloning as tools for species conservation. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2006; 20:723-32. [PMID: 16909565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that transgenics and vertebrate cloning have a role to play in conservation. Now is the time to evaluate their risks and benefits, before these technologies are widely implemented in our field. Direct risks of transgenics include escape and introgression of transgenes into wild populations; weedy invasion by transgenic organisms; toxicity or pathogenicity of engineered organisms and their products; and human error in the field testing and tracking of transgenic organisms. Indirect risks include environmental effects of increased herbicide use; the danger that engineered organisms may aid the development of bioweapons; the likelihood that gene patenting will lead to the privatization of natural resources; and the diversion of support from less glamorous forms of conservation. Formal risk assessments are commonly used to evaluate transgenic procedures, but our incomplete understanding of both ecosystem processes and the action of transgenes renders most of these assessments scientifically and socially unjustified. Nevertheless, a few, low-risk applications of transgenics may be possible: for example, "super-sterile" ornamental cultivars. Vertebrate cloning poses little risk to the environment, but it can consume scarce conservation resources, and its chances of success in preserving species seem poor To date, the conservation benefits of transgenics and vertebrate cloning remain entirely theoretical, but many of the risks are known and documented. Conservation biologists should devote their research and energies to the established methods of conservation, none of which require transgenics or vertebrate cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ehrenfeld
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8551, USA.
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ORTIZ-GARCÍA SOL, EZCURRA EXEQUIEL, SCHOEL BERND, ACEVEDO FRANCISCA, SOBERÓN JORGE, SNOW ALLISONA. Transgenic Maize in Mexico. Bioscience 2006. [DOI: 10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[709:tmim]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Raven
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA.
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Ortiz-García S, Ezcurra E, Schoel B, Acevedo F, Soberón J, Snow AA. Absence of detectable transgenes in local landraces of maize in Oaxaca, Mexico (2003-2004). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:12338-43. [PMID: 16093316 PMCID: PMC1184035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503356102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2000, transgenes were detected in local maize varieties (landraces) in the mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico [Quist, D. & Chapela, I. H. (2001) Nature 414, 541-543]. This region is part of the Mesoamerican center of origin for maize (Zea mays L.), and the genetic diversity that is maintained in open-pollinated landraces is recognized as an important genetic resource of great cultural value. The presence of transgenes in landraces was significant because transgenic maize has never been approved for cultivation in Mexico. Here we provide a systematic survey of the frequency of transgenes in currently grown landraces. We sampled maize seeds from 870 plants in 125 fields and 18 localities in the state of Oaxaca during 2003 and 2004. We then screened 153,746 sampled seeds for the presence of two transgene elements from the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus and the nopaline synthase gene (nopaline synthase terminator) from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. One or both of these transgene elements are present in all transgenic commercial varieties of maize. No transgenic sequences were detected with highly sensitive PCR-based markers, appropriate positive and negative controls, and duplicate samples for DNA extraction. We conclude that transgenic maize seeds were absent or extremely rare in the sampled fields. This study provides a much-needed preliminary baseline for understanding the biological, socioeconomic, and ethical implications of the inadvertent dispersal of transgenes from the United States and elsewhere to local landraces of maize in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ortiz-García
- Instituto Nacional de Ecología, Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Colonia Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Delegación Coyoacán, 04530 México D.F., Mexico
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Gepts P, Papa R. Possible effects of (trans)gene flow from crops on the genetic diversity from landraces and wild relatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 2:89-103. [PMID: 15612275 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2003009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Gene flow is a potential concern associated with the use of transgenic crops because it could affect genetic diversity of related landraces and wild relatives. This concern has taken on added importance with the looming introduction of transgenic crops in centers of crop domestication (Mexico, China) and those producing pharmaceutical compounds. For gene flow to take place among cultivars and their wild relatives, several steps have to be fulfilled, including the presence of cultivars or wild relatives within pollen or seed dispersal range, the ability to produce viable and fertile hybrids, at least partial overlap in flowering time, actual gene flow by pollen or seed, and the establishment of crop genes in the domesticated or wild recipient populations. In contrast with domestication genes, which often make crops less adapted to natural ecosystems, transgenes frequently represent gains of function, which might release wild relatives from constraints that limit their fitness. In most sexually reproducing organisms, the chromosomal region affected by selection of a single gene amounts to a small percentage of the total genome size. Because of gene flow, the level of genetic diversity present in the domesticated gene pool becomes a crucial factor affecting the genetic diversity of the wild gene pool. For some crops, such as cotton and maize, the introduction of transgenic technologies has led to a consolidation of the seed industry and a reduction in the diversity of the elite crop gene pool. Thus, diversity in improved varieties grown by farmers needs to be monitored. Several areas deserve further study, such as the actual magnitude of gene flow and its determinants in different agroecosystems, the long-term effects of gene flow on genetic diversity both across gene pools and within genomes, the expression of transgenes in new genetic backgrounds, and the effects of socio-economic factors on genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gepts
- Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8515, USA.
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Pilson D, Prendeville HR. Ecological Effects of Transgenic Crops and the Escape of Transgenes into Wild Populations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2004. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
▪ Abstract Ecological risks associated with the release of transgenic crops include nontarget effects of the crop and the escape of transgenes into wild populations. Nontarget effects can be of two sorts: (a) unintended negative effects on species that do not reduce yield and (b) greater persistence of the crop in feral populations. Conventional agricultural methods, such as herbicide and pesticide application, have large and well-documented nontarget effects. To the extent that transgenes have more specific target effects, transgenic crops may have fewer nontarget effects. The escape of transgenes into wild populations, via hybridization and introgression, could lead to increased weediness or to the invasion of new habitats by the wild population. In addition, native species with which the wild plant interacts (including herbivores, pathogens, and other plant species in the community) could be negatively affected by “transgenic-wild” plants. Conventional crop alleles have facilitated the evolution of increased weediness in several wild populations. Thus, some transgenes that allow plants to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress (e.g., insect resistance, drought tolerance) could have similar effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Pilson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0118;,
| | - Holly R. Prendeville
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0118;,
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Polymerase chain reaction coupled with peptide nucleic acid high-performance liquid chromatography for the sensitive detection of traces of potentially allergenic hazelnut in foodstuffs. Eur Food Res Technol 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-004-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bellon MR, Berthaud J. Transgenic maize and the evolution of landrace diversity in Mexico. The importance of farmers' behavior. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2004; 134:883-8. [PMID: 15020750 PMCID: PMC523889 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.038331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 12/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio R Bellon
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Apartado Postal 6-641, 06600 Mexico D.F., Mexico
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Worthy K, Strohman RC, Billings PR. Conflicts around a study of Mexican crops. Nature 2002; 417:897; author reply 897-8. [PMID: 12087377 DOI: 10.1038/417897b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Suarez AV, Bernard M, Tsutsui ND, Blackledge TA, Copren K, Sarnat EM, Wild AL, Getz WM, Starks PT, Will K, Palsbøll PJ, Hauber ME, Moritz C, Richman AD. Conflicts around a study of Mexican crops. Nature 2002; 417:897; author reply 897-8. [PMID: 12087376 DOI: 10.1038/417897a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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