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Gulland A, Tan F. Campus surveillance: students and professors decry sensors in buildings. Nature 2023; 623:444-445. [PMID: 37864106 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
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2
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Catanzaro M. Saudi universities entice top scientists to switch affiliations - sometimes with cash. Nature 2023; 617:446-447. [PMID: 37147367 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-01523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
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3
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Grenz J. University ethics boards are not ready for Indigenous scholars. Nature 2023; 616:221. [PMID: 37041250 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Abstract
Jeff Collin and colleagues review how the UK’s leading universities deal with research funding from health harming industries and call for more effective governance of conflicts of interest
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Collin
- Global Health Policy Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium (Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm), UK
| | - Alex Wright
- Global Health Policy Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Hill
- Global Health Policy Unit, School of Social and Political Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- SPECTRUM Consortium (Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm), UK
| | - Kat Smith
- SPECTRUM Consortium (Shaping Public Health Policies to Reduce Inequalities and Harm), UK
- School of Social Work and Social Policy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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5
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Abstract
PROBLEM When medical students with disabilities fail, identifying the underlying cause is challenging. Faculty unfamiliar with disability-related barriers or accommodations may falsely attribute academic struggles to disability. Fear of legal action may prompt inappropriate promotion of students with disabilities who are struggling to meet competencies. Therefore, a clear understanding of the origin of difficulty is critical to determining an appropriate response to the student's failure, including revision of accommodations, academic remediation, probation, and dismissal. APPROACH A large Midwestern medical college created an innovative approach to differentiate between disability-related barriers and academic deficits by creating a diagnostic objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). The goal of this OSCE was to determine the need for additional or refined accommodations versus clinical remediation, and to guide future decision making about a student on academic probation. Using 3 simulated cases that drew on a cross section of clinical knowledge, a team of clinical and disability specialists observed a disabled student to determine the origin of that student's difficulties in a clinical rotation. OUTCOMES Using the diagnostic OSCE, the team quickly identified clinical reasoning and fund of knowledge deficits, and need for further accommodations. As a result, the team was able to remediate the clinical deficits, augment the current accommodations in vivo, and determine the potential impact on performance. The team approach was documented and facilitated the legally required interactive process for determining additional barriers, efficacy of existing accommodations, and need for additional reasonable accommodations. All parties reported a positive experience. The collective knowledge and expertise of the team helped confirm the origin of the deficit: a fundamental lack of knowledge and reasoning skills versus a disability-related barrier. NEXT STEPS The next step is to formalize this process to ensure appropriate evaluation of students with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Patwari
- R. Patwari is associate dean for curriculum and associate professor of emergency medicine, Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8040-992X
| | - Marie Ferro-Lusk
- M. Ferro-Lusk is director, Office of Student Accessibility Services, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ellenkate Finley
- E. Finley was manager of simulation education at Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois, at the time of this work
| | - Lisa M Meeks
- L.M. Meeks is assistant professor of family medicine, director of MDisability education, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3647-3657
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6
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Baran L, Jonason PK. Academic dishonesty among university students: The roles of the psychopathy, motivation, and self-efficacy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238141. [PMID: 32866171 PMCID: PMC7458306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic dishonesty is a common problem at universities around the world, leading to undesirable consequences for both students and the education system. To effectively address this problem, it is necessary to identify specific predispositions that promote cheating. In Polish undergraduate students (N = 390), we examined the role of psychopathy, achievement goals, and self-efficacy as predictors of academic dishonesty. We found that the disinhibition aspect of psychopathy and mastery-goal orientation predicted the frequency of students' academic dishonesty and mastery-goal orientation mediated the relationship between the disinhibition and meanness aspects of psychopathy and dishonesty. Furthermore, general self-efficacy moderated the indirect effect of disinhibition on academic dishonesty through mastery-goal orientation. The practical implications of the study include the identification of risk factors and potential mechanisms leading to students' dishonest behavior that can be used to plan personalized interventions to prevent or deal with academic dishonesty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Baran
- Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Peter K. Jonason
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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7
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Taebi B, van den Hoven J, Bird SJ. The Importance of Ethics in Modern Universities of Technology. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:1625-1632. [PMID: 31875272 PMCID: PMC6952334 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-019-00164-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Taebi
- Department of Values, Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, PO 5015, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen van den Hoven
- Department of Values, Technology and Innovation, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, PO 5015, 2600 GA, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie J Bird
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, PO Box 2007, Wrentham, MA, USA
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8
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Mitcham C, Englehardt EE. Ethics Across the Curriculum: Prospects for Broader (and Deeper) Teaching and Learning in Research and Engineering Ethics. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:1735-1762. [PMID: 27549801 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9797-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The movements to teach the responsible conduct of research (RCR) and engineering ethics at technological universities are often unacknowledged aspects of the ethics across the curriculum (EAC) movement and could benefit from explicit alliances with it. Remarkably, however, not nearly as much scholarly attention has been devoted to EAC as to RCR or to engineering ethics, and RCR and engineering ethics educational efforts are not always presented as facets of EAC. The emergence of EAC efforts at two different institutions-the Illinois Institute of Technology and Utah Valley University (UVU)-provide counter examples. The remarkably successful UVU initiative gave birth to EAC as a scholarly movement and to the associated Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum. EAC initiatives at the Colorado School of Mines, however, point up continuing institutional resistances to EAC. Finally, comparative reflection on successes and failures can draw some lessons for the future. One suggestion is that increasing demands for accountability and pedagogical research into what works in teaching and learning offers special opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Mitcham
- School of Philosophy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
- Liberal Arts and International Studies, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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Abstract
Financial relationships in academic research can create institutional conflicts of interest (COIs) because the financial interests of the institution or institutional officials may inappropriately influence decision-making. Strategies for dealing with institutional COIs include establishing institutional COI committees that involve the board of trustees in conflict review and management, developing policies that shield institutional decisions from inappropriate influences, and establishing private foundations that are independent of the institution to own stock and intellectual property and to provide capital to start-up companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Resnik
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, PO Box 12233, Mail Drop E1-06, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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Engel-Hills P, Winberg C, Rip A. Ethics "Upfront": Generating an Organizational Framework for a New University of Technology. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:1705-1720. [PMID: 31564037 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-019-00140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A powerful set of projections has constructed post-apartheid higher education in South Africa. Among these is the expectation that technikons (institutions similar to the British polytechnics) would become universities of technology, with a mission to drive the technology of national reconstruction and development. In this paper, one of the new universities of technology serves as a case study to explore organizational structure and to highlight the ethics of university management and leadership. Building a new university provides the opportunity to place ethics "upfront", rather than as an afterthought, by constructing an organizational framework that makes ethical issues integral to management and decision-making processes. In imagining the structure of a university of technology, the authors were inspired by future scripting methods developed by Bastiaan De Laat, and by Duncan Den Boer, Arie Rip and Sandra Speller. The research process firstly involved the identification of themes related to values and ethics through an analysis of the environment. These themes were incorporated into three scenarios of possible futures for this new university type. Using these scenarios, the ethical issues that emerged (according to how the university of technology might choose to organise itself), are compared with the original themes. Conclusions are then drawn with regard to management structures that are hierarchical and entrench compliance, or that are traditionally collegiate and expertise-based, or that might enable mutual appreciation and allow for leaders to emerge within any functional space at a university of technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Engel-Hills
- Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. Box 1906, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa.
| | - Christine Winberg
- Professional Education and Research Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, P.O. BOX 1906, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Arie Rip
- Faculty of Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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11
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Woodruff TK. Inside, Outside, Upside Down. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2618-2619. [PMID: 31617895 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa K Woodruff
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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12
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Leshargie CT, Alebel A, Kibret GD, Birhanu MY, Mulugeta H, Malloy P, Wagnew F, Ewunetie AA, Ketema DB, Aderaw A, Assemie MA, Kassa GM, Petrucka P, Arora A. The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia: A systemic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222572. [PMID: 31603930 PMCID: PMC6788683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarettes and their by-products (i.e., smoke; ash) are a complex, dynamic, and reactive mixture of around 5,000 chemicals. Cigarette smoking potentially harms nearly every organ of the human body, causes innumerable diseases, and impacts the health of smokers and those interacting with the smokers. Smoking brings greater health problems in the long-term like increased risk of stroke and brain damage. For students, peer pressure is one of the key factors contributing to cigarette smoking. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking among high school and university students in Ethiopia. METHODS An extensive search of key databases including Cochrane Library, PubMed, Google Scholar, Hinari, Embase and Science Direct was conducted to identify and access articles published on the prevalence of cigarette smoking by high school and university students in Ethiopia. The search period for articles was conducted from 21st September, 2018 to 25th December 25, 2018. All necessary data were extracted using a standardized data extraction checklist. Quality and risk of bias of studies were assessed using standardized tools. Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using Cochrane Q-test statistic and I2 test. To estimate the pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking, a random effects model was fitted. The impact of peer pressure on cigarette smoking was determined and was reported in Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Meta-analysis was conducted using Stata software. RESULTS From 175 searched articles, 19 studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in this study. The pooled prevalence of cigarette smoking among Ethiopian high school and university students was 15.9% (95% CI: 12.21, 19.63). Slightly higher prevalence of cigarette smoking was noted among university students [17.35% (95% CI: 13.21, 21.49)] as compared to high school students [12.77% (95% CI: 6.72%, 18.82%)]. The current aggregated meta-analysis revealed that peer pressure had a significant influence on cigarette smoking (OR: 2.68 (95% CI: 2.37, 3.03). CONCLUSION More than one sixth of the high school and university students in Ethiopia smoke cigarette. Students who had peer pressure from their friends were more likely to smoke cigarette. Therefore, school-based intervention programs are needed to reduce the high prevalence of cigarette smoking among students in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Animut Alebel
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Henok Mulugeta
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Patricia Malloy
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Canada
| | - Fasil Wagnew
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Alehegn Aderaw
- College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Pammla Petrucka
- Colleges of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- School of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha City, Tanzania
| | - Amit Arora
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Surry Hills, NSW, Australia
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13
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Bašić Ž, Kružić I, Jerković I, Buljan I, Marušić A. Attitudes and Knowledge About Plagiarism Among University Students: Cross-Sectional Survey at the University of Split, Croatia. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:1467-1483. [PMID: 30357562 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Plagiarism is one of the most severe academic integrity issues. This study examined students' knowledge of and attitudes towards plagiarism, tested their ability to recognize plagiarism, and explored the association of study levels and attendance in courses dealing with referencing rules and plagiarism with students' attitudes and knowledge. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted at the University of Split, comprising the students of all schools and study levels (n = 388). Overall, results indicate the students were not very familiar with referencing rules and did not perform well on either theoretical questions or practical examples. However, they demonstrated positive attitudes towards plagiarism avoidance as well as towards compliance with academic integrity with respect to the correct use of research publications. Students' self-reported attendance in courses dealing with referencing rules and plagiarism avoidance was not associated with their knowledge of and attitudes toward plagiarism. These findings are important for a general understanding of students' attitudes, and the relation of practical and theoretical knowledge of plagiarism. Furthermore, the academic community addresses plagiarism not only as an ethical and regulatory violation but also as a direct consequence of a lack of knowledge, and of academic illiteracy. Study programs should be adjusted and long-term policies developed at all academic levels to promote a positive climate among students towards responsible academic writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željana Bašić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Kružić
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Ivan Jerković
- University Department of Forensic Sciences, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivan Buljan
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
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Olesen AP, Amin L, Mahadi Z. Research Ethics: Researchers Consider How Best to Prevent Misconduct in Research in Malaysian Higher Learning Institutions Through Ethics Education. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:1111-1124. [PMID: 29717467 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to encourage and highlight discussion on how to improve the teaching of research ethics in institutions of higher education in Malaysia. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 21 academics in a research-intensive university in Malaysia, interviewees agreed on the importance of emphasizing the subject of research ethics among students, as well as academics or researchers. This study reveals that participants felt that there is an urgent need to improve the current awareness and knowledge of issues related to misconduct in research among students and academics. The results of this study indicate a need for better teaching on the subject of research ethics in order to prevent misconduct in research. Finally, it concludes with suggestions that there should be a clear definition of research misconduct, to include consequences when engaging in misconduct; a separate research ethics syllabus for pure and social sciences should be conducted; research ethics should be implemented as a core subject, and there should be an early intervention and continuous learning of research ethics, with an emphasis on ethics training.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Latifah Amin
- Pusat Citra UKM, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zurina Mahadi
- Pusat Citra UKM, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Gordon SE. Excluding scientist survivors from the NASEM Action Collaborative is a step backward in changing culture to prevent sexual harassment. J Gen Physiol 2019; 151:871-873. [PMID: 31142550 PMCID: PMC6605683 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.201912393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
By excluding scientist survivors from leadership of the Action Collaborative, the NASEM undermines its goal of positive culture change to reduce sexual harassment.
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16
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Wainman BC, Cornwall J. Body Donation after Medically Assisted Death: An Emerging Consideration for Donor Programs. Anat Sci Educ 2019; 12:417-424. [PMID: 30848063 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Around the world, the recent introduction of assisted death laws has meant that undertaking medical assistance in dying (MAID) is now an option for some persons wishing to end their life. Some of these people donate their bodies to medical science, and by doing so have created a new route from which donor programs can now receive bodies. Such donations have also illuminated a myriad of novel ethical questions. This article considers the emotive and controversial topic of MAID in relation to body donation, describing the experiences of McMaster University, Canada, where several MAID body donors have been received by the anatomical donor program. It provides background on the development and implementation of MAID in Canada, and describes the experience of staff and students at McMaster to MAID donations. It also explores the relevance of MAID to body donation programs, and discusses several of the ethical challenges facing body donation programs who may encounter MAID body donors. These include the appropriateness of accepting MAID donors, issues with informed consent, the effect of personal engagement with MAID donors, information sharing around MAID donations, governance issues, and negative historical parallels between MAID and euthanasia. Suggestions on how to manage MAID body donation focus on how issues affecting institutions, faculty, and students may be approached utilizing appropriate transparency and communication, some of which may facilitate student professional development around the topic of MAID. It is also suggested that the development of ethically appropriate guidelines on MAID body donations may positively guide the anatomical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Wainman
- Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Education Program in Anatomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jon Cornwall
- Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Halliday NL, Moon MB, O'Donoghue DL, Thompson BM, Crow SM. Transformation and Closure for Anatomical Donor Families that Meet Medical Students. Anat Sci Educ 2019; 12:399-406. [PMID: 31038285 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The University of Oklahoma College of Medicine has conducted an annual Anatomical Donor Luncheon where families of the anatomical donors met anatomy dissection groups of medical students. The luncheon presented an opportunity for donor family members to share the life story of their loved one with the medical students prior to the start of the anatomy course. This study was designed to understand the impact of the Anatomical Donor Luncheon on families of the donors. Seven families in two different focus groups were included to explore the reactions and attitudes of the donor families to meeting the medical students. Conversations were digitally recorded and transcribed. Qualitative analysis of textual data were coded by three investigators using the Constant Comparative Method. To provide evidence of validity, a form of member checking was utilized. For further triangulation, an analyst not involved in conducting the focus groups or analyzing the data, re-coded all data. This analyst used categories and themes identified by the original analysts, ensuring validity of the themes and any negative cases (data not supporting or contradictory of the established categories and themes). One meta-theme and three sub-themes were identified. The meta-theme was Donor Family Participants Experience Transformation and Closure, and sub-themes were Motivators for Participation, Optimal Venue Factors, and Optimal Medical Student-Anatomical Donor Family Interactions. Study findings indicated the Anatomical Donor Luncheon facilitated closure on the death of their loved one, and transformed their apprehension about the luncheon and body donation into an attitude of gratitude and appreciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Halliday
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Mary B Moon
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Daniel L O'Donoghue
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Britta M Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheila M Crow
- Educational Development Office, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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18
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de Albuquerque Rocha K, Vasconcelos SMR. Compliance with National Ethics Requirements for Human-Subject Research in Non-biomedical Sciences in Brazil: A Changing Culture? Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:693-705. [PMID: 29411296 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-018-0028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ethics regulation for human-subject research (HSR) has been established for about 20 years in Brazil. However, compliance with this regulation is controversial for non-biomedical sciences, particularly for human and social sciences (HSS), the source of a recent debate at the National Commission for Research Ethics. We hypothesized that for these fields, formal requirements for compliance with HSR regulation in graduate programs, responsible for the greatest share of Brazilian science, would be small in number. We analyzed institutional documents (collected from June 2014 to May 2015) from 171 graduate programs at six prestigious Brazilian universities in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the states that fund most of the science conducted in Brazil. Among these programs, 149 were in HSS. The results suggest that non-compliance with standard regulation seems to be the rule in most of these programs. The data may reflect not only a resistance from scientists in these fields to comply with standard regulations for ethics in HSR but also a disciplinary tradition that seems prevalent when it comes to research ethics in HSR. However, recent encounters between Brazilian biomedical and non-biomedical scientists for debates over ethics in HSR point to a changing culture in the approach to research ethics in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina de Albuquerque Rocha
- Science Education Program, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sonia M R Vasconcelos
- Science Education Program, Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis (IBqM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Yi N, Nemery B, Dierickx K. How do Chinese universities address research integrity and misconduct? A review of university documents. Dev World Bioeth 2019; 19:64-75. [PMID: 31091553 DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scientific researchers are expected to follow the professional norms in their own domain. With a growing number of scientific publications retracted and research misconduct cases revealed in recent years, Chinese biomedical research integrity is questioned. As institutions educating and training future researchers, universities and the guidance they provide are important for the research quality and integrity of the country. Therefore, through a review of the guidance and policy documents on research integrity in Chinese universities, this work aims to investigate how the professional norms are specified in these documents. METHODS After a stratified sampling, 53 universities were selected. Their guidance and policy documents on research integrity were collected via a web search of their official websites. The search was confirmed by these universities. Then the content of all the collected documents were analyzed using inductive content analysis. RESULTS 118 active university documents were collected and analyzed. Most of the Chinese universities we investigated had their own guidance or policy on research integrity. They listed principles or examples of desired and undesired academic practices, investigation procedures and punishments of academic misconduct, and put forward measures to promote research integrity. Differences on specific practices and principles were observed between university groups and with European university documents. CONCLUSION Despite the discrepancy they have, all these documents were designed to promote research integrity and cultivate a good research environment in Chinese biomedical domain. Nevertheless, there is still room for improvement, for example, through more consultation of international guidance.
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Zhen-Rong Gan, Mark Israel. Transnational policy migration, interdisciplinary policy transfer and decolonization: Tracing the patterns of research ethics regulation in Taiwan. Dev World Bioeth 2020; 20:5-15. [PMID: 30993868 DOI: 10.1111/dewb.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Research ethics regulation in parts of the Global North has sometimes been initiated in the face of biomedical scandal. More recently, developing and recently developed countries have had additional reasons to regulate, doing so to attract international clinical trials and American research funding, publish in international journals, or to respond to broader social changes. In Taiwan, biomedical research ethics policy based on 'principlism' and committee-based review were imported from the United States. Professionalisation of research ethics displaced other longer-standing ways of conceiving ethics connected with Taiwanese cultural traditions. Subsequently, the model and its discursive practices were extended to other disciplines. Regulation was also shaped by decolonizing discourses associated with asserting Indigenous peoples' rights. Locating research ethics regulation within the language and practices of public policy formation and transfer as well as decolonization, allows analysis to move beyond the self-referential and attend to the social, economic and political context within which regulation operates.
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Malički M, Katavić V, Marković D, Marušić M, Marušić A. Perceptions of Ethical Climate and Research Pressures in Different Faculties of a University: Cross-Sectional Study at the University of Split, Croatia. Sci Eng Ethics 2019; 25:231-245. [PMID: 29071571 PMCID: PMC6418058 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-017-9987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We determined the prevailing ethical climate at three different schools of a single university, in order to explore possible differences in the ethical climate related to different research fields: the School of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Naval Architecture; the School of Humanities and Social Sciences; and the School of Medicine. We used the Ethical Climate Questionnaire to survey the staff (teachers and administration) at the three schools, and used the research integrity and organizational climate (RIOC) survey for early-stage researchers at the three schools. The dominant ethical climate type perceived collectively at the three university schools (response rate 49%, n = 294) was Laws and professional codes, which is associated with the cosmopolitan level of analysis and the ethical construct of principle. Individually, the same climate predominated at the schools for engineering and humanities, but the School of Medicine had the Self-interest ethical climate, which is associated with the individual level of analysis and the egoism ethical construct. In the RIOC survey (response rate 85%; n = 70), early-stage researchers from the three university schools did not differ in their perceptions of the organizational research integrity climate, or in their perceived individual, group or organizational pressures. Our study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to show differences in perceived ethical climate at a medical school compared to other schools at a university. Further studies are needed to explore the reasons for these differences and how they translate to organizational outcomes, such as job satisfaction, commitment to the institution and dysfunctional behaviour, including research misconduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malički
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
- Cochrane Croatia, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Vedran Katavić
- Department of Anatomy, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Marković
- Department of Cardiology, University of Split Hospital Centre, Split, Croatia
| | - Matko Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia
- Cochrane Croatia, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Marušić
- Department of Research in Biomedicine and Health, University of Split School of Medicine, Šoltanska 2, 21000, Split, Croatia.
- Cochrane Croatia, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettie Sue Masters
- University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Brosnan C. Alternative futures: Fields, boundaries, and divergent professionalisation strategies within the Chiropractic profession. Soc Sci Med 2017; 190:83-91. [PMID: 28843874 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sociological studies of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) occupations have documented the professionalisation strategies these groups use to establish boundaries between themselves and their competitors, including seeking educational accreditation and statutory regulation/licensure. Chiropractic has been particularly successful at professionalising and in Australia and the UK it is taught within public universities. Recent events have threatened chiropractic's university foothold, however, showing that professionalisation needs to be understood as an ongoing process of negotiation. Based on interviews with chiropractors in Australia and the UK, this paper examines the professionalisation strategies deployed by chiropractors within and outside of the university. Highly divergent strategies are identified across different sectors of the profession, relating to defining the chiropractic paradigm, directing education and constructing professional identity. In each domain, chiropractic academics tended to prioritise building the evidence base and becoming more aligned with medicine and other allied health professions. Although some practitioners supported this agenda, others strove to preserve chiropractic's vitalistic philosophy and professional distinction. Following Bourdieu, these intra-professional struggles are interpreted as occurring within a field in which chiropractors compete for different forms of capital, pulled by two opposing poles. The differing orientations and strategies pursued at the two poles of the field point to a number of possible futures for this CAM profession, including a potential split within the profession itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caragh Brosnan
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, New South Wales 2304, Australia; Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
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Naji Z, Salamati P. How can Ethics be Considered as a Criterion for Universities Ranking? Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:1241-1242. [PMID: 27832409 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zohrehsadat Naji
- Young Researchers and Elite Clube, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payman Salamati
- Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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VanDeGrift T, Dillon H, Camp L. Changing the Engineering Student Culture with Respect to Academic Integrity and Ethics. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:1159-1182. [PMID: 27830482 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Engineers create airplanes, buildings, medical devices, and software, amongst many other things. Engineers abide by a professional code of ethics to uphold people's safety and the reputation of the profession. Likewise, students abide by a code of academic integrity while learning the knowledge and necessary skills to prepare them for the engineering and computing professions. This paper reports on studies designed to improve the engineering student culture with respect to academic integrity and ethics. To understand the existing culture at a university in the USA, a survey based on a national survey about cheating was administered to students. The incidences of self-reported cheating and incidences of not reporting others who cheat show the culture is similar to other institutions. Two interventions were designed and tested in an introduction to an engineering course: two case studies that students discussed in teams and the whole class, and a letter of recommendation assignment in which students wrote about themselves (character, strengths, examples of ethical decisions) three years into the future. Students were surveyed after the two interventions. Results show that first-year engineering students appreciate having a code of academic integrity and they want to earn their degree without cheating, yet less than half of the students would report on another cheating student. The letter of recommendation assignment had some impact on getting students to think about ethics, their character, and their actions. Future work in changing the student culture will continue in both a top-down (course interventions) and bottom-up (student-driven interventions) manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy VanDeGrift
- Donald P. Shiley School of Engineering, University of Portland, 5000 N Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR, 97203, USA.
| | - Heather Dillon
- Donald P. Shiley School of Engineering, University of Portland, 5000 N Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR, 97203, USA
| | - Loreal Camp
- Donald P. Shiley School of Engineering, University of Portland, 5000 N Willamette Blvd., Portland, OR, 97203, USA
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DeMets DL, Fleming TR, Geller G, Ransohoff DF. Institutional Responsibility and the Flawed Genomic Biomarkers at Duke University: A Missed Opportunity for Transparency and Accountability. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:1199-1205. [PMID: 27882502 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
When there have been substantial failures by institutional leadership in their oversight responsibility to protect research integrity, the public should demand that these be recognized and addressed by the institution itself, or the funding bodies. This commentary discusses a case of research failures in developing genomic predictors for cancer risk assessment and treatment at a leading university. In its review of this case, the Office of Research Integrity, an agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services, focused their report entirely on one individual faculty member and made no comment on the institution's responsibility and its failure to provide adequate oversight and investigation. These actions missed an important opportunity to emphasize the institution's critical responsibilities in oversight of research integrity and the importance of institutional transparency and accountability.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L DeMets
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 201 WARF, 610 Walnut Street, Madison, WI, 53726, USA.
| | - Thomas R Fleming
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Box 357232, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gail Geller
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1809 Ashland Ave, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David F Ransohoff
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Dr, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
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27
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Ansah RH, Aikhuele DO, Yao L. Unethical Admissions: Academic Integrity in Question. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:1237-1239. [PMID: 27896603 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The increasing unethical practices of graduates' admissions have heightened concerns about the integrity of the academy. This article informs this important subject that affects the students, admission systems, and the entire scientific community, thus, representing an approach against scholarly black market activities including falsified documents and unethical practices by consultants and students' recruitment agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hannis Ansah
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Daniel O Aikhuele
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Liu Yao
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Kuantan, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
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Abstract
In biology, last names have been used as proxy for genetic relatedness in pioneering studies of neutral theory and human migrations. More recently, analyzing the last name distribution of Italian academics has raised the suspicion of nepotism, with faculty hiring their relatives for academic posts. Here, we analyze three large datasets containing the last names of all academics in Italy, researchers from France, and those working at top public institutions in the United States. Through simple randomizations, we show that the US academic system is geographically well-mixed, whereas Italian academics tend to work in their native region. By contrasting maiden and married names, we can detect academic couples in France. Finally, we detect the signature of nepotism in the Italian system, with a declining trend. The claim that our tests detect nepotism as opposed to other effects is supported by the fact that we obtain different results for the researchers hired after 2010, when an antinepotism law was in effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Grilli
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Stefano Allesina
- Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Computation Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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Yahaghi H, Sorooshian S, Yahaghi J. Viva Delay. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:945-946. [PMID: 27351770 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The time delay between submission of a thesis and Viva Voce is intolerable for students. This letter tries to draw the readers' attention to the effect of choosing the right examiner, in order to reduce the Viva Voce delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Yahaghi
- Faculty of Humanities, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shahryar Sorooshian
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Javad Yahaghi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
There is growing concern regarding the erosion of industries' trust in the reliability and validity of university graduates. Fake graduates are described in this letter. This article endeavors to warn of a new version of the scholarly black market, in which theses and dissertations are sold to students seeking to graduate under false pretenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahryar Sorooshian
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, 26300, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Yahaghi
- Faculty of Humanities, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Shahryar Sorooshian
- Faculty of Industrial Management, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang Kuantan, Malaysia.
| | - Javad Yahaghi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Tenaga Nasional, Selangor, Malaysia
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32
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Khaki Sedigh A. Ethics: An Indispensable Dimension in the University Rankings. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:65-80. [PMID: 26792439 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
University ranking systems attempt to provide an ordinal gauge to make an expert evaluation of the university's performance for a general audience. University rankings have always had their pros and cons in the higher education community. Some seriously question the usefulness, accuracy, and lack of consensus in ranking systems and therefore multidimensional ranking systems have been proposed to overcome some shortcomings of the earlier systems. Although the present ranking results may rather be rough, they are the only available sources that illustrate the complex university performance in a tangible format. Their relative accuracy has turned the ranking systems into an essential feature of the academic lifecycle within the foreseeable future. The main concern however, is that the present ranking systems totally neglect the ethical issues involved in university performances. Ethics should be a new dimension added into the university ranking systems, as it is an undisputable right of the public and all the parties involved in higher education to have an ethical evaluation of the university's achievements. In this paper, to initiate ethical assessment and rankings, the main factors involved in the university performances are reviewed from an ethical perspective. Finally, a basic benchmarking model for university ethical performance is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khaki Sedigh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 1969764499, Tehran, Iran.
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Ribeiro BE, Smith RDJ, Millar K. A Mobilising Concept? Unpacking Academic Representations of Responsible Research and Innovation. Sci Eng Ethics 2017; 23:81-103. [PMID: 26956121 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-016-9761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper makes a plea for more reflexive attempts to develop and anchor the emerging concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI). RRI has recently emerged as a buzzword in science policy, becoming a focus of concerted experimentation in many academic circles. Its performative capacity means that it is able to mobilise resources and spaces despite no common understanding of what it is or should be 'made of'. In order to support reflection and practice amongst those who are interested in and using the concept, this paper unpacks understandings of RRI across a multi-disciplinary body of peer-reviewed literature. Our analysis focuses on three key dimensions of RRI (motivations, theoretical conceptualisations and translations into practice) that remain particularly opaque. A total of 48 publications were selected through a systematic literature search and their content was qualitatively analysed. Across the literature, RRI is portrayed as a concept that embeds numerous features of existing approaches to govern and assess emerging technologies. Our analysis suggests that its greatest potential may be in its ability to unify and provide political momentum to a wide range of long-articulated ethical and policy issues. At the same time, RRI's dynamism and resulting complexity may represent its greatest challenge. Further clarification on what RRI has to offer in practice-beyond what has been offered to date-is still needed, as well as more explicit engagement with research and institutional cultures of responsibility. Such work may help to realise the high political expectations that are attached to nascent RRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Ribeiro
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Robert D J Smith
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Social Science, Health and Medicine, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Kate Millar
- Centre for Applied Bioethics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Watters DA. Apology for discrimination, bullying and sexual harassment by the President of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. ANZ J Surg 2016; 85:895. [PMID: 26767440 DOI: 10.1111/ans.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ataie-Ashtiani B. Recruitment Processes in Academia: Does the Emperor Have Any Clothes? Sci Eng Ethics 2016; 22:1565-1568. [PMID: 26493829 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The final outcome of promotion and recruitment processes in universities should be conventional and plausible by the members of the relevant scientific community, to affirm that the processes have been competitive and fair. The objective of this opinion letter is to make a plea for the importance of the post-auditing and quantitative assessment of the selection criteria. It is shown that for an example case the outcome of the post-audit does not look reasonable from an external point of view, at least regarding the research competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, PO Box 11155-9313, Tehran, Iran.
- National Centre for Groundwater Research & Training and School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia.
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Abstract
Two terms, student privacy and Massive Open Online Courses, have received a significant amount of attention recently. Both represent interesting sites of change in entrenched structures, one educational and one legal. MOOCs represent something college courses have never been able to provide: universal access. Universities not wanting to miss the MOOC wave have started to build MOOC courses and integrate them into the university system in various ways. However, the design and scale of university MOOCs create tension for privacy laws intended to regulate information practices exercised by educational institutions. Are MOOCs part of the educational institutions these laws and policies aim to regulate? Are MOOC users students whose data are protected by aforementioned laws and policies? Many university researchers and faculty members are asked to participate as designers and instructors in MOOCs but may not know how to approach the issues proposed. While recent scholarship has addressed the disruptive nature of MOOCs, student privacy generally, and data privacy in the K-12 system, we provide an in-depth description and analysis of the MOOC phenomenon and the privacy laws and policies that guide and regulate educational institutions today. We offer privacy case studies of three major MOOC providers active in the market today to reveal inconsistencies among MOOC platform and the level and type of legal uncertainty surrounding them. Finally, we provide a list of organizational questions to pose internally to navigate the uncertainty presented to university MOOC teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Leta Jones
- Communication, Culture and Technology Department, Georgetown University, 3520 Prospect NW, Suite 311, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
| | - Lucas Regner
- Communication, Culture and Technology Department, Georgetown University, 3520 Prospect NW, Suite 311, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- American University, Washington, DC, USA
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Zhu F, Hawk S. Rethinking the Relationship Between Academia and Industry: Qualitative Case Studies of MIT and Stanford. Sci Eng Ethics 2016; 22:1497-1511. [PMID: 26354075 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-015-9699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As knowledge has become more closely tied to economic development, the interrelationship between academia and industry has become stronger. The result has been the emergence of what Slaughter and Leslie call academic capitalism. Inevitably, tensions between academia and industry arise; however, universities such as MIT and Stanford with long traditions of industry interaction have been able to achieve a balance between academic and market values. This paper describes the strategies adopted by MIT and Stanford to achieve this balance. The results indicate that implicit culture is a stronger determinant of balance than are explicit rules. Finally, the author proposes a concept of balance to reconsider the relationship between academia and industry: today's universities, particularly those with strengths in engineering and management, are both symbiotic and interdependent with industry. A reasonable attitude toward the university-industry relationship is that of balance rather than strict separation. Universities can thus establish effective mechanisms to reach a balance between conflicting values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengliang Zhu
- Institute of Higher Education, South China University of Technology, Wushan St., Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Soaring Hawk
- Toltec Evaluation and Educational Research Services LTD, Tucson, AZ, 85746, USA
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Korn L, Davidovitch N. The Profile of Academic Offenders: Features of Students Who Admit to Academic Dishonesty. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:3043-55. [PMID: 27569198 PMCID: PMC5013979 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dishonesty in academic settings is a reckless behavior that is unique to students and is associated with cheat ing and plagiarism of academic tasks. Incidents involving dishonesty in higher education have increased considerably in the past decade, with regard to the extent of these practices, the types of dishonesty employed, and their prevalence. The current study examines the profile of "academic offenders". Which types are more prone to commit academic offenses? To what degree are they "normative" and do they represent the average student with regard to personal traits, personal perceptions, features of their academic studies, risk behaviors, and health risks. The study is based on a structured anonymous questionnaire. The sample consisted of 1,432 students, of whom 899 were female (63%) and 533 male (37%). The research findings indicate a common tendency among more than one quarter of the sample reported cheating on homework and 12.5% reported cheating on tests. Strong associations were found between academic dishonesty and various personal perceptions, the academic study experience, and involvement in other risky and deviant behaviors. Significant predictors of academic dishonesty were found, i.e., self-image, ethics, grades, time devoted to homework, and deviant and daring behaviors. The research findings might help indicate policies for optimally dealing with dishonesty, maybe even before the offense is committed, by means of cooperation between academic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Korn
- Department of Health Systems Management, School of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Nitza Davidovitch
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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Grunspan DZ, Eddy SL, Brownell SE, Wiggins BL, Crowe AJ, Goodreau SM. Males Under-Estimate Academic Performance of Their Female Peers in Undergraduate Biology Classrooms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148405. [PMID: 26863320 PMCID: PMC4749286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Women who start college in one of the natural or physical sciences leave in greater proportions than their male peers. The reasons for this difference are complex, and one possible contributing factor is the social environment women experience in the classroom. Using social network analysis, we explore how gender influences the confidence that college-level biology students have in each other's mastery of biology. Results reveal that males are more likely than females to be named by peers as being knowledgeable about the course content. This effect increases as the term progresses, and persists even after controlling for class performance and outspokenness. The bias in nominations is specifically due to males over-nominating their male peers relative to their performance. The over-nomination of male peers is commensurate with an overestimation of male grades by 0.57 points on a 4 point grade scale, indicating a strong male bias among males when assessing their classmates. Females, in contrast, nominated equitably based on student performance rather than gender, suggesting they lacked gender biases in filling out these surveys. These trends persist across eleven surveys taken in three different iterations of the same Biology course. In every class, the most renowned students are always male. This favoring of males by peers could influence student self-confidence, and thus persistence in this STEM discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Z. Grunspan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98185, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Eddy
- Texas Institute for Discovery Education in Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, United States of America
| | - Sara E. Brownell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, United States of America
| | - Benjamin L. Wiggins
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Alison J. Crowe
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, United States of America
| | - Steven M. Goodreau
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98185, United States of America
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Weber S. "Womanhood does not reside in documentation": Queer and feminist student activism for transgender women's inclusion at women's colleges. J Lesbian Stud 2016; 20:29-45. [PMID: 26701768 DOI: 10.1080/10894160.2015.1076238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This article considers queer-driven student activism at Smith College, as well as admissions policy shifts at a number of prominent U.S. women's colleges for transgender women's inclusion. The author illustrates how student attempts to dismantle the transmisogyny at Smith as a purportedly feminist "women's" space, as well as some women's colleges' shifts in admissions policy, challenge divisions between transgender and cisgender women. This paradigmatic shift reflects the campuses as comparative havens for gender and sexual exploration, the influence of postmodern gender theory in understanding identity, and the growth of "queer" as an all-encompassing signifier for sexual and gender transgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Weber
- a Department of Women's and Gender Studies , Wellesley College , Wellesley , Massachusetts , USA
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Leonard M, Schwieder D, Buhler A, Bennett DB, Royster M. Perceptions of Plagiarism by STEM Graduate Students: A Case Study. Sci Eng Ethics 2015; 21:1587-1608. [PMID: 25377005 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-014-9604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Issues of academic integrity, specifically knowledge of, perceptions and attitudes toward plagiarism, are well documented in post-secondary settings using case studies for specific courses, recording discourse with focus groups, analyzing cross-cultural education philosophies, and reviewing the current literature. In this paper, the authors examine the perceptions of graduate students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines at the University of Florida regarding misconduct and integrity issues. Results revealed students' perceptions of the definition and seriousness of potential academic misconduct, knowledge of institutional procedures, and views on faculty actions, all with a focus on divergences between U.S. and internationally-educated students. The open-ended questions provide anecdotal evidence to highlight personal experiences, positive and negative, aimed at the faculty, international students and undergraduates. Combined, these findings outline an important part of the campus academic integrity culture at a major American university. Recommendations for local actions also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Leonard
- Marston Science Library, University of Florida, PO Box 117011, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - David Schwieder
- Library West, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, PO Box 117000, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | - Amy Buhler
- Marston Science Library, University of Florida, PO Box 117011, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| | | | - Melody Royster
- Marston Science Library, University of Florida, PO Box 117011, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing push to commercialize university research has emerged as a significant science policy challenge. While the socio-economic benefits of increased and rapid research commercialization are often emphasized in policy statements and discussions, there is less mention or discussion of potential risks. In this paper, we highlight such potential risks and call for a more balanced assessment of the commercialization ethos and trends. DISCUSSION There is growing evidence that the pressure to commercialize is directly or indirectly associated with adverse impacts on the research environment, science hype, premature implementation or translation of research results, loss of public trust in the university research enterprise, research policy conflicts and confusion, and damage to the long-term contributions of university research. The growing emphasis on commercialization of university research may be exerting unfounded pressure on researchers and misrepresenting scientific research realities, prospects and outcomes. While more research is needed to verify the potential risks outlined in this paper, policy discussions should, at a minimum, acknowledge them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Caulfield
- 461 Law Centre, University of Alberta, 111 St and 89 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H5, Canada.
| | - Ubaka Ogbogu
- 431 Law Centre, University of Alberta, 111 St and 89 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H5, Canada.
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García Rada A. Links between food manufacturers and Spanish health institutions are highlighted in report. BMJ 2015; 351:h4207. [PMID: 26251405 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h4207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Notwithstanding that 'public engagement' is conceptualised differently internationally and in different academic disciplines, higher education institutions largely accept the importance of public engagement with research. However, there is limited evidence on how researchers conceptualise engagement, their views on what constitutes engagement and the communities they would (or would not) like to engage with. This paper presents the results of a survey of researchers in the Open University that sought to gather data to fill these gaps. This research was part of an action research project designed to embed engagement in the routine practices of researchers at all levels. The findings indicate that researchers have a relatively narrow view of public engagement with research and the communities with which they interact. It also identified that very few strategically evaluate their public engagement activities. We conclude by discussing some of the interventions we have introduced with the aim of broadening and deepening future researcher engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Grand
- Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Gareth Davies
- Faculty of Science, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Holliman
- Faculty of Science, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Adams
- Institute of Educational Technology, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, United Kingdom
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Abstract
It is generally accepted that patents are a driving force for innovation through research and development. But the university's involvement in patenting is problematic as well. In particular, it is in tension with the idea of a university itself. If patents entail a restriction on the accessibility of the scientific knowledge that has been patented, and if the main purpose of universities is to produce and disseminate knowledge to the public, then, there is a tension: when universities patent their research innovations, they are making the scientific knowledge they produce less accessible to the public. The paper argues that university patenting contradicts the very idea of a university as an institution whose mission is fundamentally to disseminate the knowledge it produces to the public. The practice of university patenting involves an un-academic attitude thus: by inciting an attitude towards knowledge that is not consistent with the proper attitudes and goals of a university, university patenting hurts university's integrity.
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Lemmens T, Richards BJ. Investigating research and accessing reproductive material. J Bioeth Inq 2014; 11:11-19. [PMID: 24390617 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-013-9503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trudo Lemmens
- Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 39 Queen's Park Crescent East, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 2C3,
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