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Hall MN, Hall JK, Cadwallader AB, Pawlikowski BT, Doles JD, Elston TL, Olwin BB. Transplantation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1556:237-244. [PMID: 28247353 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6771-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Transplanting adult stem cells provides a stringent test for self-renewal and the assessment of comparative engraftment in competitive transplant assays. Transplantation of satellite cells into mammalian skeletal muscle provided the first critical evidence that satellite cells function as adult muscle stem cells. Transplantation of a single satellite cell confirmed and extended this hypothesis, providing proof that the satellite cell is a bona fide adult skeletal muscle stem cell as reported by Sacco et al. (Nature 456(7221):502-506). Satellite cell transplantation has been further leveraged to identify culture conditions that maintain engraftment and to identify self-renewal deficits in satellite cells from aged mice. Conversion of iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) to a satellite cell-like state, followed by transplantation, demonstrated that these cells possess adult muscle stem cell properties as reported by Darabi et al. (Stem Cell Rev Rep 7(4):948-957) and Mizuno et al. (FASEB J 24(7):2245-2253). Thus, transplantation strategies involving either satellite cells derived from adult muscles or derived from iPSCs may eventually be exploited as a therapy for treating patients with diseased or failing skeletal muscle. Here, we describe methods for isolating dispersed adult mouse satellite cells and satellite cells on intact myofibers for transplantation into recipient mice to study muscle stem cell function and behavior following engraftment .
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica N Hall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - John K Hall
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Adam B Cadwallader
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bradley T Pawlikowski
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Tiffany L Elston
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bradley B Olwin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, 347 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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Muskiewicz KR, Frank NY, Flint AF, Gussoni E. Myogenic Potential of Muscle Side and Main Population Cells after Intravenous Injection into Sub-lethally IrradiatedmdxMice. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 53:861-73. [PMID: 15995145 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6573.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle side population (SP) cells have demonstrated hematopoietic and myogenic activities in vivo upon intravenous (IV) injection into lethally irradiated mdx mice. In contrast, muscle main population (MP) cells were unable to rescue the bone marrow of lethally irradiated mice and, consequently, their in vivo myogenic potential could not be assessed using this method. In the current study, muscle SP or MP cells derived from syngeneic wild-type male mice were delivered to sub-lethally irradiated mdx female mice by single or serial IV injections. Recipient mice were euthanized 12 weeks after transplantation at which time the quadriceps and diaphragm muscles were analyzed for the presence of donor-derived cells. Mice injected with 104muscle SP cells or with 106MP cells appeared to have similar numbers of dystrophin-positive myofibers containing fused donor nuclei. Analysis of the remaining tissue via real-time quantitative PCR indicated that mice injected with muscle SP cells had a higher percentage of donor-derived Y-DNA in the quadriceps than mice injected with MP cells, suggesting that muscle SP cells may be enriched for progenitors able to engraft dystrophic skeletal muscles from the circulation. Although the overall engraftment did not reach therapeutically significant levels, these results indicate that further optimization of cell delivery techniques may lead to improved efficacy of cell-mediated therapy using muscle SP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Muskiewicz
- Division of Genetics, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital Boston, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Akino T, Hida K, Hida Y, Tsuchiya K, Freedman D, Muraki C, Ohga N, Matsuda K, Akiyama K, Harabayashi T, Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Klagsbrun M, Shindoh M. Cytogenetic abnormalities of tumor-associated endothelial cells in human malignant tumors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:2657-67. [PMID: 19875502 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tumor blood vessels are thought to contain genetically normal and stable endothelial cells (ECs), unlike tumor cells, which typically display genetic instability. Yet, chromosomal aberration in human tumor-associated ECs (hTECs) in carcinoma has not yet been investigated. Here we isolated TECs from 20 human renal cell carcinomas and analyzed their cytogenetic abnormalities. The degree of aneuploidy was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization using chromosome 7 and chromosome 8 DNA probes in isolated hTECs. In human renal cell carcinomas, 22-58% (median, 33%) of uncultured hTECs were aneuploid, whereas normal ECs were diploid. The mechanisms governing TEC aneuploidy were then studied using mouse TECs (mTECs) isolated from xenografts of human epithelial tumors. To investigate the contribution of progenitor cells to aneuploidy in mTECs, CD133(+) and CD133(-) mTECs were compared for aneuploidy. CD133(+) mTECs showed aneuploidy more frequently than CD133(-) mTECs. This is the first report showing cytogenetic abnormality of hTECs in carcinoma, contrary to traditional belief. Cytogenetic alterations in tumor vessels of carcinoma therefore can occur and may play a significant role in modifying tumor- stromal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoshige Akino
- Division of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Ye L, Lee KO, Su LP, Toh WC, Haider HK, Law PK, Zhang W, Chan SP, Sim EKW. Skeletal myoblast transplantation for attenuation of hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1925-34. [PMID: 19593542 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of intra-muscular transplantation of human skeletal myoblasts (hSkMs) for attenuation of hyperglycaemia and improvement of insulin sensitivity using a mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS KK Cg-Ay/J mice, aged 12 to 14 weeks, underwent an initial intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) and were divided into the following groups: KK control group, basal medium (M199) only; KK myoblast group, with hSkM transplantation; KK fibroblast group, with human fibroblast transplantation. Non-diabetic C57BL mice were used as an additional normal control and also had hSkM transplantation. Cells were transplanted intra-muscularly into the skeletal muscles of the mice. All animals were treated with ciclosporin for 6 weeks only. HbA(1c) and fasting GTT, as well as serum adiponectin, cholesterol, insulin and triacylglycerol were studied. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies showed extensive survival of the transplanted hSkMs in the skeletal muscles at 12 weeks, with nuclei of the hSkMs integrated into the host muscle fibres. Repeat GTT showed a significant decrease in glucose concentrations in the KK myoblast group compared with the KK control and KK fibroblast groups. The KK myoblast group also had reduced mean HbA(1c), cholesterol, insulin and triacylglycerol, and increased adiponectin compared with the KK control and KK fibroblast groups. C57BL mice showed no change in glucose homeostasis after hSkM transplant. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Human skeletal myoblast transplantation attenuated hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia and improved glucose tolerance in the KK mouse. This novel approach of improving muscle insulin resistance may be a potential alternative treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ye
- National University Medical Institutes, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Lee JP, Tsai DJ, In Park K, Harvey AR, Snyder EY. The dynamics of long-term transgene expression in engrafted neural stem cells. J Comp Neurol 2009; 515:83-92. [PMID: 19399895 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To assess the dynamics and confounding variables that influence transgene expression in neural stem cells (NSCs), we generated distinct NSC clones from the same pool of cells, carrying the same reporter gene transcribed from the same promoter, transduced by the same retroviral vector, and transplanted similarly at the same differentiation state, at the same time and location, into the brains of newborn mouse littermates, and monitored in parallel for over a year in vivo (without immunosuppression). Therefore, the sole variables were transgene chromosomal insertion site and copy number. We then adapted and optimized a technique that tests, at the single cell level, persistence of stem cell-mediated transgene expression in vivo based on correlating the presence of the transgene in a given NSC's nucleus (by fluorescence in situ hybridization [FISH]) with the frequency of that transgene's product within the same cell (by combined immunohistochemistry [IHC]). Under the above-stated conditions, insertion site is likely the most contributory variable dictating transgene downregulation in an NSC after 3 months in vivo. We also observed that this obstacle could be effectively and safely counteracted by simple serial infections (as few as three) inserting redundant copies of the transgene into the prospective donor NSC. (The preservation of normal growth control mechanisms and an absence of tumorigenic potential can be readily screened and ensured ex vivo prior to transplantation.) The combined FISH/IHC strategy employed here for monitoring the dynamics of transgene expression at the single cell level in vivo may be used for other types of therapeutic and housekeeping genes in endogenous and exogenous stem cells of many organs and lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pyo Lee
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Pham L, Nakamura T, Gabriela Rosales A, Carlson SK, Bailey KR, Peng KW, Russell SJ. Concordant activity of transgene expression cassettes inserted into E1, E3 and E4 cloning sites in the adenovirus genome. J Gene Med 2009; 11:197-206. [PMID: 19140107 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression cassettes can be inserted at several positions into recombinant adenoviral genomes but the implications of this choice for transgene expression level have not been determined. Knowledge of the relative expression levels of transgenes inserted at different sites in the adenoviral genome is of particular significance for transgene expression monitoring approaches that rely on the concordant expression of a marker transgene inserted elsewhere in the viral genome. METHODS Three expression cassettes, each comprising a cytomegalovirus promoter driving one of three marker peptides [serum carcinoembryonic antigen (sCEA), beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (betahCG) or human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS)], were inserted into E1, E3 or E4 cloning sites in a recombinant adenoviral vector backbone. High titer stocks of bicistronic adenoviral vectors coding for combinations of marker peptides were prepared. A panel of human cells of various lineages was infected with the vectors and expression ratios of the transgene-encoded proteins were analysed. Serum levels of the soluble proteins and hepatic uptake of radioactive iodine were also compared in vivo in nude rats after intravenous vector infusion. RESULTS High concordance of expression between the inserted transgenes was observed in all of the bicistronic vectors irrespective of whether the expression cassettes were placed in the E1, E3 or E4 regions. Concordance was maintained across multiple cell lineages. In vivo, in athymic rats, blood and urine levels of betahCG were highly concordant with serum levels of sCEA at all timepoints after intravenous infusion of the bicistronic vectors encoding both of these soluble markers. Hepatic radioiodine uptake was concordant with serum CEA concentration in mice infused with a bicistronic vector expressing CEA and NIS. CONCLUSIONS The expression level of a given transgene in an adenoviral vector genome can be accurately and quantitatively inferred from the expression of a marker protein encoded by a second transgene inserted elsewhere in the vector genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Pham
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Generation of mTert-GFP mice as a model to identify and study tissue progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10420-5. [PMID: 18650388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804800105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative medicine, but remain elusive in many tissues in part because universal markers of "stemness" have not been identified. The ribonucleoprotein complex telomerase catalyzes the extension of chromosome ends, and its expression is associated with failure of cells to undergo cellular senescence. Because such resistance to senescence is a common characteristic of many stem cells, we hypothesized that telomerase expression may provide a selective biomarker for stem cells in multiple tissues. In fact, telomerase expression has been demonstrated within hematopoietic stem cells. We therefore generated mouse telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTert)-GFP-transgenic mice and assayed the ability of mTert-driven GFP to mark tissue stem cells in testis, bone marrow (BM), and intestine. mTert-GFP mice were generated by using a two-step embryonic stem cell-based strategy, which enabled primary and secondary screening of stably transfected clones before blastocyst injection, greatly increasing the probability of obtaining mTert reporter mice with physiologically appropriate regulation of GFP expression. Analysis of adult mice showed that GFP is expressed in differentiating male germ cells, is enriched among BM-derived hematopoietic stem cells, and specifically marks long-term BrdU-retaining intestinal crypt cells. In addition, telomerase-expressing GFP(+) BM cells showed long-term, serial, multilineage BM reconstitution, fulfilling the functional definition of hematopoietic stem cells. Together, these data provide direct evidence that mTert-GFP expression marks progenitor cells in blood and small intestine, validating these mice as a useful tool for the prospective identification, isolation, and functional characterization of progenitor/stem cells from multiple tissues.
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Mundegar RR, Franke E, Schäfer R, Zweyer M, Wernig A. Reduction of high background staining by heating unfixed mouse skeletal muscle tissue sections allows for detection of thermostable antigens with murine monoclonal antibodies. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:969-75. [PMID: 18645208 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.950105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen detection with indirect immunohistochemical methods is hampered by high background staining if the primary antibody is from the same species as the examined tissue. This high background can be eliminated in unfixed cryostat sections of mouse skeletal muscle by boiling sections in PBS, and several proteins including even the low abundant dystrophin protein can then be easily detected with murine monoclonal antibodies. However, not all antigens withstand the boiling procedure. Immunoreactivity of some of these antigens can be restored by subsequent washing in Triton X-100, whereas immunoreactivity of other proteins is not restored by this detergent treatment. When such thermolabile proteins are labeled with polyclonal primary antibodies followed by dichlorotriazinylaminofluorescein-conjugated secondary antibodies and boiled, the fluorescence signal persists, and sections can then be processed with a monoclonal antibody for double immunostaining of a protein unaffected by boiling. This stability of certain fluorochromes on heating can also be exploited for double immunofluorescence labeling of two different thermostable proteins with murine monoclonal antibodies as well as for combination with Y-chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization. Our method should extend the range of monoclonal antibodies applicable to tissues derived from the same species as the monoclonal antibodies.
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Abstract
The delivery of genes to skeletal muscle by myoblast implantation, DNA injection, or viral transduction has therapeutic applications for human neuromuscular and systemic disorders, many of which are now represented by transgenic or "knockout" mouse models. This unit describes the isolation and retroviral transduction of mouse myoblasts, the injection of myoblasts and plasmid DNA into mouse muscle, and histological methods for analyzing the recipient muscle. A procedure describing the injection of plasmid DNA into muscle with or without electric charge is also included.
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Ricci D, Mennander AA, Pham LD, Rao VP, Miyagi N, Byrne GW, Russell SJ, McGregor CGA. Non-invasive radioiodine imaging for accurate quantitation of NIS reporter gene expression in transplanted hearts. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 33:32-9. [PMID: 17980613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the concordance of transgene expression in the transplanted heart using bicistronic adenoviral vector coding for a transgene of interest (human carcinoembryonic antigen: hCEA - beta human chorionic gonadotropin: betahCG) and for a marker imaging transgene (human sodium iodide symporter: hNIS). METHODS Inbred Lewis rats were used for syngeneic heterotopic cardiac transplantation. Donor rat hearts were perfused ex vivo for 30 min prior to transplantation with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution (n=3), with 10(9) pfu/ml of adenovirus expressing hNIS (Ad-NIS; n=6), hNIS-hCEA (Ad-NIS-CEA; n=6) and hNIS-betahCG (Ad-NIS-CG; n=6). On postoperative day (POD) 5, 10, 15 all animals underwent micro-single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging of the donor hearts after tail vein injection of 1000 microCi (123)I and blood sample collection for hCEA and betahCG quantification. RESULTS Significantly higher image intensity was noted in the hearts perfused with Ad-NIS (1.1+/-0.2; 0.9+/-0.07), Ad-NIS-CEA (1.2+/-0.3; 0.9+/-0.1) and Ad-NIS-CG (1.1+/-0.1; 0.9+/-0.1) compared to UW group (0.44+/-0.03; 0.47+/-0.06) on POD 5 and 10 (p<0.05). Serum levels of hCEA and betahCG increased in animals showing high cardiac (123)I uptake, but not in those with lower uptake. Above this threshold, image intensities correlated well with serum levels of hCEA and betahCG (R(2)=0.99 and R(2)=0.96, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that hNIS is an excellent reporter gene for the transplanted heart. The expression level of hNIS can be accurately and non-invasively monitored by serial radioisotopic SPECT imaging. High concordance has been demonstrated between imaging and soluble marker peptides at the maximum transgene expression on POD 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ricci
- Mayo Clinic William J von Liebig Transplant Center, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Bachrach E, Perez AL, Choi YH, Illigens BMW, Jun SJ, del Nido P, McGowan FX, Li S, Flint A, Chamberlain J, Kunkel LM. Muscle engraftment of myogenic progenitor cells following intraarterial transplantation. Muscle Nerve 2006; 34:44-52. [PMID: 16634061 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy continues to be a promising avenue for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), an X-linked skeletal muscle-wasting disease. Recently, we demonstrated that freshly isolated myogenic progenitors contained within the adult skeletal muscle side population (SP) can engraft into dystrophic fibers of nonirradiated mdx(5cv) mice after intravenous transplantation. Engraftment rates, however, have not been therapeutically significant, achieving at most 1% of skeletal muscle myofibers expressing protein from donor-derived nuclei. To enhance the engraftment of transplanted myogenic progenitors, an intraarterial delivery method was adapted from a previously described procedure. Cultured, lentivirus-transduced skeletal muscle SP cells, derived from mdx(5cv) mice, were transplanted into the femoral artery of noninjured mdx(5cv) mice. Based on the expression of microdystrophin or green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenes in host muscle, sections of the recipient muscles exhibited 5%-8% of skeletal muscle fibers expressing donor-derived transgenes. Further, donor muscle SP cells, which did not express any myogenic markers prior to transplant, expressed the satellite cell transcription factor, Pax7, and the muscle-specific intermediate filament, desmin, after extravasation into host muscle. The expression of these muscle-specific markers indicates that progenitors within the side population can differentiate along the myogenic lineage after intraarterial transplantation and extravasation into host muscle. Given that femoral artery catheterization is a common, safe clinical procedure and that the transplantation of cultured adult muscle progenitor cells has proven to be safe in mice, our data may represent a step toward the improvement of cell-based therapies for DMD and other myogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Bachrach
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Cheng L, Lai MD, Sanderson JE, Yu CM, Li M. Enhanced fusion of myoblasts with myofibers for efficient gene delivery induced by a partially purified protein fraction from rat muscle extract. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 441:141-50. [PMID: 16054108 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The biggest challenge to gene therapy is how to efficiently deliver the desired therapeutic gene into a sufficient number of recipient cells to achieve significant clinical efficacy. Here, we identified a partially purified extract from rat muscle probably containing myoblast specific fusion factor(s) (MSF), which significantly enhanced fusion of donor myoblast with host muscle fibers. Once incorporated, the introduced genetic construct could instruct the machinery of the hybrid cells to express the desired protein(s). Rat satellite cells containing a plasmid carrying a marker bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) coding sequence were used as foreign gene delivery vehicle. BrdU labeling of the MSF-pretreated satellite cells allowed tracing the fate of the genetically modified satellite cells in the host muscles. Immunohistochemistry using anti-BMP-4 antibody demonstrated the translation of the introduced gene construct. It was demonstrated that in the presence of MSF, numerous BrdU positive nuclei and the expression of BMP-4 polypeptides could be observed in host hybrid fibers, while in the control group using rat serum to replace MSF containing fraction, only a few BrdU positive signals were detected. The expression of osteocalcin and the elevated alkaline phosphatase activity detected in the hybrid fibers indicated the proper folding, secretion and, post-translational modification of the expressed foreign protein. This strategy of enhanced myoblast-mediated gene transfer would break the major barrier in current practice of normal or engineered myoblast transplantation in the management of genetic muscle diseases or systemic genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Center for Environmental Genomics, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310031, China
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Abstract
The potential for bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to contribute to nonhematopoietic tissues has generated considerable debate in recent years. Causes for the controversies include disparities in the techniques used to track engraftment of BMDCs, inappropriate tissue preparation, a lack of appropriate positive and negative controls, and basic misunderstandings about how to properly collect and interpret images from epifluorescent and confocal microscopes. Our laboratory was among the first to use bone marrow transplants from transgenic mice constitutively expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) to study the ability of BMDCs to give rise to nonhematopoietic tissue types, a system that is now in widespread use. During our 6 years of experience using GFP, as well as beta-galactosidase and the Y chromosome, to track BMDCs in vivo, we have identified many difficulties and have developed techniques to resolve them. We discuss several of these methods, and, in particular, we describe ratiometric analysis techniques for improving detection of transplanted cells derived from genetically modified bone marrow. Finally, to help resolve reported discrepancies regarding the frequency with which BMDCs contribute to skeletal myofibers, we demonstrate that the pattern of highly autofluorescent myofibers in skeletal muscle is clearly distinct from that of GFP-expressing myofibers and describe how unambiguous conclusions can be drawn from such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Brazelton
- Baxter Laboratory in Genetic Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 W. Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305-5175, USA
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Hida K, Hida Y, Amin DN, Flint AF, Panigrahy D, Morton CC, Klagsbrun M. Tumor-associated endothelial cells with cytogenetic abnormalities. Cancer Res 2005; 64:8249-55. [PMID: 15548691 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is necessary for solid tumor progression and metastasis. Tumor blood vessels have been shown to differ from normal counterparts, for example, by changes in morphology. An important concept in tumor angiogenesis is that tumor endothelial cells are assumed to be genetically normal, although these endothelial cells are structurally and functionally abnormal. However, we hypothesized that given the phenotypic differences between tumor and normal blood vessels, there may be genotypic alterations as well. Mouse endothelial cells were isolated from two different human tumor xenografts, melanoma and liposarcoma, and from two normal endothelial cell counterparts, skin and adipose. Tumor-associated endothelial cells expressed typical endothelial cell markers, such as CD31. They had relatively large, heterogeneous nuclei. Unexpectedly, tumor endothelial cells were cytogenetically abnormal. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that freshly isolated uncultured tumor endothelial cells were aneuploid and had abnormal multiple centrosomes. The degree of aneuploidy was exacerbated by passage in culture. Multicolor FISH indicated that the structural chromosomal aberrations in tumor endothelial cells were heterogeneous, indicating that the cytogenetic alterations were not clonal. There was no evidence of human tumor-derived chromosomal material in the mouse tumor endothelial cells. In marked contrast, freshly isolated normal skin and adipose endothelial cells were diploid, had normal centrosomes, and remained cytogenetically stable in culture even up to 20 passages. FISH analysis of tumor sections also showed endothelial cell aneuploidy. We conclude that tumor endothelial cells can acquire cytogenetic abnormalities while in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Lapidos KA, Chen YE, Earley JU, Heydemann A, Huber JM, Chien M, Ma A, McNally EM. Transplanted hematopoietic stem cells demonstrate impaired sarcoglycan expression after engraftment into cardiac and skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 2005; 114:1577-85. [PMID: 15578090 PMCID: PMC529287 DOI: 10.1172/jci23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent bone marrow-derived side population (BM-SP) stem cells have been shown to repopulate the hematopoietic system and to contribute to skeletal and cardiac muscle regeneration after transplantation. We tested BM-SP cells for their ability to regenerate heart and skeletal muscle using a model of cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy that lacks delta-sarcoglycan. The absence of delta-sarcoglycan produces microinfarcts in heart and skeletal muscle that should recruit regenerative stem cells. Additionally, sarcoglycan expression after transplantation should mark successful stem cell maturation into cardiac and skeletal muscle lineages. BM-SP cells from normal male mice were transplanted into female delta-sarcoglycan-null mice. We detected engraftment of donor-derived stem cells into skeletal muscle, with the majority of donor-derived cells incorporated within myofibers. In the heart, donor-derived nuclei were detected inside cardiomyocytes. Skeletal muscle myofibers containing donor-derived nuclei generally failed to express sarcoglycan, with only 2 sarcoglycan-positive fibers detected in the quadriceps muscle from all 14 mice analyzed. Moreover, all cardiomyocytes with donor-derived nuclei were sarcoglycan-negative. The absence of sarcoglycan expression in cardiomyocytes and skeletal myofibers after transplantation indicates impaired differentiation and/or maturation of bone marrow-derived stem cells. The inability of BM-SP cells to express this protein severely limits their utility for cardiac and skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lapidos
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Zelphati O, Felgner J, Wang Y, Liang X, Felgner P. Medicinal chemistry of plasmid DNA with peptide nucleic acids: A new strategy for gene therapy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-005-4907-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lapidos KA, Chen YE, Earley JU, Heydemann A, Huber JM, Chien M, Ma A, McNally EM. Transplanted hematopoietic stem cells demonstrate impaired sarcoglycan expression after engraftment into cardiac and skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200423071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Rivier F, Alkan O, Flint AF, Muskiewicz K, Allen PD, Leboulch P, Gussoni E. Role of bone marrow cell trafficking in replenishing skeletal muscle SP and MP cell populations. J Cell Sci 2004; 117:1979-88. [PMID: 15054107 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The multipotent nature of skeletal muscle-derived side population cells is demonstrated by their myogenic and hematopoietic potential in vivo. However, whether muscle side population cells are derived from the bone marrow is unclear. To study the long-term contribution of the hematopoietic system to muscle side population, whole bone marrow cells from Ly5.1 males or from e-GFP transgenic male mice were transplanted into lethally irradiated Ly5.2 females. Long-term cell trafficking of donor bone marrow cells to muscle side population was monitored 17 times in a 34-week study. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses were used to detect Ly5.1 and GFP+ donor cells, which were confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization of the Y-chromosome. Analyses post-transplantation indicated that whereas cells of donor origin could be found in the muscle, donor bone marrow cells had contributed little to the muscle side population. Attempts to increase cell trafficking by induced muscle damage again confirmed that more than 90% of side population cells present in the muscle were derived from the host. These results demonstrate that muscle side population cells are not replenished by the bone marrow and suggest a non-hematopoietic origin for this cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Rivier
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Bachrach E, Li S, Perez AL, Schienda J, Liadaki K, Volinski J, Flint A, Chamberlain J, Kunkel LM. Systemic delivery of human microdystrophin to regenerating mouse dystrophic muscle by muscle progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:3581-6. [PMID: 14993597 PMCID: PMC373505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400373101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients and mdx mice has proven to be a safe but ineffective form of treatment. Recently, a group of cells called muscle side population (SP) cells have been isolated based on their ability to efflux the DNA-binding dye Hoechst. To understand the potential of skeletal muscle SP cells to serve as precursors for muscle, SP cells from the two mice strains mdx(5cv) and C57BL/6N were isolated, transduced, and transplanted. Under coculture conditions with myogenic cells, some cells within the SP cell population can give rise to early Pax7-positive satellite cells and other later stage myogenic cells. Transduced SP cells were transplanted via the tail vein and were shown to successfully deliver enhanced GFP and human microdystrophin to the skeletal muscle of nonirradiated mdx(5cv) mice, thus demonstrating their ability to travel through the capillaries and enter into damaged muscle. These results demonstrate that i.v. delivery of genes via SP cells is possible and that these SP cells are capable of recapitulating the myogenic lineage. Because this approach shows definitive engraftment by using autologous transplantation of noninjured recipients, our data may have substantial implications for therapy of muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estanislao Bachrach
- Genetics Division, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Medicinal chemistry of plasmid DNA with peptide nucleic acids: A new strategy for gene therapy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-004-4906-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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21
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Medicinal chemistry of plasmid DNA with peptide nucleic acids: A new strategy for gene therapy. Int J Pept Res Ther 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02484566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Gussoni E, Bennett RR, Muskiewicz KR, Meyerrose T, Nolta JA, Gilgoff I, Stein J, Chan YM, Lidov HG, Bönnemann CG, von Moers A, Morris GE, den Dunnen JT, Chamberlain JS, Kunkel LM, Weinberg K. Long-term persistence of donor nuclei in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient receiving bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0216098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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23
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Gussoni E, Bennett RR, Muskiewicz KR, Meyerrose T, Nolta JA, Gilgoff I, Stein J, Chan YM, Lidov HG, Bönnemann CG, Von Moers A, Morris GE, Den Dunnen JT, Chamberlain JS, Kunkel LM, Weinberg K. Long-term persistence of donor nuclei in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy patient receiving bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:807-14. [PMID: 12235112 PMCID: PMC151133 DOI: 10.1172/jci16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe progressive muscle-wasting disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Studies have shown that bone marrow cells transplanted into lethally irradiated mdx mice, the mouse model of DMD, can become part of skeletal muscle myofibers. Whether human marrow cells also have this ability is unknown. Here we report the analysis of muscle biopsies from a DMD patient (DMD-BMT1) who received bone marrow transplantation at age 1 year for X-linked severe combined immune deficiency and who was diagnosed with DMD at age 12 years. Analysis of muscle biopsies from DMD-BMT1 revealed the presence of donor nuclei within a small number of muscle myofibers (0.5-0.9%). The majority of the myofibers produce a truncated, in-frame isoform of dystrophin lacking exons 44 and 45 (not wild-type). The presence of bone marrow-derived donor nuclei in the muscle of this patient documents the ability of exogenous human bone marrow cells to fuse into skeletal muscle and persist up to 13 years after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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24
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Wulf GG, Jackson KA, Goodell MA. Somatic stem cell plasticity: current evidence and emerging concepts. Exp Hematol 2001; 29:1361-70. [PMID: 11750094 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(01)00752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G G Wulf
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., 77030, USA
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25
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Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy was described in the medical literature in the early 1850s but the molecular basis of the disease was not determined until the late 1980s. The cloning of dystrophin led to the identification of a large complex of proteins that plays an important, although not yet well understood, role in muscle biology. Concomitant with the elucidation of the function of dystrophin and its associated proteins has been the pursuit of therapeutic options for muscular dystrophy. Although there is still no cure for this disorder, great advances are being made in the areas of gene introduction and cell transplant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F O'Brien
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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26
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Malouf NN, Coleman WB, Grisham JW, Lininger RA, Madden VJ, Sproul M, Anderson PA. Adult-derived stem cells from the liver become myocytes in the heart in vivo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 158:1929-35. [PMID: 11395367 PMCID: PMC1891986 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that adult-derived stem cells, like their embryonic counterparts, are pluripotent. These simple, undifferentiated and uncommitted cells are able to respond to signals from their host tissue microenvironment and differentiate, producing progeny that display a phenotype characteristic of the mature cells of that tissue. We used a clonal stem cell line (termed WB-F344) that was derived from an adult male rat liver to investigate the possibility that uncommitted stem cells from a nonmyogenic tissue source would respond to the tissue microenvironment of the heart in vivo and differentiate into cardiac myocytes. Male WB-F344 cells that carry the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene were identified in the left ventricular myocardium of adult female nude mice 6 weeks after transplantation. We confirmed the presence of a rat Y-chromosome-specific repetitive DNA sequence exclusively in the beta-galactosidase-positive myocytes by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry, using a cardiac troponin T-specific monoclonal antibody, and ultrastructural analysis confirmed a cardiac myocyte phenotype of the stem cell-derived myocytes. The beta-galactosidase-positive myocytes ranged from < 20 microm to 110 microm in length. The longer of these cells contained well-organized sarcomeres and myofibrils, and formed intercalated disks and gap junctions with endogenous (host-derived) myocytes, suggesting that WB-F344-derived myocytes participate in the function of the cardiac syncytium. These results demonstrate that adult liver-derived stem cells respond to the tissue microenvironment of the adult heart in vivo and differentiate into mature cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Malouf
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27514, USA.
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27
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Tsai DJ, Ho JJ, Ozawa CR, Sapolsky RM. Long-term expression driven by herpes simplex virus type-1 amplicons may fail due to eventual degradation or extrusion of introduced transgenes. Exp Neurol 2000; 165:58-65. [PMID: 10964485 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In gene therapy applications employing herpes simplex virus amplicon-based vectors, a prevailing problem is the down-regulation of transgene expression over time. We have applied a combined immunocytochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization method to determine whether down-regulation of transgene expression at the single-cell level correlates with loss of vector DNA from the host cell nucleus. Utilizing separate fluorescent labels (i.e., rhodamine, fluorescein, and 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenlindole), we were able to simultaneously detect transgenes, their products, and their locations relative to the nuclear compartment of a single cell. Detection of the reporter gene lacZ and its encoded protein beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) was accomplished in in vivo experiments of the dentate gyrus of rats. A time course study of the expression of the transgene post-stereotactic microinfusion up to 60 days was made. Expression reached maximal levels within 12-24 h after infection, and lacZ presence was reduced to less than 3% of its maximal levels within 36 h after infection. In comparing days 1 and 60 post-stereotactic microinfusion, only one-fifth of the original DNA was observed in the area of a 100-mm radius around the site of microinfusion at day 60. Moreover, by comparing the locations of the reporter gene in cells that expressed the encoded protein versus those that did not, we found that introduced transgenes were preferentially localized in the nuclear periphery of down-regulated host cells, compared to expressing host cells. These results suggest that nuclear compartmentalization may play a role in the down-regulation of our reporter gene by means of peripheralization, extrusion, and/or degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Tsai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5020, USA
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28
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Ozawa CR, Springer ML, Blau HM. A novel means of drug delivery: myoblast-mediated gene therapy and regulatable retroviral vectors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2000; 40:295-317. [PMID: 10836138 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.40.1.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A potentially powerful approach to drug delivery in the treatment of disease involves the use of cells to introduce genes encoding therapeutic proteins into the body. Candidate genes for delivery include those encoding secreted factors that could have broad applications ranging from treatment of inherited single-gene deficiencies to acquired disorders of the vasculature or cancer. Myoblasts, the proliferative cell type of skeletal muscle tissues, are potent tools for stable delivery of a gene of interest into the body, as they become an integral part of the muscle into which they are injected, in close proximity to the circulation. The recent development of improved tetracycline-inducible retroviral vectors allows for fine control of recombinant gene expression levels. The combination of ex vivo gene transfer using myoblasts and regulatable retroviral vectors provides a powerful toolbox with which to develop gene therapies for a number of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Ozawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5332, USA.
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29
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Liu T, Khanna KM, Chen X, Fink DJ, Hendricks RL. CD8(+) T cells can block herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation from latency in sensory neurons. J Exp Med 2000; 191:1459-66. [PMID: 10790421 PMCID: PMC2213436 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.9.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/1999] [Accepted: 02/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) disease usually results from reactivation of latent virus in sensory neurons and transmission to peripheral sites. Therefore, defining the mechanisms that maintain HSV-1 in a latent state in sensory neurons may provide new approaches to reducing susceptibility to recurrent herpetic disease. After primary HSV-1 corneal infection, CD8(+) T cells infiltrate the trigeminal ganglia (TGs) of mice, and are retained in latently infected ganglia. Here we demonstrate that CD8(+) T cells that are present in the TGs at the time of excision can maintain HSV-1 in a latent state in sensory neurons in ex vivo TG cultures. Latently infected neurons expressed viral genome and some expressed HSV-1 immediate early and early proteins, but did not produce HSV-1 late proteins or infectious virions. Addition of anti-CD8alpha monoclonal antibody 5 d after culture initiation induced HSV-1 reactivation, as demonstrated by production of viral late proteins and infectious virions. Thus, CD8(+) T cells can prevent HSV-1 reactivation without destroying the infected neurons. We propose that when the intrinsic capacity of neurons to inhibit HSV-1 reactivation from latency is compromised, production of HSV-1 immediate early and early proteins might activate CD8(+) T cells aborting virion production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Kamal M. Khanna
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - XiaoPing Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - David J. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Geriatic Research Education Clinical Center and the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Robert L. Hendricks
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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30
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Raponi M, Atkins D, Dawes IW, Arndt GM. The influence of antisense gene location on target gene suppression in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:29-34. [PMID: 10726658 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A fission yeast model was employed to investigate the influence of antisense gene location on the efficacy of antisense RNA-mediated target gene suppression. Fission yeast transformants were generated that contained the target lacZ gene at a fixed position and a single copy antisense lacZ gene integrated into various genomic locations, including the same locus as the target gene. No significant difference in lacZ suppression was observed when the antisense gene was integrated in close proximity to the target gene locus compared with other genomic locations, indicating that target and antisense gene colocalization is not a critical factor for efficient antisense RNA-mediated gene expression in vivo. Instead, increased lacZ downregulation correlated with an increase in antisense dose, with the steady-state levels of antisense RNA being dependent on genomic position effects and transgene copy number.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Raponi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy (MD) presents significant challenges, including the large amount of muscle tissue in the body, the large size of many genes defective in different muscular dystrophies, and the possibility of a host immune response against the therapeutic gene. Overcoming these challenges requires the development and delivery of suitable gene transfer vectors. Encouraging progress has been made in modifying adenovirus (Ad) vectors to reduce immune response and increase capacity. Recently developed gutted Ad vectors can deliver full-length dystrophin cDNA expression vectors to muscle tissue. Using muscle-specific promoters to drive dystrophin expression, a strong immune response has not been observed in mdx mice. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can deliver small genes to muscle without provocation of a significant immune response, which should allow long-term expression of several MD genes. AAV vectors have also been used to deliver sarcoglycan genes to entire muscle groups. These advances and others reviewed here suggest that barriers to gene therapy for MD are surmountable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hartigan-O'Connor
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0618, USA
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32
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33
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Harvey BG, Leopold PL, Hackett NR, Grasso TM, Williams PM, Tucker AL, Kaner RJ, Ferris B, Gonda I, Sweeney TD, Ramalingam R, Kovesdi I, Shak S, Crystal RG. Airway epithelial CFTR mRNA expression in cystic fibrosis patients after repetitive administration of a recombinant adenovirus. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1245-55. [PMID: 10545523 PMCID: PMC409826 DOI: 10.1172/jci7935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/1999] [Accepted: 09/22/1999] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to evaluate the ability of an E1(-), E3(-) adenovirus (Ad) vector (Ad(GV)CFTR.10) to transfer the normal human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA to the airway epithelium of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). We administered Ad(GV)CFTR.10 at doses of 3 x 10(6) to 2 x 10(9) plaque-forming units over 9 months by endobronchial spray to 7 pairs of individuals with CF. Each 3-month cycle, we measured vector-derived versus endogenous CFTR mRNA in airway epithelial cells prior to therapy, as well as 3 and 30 days after therapy. The data demonstrate that (a) this strategy appears to be safe; (b) after the first administration, vector-derived CFTR cDNA expression in the CF airway epithelium is dose-dependent, with greater than 5% endogenous CFTR mRNA levels at the higher vector doses; (c) expression is transient, lasting less than 30 days; (d) expression can be achieved with a second administration, but only at intermediate doses, and no expression is observed with the third administration; and (e) the progressive lack of expression with repetitive administration does not closely correlate with induction of systemic anti-Ad neutralizing antibodies. The major advantage of an Ad vector is that it can deliver sufficient levels of CFTR cDNA to the airway epithelium so that CFTR expression protects the lungs from the respiratory manifestations of CF. However, this impressive level of expression is linked to the challenging fact that expression is limited in time. Although this can be initially overcome by repetitive administration, unknown mechanisms eventually limit this strategy, and further repetitive administration does not lead to repetitive expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Harvey
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York 10021, USA
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34
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Gussoni E, Soneoka Y, Strickland CD, Buzney EA, Khan MK, Flint AF, Kunkel LM, Mulligan RC. Dystrophin expression in the mdx mouse restored by stem cell transplantation. Nature 1999; 401:390-4. [PMID: 10517639 DOI: 10.1038/43919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of cell or gene therapies for diseases involving cells that are widely distributed throughout the body has been severely hampered by the inability to achieve the disseminated delivery of cells or genes to the affected tissues or organ. Here we report the results of bone marrow transplantation studies in the mdx mouse, an animal model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, which indicate that the intravenous injection of either normal haematopoietic stem cells or a novel population of muscle-derived stem cells into irradiated animals results in the reconstitution of the haematopoietic compartment of the transplanted recipients, the incorporation of donor-derived nuclei into muscle, and the partial restoration of dystrophin expression in the affected muscle. These results suggest that the transplantation of different stem cell populations, using the procedures of bone marrow transplantation, might provide an unanticipated avenue for treating muscular dystrophy as well as other diseases where the systemic delivery of therapeutic cells to sites throughout the body is critical. Our studies also suggest that the inherent developmental potential of stem cells isolated from diverse tissues or organs may be more similar than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gussoni
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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35
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Zelphati O, Liang X, Hobart P, Felgner PL. Gene chemistry: functionally and conformationally intact fluorescent plasmid DNA. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10:15-24. [PMID: 10022527 DOI: 10.1089/10430349950019156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an effective approach using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) "clamp" to directly and irreversibly modify plasmid DNA, without affecting either its supercoiled conformation or its ability to be efficiently transcribed. To demonstrate this approach a highly fluorescent preparation of plasmid DNA was generated by hybridizing a fluorescently labeled PNA to the plasmid. Fluorescent plasmid prepared in this way was neither functionally nor conformationally altered. PNA binding was sequence specific, saturable, extremely stable, and did not influence the nucleic acid intracellular distribution. This method was utilized for the first time to study the biodistribution of conformationally and functionally intact plasmid DNA in living cells after cationic lipid-mediated transfection. A fluorescent plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) enabled simultaneous colocalization of both plasmid and expressed protein in living cells and in real time. GFP was shown to be expressed in cells containing detectable nuclear fluorescent plasmid. The fluorescent PNA-labeled plasmid revealed a marked difference in the nuclear uptake between oligonucleotide and plasmid, suggesting that nuclear entry of plasmid may require cell division. This detection method provides a way to simultaneously monitor the intracellular localization and expression of plasmid DNA in living cells, and to elucidate the mechanism of plasmid delivery and its nuclear import with synthetic gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Zelphati
- Gene Therapy Systems, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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36
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Yin J, Kaplitt MG, Kwong AD, Pfaff DW. In situ PCR for in vivo detection of foreign genes transferred into rat brain. Brain Res 1998; 783:347-54. [PMID: 9507188 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00943-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe the use of in situ PCR to detect a viral transgene in rat brain. Previously, we have reported in vivo gene transfer by using a defective herpes simplex viral vector in mammalian brain (Kaplitt, M.G., Pfaus, J.G., Kleopoulos, S.P., Hanlon, B.A., Rabkin, S.D., Pfaff, D.W., Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2 (1991) 320-330). For detection of the LacZ transgene, we have used histochemical staining for the protein product, beta-galactosidase, and in situ hybridization for its mRNA, but the DNA itself cannot be reliably detected with conventional methods. Therefore we have adapted the technique of in situ PCR, so that we may detect minute quantities of transgenic vector DNA following in vivo gene. The brain sections, prefixed, were treated with PBS-detergent before PCR amplification to increase permeability for peptides and oligonucleotides across cellular barriers in brain tissue. Pretreatment with detergent retained better brain morphology than the more widely used proteinase treatment. The PCR mixture containing dNTPs, primers, digoxigenin-dUTP (Dig-dUTP) and buffer was loaded onto each brain section. Slides containing brain sections were placed in an aluminum boat and then on the block of the thermal cycler. Temperature was brought to 82 degrees C before adding Taq polymerase ('hot start' method). Dig-labeled PCR amplified fragments were then detected by alkaline-phosphatase-linked anti-digoxigenin-antibody. Positive signals were seen within the nucleus of transduced neurons, indicating presence of viral DNA. Enhanced specificity was observed with the use of Dig-labeled primers which eliminates the possibility of non-specific viral DNA detection through primer-independent reactions. Overall, this technique can serve not only as an internal control for transgene presence during comparisons of experimental groups of animals, but may also have clinical applications including the detection of viral infection in human brain such as HIV in pathology specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior Sciences, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave., New York, NY 10021, USA
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37
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Peters MF, O'Brien KF, Sadoulet-Puccio HM, Kunkel LM, Adams ME, Froehner SC. beta-dystrobrevin, a new member of the dystrophin family. Identification, cloning, and protein associations. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:31561-9. [PMID: 9395493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.50.31561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin, the protein disrupted in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is one of several related proteins that are key components of the submembrane cytoskeleton. Three dystrophin-related proteins (utrophin, dystrophin-related protein-2 (DRP2), and dystrobrevin) have been described. Here, we identify a human gene on chromosome 2p22-23 that encodes a novel protein, beta-dystrobrevin, with significant homology to the other known dystrobrevin (now termed alpha-dystrobrevin). Sequence alignments including this second dystrobrevin strongly support the concept that two distinct subfamilies exist within the dystrophin family, one composed of dystrophin, utrophin, and DRP2 and the other composed of alpha- and beta-dystrobrevin. The possibility that members of each subfamily form distinct protein complexes was examined by immunopurifying dystrobrevins and dystrophin. A beta-dystrobrevin antibody recognized a protein of the predicted size (71 kDa) that copurified with the dystrophin short form, Dp71. Thus, like alpha-dystrobrevin, beta-dystrobrevin is likely to associate directly with dystrophin. alpha- and beta-dystrobrevins failed to copurify with each other, however. These results suggest that members of the dystrobrevin subfamily form heterotypic associations with dystrophin and raise the possibility that pairing of a particular dystrobrevin with dystrophin may be regulated, thereby providing a mechanism for assembly of distinct submembrane protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Peters
- Department of Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA
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Gussoni E, Blau HM, Kunkel LM. The fate of individual myoblasts after transplantation into muscles of DMD patients. Nat Med 1997; 3:970-7. [PMID: 9288722 DOI: 10.1038/nm0997-970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Muscle biopsies from six patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) participating in a myoblast transplantation clinical trial were reexamined using a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based method. Donor nuclei were detected in all biopsies analyzed, including nine where no donor myoblasts were previously thought to be present. In three patients, more than 10% of the original number of donor cells were calculated as present 6 months after implantation. Half of the detected donor nuclei were fused into host myofibers, and of these, nearly 50% produced dystrophin. These findings demonstrate that although donor myoblasts have persisted after injection, their microenvironment influences whether they fuse and express dystrophin. Our methodology could be used for developing new approaches to improve myoblast transfer efficacy and for the analysis of future gene- and/or cell-based therapies of numerous genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gussoni
- Division of Genetics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Zhao JE, Lochumüller H, Nalbantoglu J, Allen C, Prescott S, Massie B, Karpati G. Study of adenovirus-mediated dystrophin minigene transfer to skeletal muscle by combined microscopic display of adenoviral DNA and dystrophin. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:1565-73. [PMID: 9322089 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.13-1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ DNA hybridization of an E4 adenoviral sequence amplified by in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to mark adenovirus-containing myonuclei in muscles of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mdx mice following intramuscular injection of adenoviral recombinants. The adenoviral recombinants contained a 6.3-kb dystrophin cDNA (minigene) driven by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter/enhancer and thus, immunostaining for dystrophin of the same sections permitted correlation of adenoviral recombinant-containing myonuclei with dystrophin positivity of the same muscle fiber segments. As early as 2 hr post-injection of adenoviral recombinant, an appreciable number of adenoviral recombinant-positive (AVR+) myonuclei, and some partial dystrophin positive (pdys+) fibers were observed. Some fully dystrophin-positive (dys+) muscle fibers were present as early as 6 hr. The maximum number of fibers containing AVR+ myonuclei (observed by 72 hr) was maintained until 60 days in immunosuppressed, but not in immunocompetent, animals. In immunocompetent animals, the maximum number of dys+ fibers was observed at 10 days. The vast majority of these fibers contained AVR+ myonuclei; however, by 60 days, dys+ fibers disappeared with some AVR+ myonuclei persisting. Our studies suggest that widespread delayed inactivation of the dystrophin expression cassette is probably unlikely. Thus, optimization of immunosuppression could assure successful long-term dystrophin gene transfer for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Zhao
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Quebec, Canada
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Fisher KJ, Jooss K, Alston J, Yang Y, Haecker SE, High K, Pathak R, Raper SE, Wilson JM. Recombinant adeno-associated virus for muscle directed gene therapy. Nat Med 1997; 3:306-12. [PMID: 9055858 DOI: 10.1038/nm0397-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although gene transfer with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has typically been low, transduction can be enhanced in the presence of adenovirus gene products through the formation of double stranded, non-integrated AAV genomes. We describe the unexpected finding of high level and stable transgene expression in mice following intramuscular injection of purified recombinant AAV (rAAV). The rAAV genome is efficiently incorporated into nuclei of differentiated muscle fibers where it persists as head-to-tail concatamers. Fluorescent in situ hybridization of muscle tissue suggests single integration sites. Neutralizing antibody against AAV capsid proteins does not prevent readministration of vector. Remarkably, no humoral or cellular immune responses are elicited to the neoantigenic transgene product E. coli beta-galactosidase. The favorable biology of rAAV in muscle-directed gene therapy described in this study expands the potential of this vector for the treatment of inherited and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fisher
- Institute for Human Gene Therapy, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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