1
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van der Zanden SY, Jongsma MLM, Neefjes ACM, Berlin I, Neefjes J. Maintaining soluble protein homeostasis between nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments across mitosis. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:18-29. [PMID: 35778326 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) is central to the architecture of eukaryotic cells, both as a physical barrier separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm and as gatekeeper of selective transport between them. However, in open mitosis, the NE fragments to allow for spindle formation and segregation of chromosomes, resulting in intermixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic soluble fractions. Recent studies have shed new light on the mechanisms driving reinstatement of soluble proteome homeostasis following NE reformation in daughter cells. Here, we provide an overview of how mitotic cells confront this challenge to ensure continuity of basic cellular functions across generations and elaborate on the implications for the proteasome - a macromolecular machine that functions in both cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Y van der Zanden
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marlieke L M Jongsma
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anna C M Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilana Berlin
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, ONCODE Institute, Leiden University Medical Center LUMC, 2333, ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Castro D, Nunes V, Lima JT, Ferreira JG, Aguiar P. Trackosome: a computational toolbox to study the spatiotemporal dynamics of centrosomes, nuclear envelope and cellular membrane. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs.252254. [PMID: 33199521 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.252254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial stages of mitosis, multiple mechanisms drive centrosome separation and positioning. How they are coordinated to promote centrosome migration to opposite sides of the nucleus remains unclear. Here, we present Trackosome, an open-source image analysis software for tracking centrosomes and reconstructing nuclear and cellular membranes, based on volumetric live-imaging data. The toolbox runs in MATLAB and provides a graphical user interface for easy access to the tracking and analysis algorithms. It provides detailed quantification of the spatiotemporal relationships between centrosomes, nuclear envelope and cellular membrane, and can also be used to measure the dynamic fluctuations of the nuclear envelope. These fluctuations are important because they are related to the mechanical forces exerted on the nucleus by its adjacent cytoskeletal structures. Unlike previous algorithms based on circular or elliptical approximations, Trackosome measures membrane movement in a model-free condition, making it viable for irregularly shaped nuclei. Using Trackosome, we demonstrate significant correlations between the movements of the centrosomes, and identify specific oscillation modes of the nuclear envelope. Overall, Trackosome is a powerful tool that can be used to help unravel new elements in the spatiotemporal dynamics of subcellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingos Castro
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Nunes
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana T Lima
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge G Ferreira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal .,Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Aguiar
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Krippner S, Winkelmeier J, Knerr J, Brandt DT, Virant D, Schwan C, Endesfelder U, Grosse R. Postmitotic expansion of cell nuclei requires nuclear actin filament bundling by α-actinin 4. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50758. [PMID: 32959960 PMCID: PMC7645226 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton operates in a multitude of cellular processes including cell shape and migration, mechanoregulation, and membrane or organelle dynamics. However, its filamentous properties and functions inside the mammalian cell nucleus are less well explored. We previously described transient actin assembly at mitotic exit that promotes nuclear expansion during chromatin decondensation. Here, we identify non‐muscle α‐actinin 4 (ACTN4) as a critical regulator to facilitate F‐actin reorganization and bundling during postmitotic nuclear expansion. ACTN4 binds to nuclear actin filament structures, and ACTN4 clusters associate with nuclear F‐actin in a highly dynamic fashion. ACTN4 but not ACTN1 is required for proper postmitotic nuclear volume expansion, mediated by its actin‐binding domain. Using super‐resolution imaging to quantify actin filament numbers and widths in individual nuclei, we find that ACTN4 is necessary for postmitotic nuclear actin reorganization and actin filament bundling. Our findings uncover a nuclear cytoskeletal function for ACTN4 to control nuclear size and chromatin organization during mitotic cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Krippner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Winkelmeier
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Julian Knerr
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - David Virant
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Warecki B, Sullivan W. Mechanisms driving acentric chromosome transmission. Chromosome Res 2020; 28:229-246. [PMID: 32712740 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-020-09636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore-microtubule association is a core, conserved event that drives chromosome transmission during mitosis. Failure to establish this association on even a single chromosome results in aneuploidy leading to cell death or the development of cancer. However, although many chromosomes lacking centromeres, termed acentrics, fail to segregate, studies in a number of systems reveal robust alternative mechanisms that can drive segregation and successful poleward transport of acentrics. In contrast to the canonical mechanism that relies on end-on microtubule attachments to kinetochores, mechanisms of acentric transmission largely fall into three categories: direct attachments to other chromosomes, kinetochore-independent lateral attachments to microtubules, and long-range tether-based attachments. Here, we review these "non-canonical" methods of acentric chromosome transmission. Just as the discovery and exploration of cell cycle checkpoints provided insight into both the origins of cancer and new therapies, identifying mechanisms and structures specifically involved in acentric segregation may have a significant impact on basic and applied cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt Warecki
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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5
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So C, Seres KB, Steyer AM, Mönnich E, Clift D, Pejkovska A, Möbius W, Schuh M. A liquid-like spindle domain promotes acentrosomal spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes. Science 2020; 364:364/6447/eaat9557. [PMID: 31249032 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian oocytes segregate chromosomes with a microtubule spindle that lacks centrosomes, but the mechanisms by which acentrosomal spindles are organized and function are largely unclear. In this study, we identify a conserved subcellular structure in mammalian oocytes that forms by phase separation. This structure, which we term the liquid-like meiotic spindle domain (LISD), permeates the spindle poles and forms dynamic protrusions that extend well beyond the spindle. The LISD selectively concentrates multiple microtubule regulatory factors and allows them to diffuse rapidly within the spindle volume. Disruption of the LISD via different means disperses these factors and leads to severe spindle assembly defects. Our data suggest a model whereby the LISD promotes meiotic spindle assembly by serving as a reservoir that sequesters and mobilizes microtubule regulatory factors in proximity to spindle microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun So
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - K Bianka Seres
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.,Bourn Hall Clinic, Cambridge CB23 2TN, UK
| | - Anna M Steyer
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eike Mönnich
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dean Clift
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anastasija Pejkovska
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Electron Microscopy Core Unit, Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Melina Schuh
- Department of Meiosis, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. .,Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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6
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Baarlink C, Plessner M, Sherrard A, Morita K, Misu S, Virant D, Kleinschnitz EM, Harniman R, Alibhai D, Baumeister S, Miyamoto K, Endesfelder U, Kaidi A, Grosse R. A transient pool of nuclear F-actin at mitotic exit controls chromatin organization. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:1389-1399. [PMID: 29131140 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Re-establishment of nuclear structure and chromatin organization after cell division is integral for genome regulation or development and is frequently altered during cancer progression. The mechanisms underlying chromatin expansion in daughter cells remain largely unclear. Here, we describe the transient formation of nuclear actin filaments (F-actin) during mitotic exit. These nuclear F-actin structures assemble in daughter cell nuclei and undergo dynamic reorganization to promote nuclear protrusions and volume expansion throughout early G1 of the cell cycle. Specific inhibition of this nuclear F-actin assembly impaired nuclear expansion and chromatin decondensation after mitosis and during early mouse embryonic development. Biochemical screening for mitotic nuclear F-actin interactors identified the actin-disassembling factor cofilin-1. Optogenetic regulation of cofilin-1 revealed its critical role for controlling timing, turnover and dynamics of F-actin assembly inside daughter cell nuclei. Our findings identify a cell-cycle-specific and spatiotemporally controlled form of nuclear F-actin that reorganizes the mammalian nucleus after mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baarlink
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Plessner
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Alice Sherrard
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Kohtaro Morita
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Shinji Misu
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - David Virant
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 16, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Kleinschnitz
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert Harniman
- Electron Microscopy Unit, School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Dominic Alibhai
- Wolfson Bioimaging Facility, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Stefan Baumeister
- Protein Analytics, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology and LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 16, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Abderrahmane Kaidi
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Pharmacology, BPC Marburg, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 1, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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7
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Avilov S, Magnus J, Cusack S, Naffakh N. Time-Resolved Visualisation of Nearly-Native Influenza A Virus Progeny Ribonucleoproteins and Their Individual Components in Live Infected Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149986. [PMID: 26978069 PMCID: PMC4792379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses are a global health concern because of the permanent threat of novel emerging strains potentially capable of causing pandemics. Viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) containing genomic RNA segments, nucleoprotein oligomers, and the viral polymerase, play a central role in the viral replication cycle. Our knowledge about critical events such as vRNP assembly and interactions with other viral and cellular proteins is poor and could be substantially improved by time lapse imaging of the infected cells. However, such studies are limited by the difficulty to achieve live-cell compatible labeling of active vRNPs. Previously we designed the first unimpaired recombinant influenza WSN-PB2-GFP11 virus allowing fluorescent labeling of the PB2 subunit of the viral polymerase (Avilov et al., J.Virol. 2012). Here, we simultaneously labeled the viral PB2 protein using the above-mentioned strategy, and virus-encoded progeny RNPs through spontaneous incorporation of transiently expressed NP-mCherry fusion proteins during RNP assembly in live infected cells. This dual labeling enabled us to visualize progeny vRNPs throughout the infection cycle and to characterize independently the mobility, oligomerization status and interactions of vRNP components in the nuclei of live infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy Avilov
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes-CNRS-EMBL International Unit (UMI 3265) for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail: (NN); (SA)
| | - Julie Magnus
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
| | - Stephen Cusack
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, Grenoble, France
- University Grenoble Alpes-CNRS-EMBL International Unit (UMI 3265) for Virus Host-Cell Interactions, UMI 3265, Grenoble, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3569, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NN); (SA)
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8
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Detrez JR, Verstraelen P, Gebuis T, Verschuuren M, Kuijlaars J, Langlois X, Nuydens R, Timmermans JP, De Vos WH. Image Informatics Strategies for Deciphering Neuronal Network Connectivity. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016; 219:123-48. [PMID: 27207365 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28549-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Brain function relies on an intricate network of highly dynamic neuronal connections that rewires dramatically under the impulse of various external cues and pathological conditions. Amongst the neuronal structures that show morphological plasticity are neurites, synapses, dendritic spines and even nuclei. This structural remodelling is directly connected with functional changes such as intercellular communication and the associated calcium bursting behaviour. In vitro cultured neuronal networks are valuable models for studying these morpho-functional changes. Owing to the automation and standardization of both image acquisition and image analysis, it has become possible to extract statistically relevant readouts from such networks. Here, we focus on the current state-of-the-art in image informatics that enables quantitative microscopic interrogation of neuronal networks. We describe the major correlates of neuronal connectivity and present workflows for analysing them. Finally, we provide an outlook on the challenges that remain to be addressed, and discuss how imaging algorithms can be extended beyond in vitro imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan R Detrez
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Verstraelen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Titia Gebuis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marlies Verschuuren
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacobine Kuijlaars
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
- Laboratory for Cell Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Xavier Langlois
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Rony Nuydens
- Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Winnok H De Vos
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Cell Systems and Cellular Imaging, Department Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Paszek P. From measuring noise toward integrated single-cell biology. Front Genet 2014; 5:408. [PMID: 25477903 PMCID: PMC4237129 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Paszek
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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10
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Abstract
Maintenance of nuclear architecture is crucial for gene regulation, cell proliferation and tissue development. However, during every open mitosis and meiosis, chromosomes are exposed to cytoskeletal forces until they are fully reassembled into mature nuclei. Here we discuss our recent study of nuclear assembly in Xenopus egg extracts, where we showed that the DNA binding protein Developmental pluripotency associated 2 (Dppa2) directly inhibits microtubule polymerization during nuclear formation, and that this is essential for normal nuclear shape and replication. We explore mechanisms by which microtubule dynamics could regulate nuclear formation and morphology, and discuss the importance of both spatial and temporal regulation of microtubules in this process. Moreover, expression of Dppa2 is limited to the early embryo and pluripotent tissues, and we highlight the specific demands of mitosis in these often rapidly dividing cells, in which telophase nuclear assembly must be expedited and may facilitate developmental changes in nuclear architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Z Xue
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology; The Rockefeller University; New York, NY USA
| | - Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology; The Rockefeller University; New York, NY USA
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11
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Zhu J, Song X, Xiang G, Feng Z, Guo H, Mei D, Zhang G, Wang D, Mitchelson K, Xing W, Cheng J. A rapid automatic processing platform for bead label-assisted microarray analysis: application for genetic hearing-loss mutation detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:144-52. [PMID: 23975388 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213491096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics using microarrays are increasingly being used in clinical diagnosis because of their high throughput, sensitivity, and accuracy. However, standard microarray processing takes several hours and involves manual steps during hybridization, slide clean up, and imaging. Here we describe the development of an integrated platform that automates these individual steps as well as significantly shortens the processing time and improves reproducibility. The platform integrates such key elements as a microfluidic chip, flow control system, temperature control system, imaging system, and automated analysis of clinical results. Bead labeling of microarray signals required a simple imaging system and allowed continuous monitoring of the microarray processing. To demonstrate utility, the automated platform was used to genotype hereditary hearing-loss gene mutations. Compared with conventional microarray processing procedures, the platform increases the efficiency and reproducibility of hybridization, speeding microarray processing through to result analysis. The platform also continuously monitors the microarray signals, which can be used to facilitate optimization of microarray processing conditions. In addition, the modular design of the platform lends itself to development of simultaneous processing of multiple microfluidic chips. We believe the novel features of the platform will benefit its use in clinical settings in which fast, low-complexity molecular genetic testing is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- 1CapitalBio Corporation, Beijing, P. R. China
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12
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Quantitative measurement of protein relocalization in live cells. Biophys J 2013; 104:727-36. [PMID: 23442923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microscope cytometry provides a powerful means to study signaling in live cells. Here we present a quantitative method to measure protein relocalization over time, which reports the absolute fraction of a tagged protein in each compartment. Using this method, we studied an essential step in the early propagation of the pheromone signal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: recruitment to the membrane of the scaffold Ste5 by activated Gβγ dimers. We found that the dose response of Ste5 recruitment is graded (EC50 = 0.44 ± 0.08 nM, Hill coefficient = 0.8 ± 0.1). Then, we determined the effective dissociation constant (K(de)) between Ste5 and membrane sites during the first few minutes when the negative feedback from the MAPK Fus3 is first activated. K(de) changed during the first minutes from a high affinity of < 0.65 nM to a steady-state value of 17 ± 9 nM. During the same period, the total number of binding sites decreased slightly, from 1940 ± 150 to 1400 ± 200. This work shows how careful quantification of a protein relocalization dynamic can give insight into the regulation mechanisms of a biological system.
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13
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Avilov SV, Moisy D, Naffakh N, Cusack S. Influenza A virus progeny vRNP trafficking in live infected cells studied with the virus-encoded fluorescently tagged PB2 protein. Vaccine 2012; 30:7411-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Stirnnagel K, Schupp D, Dupont A, Kudryavtsev V, Reh J, Müllers E, Lamb DC, Lindemann D. Differential pH-dependent cellular uptake pathways among foamy viruses elucidated using dual-colored fluorescent particles. Retrovirology 2012; 9:71. [PMID: 22935135 PMCID: PMC3495412 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is thought that foamy viruses (FVs) enter host cells via endocytosis because all FV glycoproteins examined display pH-dependent fusion activities. Only the prototype FV (PFV) glycoprotein has also significant fusion activity at neutral pH, suggesting that its uptake mechanism may deviate from other FVs. To gain new insights into the uptake processes of FV in individual live host cells, we developed fluorescently labeled infectious FVs. Results N-terminal tagging of the FV envelope leader peptide domain with a fluorescent protein resulted in efficient incorporation of the fluorescently labeled glycoprotein into secreted virions without interfering with their infectivity. Double-tagged viruses consisting of an eGFP-tagged PFV capsid (Gag-eGFP) and mCherry-tagged Env (Ch-Env) from either PFV or macaque simian FV (SFVmac) were observed during early stages of the infection pathway. PFV Env, but not SFVmac Env, containing particles induced strong syncytia formation on target cells. Both virus types showed trafficking of double-tagged virions towards the cell center. Upon fusion and subsequent capsid release into the cytosol, accumulation of naked capsid proteins was observed within four hours in the perinuclear region, presumably representing the centrosomes. Interestingly, virions harboring fusion-defective glycoproteins still promoted virus attachment and uptake, but failed to show syncytia formation and perinuclear capsid accumulation. Biochemical and initial imaging analysis indicated that productive fusion events occur predominantly within 4–6 h after virus attachment. Non-fused or non-fusogenic viruses are rapidly cleared from the cells by putative lysosomal degradation. Quantitative monitoring of the fraction of individual viruses containing both Env and capsid signals as a function of time demonstrated that PFV virions fused within the first few minutes, whereas fusion of SFVmac virions was less pronounced and observed over the entire 90 minutes measured. Conclusions The characterized double-labeled FVs described here provide new mechanistic insights into FV early entry steps, demonstrating that productive viral fusion occurs early after target cell attachment and uptake. The analysis highlights apparent differences in the uptake pathways of individual FV species. Furthermore, the infectious double-labeled FVs promise to provide important tools for future detailed analyses on individual FV fusion events in real time using advanced imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Stirnnagel
- Institute of Virology, Medizinische Fakultät "Carl Gustav Carus", Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr, 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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15
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Wolinski H, Bredies K, Kohlwein SD. Quantitative imaging of lipid metabolism in yeast: from 4D analysis to high content screens of mutant libraries. Methods Cell Biol 2012; 108:345-65. [PMID: 22325610 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386487-1.00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Due to their central role in cellular fat storage and lipid homeostasis, lipid droplets (LD) have attracted great interest in biomedical research. The integration of both biochemical and genetic tools and the use of model organisms have greatly contributed to the understanding of LD metabolism and its regulation. However, many important aspects such as LD biogenesis, intracellular dynamics, or their potential degradation by autophagy are still poorly understood. Microscopic techniques, in particular fluorescence microscopy using LD specific dyes or fluorescent protein tagging, represent excellent experimental tools to study the dynamic nature of both the protein and lipid content of LD. Single cell systems in culture are particularly suited to identify and characterize proteins required for LD formation and turnover, using genetic knock-down or gene deletion strategies. Here we describe experimental setups to investigate LD dynamics and turnover in yeast, using various labeling techniques suitable for three-dimensional imaging over time (4D imaging), quantitative microscopy and imaging-based screens of mutant libraries. Also, implementation of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy as an emerging tool for label-free lipid imaging in living cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Harriman OLJ, Leake MC. Single molecule experimentation in biological physics: exploring the living component of soft condensed matter one molecule at a time. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2011; 23:503101. [PMID: 22067659 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/50/503101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The soft matter of biological systems consists of mesoscopic length scale building blocks, composed of a variety of different types of biological molecules. Most single biological molecules are so small that 1 billion would fit on the full-stop at the end of this sentence, but collectively they carry out the vital activities in living cells whose length scale is at least three orders of magnitude greater. Typically, the number of molecules involved in any given cellular process at any one time is relatively small, and so real physiological events may often be dominated by stochastics and fluctuation behaviour at levels comparable to thermal noise, and are generally heterogeneous in nature. This challenging combination of heterogeneity and stochasticity is best investigated experimentally at the level of single molecules, as opposed to more conventional bulk ensemble-average techniques. In recent years, the use of such molecular experimental approaches has become significantly more widespread in research laboratories around the world. In this review we discuss recent experimental approaches in biological physics which can be applied to investigate the living component of soft condensed matter to a precision of a single molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- O L J Harriman
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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17
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Replication-competent influenza A virus that encodes a split-green fluorescent protein-tagged PB2 polymerase subunit allows live-cell imaging of the virus life cycle. J Virol 2011; 86:1433-48. [PMID: 22114331 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05820-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the intracellular trafficking of influenza virus ribonucleoproteins are currently limited by the lack of a method enabling their visualization during infection in single cells. This is largely due to the difficulty of encoding fluorescent fusion proteins within the viral genome. To circumvent this limitation, we used the split-green fluorescent protein (split-GFP) system (S. Cabantous, T. C. Terwilliger, and G. S. Waldo, Nat. Biotechnol. 23:102-107, 2005) to produce a quasi-wild-type recombinant A/WSN/33/influenza virus which allows expression of individually fluorescent PB2 polymerase subunits in infected cells. The viral PB2 proteins were fused to the 16 C-terminal amino acids of the GFP, whereas the large transcomplementing GFP fragment was supplied by transient or stable expression in cultured cells that were permissive to infection. This system was used to characterize the intranuclear dynamics of PB2 by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and to visualize the trafficking of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) by dynamic light microscopy in live infected cells. Following nuclear export, vRNPs showed a transient pericentriolar accumulation and intermittent rapid (∼1 μm/s), directional movements in the cytoplasm, dependent on both microtubules and actin filaments. Our data establish the potential of split-GFP-based recombinant viruses for the tracking of viral proteins during a quasi-wild-type infection. This new virus, or adaptations of it, will be of use in elucidating many aspects of influenza virus host cell interactions as well as in screening for new antiviral compounds. Furthermore, the existence of cell lines stably expressing the complementing GFP fragment will facilitate applications to many other viral and nonviral systems.
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Reffay M, Petitjean L, Coscoy S, Grasland-Mongrain E, Amblard F, Buguin A, Silberzan P. Orientation and polarity in collectively migrating cell structures: statics and dynamics. Biophys J 2011; 100:2566-75. [PMID: 21641301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is often characterized by the spontaneous onset of multicellular protrusions (known as fingers) led by a single leader cell. Working with epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney monolayers we show that cells within the fingers, as compared with the epithelium, are well oriented and polarized along the main finger direction, which suggests that these cells actively migrate. The cell orientation and polarity decrease continuously from the tip toward the epithelium over a penetration distance of typically two finger lengths. Furthermore, laser photoablation experiments at various locations along these fingers demonstrate that the cells in the fingers are submitted to a tensile stress whose value is larger close to the tip. From a dynamical point of view, cells entering a finger gradually polarize on timescales that depend upon their particular initial position. Selective laser nanosurgery of the leader lamellipodium shows not only that these structures need a leader to progress, but that this leader itself is the consequence of a prior self-organization of the cells forming the finger. These results highlight the complex interplay between the collective orientation within the fingers and the mechanical action of the leader.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reffay
- Laboratoire Physico-chimie Curie, Paris, France
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19
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Prototype foamy virus gag nuclear localization: a novel pathway among retroviruses. J Virol 2011; 85:9276-85. [PMID: 21715475 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00663-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gag nuclear localization has long been recognized as a hallmark of foamy virus (FV) infection. Two required motifs, a chromatin-binding site (CBS) and a nuclear localization signal (NLS), both located in glycine-arginine-rich box II (GRII), have been described. However, the underlying mechanisms of Gag nuclear translocation are largely unknown. We analyzed prototype FV (PFV) Gag nuclear localization using a novel live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay. Furthermore, we characterized the nuclear localization route of Gag mutants tagged with the simian vacuolating virus 40-NLS (SV40-NLS) and also dissected the respective contributions of the CBS and the NLS. We found that PFV Gag does not translocate to the nucleus of interphase cells by NLS-mediated nuclear import and does not possess a functional NLS. PFV Gag nuclear localization occurred only by tethering to chromatin during mitosis. This mechanism was found for endogenously expressed Gag as well as for Gag delivered by infecting viral particles. Thereby, the CBS was absolutely essential, while the NLS was dispensable. Gag CBS-dependent nuclear localization was neither essential for infectivity nor necessary for Pol encapsidation. Interestingly, Gag localization was independent of the presence of Pol, Env, and viral RNA. The addition of a heterologous SV40-NLS resulted in the nuclear import of PFV Gag in interphase cells, rescued the nuclear localization deficiency but not the infectivity defect of a PFV Gag ΔGRII mutant, and did not enhance FV's ability to infect G(1)/S-phase-arrested cells. Thus, PFV Gag nuclear localization follows a novel pathway among orthoretroviral Gag proteins.
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Kim IH, Chen YCM, Spector DL, Eils R, Rohr K. Nonrigid registration of 2-D and 3-D dynamic cell nuclei images for improved classification of subcellular particle motion. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2011; 20:1011-1022. [PMID: 20840894 PMCID: PMC3282047 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2010.2076377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The observed motion of subcellular particles in fluorescence microscopy image sequences of live cells is generally a superposition of the motion and deformation of the cell and the motion of the particles. Decoupling the two types of movements to enable accurate classification of the particle motion requires the application of registration algorithms. We have developed an intensity-based approach for nonrigid registration of multichannel microscopy image sequences of cell nuclei. First, based on 3-D synthetic images we demonstrate that cell nucleus deformations change the observed motion types of particles and that our approach allows to recover the original motion. Second, we have successfully applied our approach to register 2-D and 3-D real microscopy image sequences. A quantitative experimental comparison with previous approaches for nonrigid registration of cell microscopy has also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Han Kim
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, and Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi-Chun M. Chen
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA
| | | | - Roland Eils
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, and Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Rohr
- Biomedical Computer Vision Group, Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, and Department of Theoretical Bioinformatics, University of Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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De Vylder J, De Vos WH, Manders EM, Philips W. 2D mapping of strongly deformable cell nuclei-based on contour matching. Cytometry A 2011; 79:580-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.21055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Bancaud A, Huet S, Rabut G, Ellenberg J. Fluorescence perturbation techniques to study mobility and molecular dynamics of proteins in live cells: FRAP, photoactivation, photoconversion, and FLIP. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.top90. [PMID: 21123431 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) was introduced in the mid-1970s to study the diffusion of biomolecules in living cells. For several years, it was used mainly by a small number of biophysicists who had developed their own photobleaching systems. Since the mid-1990s, FRAP has gained increasing popularity because of the conjunction of two factors: First, photobleaching techniques are easily implemented on confocal laser-scanning microscopes (CLSMs), and so FRAP has become available to anyone who has access to such equipment. Second, the advent of green fluorescent protein (GFP) has allowed easy fluorescent tagging of proteins and their observation in living cells. Thanks both to the versatility of modern CLSMs, which allow control of laser intensity at any point of the image, and to the development of new fluorescent probes, additional photoperturbation techniques have emerged during the last few years. After the photoperturbation event, one observes and then analyzes how the fluorescence distribution relaxes toward the steady state. Because the photochemical perturbation of suitable fluorophores is essentially irreversible, changes of fluorescence intensity in the perturbed and unperturbed regions are due to the exchange of tagged molecules between those regions. This article first discusses the materials required for performing FRAP experiments on a CLSM and the software for data analysis. It then describes general considerations on how to perform FRAP experiments as well as the necessary controls. Finally, different possible ways to analyze the data are presented.
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23
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Rohr K, Godinez WJ, Harder N, Wörz S, Mattes J, Tvaruskó W, Eils R. Tracking and quantitative analysis of dynamic movements of cells and particles. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.top80. [PMID: 20516188 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding complex cellular processes requires investigating the underlying mechanisms within a spatiotemporal context. Although cellular processes are dynamic in nature, most studies in molecular cell biology are based on fixed specimens, for example, using immunocytochemistry or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). However, breakthroughs in fluorescence microscopy imaging techniques, in particular, the discovery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and its spectral variants, have facilitated the study of a wide range of dynamic processes by allowing nondestructive labeling of target structures in living cells. In addition, the tremendous improvements in spatial and temporal resolution of light microscopes now allow cellular processes to be analyzed in unprecedented detail. These state-of-the-art imaging technologies, however, provide a huge amount of digital image data. To cope with the enormous amount of image data and to extract reproducible as well as quantitative information, computer-based image analysis is required. In this article, we describe methods for computer-based analysis of multidimensional live cell microscopy images and their application to study the dynamics of cells and particles. First, we sketch a general workflow for quantitative analysis of live cell images. Then, we detail computational methods for automatic image analysis comprising image preprocessing, segmentation, registration, tracking, and classification. We conclude with a discussion of quantitative analysis and systems biology.
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24
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Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most powerful tools to investigate complex cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, or intracellular trafficking. The availability of RNA interference (RNAi) technology and automated microscopy has opened the possibility to perform cellular imaging in functional genomics and other large-scale applications. Although imaging often dramatically increases the content of a screening assay, it poses new challenges to achieve accurate quantitative annotation and therefore needs to be carefully adjusted to the specific needs of individual screening applications. In this review, we discuss principles of assay design, large-scale RNAi, microscope automation, and computational data analysis. We highlight strategies for imaging-based RNAi screening adapted to different library and assay designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Conrad
- Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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25
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Jiang S, Walker J. Differential high-speed digital micromirror device based fluorescence speckle confocal microscopy. APPLIED OPTICS 2010; 49:497-504. [PMID: 20090817 DOI: 10.1364/ao.49.000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a differential fluorescence speckle confocal microscope that acquires an image in a fraction of a second by exploiting the very high frame rate of modern digital micromirror devices (DMDs). The DMD projects a sequence of predefined binary speckle patterns to the sample and modulates the intensity of the returning fluorescent light simultaneously. The fluorescent light reflecting from the DMD's "on" and "off" pixels is modulated by correlated speckle and anticorrelated speckle, respectively, to form two images on two CCD cameras in parallel. The sum of the two images recovers a widefield image, but their difference gives a near-confocal image in real time. Experimental results for both low and high numerical apertures are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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26
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Shimozono S, Tsutsui H, Miyawaki A. Diffusion of large molecules into assembling nuclei revealed using an optical highlighting technique. Biophys J 2009; 97:1288-94. [PMID: 19720016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2009.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) defines the nuclear compartment, and nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) on the NE form aqueous passages through which small water-soluble molecules can passively diffuse. It is well known that proteins smaller than 50 kDa can diffuse though NPCs, whereas proteins larger than 60 kDa rarely enter by passive diffusion. Little, however, is known about how this size cutoff develops as the NE reassembles and the nucleus expands. In 1987, a well-known study identified an efficient mechanism by which large diffusing proteins (> 60 kDa) were excluded from the reassembling nucleus after mitosis. Since then, it has been generally accepted that after mitosis, newly formed nuclei completely exclude all proteins except those that are initially bound to the mitotic chromosomes and those that are selectively imported through NPCs. Here, the tetrameric complex of the photoconvertible fluorescent protein KikGR ( approximately 103 kDa) was optically highlighted in the cytoplasm and followed to examine its entry into nuclei. Remarkably, highlighted complexes efficiently entered newly assembled nuclei during an approximately 20-min period after the completion of cytokinesis. Because KikGR contains no known nuclear-localization or chromosome-binding sequences, our results indicate the diffusion barrier is less restrictive during nuclear reassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Shimozono
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Group, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Saitama, Japan
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27
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Neurohr G, Gerlich DW. Assays for mitotic chromosome condensation in live yeast and mammalian cells. Chromosome Res 2009; 17:145-54. [PMID: 19308697 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-9010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic reorganization of chromatin into rigid and compact mitotic chromosomes is of fundamental importance for faithful chromosome segregation. Owing to the difficulty of investigating this process under physiological conditions, the exact morphological transitions and the molecular machinery driving chromosome condensation remain poorly defined. Here, we review how imaging-based methods can be used to quantitate chromosome condensation in vivo, focusing on yeast and animal tissue culture cells as widely used model systems. We discuss approaches how to address structural dynamics of condensing chromosomes and chromosome segments, as well as to probe for mechanical properties of mitotic chromosomes. Application of such methods to systematic perturbation studies will provide a means to reveal the molecular networks underlying the regulation of mitotic chromosome condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Neurohr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ), Schafmattstr. 18, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Keppler A, Ellenberg J. Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation of alpha- and gamma-tubulin SNAP-tag fusion proteins inside living cells. ACS Chem Biol 2009; 4:127-38. [PMID: 19191588 DOI: 10.1021/cb800298u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation (CALI) can help to unravel localized activities of target proteins at defined times and locations within living cells. Covalent SNAP-tag labeling of fusion proteins with fluorophores such as fluorescein is a fast and highly specific tool to attach the photosensitizer to its target protein in vivo for selective inactivation of the fusion protein. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness and specificity of SNAP-tag-based CALI by acute inactivation of alpha-tubulin and gamma-tubulin SNAP-tag fusions during live imaging assays of cell division. Singlet oxygen is confirmed as the reactive oxygen species that leads to loss of fusion protein function. The major advantage of SNAP-tag CALI is the ease, reliability, and high flexibility in labeling: the genetically encoded protein tag can be covalently labeled with various dyes matching the experimental requirements. This makes SNAP-tag CALI a very useful tool for rapid inactivation of tagged proteins in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Keppler
- Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany
| | - Jan Ellenberg
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Myerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg D-69117, Germany
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29
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Zhu J, Deng C, Huang G, Xu S, Mitchelson K, Cheng J. Quantitative Fluorescence Correction Incorporating Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Its Use for Measurement of Hybridization Efficiency on Microarrays. Anal Chem 2009; 81:1426-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802203r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Deng
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Guoliang Huang
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shukuan Xu
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Keith Mitchelson
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Medical Systems Biology Research Center, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China, National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, 18 Life Science Parkway, Changping District, Beijing 102206, P. R. China, and State Key Laboratory for Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Schmitz MHA, Gerlich DW. Automated live microscopy to study mitotic gene function in fluorescent reporter cell lines. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 545:113-34. [PMID: 19475385 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-993-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence live microscopy is a powerful technique to study complex cellular dynamics such as cell division. The availability of fluorescent markers based on GFP fusion proteins for virtually any cellular structure allows efficient visualization of specific processes, and the combination of different fluorophores can be used to study their coordination. In this chapter, we present methods for automated live cell microscopy to study mitotic gene function systematically and in high throughput. In particular, we provide protocols for efficient generation of fluorescent reporter cell lines stably expressing combinations of cellular markers, and provide detailed guidelines for optimizing imaging protocols for automated long-term live microscopy.
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31
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Abstract
Recent advances have enabled 3-dimensional reconstructions of biological structures in vivo, ranging in size and complexity from single proteins to multicellular structures. In particular, tomography and confocal microscopy have been exploited to capture detailed 3-dimensional conformations of membranes in cellular processes ranging from viral budding and organelle maintenance to phagocytosis. Despite the wealth of membrane structures available, there is as yet no generic, quantitative method for their interpretation. We propose that by modeling these observed biomembrane shapes as fluid lipid bilayers in mechanical equilibrium, the externally applied forces as well as the pressure, tension, and spontaneous curvature can be computed directly from the shape alone. To illustrate the potential power of this technique, we apply an axial force with optical tweezers to vesicles and explicitly demonstrate that the applied force is equal to the force computed from the membrane conformation.
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Sugimoto K, Senda-Murata K, Oka S. Construction of three quadruple-fluorescent MDA435 cell lines that enable monitoring of the whole chromosome segregation process in the living state. Mutat Res 2008; 657:56-62. [PMID: 18778791 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic events from prophase to telophase are defined by morphology or movement of chromatin, nuclear envelope, centrosomes and spindles. Live-cell imaging is useful for characterizing the whole chromosome segregation process in the living state. In this study, we constructed three quadruple-fluorescent MDA435 cell lines in which chromatin, kinetochores, nuclear envelope and either inner centromere, microtubules or centrosomes/spindles were differentially visualized with cyan, green, orange and red fluorescent proteins (ECFP, EGFP, mKO and DsRed). Each mitotic stage of the individual cells could be identified by capturing live-cell images without the requirement of fixing or staining steps. In addition, we obtained four-color time-lapse images of one cell line, MDA-Auro/imp/H3/AF, from prophase to metaphase and from early anaphase to telophase. These quadruple-fluorescent cell lines will be useful for precisely analyzing the mitotic events from prophase through to telophase in single cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugimoto
- Live Cell Imaging Institute, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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33
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Yang S, Kohler D, Teller K, Cremer T, Le Baccon P, Heard E, Eils R, Rohr K. Nonrigid registration of 3-d multichannel microscopy images of cell nuclei. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2008; 17:493-499. [PMID: 18390358 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2008.918017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We present an intensity-based nonrigid registration approach for the normalization of 3-D multichannel microscopy images of cell nuclei. A main problem with cell nuclei images is that the intensity structure of different nuclei differs very much; thus, an intensity-based registration scheme cannot be used directly. Instead, we first perform a segmentation of the images from the cell nucleus channel, smooth the resulting images by a Gaussian filter, and then apply an intensity-based registration algorithm. The obtained transformation is applied to the images from the nucleus channel as well as to the images from the other channels. To improve the convergence rate of the algorithm, we propose an adaptive step length optimization scheme and also employ a multiresolution scheme. Our approach has been successfully applied using 2-D cell-like synthetic images, 3-D phantom images as well as 3-D multichannel microscopy images representing different chromosome territories and gene regions. We also describe an extension of our approach, which is applied for the registration of 3D + t (4-D) image series of moving cell nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Centre, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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34
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Guan YQ, Cai YY, Zhang X, Lee YT, Opas M. Adaptive correction technique for 3D reconstruction of fluorescence microscopy images. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:146-57. [PMID: 17992693 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Guan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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35
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De Mey JR, Kessler P, Dompierre J, Cordelières FP, Dieterlen A, Vonesch JL, Sibarita JB. Fast 4D Microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2008; 85:83-112. [PMID: 18155460 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(08)85005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many cellular processes involve fast movements of weakly labeled cellular structures in all directions, which should be recorded in 3D time-lapse microscopy (4D microscopy). This chapter introduces fast 4D imaging, which is used for sampling the cell's volume by collecting focal planes in time-lapse mode as rapidly as possible, without perturbing the sample by strong illumination. The final images should contain sufficient contrast allowing for the isolation of structures of interest by segmentation and the analysis of their intracellular movements by tracking. Because they are the most sensitive, systems using wide-field microscopy and deconvolution techniques are discussed in greater depth. We discuss important points to consider, including system components and multifunctionality, spatial resolution and sampling conditions, and mechanical and optical stability and how to test for it. We consider image formation using high numerical aperture optics and discuss the influence of optical blur and noise on image formation of living cells. Spherical aberrations, their consequences for axial image quality, and their impact on the success of deconvolution of low intensity image stacks are explained in detail. Simple protocols for acquiring and treating point spread functions (PSFs) and live cells are provided. A compromise for counteracting spherical aberration involving the use of a kit of immersion oils for PSF and cell acquisition is illustrated. Recommendations for evaluating acquisition conditions and deconvolution parameters are given. Finally, we discuss future developments based on the use of adaptive optics which will push back many of today's limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R De Mey
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, UMR-7175 CNRS/Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg I), BP10413, 67412 IllKIRCH Cedex, France
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36
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Mora-Bermúdez F, Ellenberg J. Measuring structural dynamics of chromosomes in living cells by fluorescence microscopy. Methods 2007; 41:158-67. [PMID: 17189858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes are the compact packages that faithfully transport the genetic and epigenetic information to the following cell generations. How chromatin dynamically cycles between the decompacted interphase state that supports transcription and replication and the compacted state required for chromosome segregation is not understood. To address this long-standing problem, the structure of chromatin should ideally be studied in the physiological context of intact cells and organisms. We discuss here, the contributions that live-cell imaging can and has made to the study of mitotic chromosome compaction and highlight the power and limitations of this approach. We review methodologies used and suggest that combinatorial approaches and developing new imaging technologies will be key to shedding light on this long-standing question in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Mora-Bermúdez
- Gene Expression Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Phagosomes offer kinetically and morphologically tractable organelles to dissect the control of phagolysosome biogenesis by Rab GTPases. Model phagosomes harboring latex beads undergo a coordinated Rab5–Rab7 exchange, which is akin to the process of endosomal Rab conversion, the control mechanisms of which are unknown. In the process of blocking phagosomal maturation, the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents Rab7 acquisition, thus, providing a naturally occurring tool to study Rab conversion. We show that M. tuberculosis inhibition of Rab7 acquisition and arrest of phagosomal maturation depends on Rab22a. Four-dimensional microscopy revealed that phagosomes harboring live mycobacteria recruited and retained increasing amounts of Rab22a. Rab22a knockdown in macrophages via siRNA enhanced the maturation of phagosomes with live mycobacteria. Conversely, overexpression of the GTP-locked mutant Rab22aQ64L prevented maturation of phagosomes containing heat-killed mycobacteria, which normally progress into phagolysosomes. Moreover, Rab22a knockdown led to Rab7 acquisition by phagosomes harboring live mycobacteria. Our findings show that Rab22a defines the critical checkpoint for Rab7 conversion on phagosomes, allowing or disallowing organellar transition into a late endosomal compartment. M. tuberculosis parasitizes this process by actively recruiting and maintaining Rab22a on its phagosome, thus, preventing Rab7 acquisition and blocking phagolysosomal biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban A Roberts
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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38
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Gerlich D, Koch B, Dupeux F, Peters JM, Ellenberg J. Live-cell imaging reveals a stable cohesin-chromatin interaction after but not before DNA replication. Curr Biol 2006; 16:1571-8. [PMID: 16890534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin is a multisubunit protein complex that links sister chromatids from replication until segregation. The lack of obvious cohesin-targeting-specific sequences on DNA, as well as cohesin's molecular arrangement as a large ring, has led to the working hypothesis that cohesin acts as a direct topological linker. To preserve the identity of sister chromatids, such a linkage would need to stably persist throughout the entire S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. Unexpectedly, cohesin binds chromatin already in telophase, and a large fraction dissociates from chromosomes during prophase in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, whereas initiation of anaphase requires proteolytic cleavage of only a small fraction of cohesin. These observations raised the question of how and when cohesin interacts with chromatin during the cell cycle. Here, we report a cell-cycle dependence in the stability of cohesin binding to chromatin. Using photobleaching and quantitative live-cell imaging, we identified several cohesin pools with different chromatin binding stabilities. Although all chromatin bound cohesin dissociated after a mean residence time of less than 25 min before replication, about one-third of cohesin was bound much more stably after S phase and persisted until metaphase, consistent with long-lived links mediating cohesion between sister chromatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerlich
- Gene Expression Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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39
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Matula P, Matula P, Kozubek M, Dvorák V. Fast point-based 3-D alignment of live cells. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING SOCIETY 2006; 15:2388-96. [PMID: 16900692 DOI: 10.1109/tip.2006.875209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Typical time intervals between acquisitions of three-dimensional (3-D) images of the same cell in live cell imaging are in the orders of minutes. In the meantime, the live cell can move in a water basin on the stage. This movement can hamper the studies of intranuclear processes. We propose a fast point-based image registration method for the suppression of the movement of a cell as a whole in the image data. First, centroids of certain intracellular objects are computed for each image in a time-lapse series. Then, a matching between the centroids, which have the maximal number of pairs, is sought between consecutive point sets by a 3-D extension of a two-dimensional fast point pattern matching method, which is invariant to rotation, translation, local distortion, and extra/missing points. The proposed 3-D extension assumes rotations only around the z axis to retain the complexity of the original method. The final step involves computing the optimal fully 3-D transformation between images from corresponding points in the least-squares manner. The robustness of the method was evaluated on generated data. The results of the simulations show that the method is very precise and its correctness can be estimated. This article also presents two practical application examples, namely the registration of images of HP1 domains and the registration of images of telomeres. More than 97% of time-consecutive images were successfully registered. The results show that the method is very well suited to live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Matula
- Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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40
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Sigal A, Milo R, Cohen A, Geva-Zatorsky N, Klein Y, Alaluf I, Swerdlin N, Perzov N, Danon T, Liron Y, Raveh T, Carpenter AE, Lahav G, Alon U. Dynamic proteomics in individual human cells uncovers widespread cell-cycle dependence of nuclear proteins. Nat Methods 2006; 3:525-31. [PMID: 16791210 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined cell cycle-dependent changes in the proteome of human cells by systematically measuring protein dynamics in individual living cells. We used time-lapse microscopy to measure the dynamics of a random subset of 20 nuclear proteins, each tagged with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) at its endogenous chromosomal location. We synchronized the cells in silico by aligning protein dynamics in each cell between consecutive divisions. We observed widespread (40%) cell-cycle dependence of nuclear protein levels and detected previously unknown cell cycle-dependent localization changes. This approach to dynamic proteomics can aid in discovery and accurate quantification of the extensive regulation of protein concentration and localization in individual living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Sigal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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41
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Eliceiri KW, Rueden C. Tools for visualizing multidimensional images from living specimens. Photochem Photobiol 2006; 81:1116-22. [PMID: 15807634 DOI: 10.1562/2004-11-22-ir-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years modern cell biology has been driven by the development of powerful imaging techniques. In particular, new developments in light microscopy that provide the potential to image the dynamics of biological events have had significant impact. Optical sectioning techniques allow three-dimensional information to be obtained from living specimens noninvasively. When used with multimodal fluorescence microscopy, advanced optical sectioning techniques provide multidimensional image data that can reveal information not only about the changing cytoarchitecture of a cell but also about its physiology. These additional dimensions of information, although providing powerful tools, also pose significant visualization challenges to the investigator. Particularly in the current postgenomic era there is a greater need than ever for the development of effective tools for image visualization and management. In this review we discuss the visualization challenges presented by multidimensional imaging and describe three open-source software programs being developed to help address these challenges: ImageJ, the Open Microscopy Environment, and VisBio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Eliceiri
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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42
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Gerlich D, Hirota T, Koch B, Peters JM, Ellenberg J. Condensin I stabilizes chromosomes mechanically through a dynamic interaction in live cells. Curr Biol 2006; 16:333-44. [PMID: 16488867 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restructuring chromatin into morphologically distinct chromosomes is essential for cell division, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Condensin complexes have been proposed as key factors, although controversial conclusions about their contribution to chromosome structure were reached by different experimental approaches in fixed cells or cell extracts. Their function under physiological conditions still needs to be defined. RESULTS Here, we investigated the specific functions of condensin I and II in live cells by fluorescence microscopy and RNAi depletion. Photobleaching and quantitative time-lapse imaging showed that GFP-tagged condensin II bound stably to chromosomes throughout mitosis. By contrast, the canonical condensin I interacted dynamically with chromatin after completion of prophase compaction, reaching steady-state levels on chromosomes before congression. In condensin I-depleted cells, compaction was normal, but chromosomes were mechanically labile and unable to withstand spindle forces during alignment. However, normal levels of condensin II were not required for chromosome stability. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that while condensin I seems dispensable for normal chromosome compaction, its dynamic binding after nuclear envelope breakdown locks already condensed chromatin in a rigid state required for mechanically stable spindle attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gerlich
- Gene Expression and Cell Biology/Biophysics Programmes, EMBL, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Knowles DW, Sudar D, Bator-Kelly C, Bissell MJ, Lelièvre SA. Automated local bright feature image analysis of nuclear protein distribution identifies changes in tissue phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4445-50. [PMID: 16537359 PMCID: PMC1450191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509944102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of nuclear proteins is linked to cell and tissue phenotypes. When cells arrest proliferation, undergo apoptosis, or differentiate, distribution of nuclear proteins changes. Conversely, forced alteration of the distribution of nuclear proteins modifies cell phenotype. Immunostaining and fluorescence microscopy have been critical for such findings. However, there is increasing need for quantitative analysis of nuclear protein distribution to decipher epigenetic relationships between nuclear structure and cell phenotype and to unravel the mechanisms linking nuclear structure and function. We have developed imaging methods to quantify the distribution of fluorescently stained nuclear protein NuMA in different mammary phenotypes obtained using 3D cell culture. Automated image segmentation of DAPI-stained nuclei was generated to isolate thousands of nuclei from 3D confocal images. Prominent features of fluorescently stained NuMA were detected by using a previously undescribed local bright feature analysis technique, and their normalized spatial density was calculated as a function of the distance from the nuclear perimeter to its center. The results revealed marked changes in the distribution of the density of NuMA bright features when nonneoplastic cells underwent phenotypically normal acinar morphogenesis. Conversely, we did not detect any reorganization of NuMA during formation of tumor nodules by malignant cells. Importantly, the analysis also discriminated proliferating nonneoplastic from proliferating malignant cells, suggesting that these imaging methods are capable of identifying alterations linked not only to the proliferation status but also to the malignant character of cells. We believe that this quantitative analysis will have additional applications for classifying normal and pathological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Knowles
- *Biophysics and Cancer Biology Departments, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Biophysics Department, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS: 84R0171, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720. E-mail:
| | - Damir Sudar
- *Biophysics and Cancer Biology Departments, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Carol Bator-Kelly
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
| | - Mina J. Bissell
- *Biophysics and Cancer Biology Departments, Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720; and
| | - Sophie A. Lelièvre
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Cancer Center, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, LYNN, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026. E-mail:
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44
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Beaudouin J, Mora-Bermúdez F, Klee T, Daigle N, Ellenberg J. Dissecting the contribution of diffusion and interactions to the mobility of nuclear proteins. Biophys J 2005; 90:1878-94. [PMID: 16387760 PMCID: PMC1386769 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.105.071241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of protein interactions under physiological conditions is vital for systems biology. Fluorescence photobleaching/activation experiments of GFP-tagged proteins are frequently used for this purpose, but robust analysis methods to extract physicochemical parameters from such data are lacking. Here, we implemented a reaction-diffusion model to determine the contributions of protein interaction and diffusion on fluorescence redistribution. The model was validated and applied to five chromatin-interacting proteins probed by photoactivation in living cells. We found that very transient interactions are common for chromatin proteins. Their observed mobility was limited by the amount of free protein available for diffusion but not by the short residence time of the bound proteins. Individual proteins thus locally scan chromatin for binding sites, rather than diffusing globally before rebinding at random nuclear positions. By taking the real cellular geometry and the inhomogeneous distribution of binding sites into account, our model provides a general framework to analyze the mobility of fluorescently tagged factors. Furthermore, it defines the experimental limitations of fluorescence perturbation experiments and highlights the need for complementary methods to measure transient biochemical interactions in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Beaudouin
- Gene Expression and Cell Biology/Biophysics Programs, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
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45
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Kasson PM, Huppa JB, Davis MM, Brunger AT. A hybrid machine-learning approach for segmentation of protein localization data. Bioinformatics 2005; 21:3778-86. [PMID: 16091410 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bti615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Subcellular protein localization data are critical to the quantitative understanding of cellular function and regulation. Such data are acquired via observation and quantitative analysis of fluorescently labeled proteins in living cells. Differentiation of labeled protein from cellular artifacts remains an obstacle to accurate quantification. We have developed a novel hybrid machine-learning-based method to differentiate signal from artifact in membrane protein localization data by deriving positional information via surface fitting and combining this with fluorescence-intensity-based data to generate input for a support vector machine. RESULTS We have employed this classifier to analyze signaling protein localization in T-cell activation. Our classifier displayed increased performance over previously available techniques, exhibiting both flexibility and adaptability: training on heterogeneous data yielded a general classifier with good overall performance; training on more specific data yielded an extremely high-performance specific classifier. We also demonstrate accurate automated learning utilizing additional experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Kasson
- Biophysics Program, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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46
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Tanabe H, Küpper K, Ishida T, Neusser M, Mizusawa H. Inter- and intra-specific gene-density-correlated radial chromosome territory arrangements are conserved in Old World monkeys. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 108:255-61. [PMID: 15545738 DOI: 10.1159/000080824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Accepted: 11/17/2003] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that the gene-density correlated radial distribution of human 18 and 19 homologous chromosome territories (CTs) is conserved in higher primates in spite of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during evolution. However, these observations were limited to apes and New World monkey species. In order to provide further evidence for the evolutionary conservation of gene-density-correlated CT arrangements, we extended our previous study to Old World monkeys. They comprise the remaining species group to be analyzed in order to obtain a comprehensive overview of the nuclear topology of human 18 and 19 homologous CTs in higher primates. In the present study we investigated four lymphoblastoid cell lines from three species of Old World monkeys by three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-FISH): two individuals of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and an interspecies hybrid individual between African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). Our data demonstrate that gene-poor human 18 homologous CTs are located preferentially close to the nuclear periphery, whereas gene-dense human 19 homologous CTs are oriented towards the nuclear center in all cell lines analyzed. The gene-density-correlated positioning of human 18 and 19 homologous CTs is evolutionarily conserved throughout all major higher primate lineages, despite chromosomal inversions, fusions, fissions or reciprocal translocations that occurred in the course of evolution in these species. This remarkable preservation of a gene-density-correlated chromatin arrangement gives further support for a functionally relevant higher-order chromatin architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tanabe
- Cell Bank Laboratory, Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Kulkarni RP, Wu DD, Davis ME, Fraser SE. Quantitating intracellular transport of polyplexes by spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7523-8. [PMID: 15897455 PMCID: PMC1140437 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0501950102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitatively understanding how nonviral gene delivery vectors (polyplexes) are transported inside cells is essential before they can be optimized for gene therapy and medical applications. In this study, we used spatio-temporal image correlation spectroscopy (ICS) to follow polymer-nucleic acid particles (polyplexes) of various sizes and analyze their diffusive-like and flow behaviors intracellularly to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for their transport. ICS is a quantitative imaging technique that allows the assessment of particle motion in complex systems, although it has not been widely used to date. We find that the internalized polyplexes are able to use microtubule motors for intracellular trafficking and exhibit different transport behaviors for short (<10 s) versus long (approximately 60 s) correlation times. This motion can be explained by a memory effect of the microtubule motors. These results reveal that, although microtubule motor biases may be present for short periods of time, resulting in a net directional velocity, the overall long-term motion of the polyplexes is best described as a random walk-like process. These studies suggest that spatio-temporal ICS is a powerful technique for assessing the nature of intracellular motion and provides a quantitative tool to compare the transport of different objects within a living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan P Kulkarni
- Option in Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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48
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Okada Y, Suzuki T, Sunden Y, Orba Y, Kose S, Imamoto N, Takahashi H, Tanaka S, Hall WW, Nagashima K, Sawa H. Dissociation of heterochromatin protein 1 from lamin B receptor induced by human polyomavirus agnoprotein: role in nuclear egress of viral particles. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:452-7. [PMID: 15864296 PMCID: PMC1299312 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope is one of the chief obstacles to the translocation of macromolecules that are larger than the diameter of nuclear pores. Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) bound to the lamin B receptor (LBR) is thought to contribute to reassembly of the nuclear envelope after cell division. Human polyomavirus agnoprotein (Agno) has been shown to bind to HP1alpha and to induce its dissociation from LBR, resulting in destabilization of the nuclear envelope. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching showed that Agno increased the lateral mobility of LBR in the inner nuclear membrane. Biochemical and immunofluorescence analyses showed that Agno is targeted to the nuclear envelope and facilitates the nuclear egress of polyomavirus-like particles. These results indicate that dissociation of HP1alpha from LBR and consequent perturbation of the nuclear envelope induced by polyomavirus Agno promote the translocation of virions out of the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Okada
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Yuji Sunden
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shingo Kose
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Discovery Research Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naoko Imamoto
- Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, RIKEN, Discovery Research Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - William W Hall
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University College, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kazuo Nagashima
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, and Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, N15, W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- CREST, JST, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- 21st Century COE Program for Zoonosis Control, Graduate School of Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Diagnosis, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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49
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Fischer AH, Young KA, DeLellis RA. Incorporating pathologists' criteria of malignancy into the evolutionary model for cancer development. J Cell Biochem 2005; 93:28-36. [PMID: 15352159 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of alterations in cell and tissue structure still form the basis for cancer diagnosis by pathologists. Cancer development is recognized to be an evolutionary process [Foulds, 1954; Cairns, 1975; Nowell, 1976; Sager, 1982; Tomlinson et al., 1996; Cahill et al., 1999; Tomlinson and Bodmer, 1999], but the phenotypic changes diagnostic of cancer (pathologists' "criteria of malignancy") have not been integrated into the existing evolutionary framework. Since phenotypic changes bear an important relationship to the genetic and physiologic changes underlying Darwinian evolution, we propose that diagnostic structural alterations also bear an important and predictable relation to both the cancer genes and the functional alterations active at any particular step in the development of a cancer. Cancer genes are predicted to mediate the acquisition of cellular-level diagnostic criteria and the diagnostic cellular-level structural changes should reflect in a useful manner the altered cell physiology required for the cell to achieve increased "cellular fitness" at any particular step of colonal evolution. Tissue-level criteria of malignancy should relate less directly to specific cancer genes, but tissue-level criteria should still provide essential insight into the interplay of the altered cellular fitness with the constraints imposed by the cells' microenvironment. The evolutionary framework allows tissue-level criteria of malignancy to be expressed in terms of viable hypotheses for the mechanism of clonal expansion at any particular step in cancer development. This approach to conveying the tissue-level criteria of malignancy complements pattern recognition approaches to diagnosis, and establishes common ground between pathology and cell biology. When viewed from this perspective, the functions of cancer genes appear quite different from those predicted by the "Gatekeeper, Caretaker" or "Hallmarks of Cancer" models. Finally, a full evolutionary framework incorporating the criteria of malignancy restores congruity between the histogenetic classification and the emerging molecular classification of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Fischer
- Department of Pathology, H2-466 University Hospital, UMASS Memorial HealthCare, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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50
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Rieger B, Dietrich HRC, Van Den Doel LR, Van Vliet LJ. Diffusion of microspheres in sealed and open microarrays. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 65:218-25. [PMID: 15630687 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In several experiments, we study the diffusion of microspheres with different radii in microarrays filled with a variety of aqueous solutions of ethylene glycol. We study diffusion in open and closed (sealed) microarrays. In sealed nanoliter wells, the tracers show pure diffusion, whereas in open reactors, a radial outward-directed evaporation-induced liquid flow is superimposed onto the diffusion. In general, one of the following quantities can be calculated if the others are known: the temperature, the viscosity of the medium, the radius of the microbeads, or the diffusion constant. The estimated diffusion constants in closed microarrays are in good agreement with theoretical predictions based on the Brownian motion. We monitor the motion of the microbeads under a microscope and extract their paths in time from the digital recordings. Ambiguous paths due to the crossing of two trajectories can be detected. We show that low microsphere concentrations or high viscosities do not hamper a robust estimation of the diffusion parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rieger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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