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Al Hmada Y, Brodell RT, Kharouf N, Flanagan TW, Alamodi AA, Hassan SY, Shalaby H, Hassan SL, Haikel Y, Megahed M, Santourlidis S, Hassan M. Mechanisms of Melanoma Progression and Treatment Resistance: Role of Cancer Stem-like Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:470. [PMID: 38275910 PMCID: PMC10814963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the third most common type of skin cancer, characterized by its heterogeneity and propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, composed of genetically divergent subpopulations, including a small fraction of melanoma-initiating cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and many non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs). CSCs are characterized by their unique surface proteins associated with aberrant signaling pathways with a causal or consequential relationship with tumor progression, drug resistance, and recurrence. Melanomas also harbor significant alterations in functional genes (BRAF, CDKN2A, NRAS, TP53, and NF1). Of these, the most common are the BRAF and NRAS oncogenes, with 50% of melanomas demonstrating the BRAF mutation (BRAFV600E). While the successful targeting of BRAFV600E does improve overall survival, the long-term efficacy of available therapeutic options is limited due to adverse side effects and reduced clinical efficacy. Additionally, drug resistance develops rapidly via mechanisms involving fast feedback re-activation of MAPK signaling pathways. This article updates information relevant to the mechanisms of melanoma progression and resistance and particularly the mechanistic role of CSCs in melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Al Hmada
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Robert T. Brodell
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; (Y.A.H.); (R.T.B.)
| | - Naji Kharouf
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas W. Flanagan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Abdulhadi A. Alamodi
- College of Health Sciences, Jackson State University, 310 W Woodrow Wilson Ave Ste 300, Jackson, MS 39213, USA;
| | - Sofie-Yasmin Hassan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Hosam Shalaby
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Sarah-Lilly Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mosaad Megahed
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital of Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Simeon Santourlidis
- Epigenetics Core Laboratory, Medical Faculty, Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany;
| | - Mohamed Hassan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (N.K.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Research Laboratory of Surgery-Oncology, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Kazemein Jasemi NS, Mehrabipour M, Magdalena Estirado E, Brunsveld L, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. Functional Classification and Interaction Selectivity Landscape of the Human SH3 Domain Superfamily. Cells 2024; 13:195. [PMID: 38275820 PMCID: PMC10814857 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
SRC homology 3 (SH3) domains are critical interaction modules that orchestrate the assembly of protein complexes involved in diverse biological processes. They facilitate transient protein-protein interactions by selectively interacting with proline-rich motifs (PRMs). A database search revealed 298 SH3 domains in 221 human proteins. Multiple sequence alignment of human SH3 domains is useful for phylogenetic analysis and determination of their selectivity towards PRM-containing peptides (PRPs). However, a more precise functional classification of SH3 domains is achieved by constructing a phylogenetic tree only from PRM-binding residues and using existing SH3 domain-PRP structures and biochemical data to determine the specificity within each of the 10 families for particular PRPs. In addition, the C-terminal proline-rich domain of the RAS activator SOS1 covers 13 of the 14 recognized proline-rich consensus sequence motifs, encompassing differential PRP pattern selectivity among all SH3 families. To evaluate the binding capabilities and affinities, we conducted fluorescence dot blot and polarization experiments using 25 representative SH3 domains and various PRPs derived from SOS1. Our analysis has identified 45 interacting pairs, with binding affinities ranging from 0.2 to 125 micromolar, out of 300 tested and potential new SH3 domain-SOS1 interactions. Furthermore, it establishes a framework to bridge the gap between SH3 and PRP interactions and provides predictive insights into the potential interactions of SH3 domains with PRMs based on sequence specifications. This novel framework has the potential to enhance the understanding of protein networks mediated by SH3 domain-PRM interactions and be utilized as a general approach for other domain-peptide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda S. Kazemein Jasemi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Mehrnaz Mehrabipour
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Eva Magdalena Estirado
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (E.M.E.); (L.B.)
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (E.M.E.); (L.B.)
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
| | - Mohammad R. Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (N.S.K.J.); (M.M.); (R.D.)
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Schumacher JA, Wright ZA, Rufin Florat D, Anand SK, Dasyani M, Batta SPR, Laverde V, Ferrari K, Klimkaite L, Bredemeier NO, Gurung S, Koller GM, Aguera KN, Chadwick GP, Johnson RD, Davis GE, Sumanas S. SH2 domain protein E and ABL signaling regulate blood vessel size. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1010851. [PMID: 38190417 PMCID: PMC10798624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels in different vascular beds vary in size, which is essential for their function and fluid flow along the vascular network. Molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of a vascular lumen of appropriate size, or tubulogenesis, are still only partially understood. Src homology 2 domain containing E (She) protein was previously identified in a screen for proteins that interact with Abelson (Abl)-kinase. However, its biological role has remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that She and Abl signaling regulate vessel size in zebrafish embryos and human endothelial cell culture. Zebrafish she mutants displayed increased endothelial cell number and enlarged lumen size of the dorsal aorta (DA) and defects in blood flow, eventually leading to the DA collapse. Vascular endothelial specific overexpression of she resulted in a reduced diameter of the DA, which correlated with the reduced arterial cell number and lower endothelial cell proliferation. Chemical inhibition of Abl signaling in zebrafish embryos caused a similar reduction in the DA diameter and alleviated the she mutant phenotype, suggesting that She acts as a negative regulator of Abl signaling. Enlargement of the DA size in she mutants correlated with an increased endothelial expression of claudin 5a (cldn5a), which encodes a protein enriched in tight junctions. Inhibition of cldn5a expression partially rescued the enlarged DA in she mutants, suggesting that She regulates DA size, in part, by promoting cldn5a expression. SHE knockdown in human endothelial umbilical vein cells resulted in a similar increase in the diameter of vascular tubes, and also increased phosphorylation of a known ABL downstream effector CRKL. These results argue that SHE functions as an evolutionarily conserved inhibitor of ABL signaling and regulates vessel and lumen size during vascular tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Schumacher
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zoë A. Wright
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Diandra Rufin Florat
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Surendra K. Anand
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Manish Dasyani
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Surya Prakash Rao Batta
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valentina Laverde
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kaitlin Ferrari
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Laurita Klimkaite
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nina O. Bredemeier
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Suman Gurung
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gretchen M. Koller
- University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kalia N. Aguera
- University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Griffin P. Chadwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Riley D. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, Ohio, United States of America
| | - George E. Davis
- University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
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4
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Chen T, Tang X, Wang Z, Feng F, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Sun H, Chen Y. Inhibition of Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1): Promising therapeutic treatment for KRAS-mutant cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115828. [PMID: 37778239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) is one of the most common oncogenes in human cancers. As a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1) represents a potential therapeutic concept for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers because of its activation on KRAS and downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, biological function, and regulation of SOS1. We also focus on the recent advances in SOS1 inhibitors and emphasize their binding modes, structure-activity relationships and pharmacological activities. We hope that this publication can provide a comprehensive compendium on the rational design of SOS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Schumacher JA, Wright ZA, Florat DR, Anand SK, Dasyani M, Klimkaite L, Bredemeier NO, Gurung S, Koller GM, Aguera KN, Chadwick GP, Johnson RD, Davis GE, Sumanas S. SH2 domain protein E (SHE) and ABL signaling regulate blood vessel size. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.03.547455. [PMID: 37461480 PMCID: PMC10349984 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.547455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessels in different vascular beds vary in lumen diameter, which is essential for their function and fluid flow along the vascular network. Molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of a vascular lumen of appropriate size, or tubulogenesis, are still only partially understood. Src homology 2 domain containing E (She) protein was previously identified in a screen for proteins that interact with Abelson (Abl)-kinase. However, its biological role has remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that She and Abl signaling regulate vascular lumen size in zebrafish embryos and human endothelial cell culture. Zebrafish she mutants displayed increased endothelial cell number and enlarged lumen size of the dorsal aorta (DA) and defects in blood flow. Vascular endothelial specific overexpression of she resulted in a reduced diameter of the DA lumen, which correlated with the reduced arterial cell number and lower endothelial cell proliferation. Chemical inhibition of Abl signaling in zebrafish embryos caused a similar reduction in the DA diameter and alleviated the she mutant phenotype, suggesting that She acts as a negative regulator of Abl signaling. Enlargement of the DA lumen in she mutants correlated with an increased endothelial expression of claudin 5a and 5b (cldn5a / cldn5b), which encode proteins enriched in tight junctions. Inhibition of cldn5a expression partially rescued the enlarged DA in she mutants, suggesting that She regulates DA lumen size, in part, by promoting cldn5a expression. SHE knockdown in human endothelial umbilical vein cells resulted in a similar increase in the diameter of vascular tubes, and also increased phosphorylation of a known ABL downstream effector CRKL. These results argue that SHE functions as an evolutionarily conserved inhibitor of ABL signaling and regulates lumen size during vascular tubulogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Schumacher
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA
| | - Zoë A. Wright
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Diandra Rufin Florat
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Surendra K. Anand
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Manish Dasyani
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Laurita Klimkaite
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Nina O. Bredemeier
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Suman Gurung
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
| | - Gretchen M. Koller
- University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Kalia N. Aguera
- University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Griffin P. Chadwick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA
| | - Riley D. Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Miami University, Hamilton, OH 45011, USA
| | - George E. Davis
- University of South Florida, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Saulius Sumanas
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
- University of South Florida, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, USF Health Heart Institute, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
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6
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Shalom B, Salaymeh Y, Risling M, Katzav S. Unraveling the Oncogenic Potential of VAV1 in Human Cancer: Lessons from Mouse Models. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091276. [PMID: 37174676 PMCID: PMC10177506 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
VAV1 is a hematopoietic signal transducer that possesses a GDP/GTP nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that is tightly regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation, along with adapter protein domains, such as SH2 and SH3. Research on VAV1 has advanced over the years since its discovery as an in vitro activated oncogene in an NIH3T3 screen for oncogenes. Although the oncogenic form of VAV1 first identified in the screen has not been detected in human clinical tumors, its wild-type and mutant forms have been implicated in mammalian malignancies of various tissue origins, as well as those of the hematopoietic system. This review article addresses the activity of human VAV1 as an overexpressed or mutated gene and also describes the differences in the distribution of VAV1 mutations in the hematopoietic system and in other tissues. The knowledge accumulated thus far from GEMMs expressing VAV1 is described, with the conclusion that GEMMs of both wild-type VAV1 and mutant VAV1 do not form tumors, yet these will be generated when additional molecular insults, such as loss of p53 or KRAS mutation, occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batel Shalom
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yaser Salaymeh
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Matan Risling
- Department of Military Medicine and "Tzameret", Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
- Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces, Tel-Hashomer 02149, Israel
| | - Shulamit Katzav
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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7
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Gómez C, Garcia-Navas R, Baltanás FC, Fuentes-Mateos R, Fernández-Medarde A, Calzada N, Santos E. Critical Requirement of SOS1 for Development of BCR/ABL-Driven Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163893. [PMID: 36010887 PMCID: PMC9406065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The p210BCR/ABL oncoprotein is necessary and sufficient to trigger chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in mice. Our prior in vitro studies showing that the ABL-mediated phosphorylation of SOS1 promotes RAC activation and contributes to BCR-ABL leukemogenesis suggested the significant role of SOS1 in the development of CML. To provide direct in vivo experimental evidence of the specific contribution of SOS1 to the development of CML, here, we analyzed the effect of the direct genetic ablation of SOS1 or SOS2 on the genesis of p210BCR/ABL -driven CML in mice. Our data showed that direct SOS1 genetic ablation causes the significant suppression of all the pathological hallmarks typical of CML, demonstrating that SOS1 deficiency is protective against CML development and identifying this cellular GEF as a relevant, novel therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of this hematological malignancy. Abstract We showed previously that the ABL-mediated phosphorylation of SOS1 promotes RAC activation and contributes to BCR-ABL leukemogenesis, suggesting the relevant role of SOS1 in the pathogenesis of CML. To try and obtain direct experimental evidence of the specific mechanistic implication of SOS1 in CML development, here, we combined a murine model of CML driven by a p210BCR/ABL transgene with our tamoxifen-inducible SOS1/2-KO system in order to investigate the phenotypic impact of the direct genetic ablation of SOS1 or SOS2 on the pathogenesis of CML. Our observations showed that, in contrast to control animals expressing normal levels of SOS1 and SOS2 or to single SOS2-KO mice, p210BCR/ABL transgenic mice devoid of SOS1 presented significantly extended survival curves and also displayed an almost complete disappearance of the typical hematological alterations and splenomegaly constituting the hallmarks of CML. SOS1 ablation also resulted in a specific reduction in the proliferation and the total number of colony-forming units arising from the population of bone marrow stem/progenitor cells from p210BCR/ABL transgenic mice. The specific blockade of CML development caused by SOS1 ablation in p210BCR/ABL mice indicates that SOS1 is critically required for CML pathogenesis and supports the consideration of this cellular GEF as a novel, alternative bona fide therapeutic target for CML treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gómez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Rósula Garcia-Navas
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Fernando C. Baltanás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Fuentes-Mateos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923294801; Fax: +34-923294750
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8
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Limaye AJ, Whittaker MK, Bendzunas GN, Cowell JK, Kennedy EJ. Targeting the WASF3 complex to suppress metastasis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106302. [PMID: 35691539 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein family members (WASF) regulate the dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton, which plays an instrumental role in cancer metastasis and invasion. WASF1/2/3 forms a hetero-pentameric complex with CYFIP1/2, NCKAP1/1 L, Abi1/2/3 and BRK1 called the WASF Regulatory Complex (WRC), which cooperatively regulates actin nucleation by WASF1/2/3. Activation of the WRC enables actin networking and provides the mechanical force required for the formation of lamellipodia and invadopodia. Although the WRC drives cell motility essential for several routine physiological functions, its aberrant deployment is observed in cancer metastasis and invasion. WASF3 expression is correlated with metastatic potential in several cancers and inversely correlates with overall progression-free survival. Therefore, disruption of the WRC may serve as a novel strategy for targeting metastasis. Given the complexity involved in the formation of the WRC which is largely comprised of large protein-protein interfaces, there are currently no inhibitors for WASF3. However, several constrained peptide mimics of the various protein-protein interaction interfaces within the WRC were found to successfully disrupt WASF3-mediated migration and invasion. This review explores the role of the WASF3 WRC in driving metastasis and how it may be selectively targeted for suppression of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Matthew K Whittaker
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - George N Bendzunas
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - John K Cowell
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 240W. Green St, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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9
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Park K, Yoo HS, Oh CK, Lee JR, Chung HJ, Kim HN, Kim SH, Kee KM, Kim TY, Kim M, Kim BG, Ra JS, Myung K, Kim H, Han SH, Seo MD, Lee Y, Kim DW. Reciprocal interactions among Cobll1, PACSIN2, and SH3BP1 regulate drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Med 2022; 11:4005-4020. [PMID: 35352878 PMCID: PMC9636508 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobll1 affects blast crisis (BC) progression and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). PACSIN2, a novel Cobll1 binding protein, activates TKI‐induced apoptosis in K562 cells, and this activation is suppressed by Cobll1 through the interaction between PACSIN2 and Cobll1. PACSIN2 also binds and inhibits SH3BP1 which activates the downstream Rac1 pathway and induces TKI resistance. PACSIN2 competitively interacts with Cobll1 or SH3BP1 with a higher affinity for Cobll1. Cobll1 preferentially binds to PACSIN2, releasing SH3BP1 to promote the SH3BP1/Rac1 pathway and suppress TKI‐mediated apoptosis and eventually leading to TKI resistance. Similar interactions among Cobll1, PACSIN2, and SH3BP1 control hematopoiesis during vertebrate embryogenesis. Clinical analysis showed that most patients with CML have Cobll1 and SH3BP1 expression at the BC phase and BC patients with Cobll1 and SH3BP1 expression showed severe progression with a higher blast percentage than those without any Cobll1, PACSIN2, or SH3BP1 expression. Our study details the molecular mechanism of the Cobll1/PACSIN2/SH3BP1 pathway in regulating drug resistance and BC progression in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibeom Park
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seop Yoo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Oh
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Rak Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chung
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Leukemia Omics Research Institute, Eulji University-Uijeongbu Campus, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Mi Kee
- Leukemia Omics Research Institute, Eulji University-Uijeongbu Campus, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong Yoon Kim
- Department of Hematology, Catholic Hematology Hospital, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sun Ra
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongtae Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hun Han
- Department of Medicine Quality Analysis, Andong Science College, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Duk Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kim
- Leukemia Omics Research Institute, Eulji University-Uijeongbu Campus, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Hematology Center, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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10
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Strzelec K, Dziedzic A, Łazarz-Bartyzel K, Grabiec AM, Gutmajster E, Kaczmarzyk T, Plakwicz P, Gawron K. Clinics and genetic background of hereditary gingival fibromatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:492. [PMID: 34819125 PMCID: PMC8611899 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-02104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a rare condition characterized by slowly progressive overgrowth of the gingiva. The severity of overgrowth may differ from mild causing phonetic and masticatory issues, to severe resulting in diastemas or malposition of teeth. Both, autosomal-dominant and autosomal-recessive forms of HGF are described. The aim of this review is a clinical overview, as well as a summary and discussion of the involvement of candidate chromosomal regions, pathogenic variants of genes, and candidate genes in the pathogenesis of HGF. The loci related to non-syndromic HGF have been identified on chromosome 2 (GINGF, GINGF3), chromosome 5 (GINGF2), chromosome 11 (GINGF4), and 4 (GINGF5). Of these loci, pathogenic variants of the SOS-1 and REST genes inducing HGF have been identified in the GINGF and the GINGF5, respectively. Furthermore, among the top 10 clusters of genes ranked by enrichment score, ATP binding, and fibronectin encoding genes were proposed as related to HGF. CONCLUSION The analysis of clinical reports as well as translational genetic studies published since the late'90s indicate the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of non-syndromic HGF and point out the importance of genetic studies and bioinformatics of more numerous unrelated families to identify novel pathogenic variants potentially inducing HGF. This strategy will help to unravel the molecular mechanisms as well as uncover specific targets for novel and less invasive therapies of this rare, orphan condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Strzelec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agata Dziedzic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Łazarz-Bartyzel
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aleksander M Grabiec
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Gutmajster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kaczmarzyk
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Surgery, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Plakwicz
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Diseases, Faculty of Dentistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gawron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medykow 18, 40-752, Katowice, Poland.
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11
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Motta M, Sagi-Dain L, Krumbach OHF, Hahn A, Peleg A, German A, Lissewski C, Coppola S, Pantaleoni F, Kocherscheid L, Altmüller F, Schanze D, Logeswaran T, Chahrokh-Zadeh S, Munzig A, Nakhaei-Rad S, Cavé H, Ahmadian MR, Tartaglia M, Zenker M. Activating MRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:1772-1783. [PMID: 31108500 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The RASopathies are a group of genetic syndromes caused by upregulated RAS signaling. Noonan syndrome (NS), the most common entity among the RASopathies, is characterized mainly by short stature, cardiac anomalies and distinctive facial features. Mutations in multiple RAS-MAPK pathway-related genes have been associated with NS and related phenotypes. We describe two unrelated patients presenting with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dysmorphic features suggestive of NS. One of them died in the neonatal period because of cardiac failure. Targeted sequencing revealed de novo MRAS variants, c.203C > T (p.Thr68Ile) and c.67G > C (p.Gly23Arg) as causative events. MRAS has only recently been related to NS based on the observation of two unrelated affected individuals with de novo variants involving the same codons here found mutated. Gly23 and Thr68 are highly conserved residues, and the corresponding codons are known hotspots for RASopathy-associated mutations in other RAS proteins. Functional analyses documented high level of activation of MRAS mutants due to impaired GTPase activity, which was associated with constitutive plasma membrane targeting, prolonged localization in non-raft microdomains, enhanced binding to PPP1CB and SHOC2 protein, and variably increased MAPK and PI3K-AKT activation. This report provides additional evidence that a narrow spectrum of activating mutations in MRAS represents another rare cause of NS, and that MRAS has to be counted among the RASopathy genes predisposing to HCM. Moreover, our findings further emphasize the relevance of the MRAS-SHOC2-PPP1CB axis in the control of MAPK signaling, and the contribution of both MAPK and PI3K-AKT pathways in MRAS functional upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lena Sagi-Dain
- The Human Genetic institute, Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oliver H F Krumbach
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Child Neurology, University Hospital, Gießen, Germany
| | - Amir Peleg
- The Human Genetic institute, Carmel Medical Center, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alina German
- Pediatric Department, Bnai-Zion Medical Center and Clalit Health Maintenance Organization, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Simona Coppola
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Pantaleoni
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Denny Schanze
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Munzig
- Center of Human Genetics and Laboratory Diagnostics, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hélène Cavé
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Département de Génétique, 75019 Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1131, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
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12
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Luttman JH, Colemon A, Mayro B, Pendergast AM. Role of the ABL tyrosine kinases in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and the metastatic cascade. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:59. [PMID: 34022881 PMCID: PMC8140471 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABL kinases, ABL1 and ABL2, promote tumor progression and metastasis in various solid tumors. Recent reports have shown that ABL kinases have increased expression and/or activity in solid tumors and that ABL inactivation impairs metastasis. The therapeutic effects of ABL inactivation are due in part to ABL-dependent regulation of diverse cellular processes related to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and subsequent steps in the metastatic cascade. ABL kinases target multiple signaling pathways required for promoting one or more steps in the metastatic cascade. These findings highlight the potential utility of specific ABL kinase inhibitors as a novel treatment paradigm for patients with advanced metastatic disease. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Hattaway Luttman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, C-233A LSRC Bldg., P.O. Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Ashley Colemon
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, C-233A LSRC Bldg., P.O. Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Benjamin Mayro
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, C-233A LSRC Bldg., P.O. Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, 308 Research Drive, C-233A LSRC Bldg., P.O. Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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13
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Baltanás FC, Zarich N, Rojas-Cabañeros JM, Santos E. SOS GEFs in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188445. [PMID: 33035641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SOS1 and SOS2 are the most universal and widely expressed family of guanine exchange factors (GEFs) capable or activating RAS or RAC1 proteins in metazoan cells. SOS proteins contain a sequence of modular domains that are responsible for different intramolecular and intermolecular interactions modulating mechanisms of self-inhibition, allosteric activation and intracellular homeostasis. Despite their homology, analyses of SOS1/2-KO mice demonstrate functional prevalence of SOS1 over SOS2 in cellular processes including proliferation, migration, inflammation or maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis, although some functional redundancy cannot be excluded, particularly at the organismal level. Specific SOS1 gain-of-function mutations have been identified in inherited RASopathies and various sporadic human cancers. SOS1 depletion reduces tumorigenesis mediated by RAS or RAC1 in mouse models and is associated with increased intracellular oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Since WT RAS is essential for development of RAS-mutant tumors, the SOS GEFs may be considered as relevant biomarkers or therapy targets in RAS-dependent cancers. Inhibitors blocking SOS expression, intrinsic GEF activity, or productive SOS protein-protein interactions with cellular regulators and/or RAS/RAC targets have been recently developed and shown preclinical and clinical effectiveness blocking aberrant RAS signaling in RAS-driven and RTK-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Baltanás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer - IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Natasha Zarich
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M Rojas-Cabañeros
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas (UFIEC) and CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer - IBMCC (CSIC-USAL) and CIBERONC, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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14
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Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Abl2 Kinase Regulate Distinct Steps of Human Papillomavirus 16 Endocytosis. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02143-19. [PMID: 32188731 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02143-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16), the leading cause of cervical cancer, exploits a novel endocytic pathway during host cell entry. This mechanism shares many requirements with macropinocytosis but differs in the mode of vesicle formation. Previous work indicated a role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in HPV16 endocytosis. However, the functional outcome of EGFR signaling and its downstream targets during HPV16 uptake are not well characterized. Here, we analyzed the functional importance of signal transduction via EGFR and its downstream effectors for endocytosis of HPV16. Our findings indicate two phases of EGFR signaling as follows: a-likely dispensable-transient activation with or shortly after cell binding and signaling required throughout the process of asynchronous internalization of HPV16. Interestingly, EGFR inhibition interfered with virus internalization and strongly reduced the number of endocytic pits, suggesting a role for EGFR signaling in the induction of HPV16 endocytosis. Moreover, we identified the Src-related kinase Abl2 as a novel regulator of virus uptake. Inhibition of Abl2 resulted in an accumulation of misshaped endocytic pits, indicating Abl2's importance for endocytic vesicle maturation. Since Abl2 rather than Src, a regulator of membrane ruffling during macropinocytosis, mediated downstream signaling of EGFR, we propose that the selective effector targeting downstream of EGFR determines whether HPV16 endocytosis or macropinocytosis is induced.IMPORTANCE Human papillomaviruses are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa. The so-called high-risk HPVs (e.g., HPV16, HPV18, HPV31) have transforming potential and are associated with various anogenital and oropharyngeal tumors. These viruses enter host cells by a novel endocytic pathway with unknown cellular function. To date, it is unclear how endocytic vesicle formation occurs mechanistically. Here, we addressed the role of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, which has previously been implicated in HPV16 endocytosis and identified the kinase Abl2 as a novel regulator of virus uptake. Since other viruses, such as influenza A virus and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, possibly make use of related mechanisms, our findings shed light on fundamental strategies of virus entry and may in turn help to develop new host cell-targeted antiviral strategies.
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15
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Nishikawa M, Nakano S, Nakao H, Sato K, Sugiyama T, Akao Y, Nagaoka H, Yamakawa H, Nagase T, Ueda H. The interaction between PLEKHG2 and ABL1 suppresses cell growth via the NF-κB signaling pathway in HEK293 cells. Cell Signal 2019; 61:93-107. [PMID: 31100317 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Rho family small GTPases mediate cell responses through actin cytoskeletal rearrangement. We previously reported that PLEKHG2, a Rho-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is regulated via interaction with several proteins. We found that PLEKHG2 interacted with non-receptor tyrosine kinase ABL1, but the cellular function remains unclear. Here, we show that the interaction between PLEKHG2 and ABL1 attenuated the PLEKHG2-induced serum response element-dependent gene transcription in a tyrosine phosphorylation-independent manner. PLEKHG2 and ABL1 were co-localized and accumulated within cells co-expressing PLEKHG2 and ABL1. The cellular fractionation analysis suggested that the accumulation involved actin cytoskeletal reorganization. We also revealed that the co-expression of PLEKHG2 with ABL1, but not BCR-ABL, suppressed cell growth and synergistically enhanced NF-κB-dependent gene transcription. The cell growth suppression was canceled by co-expression with IκBα, a member of the NF-κB inhibitor protein family. This study suggests that the interaction between PLEKHG2 and ABL1 suppresses cell growth through intracellular protein accumulation via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Nishikawa
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shun Nakano
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiromu Nakao
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Gifu University of Medical Science, Nagamine Ichihiraga 795-1, Seki, Gifu 501-3892, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akao
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nagaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Ueda
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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16
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BMP-dependent synaptic development requires Abi-Abl-Rac signaling of BMP receptor macropinocytosis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:684. [PMID: 30737382 PMCID: PMC6368546 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde BMP trans-synaptic signaling is essential for synaptic development. Despite the importance of endocytosis-regulated BMP receptor (BMPR) control of this developmental signaling, the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we provide evidence that Abelson interactor (Abi), a substrate for Abl kinase and component of the SCAR/WAVE complex, links Abl and Rac1 GTPase signaling to BMPR macropinocytosis to restrain BMP-mediated synaptic development. We find that Abi acts downstream of Abl and Rac1, and that BMP ligand Glass bottom boat (Gbb) induces macropinocytosis dependent on Rac1/SCAR signaling, Abl-mediated Abi phosphorylation, and BMPR activation. Macropinocytosis acts as the major internalization route for BMPRs at the synapse in a process driven by Gbb activation and resulting in receptor degradation. Key regulators of macropinocytosis (Rabankyrin and CtBP) control BMPR trafficking to limit BMP trans-synaptic signaling. We conclude that BMP-induced macropinocytosis acts as a BMPR homeostatic mechanism to regulate BMP-mediated synaptic development. BMP ligands act as retrograde signalling molecules to regulate presynaptic development, and regulation of BMP receptors by endocytosis may be an important component of this signalling pathway. Here, the authors show that Abi-mediated macropinocytosis of BMP receptors in Drosophila larva and contributes to neuromuscular development.
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17
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Syrovatkina V, Huang XY. Signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of G-protein Gα 13 in blood vessel formation, bone homeostasis, and cancer. Protein Sci 2018; 28:305-312. [PMID: 30345641 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are cellular signal transducers. They mainly relay signals from G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs function as guanine nucleotide-exchange factors to active these G-proteins. Based on the sequence and functional similarities, these G-proteins are grouped into four subfamilies: Gs , Gi , Gq , and G12/13 . The G12/13 subfamily consists of two members: G12 and G13 . G12/13 -mediated signaling pathways play pivotal roles in a variety of physiological processes, while aberrant regulation of this pathway has been identified in various human diseases. Here we summarize the signaling mechanisms and physiological functions of Gα13 in blood vessel formation and bone homeostasis. We further discuss the expanding roles of Gα13 in cancers, serving as oncogenes as well as tumor suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10065
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18
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Tripathi R, Liu Z, Plattner R. EnABLing Tumor Growth and Progression: Recent progress in unraveling the functions of ABL kinases in solid tumor cells. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2018; 4:367-379. [PMID: 30746323 PMCID: PMC6368175 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-018-0149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of this review is to summarize our current knowledge regarding how ABL family kinases are activated in solid tumors and impact on solid tumor development/progression, with a focus on recent advances in the field. RECENT FINDINGS Although ABL kinases are known drivers of human leukemia, emerging data also implicates the kinases in a large number of solid tumor types where they promote diverse processes such as proliferation, survival, cytoskeletal reorganization, cellular polarity, EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal-transition), metabolic reprogramming, migration, invasion and metastasis via unique signaling pathways. ABL1 and ABL2 appear to have overlapping but also unique roles in driving these processes. In some tumor types, the kinases may act to integrate pro- and anti-proliferative and -invasive signals, and also may serve as a switch during EMT/MET (mesenchymal-epithelial) transitions. CONCLUSIONS Most data indicate that targeting ABL kinases may be effective for reducing tumor growth and preventing metastasis; however, ABL kinases also may have a tumor suppressive role in some tumor types and in some cellular contexts. Understanding the functions of ABL kinases in solid tumors is critical for developing successful clinical trials aimed at targeting ABL kinases for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshamani Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Zulong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Rina Plattner
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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19
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Bone marrow-specific loss of ABI1 induces myeloproliferative neoplasm with features resembling human myelofibrosis. Blood 2018; 132:2053-2066. [PMID: 30213875 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-05-848408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and other myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) is linked to constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, JAK inhibitors have neither curative nor MPN-stem cell-eradicating potential, indicating that other targetable mechanisms are contributing to the pathophysiology of MPNs. We previously demonstrated that Abelson interactor 1 (Abi-1), a negative regulator of Abelson kinase 1, functions as a tumor suppressor. Here we present data showing that bone marrow-specific deletion of Abi1 in a novel mouse model leads to development of an MPN-like phenotype resembling human PMF. Abi1 loss resulted in a significant increase in the activity of the Src family kinases (SFKs), STAT3, and NF-κB signaling. We also observed impairment of hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and fitness, as evidenced in noncompetitive and competitive bone marrow transplant experiments. CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors and granulocytes from patients with PMF showed decreased levels of ABI1 transcript as well as increased activity of SFKs, STAT3, and NF-κB. In aggregate, our data link the loss of Abi-1 function to hyperactive SFKs/STAT3/NF-κB signaling and suggest that this signaling axis may represent a regulatory module involved in the molecular pathophysiology of PMF.
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Meyer zum Büschenfelde U, Brandenstein LI, von Elsner L, Flato K, Holling T, Zenker M, Rosenberger G, Kutsche K. RIT1 controls actin dynamics via complex formation with RAC1/CDC42 and PAK1. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007370. [PMID: 29734338 PMCID: PMC5937737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RIT1 belongs to the RAS family of small GTPases. Germline and somatic RIT1 mutations have been identified in Noonan syndrome (NS) and cancer, respectively. By using heterologous expression systems and purified recombinant proteins, we identified the p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) as novel direct effector of RIT1. We found RIT1 also to directly interact with the RHO GTPases CDC42 and RAC1, both of which are crucial regulators of actin dynamics upstream of PAK1. These interactions are independent of the guanine nucleotide bound to RIT1. Disease-causing RIT1 mutations enhance protein-protein interaction between RIT1 and PAK1, CDC42 or RAC1 and uncouple complex formation from serum and growth factors. We show that the RIT1-PAK1 complex regulates cytoskeletal rearrangements as expression of wild-type RIT1 and its mutant forms resulted in dissolution of stress fibers and reduction of mature paxillin-containing focal adhesions in COS7 cells. This effect was prevented by co-expression of RIT1 with dominant-negative CDC42 or RAC1 and kinase-dead PAK1. By using a transwell migration assay, we show that RIT1 wildtype and the disease-associated variants enhance cell motility. Our work demonstrates a new function for RIT1 in controlling actin dynamics via acting in a signaling module containing PAK1 and RAC1/CDC42, and highlights defects in cell adhesion and migration as possible disease mechanism underlying NS. Noonan syndrome (NS) belongs to the RASopathies, a group of developmental diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding RAS-MAPK pathway components. Germline mutations in RIT1 have been identified in NS. RIT1 belongs to the RAS superfamily, however, the cellular function of RIT1 remains elusive. We show that RIT1 binds p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an effector of the RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42, which are important regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. NS-associated RIT1 mutants enhance complex formation between RIT1, RAC1/CDC42 and PAK1. Expression of wild-type or mutant forms of RIT1 caused loss of stress fibers and mature focal adhesions and enhanced cell motility. Our data suggest that dysfunction in actin dynamics is a novel aspect in the pathophysiology of RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonie von Elsner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Flato
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tess Holling
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Rosenberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KK); (GR)
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KK); (GR)
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Martinelli S, Krumbach OH, Pantaleoni F, Coppola S, Amin E, Pannone L, Nouri K, Farina L, Dvorsky R, Lepri F, Buchholzer M, Konopatzki R, Walsh L, Payne K, Pierpont ME, Vergano SS, Langley KG, Larsen D, Farwell KD, Tang S, Mroske C, Gallotta I, Di Schiavi E, della Monica M, Lugli L, Rossi C, Seri M, Cocchi G, Henderson L, Baskin B, Alders M, Mendoza-Londono R, Dupuis L, Nickerson DA, Chong JX, Meeks N, Brown K, Causey T, Cho MT, Demuth S, Digilio MC, Gelb BD, Bamshad MJ, Zenker M, Ahmadian MR, Hennekam RC, Tartaglia M, Mirzaa GM, Mirzaa GM. Functional Dysregulation of CDC42 Causes Diverse Developmental Phenotypes. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 102:309-320. [PMID: 29394990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing has markedly enhanced the discovery of genes implicated in Mendelian disorders, particularly for individuals in whom a known clinical entity could not be assigned. This has led to the recognition that phenotypic heterogeneity resulting from allelic mutations occurs more commonly than previously appreciated. Here, we report that missense variants in CDC42, a gene encoding a small GTPase functioning as an intracellular signaling node, underlie a clinically heterogeneous group of phenotypes characterized by variable growth dysregulation, facial dysmorphism, and neurodevelopmental, immunological, and hematological anomalies, including a phenotype resembling Noonan syndrome, a developmental disorder caused by dysregulated RAS signaling. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo analyses demonstrate that mutations variably perturb CDC42 function by altering the switch between the active and inactive states of the GTPase and/or affecting CDC42 interaction with effectors, and differentially disturb cellular and developmental processes. These findings reveal the remarkably variable impact that dominantly acting CDC42 mutations have on cell function and development, creating challenges in syndrome definition, and exemplify the importance of functional profiling for syndrome recognition and delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ghayda M Mirzaa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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G-Protein Gα 13 Functions with Abl Kinase to Regulate Actin Cytoskeletal Reorganization. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:3836-3849. [PMID: 29079481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are essential cellular signal transducers. One of the G-proteins, Gα13, is critical for actin cytoskeletal reorganization, cell migration, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Previously, we have shown that Gα13 is essential for both G-protein-coupled receptor and receptor tyrosine kinase-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization such as dynamic dorsal ruffle turnover and cell migration. However, the mechanism by which Gα13 signals to actin cytoskeletal reorganization is not completely understood. Here we show that Gα13 directly interacts with Abl tyrosine kinase, which is a critical regulator of actin cytoskeleton. This interaction is critical for Gα13-induced dorsal ruffle turnover, endothelial cell remodeling, and cell migration. Our data uncover a new molecular signaling pathway by which Gα13 controls actin cytoskeletal reorganization.
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23
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Phosphorylation of SOS1 on tyrosine 1196 promotes its RAC GEF activity and contributes to BCR-ABL leukemogenesis. Leukemia 2017; 32:820-827. [PMID: 28819285 PMCID: PMC5739283 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) is a dual guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates the small GTPases RAC and RAS. Although the molecular mechanisms of RAS GEF catalysis have been unveiled, how SOS1 acquires RAC GEF activity and what is the physio-pathological relevance of this activity is much less understood. Here we show that SOS1 is tyrosine phosphorylated on Y1196 by ABL. Phosphorylation of Y1196 controls SOS1 inter-molecular interaction, is required to promote the exchange of nucleotides on RAC in vitro and for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activation of RAC- and RAC-dependent actin remodeling and cell migration. SOS1 is also phosphorylated on Y1196 by BCR-ABL in chronic myelogenous leukemic cells. Importantly, in these cells, SOS1 is required for BCR-ABL-mediated activation of RAC, cell proliferation and transformation in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, genetic removal of Sos1 in the bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) from Sos1fl/fl mice and infected with BCR-ABL causes a significant delay in the onset of leukemogenesis once BMDCs are injected into recipient, lethally irradiated mice. Thus, SOS1 is required for full transformation and critically contribute to the leukemogenic potential of BCR-ABL.
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Mechanism of SOS PR-domain autoinhibition revealed by single-molecule assays on native protein from lysate. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15061. [PMID: 28452363 PMCID: PMC5414354 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son of Sevenless (SOS) plays a critical role in signal transduction by activating Ras. Here we introduce a single-molecule assay in which individual SOS molecules are captured from raw cell lysate using Ras-functionalized supported membrane microarrays. This enables characterization of the full-length SOS protein, which has not previously been studied in reconstitution due to difficulties in purification. Our measurements on the full-length protein reveal a distinct role of the C-terminal proline-rich (PR) domain to obstruct the engagement of allosteric Ras independently of the well-known N-terminal domain autoinhibition. This inhibitory role of the PR domain limits Grb2-independent recruitment of SOS to the membrane through binding of Ras·GTP in the SOS allosteric binding site. More generally, this assay strategy enables characterization of the functional behaviour of GEFs with single-molecule precision but without the need for purification.
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25
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Abl kinase regulation by BRAF/ERK and cooperation with Akt in melanoma. Oncogene 2017; 36:4585-4596. [PMID: 28368422 PMCID: PMC5552414 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanoma incidence continues to increase, and the disease remains incurable for many due to its metastatic nature and high rate of therapeutic resistance. In particular, melanomas harboring BRAFV600E and PTEN mutations often are resistant to current therapies, including BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Abl kinases (Abl/Arg) are activated in melanomas and drive progression; however, their mechanism of activation has not been established. Here we elucidate a novel link between BRAFV600E/ERK signaling and Abl kinases. We demonstrate that BRAFV600E/ERK play a critical role in binding, phosphorylating and regulating Abl localization and Abl/Arg activation by Src family kinases. Importantly, Abl/Arg activation downstream of BRAFV600E has functional and biological significance, driving proliferation, invasion, as well as switch in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition transcription factor expression, which is known to be critical for melanoma cells to shift between differentiated and invasive states. Finally, we describe findings of high translational significance by demonstrating that Abl/Arg cooperate with PI3K/Akt/PTEN, a parallel pathway that is associated with intrinsic resistance to BRAFi and immunotherapy, as Abl/Arg and Akt inhibitors cooperate to prevent viability, cell cycle progression and in vivo growth of melanomas harboring mutant BRAF/PTEN. Thus, these data not only provide mechanistic insight into Abl/Arg regulation during melanoma development, but also pave the way for the development of new strategies for treating patients with melanomas harboring mutant BRAF/PTEN, which often are refractory to current therapies.
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26
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Toffali L, Montresor A, Mirenda M, Scita G, Laudanna C. SOS1, ARHGEF1, and DOCK2 rho-GEFs Mediate JAK-Dependent LFA-1 Activation by Chemokines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:708-717. [PMID: 27986909 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
JAK-dependent activation of the rho module of integrin affinity triggering mediates chemokine-induced leukocyte adhesion. However, the signaling events linking JAKs to rho small GTPase activation by chemokines is still incompletely described. In this study, we show that son of sevenless 1 (SOS1), rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)1 (ARHGEF1), and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK)2 GEFs mediate CXCL12-induced LFA-1 activation in human primary T lymphocytes. Downregulated expression of SOS1, ARHGEF1, and DOCK2 impairs LFA-1-mediated rapid T lymphocyte adhesion as well as underflow arrest on ICAM-1 induced by CXCL12. Moreover, LFA-1 affinity triggering by CXCL12 is impaired by SOS1, ARHGEF1, and DOCK2 downregulation. Notably, the three GEFs are all critically involved in chemokine-induced RhoA and Rac1 activation, thus suggesting the occurrence of a SOS1 specificity shift in the context of chemokine signaling. Accordingly, SOS1, ARHGEF1, and DOCK2 are tyrosine phosphorylated upon chemokine signaling with timing coherent with rapid LFA-1 affinity activation. Importantly, chemokine-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of these GEFs is fully mediated by JAK protein tyrosine kinases. Unexpectedly, and differently from VAV1, tyrosine phosphorylation of SOS1, ARHGEF1, and DOCK2 is completely inhibited by pertussis toxin pretreatment, thus suggesting different routes of rho-GEF triggering upon CXCR4 engagement. Taken together, these findings reveal a deeper level of complexity in the rho-signaling module, with at least four different rho-GEFs cooperating in the regulation of chemokine-induced integrin activation, possibly suggesting the emergence of stochastic concurrency in signaling mechanisms controlling leukocyte trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Toffali
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Alessio Montresor
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Michela Mirenda
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- Italian Foundation for Cancer Research Institute for Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy; and.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Italian Database of Operational Losses, University of Milan, Milan 20142, Italy
| | - Carlo Laudanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy; .,Center for Biomedical Computing, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
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27
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Abstract
The Abelson tyrosine kinases were initially identified as drivers of leukemia in mice and humans. The Abl family kinases Abl1 and Abl2 regulate diverse cellular processes during development and normal homeostasis, and their functions are subverted during inflammation, cancer and other pathologies. Abl kinases can be activated by multiple stimuli leading to cytoskeletal reorganization required for cell morphogenesis, motility, adhesion and polarity. Depending on the cellular context, Abl kinases regulate cell survival and proliferation. Emerging data support important roles for Abl kinases in pathologies linked to inflammation. Among these are neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory pathologies. Unexpectedly, Abl kinases have also been identified as important players in mammalian host cells during microbial pathogenesis. Thus, the use of Abl kinase inhibitors might prove to be effective in the treatment of pathologies beyond leukemia and solid tumors. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and in the accompanying poster, we highlight the emerging roles of Abl kinases in the regulation of cellular processes in normal cells and diverse pathologies ranging from cancer to microbial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaditya Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ann Marie Pendergast
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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28
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Hennig A, Markwart R, Wolff K, Schubert K, Cui Y, Prior IA, Esparza-Franco MA, Ladds G, Rubio I. Feedback activation of neurofibromin terminates growth factor-induced Ras activation. Cell Commun Signal 2016; 14:5. [PMID: 26861207 PMCID: PMC4746934 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-016-0128-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Growth factors induce a characteristically short-lived Ras activation in cells emerging from quiescence. Extensive work has shown that transient as opposed to sustained Ras activation is critical for the induction of mitogenic programs. Mitogen-induced accumulation of active Ras-GTP results from increased nucleotide exchange driven by the nucleotide exchange factor Sos. In contrast, the mechanism accounting for signal termination and prompt restoration of basal Ras-GTP levels is unclear, but has been inferred to involve feedback inhibition of Sos. Remarkably, how GTP-hydrolase activating proteins (GAPs) participate in controlling the rise and fall of Ras-GTP levels is unknown. Results Monitoring nucleotide exchange of Ras in permeabilized cells we find, unexpectedly, that the decline of growth factor-induced Ras-GTP levels proceeds in the presence of unabated high nucleotide exchange, pointing to GAP activation as a major mechanism of signal termination. Experiments with non-hydrolysable GTP analogues and mathematical modeling confirmed and rationalized the presence of high GAP activity as Ras-GTP levels decline in a background of high nucleotide exchange. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches we document a raised activity of the neurofibromatosis type I tumor suppressor Ras-GAP neurofibromin and an involvement of Rsk1 and Rsk2 in the down-regulation of Ras-GTP levels. Conclusions Our findings show that, in addition to feedback inhibition of Sos, feedback stimulation of the RasGAP neurofibromin enforces termination of the Ras signal in the context of growth-factor signaling. These findings ascribe a precise role to neurofibromin in growth factor-dependent control of Ras activity and illustrate how, by engaging Ras-GAP activity, mitogen-challenged cells play safe to ensure a timely termination of the Ras signal irrespectively of the reigning rate of nucleotide exchange. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12964-016-0128-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hennig
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Robby Markwart
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Katharina Wolff
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Katja Schubert
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Yan Cui
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ian A Prior
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
| | | | - Graham Ladds
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Ignacio Rubio
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str.2, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany.
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29
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Baruzzi A, Remelli S, Lorenzetto E, Sega M, Chignola R, Berton G. Sos1 Regulates Macrophage Podosome Assembly and Macrophage Invasive Capacity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4900-12. [PMID: 26447228 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Podosomes are protrusive structures implicated in macrophage extracellular matrix degradation and three-dimensional migration through cell barriers and the interstitium. Podosome formation and assembly are regulated by cytoskeleton remodeling requiring cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Src and the Abl families. Considering that Abl has been reported to phosphorylate the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos1, eliciting its Rac-guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity, and Rac regulates podosome formation in myeloid cells and invadopodia formation in cancer cells, we addressed whether Sos1 is implicated in podosome formation and function in macrophages. We found that ectopically expressed Abl or the Src kinase Fgr phosphorylate Sos1, and the Src kinases Hck and Fgr are required for Abl and Sos1 phosphorylation and Abl/Sos1 interaction in macrophages. Sos1 localizes to podosomes in both murine and human macrophages, and its silencing by small interfering RNA results in disassembly of murine macrophage podosomes and a marked reduction of GTP loading on Rac. Matrix degradative capacity, three-dimensional migration through Matrigel, and transmigration through an endothelial cell monolayer of Sos1-silenced macrophages were inhibited. In addition, Sos1- or Abl-silenced macrophages, or macrophages treated with the selective Abl inhibitor imatinib mesylate had a reduced capability to migrate into breast tumor spheroids, the majority of cells remaining at the margin and the outer layers of the spheroid itself. Because of the established role of Src and Abl kinases to regulate also invadopodia formation in cancer cells, our findings suggest that targeting the Src/Abl/Sos1/Rac pathway may represent a double-edged sword to control both cancer-invasive capacities and cancer-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baruzzi
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Remelli
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Erika Lorenzetto
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; and
| | - Michela Sega
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Roberto Chignola
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Berton
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, Section of General Pathology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
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30
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Chorzalska A, Salloum I, Shafqat H, Khan S, Marjon P, Treaba D, Schorl C, Morgan J, Bryke CR, Falanga V, Zhao TC, Reagan J, Winer E, Olszewski AJ, Al-Homsi AS, Kouttab N, Dubielecka PM. Low expression of Abelson interactor-1 is linked to acquired drug resistance in Bcr-Abl-induced leukemia. Leukemia 2014; 28:2165-77. [PMID: 24699303 PMCID: PMC4185277 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The basis for persistence of leukemic stem cells in the bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) remains poorly understood. We present evidence that signaling crosstalk between α4 integrin and Abelson interactor-1 (Abi-1) is involved in acquisition of an anchorage-dependent phenotype and drug resistance in Bcr-Abl positive leukemia cells. Comparison of Abi-1 (ABI-1) and α4 integrin (ITGA4) gene expression in relapsing Bcr-Abl positive CD34+ progenitor cells demonstrated a reduction in Abi-1 and an increase in α4 integrin mRNA in the absence of Bcr-Abl mutations. This inverse correlation between Abi-1 and α4 integrin expression, as well as linkage to elevated phospho-Akt and phospho-Erk signaling, was confirmed in imatinib mesylate (IM) resistant leukemic cells. These results indicate that the α4-Abi-1 signaling pathway may mediate acquisition of the drug resistant phenotype of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chorzalska
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - I Salloum
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - H Shafqat
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - S Khan
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - P Marjon
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - D Treaba
- Hematopathology Laboratories at Rhode Island Hospital and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - C Schorl
- Genomics Core Facility, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J Morgan
- Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting Core Facility, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - C R Bryke
- Cytogenetics, Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, Chantilly, VA, USA
| | - V Falanga
- 1] Department of Dermatology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA [2] Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T C Zhao
- Cardiovascular Lab, Department of Surgery, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J Reagan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - E Winer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A J Olszewski
- Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Brown University Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Pawtucket, RI, USA
| | - A S Al-Homsi
- Adult Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Spectrum Health, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - N Kouttab
- Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
| | - P M Dubielecka
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, NIH Center of Biomedical Excellence (COBRE) for Stem Cell Biology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA
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31
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Sato K, Suzuki T, Yamaguchi Y, Kitade Y, Nagase T, Ueda H. PLEKHG2/FLJ00018, a Rho family-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, is tyrosine phosphorylated via the EphB2/cSrc signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2014; 26:691-6. [PMID: 24378532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PLEKHG2/FLJ00018, a Rho family-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF), is activated by heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein) Gβγ subunits, and in turn activates the small G protein Rac and Cdc42, which have been shown to mediate signaling pathways leading to actin cytoskeletal reorganization. In the present study, we show that co-expression of the constitutively active mutant of cSrc, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, and PLEKHG2 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of PLEKHG2 in HEK293 cells. Through deletion and base substitution mutagenesis we have identified Tyr489 of PLEKHG2 as the site phosphorylated by cSrc. Furthermore, using a high-throughput src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding assay, the SH2 domain of ABL1 and the PI 3-kinse regulator subunit (PIK3R3) were identified as candidates for the binding partner of tyrosine-phosphorylated PLEKHG2. The interaction between PLEKHG2 and the full-length of PIK3R3, but not ABL1, occurs in a tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, PLEKHG2 is tyrosine phosphorylated at Tyr489 by ephrinB2 receptor signaling via cSrc. Investigation of the physiological function of tyrosine phosphorylation at Tyr489 in PLEKHG2 remains a subject for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Sato
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | - Yukio Kitade
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagase
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Bryce NS, Reynolds AB, Koleske AJ, Weaver AM. WAVE2 regulates epithelial morphology and cadherin isoform switching through regulation of Twist and Abl. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64533. [PMID: 23691243 PMCID: PMC3654908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial morphogenesis is a dynamic process that involves coordination of signaling and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements. Principal Findings We analyzed the contribution of the branched actin regulator WAVE2 in the development of 3-dimensional (3D) epithelial structures. WAVE2-knockdown (WAVE2-KD) cells formed large multi-lobular acini that continued to proliferate at an abnormally late stage compared to control acini. Immunostaining of the cell-cell junctions of WAVE2-KD acini revealed weak and heterogeneous E-cadherin staining despite little change in actin filament localization to the same junctions. Analysis of cadherin expression demonstrated a decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in N-cadherin protein and mRNA abundance in total cell lysates. In addition, WAVE2-KD cells exhibited an increase in the mRNA levels of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated transcription factor Twist1. KD of Twist1 expression in WAVE2-KD cells reversed the cadherin switching and completely rescued the aberrant 3D morphological phenotype. Activity of the WAVE2 complex binding partner Abl kinase was also increased in WAVE2-KD cells, as assessed by tyrosine phosphorylation of the Abl substrate CrkL. Inhibition of Abl with STI571 rescued the multi-lobular WAVE2-KD 3D phenotype whereas overexpression of Abl kinase phenocopied the WAVE2-KD phenotype. Conclusions The WAVE2 complex regulates breast epithelial morphology by a complex mechanism involving repression of Twist1 expression and Abl kinase activity. These data reveal a critical role for WAVE2 complex in regulation of cellular signaling and epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S Bryce
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Abstract
Although c-Abl and Arg non-receptor tyrosine kinases are well known for driving leukemia development, their role in solid tumors has not been appreciated until recently. Accumulating evidence now indicates that c-Abl and/or Arg are activated in some solid tumor cell lines via unique mechanisms that do not involve gene mutation/translocation, and c-Abl/Arg activation promotes matrix degradation, invasion, proliferation, tumorigenesis, and/or metastasis, depending on the tumor type. However, some data suggest that c-Abl also may suppress invasion, proliferation, and tumorigenesis in certain cell contexts. Thus, c-Abl/Arg may serve as molecular switches that suppress proliferation and invasion in response to some stimuli (e.g., ephrins) or when inactive/regulated, or as promote invasion and proliferation in response to other signals (e.g., activated growth factor receptors, loss of inhibitor expression), which induce sustained activation. Clearly, more data are required to determine the extent and prevalence of c-Abl/Arg activation in primary tumors and during progression, and additional animal studies are needed to substantiate in vitro findings. Furthermore, c-Abl/Arg inhibitors have been used in numerous solid tumor clinical trials; however, none of these trials were restricted to patients whose tumors expressed highly activated c-Abl/Arg (targeted trial). Targeted trials are critical for determining whether c-Abl/Arg inhibitors can be effective treatment options for patients whose tumors are driven by c-Abl/Arg.
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Park AR, Oh D, Lim SH, Choi J, Moon J, Yu DY, Park SG, Heisterkamp N, Kim E, Myung PK, Lee JR. Regulation of dendritic arborization by BCR Rac1 GTPase-activating protein, a substrate of PTPRT. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4518-31. [PMID: 22767509 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic arborization is important for neuronal development as well as the formation of neural circuits. Rac1 is a member of the Rho GTPase family that serve as regulators of neuronal development. Breakpoint cluster region protein (BCR) is a Rac1 GTPase-activating protein that is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. Here, we show that BCR plays a key role in neuronal development. Dendritic arborization and actin polymerization were attenuated by overexpression of BCR in hippocampal neurons. Knockdown of BCR using specific shRNAs increased the dendritic arborization as well as actin polymerization. The number of dendrites in null mutant BCR(-/-) mice was considerably increased compared with that in wild-type mice. We found that the function of the BCR GTPase-activating domain could be modulated by protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T (PTPRT), which is expressed principally in the brain. We demonstrate that tyrosine 177 of BCR was the main target of PTPRT and the BCR mutant mimicking dephosphorylation of tyrosine 177 alleviated the attenuation of dendritic arborization. Additionally the attenuated dendritic arborization found upon BCR overexpression was relieved upon co-expression of PTPRT. When PTPRT was knocked down by a specific shRNA, the dendritic arborization was significantly reduced. The activity of the BCR GTPase-activating domain was modulated by means of conversions between the intra- and inter-molecular interactions, which are finely regulated through the dephosphorylation of a specific tyrosine residue by PTPRT. We thus show conclusively that BCR is a novel substrate of PTPRT and that BCR is involved in the regulation of neuronal development via control of the BCR GTPase-activating domain function by PTPRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-Reum Park
- Biomedical Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
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Kovacevic I, Hu J, Siehoff-Icking A, Opitz N, Griffin A, Perkins AC, Munn AL, Müller-Esterl W, Popp R, Fleming I, Jungblut B, Hoffmeister M, Oess S. The F-BAR protein NOSTRIN participates in FGF signal transduction and vascular development. EMBO J 2012; 31:3309-22. [PMID: 22751148 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
F-BAR proteins are multivalent adaptors that link plasma membrane and cytoskeleton and coordinate cellular processes such as membrane protrusion and migration. Yet, little is known about the function of F-BAR proteins in vivo. Here we report, that the F-BAR protein NOSTRIN is necessary for proper vascular development in zebrafish and postnatal retinal angiogenesis in mice. The loss of NOSTRIN impacts on the migration of endothelial tip cells and leads to a reduction of tip cell filopodia number and length. NOSTRIN forms a complex with the GTPase Rac1 and its exchange factor Sos1 and overexpression of NOSTRIN in cells induces Rac1 activation. Furthermore, NOSTRIN is required for fibroblast growth factor 2 dependent activation of Rac1 in primary endothelial cells and the angiogenic response to fibroblast growth factor 2 in the in vivo matrigel plug assay. We propose a novel regulatory circuit, in which NOSTRIN assembles a signalling complex containing FGFR1, Rac1 and Sos1 thereby facilitating the activation of Rac1 in endothelial cells during developmental angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kovacevic
- Institute for Biochemistry II, Goethe University Frankfurt Medical School, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Snijder B, Sacher R, Rämö P, Liberali P, Mench K, Wolfrum N, Burleigh L, Scott CC, Verheije MH, Mercer J, Moese S, Heger T, Theusner K, Jurgeit A, Lamparter D, Balistreri G, Schelhaas M, De Haan CAM, Marjomäki V, Hyypiä T, Rottier PJM, Sodeik B, Marsh M, Gruenberg J, Amara A, Greber U, Helenius A, Pelkmans L. Single-cell analysis of population context advances RNAi screening at multiple levels. Mol Syst Biol 2012; 8:579. [PMID: 22531119 PMCID: PMC3361004 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2012.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A large set of high-content RNAi screens investigating mammalian virus infection and multiple cellular activities is analysed to reveal the impact of population context on phenotypic variability and to identify indirect RNAi effects. ![]()
Cell population context determines phenotypes in RNAi screens of multiple cellular activities (including virus infection, cell size regulation, endocytosis, and lipid homeostasis), which can be accounted for by a combination of novel image analysis and multivariate statistical methods. Accounting for cell population context-mediated effects strongly changes the reproducibility and consistency of RNAi screens across cell lines as well as of siRNAs targeting the same gene. Such analyses can identify the perturbed regulation of population context dependent cell-to-cell variability, a novel perturbation phenotype. Overall, these methods advance the use of large-scale RNAi screening for a systems-level understanding of cellular processes.
Isogenic cells in culture show strong variability, which arises from dynamic adaptations to the microenvironment of individual cells. Here we study the influence of the cell population context, which determines a single cell's microenvironment, in image-based RNAi screens. We developed a comprehensive computational approach that employs Bayesian and multivariate methods at the single-cell level. We applied these methods to 45 RNA interference screens of various sizes, including 7 druggable genome and 2 genome-wide screens, analysing 17 different mammalian virus infections and four related cell physiological processes. Analysing cell-based screens at this depth reveals widespread RNAi-induced changes in the population context of individual cells leading to indirect RNAi effects, as well as perturbations of cell-to-cell variability regulators. We find that accounting for indirect effects improves the consistency between siRNAs targeted against the same gene, and between replicate RNAi screens performed in different cell lines, in different labs, and with different siRNA libraries. In an era where large-scale RNAi screens are increasingly performed to reach a systems-level understanding of cellular processes, we show that this is often improved by analyses that account for and incorporate the single-cell microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Snijder
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kobayashi H, Ogura Y, Sawada M, Nakayama R, Takano K, Minato Y, Takemoto Y, Tashiro E, Watanabe H, Imoto M. Involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in the second epidermal growth factor-induced wave of Rac1 activation in the process of cell migration. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:39259-68. [PMID: 21868386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.255489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immense previous efforts have elucidated the core machinery in cell migration, actin remodeling regulated by Rho family small GTPases including RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1; however, the spatiotemporal regulation of these molecules remains largely unknown. Here, we report that EGF induces biphasic Rac1 activation in the process of cell migration, and UTKO1, a cell migration inhibitor, inhibits the second EGF-induced wave of Rac1 activation but not the first wave. To address the regulation mechanism and role of the second wave of Rac1 activation, we identified 14-3-3ζ as a target protein of UTKO1 and also showed that UTKO1 abrogated the binding of 14-3-3ζ to Tiam1 that was responsible for the second wave of Rac1 activation, suggesting that the interaction of 14-3-3ζ with Tiam1 is involved in this event. To our knowledge, this is the first report to use a chemical genetic approach to demonstrate the mechanism of temporal activation of Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan
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38
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Sacco E, Farina M, Greco C, Lamperti S, Busti S, Degioia L, Alberghina L, Liberati D, Vanoni M. Regulation of hSos1 activity is a system-level property generated by its multi-domain structure. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:154-68. [PMID: 21851854 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The multi-domain protein hSos1 plays a major role in cell growth and differentiation through its Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange domain whose complex regulation involves intra-molecular, inter-domain rearrangements. We present a stochastic mathematical model describing intra-molecular regulation of hSos1 activity. The population macroscopic effect is reproduced through a Monte-Carlo approach. Key model parameters have been experimentally determined by BIAcore analysis. Complementation experiments of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cdc25(ts) strain with Sos deletion mutants provided a comprehensive data set for estimation of unknown parameters and model validation. The model is robust against parameter alteration and describes both the behavior of Sos deletion mutants and modulation of activity of the full length molecule under physiological conditions. By incorporating the calculated effect of amino acid changes at an inter-domain interface, the behavior of a mutant correlating with a developmental syndrome could be simulated, further validating the model. The activation state of Ras-specific guanine nucleotide exchange domain of hSos1 arises as an "emergent property" of its multi-domain structure that allows multi-level integration of a complex network of intra- and inter-molecular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sacco
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
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39
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Gulyani A, Vitriol E, Allen R, Wu J, Gremyachinskiy D, Lewis S, Dewar B, Graves LM, Kay BK, Kuhlman B, Elston T, Hahn KM. A biosensor generated via high-throughput screening quantifies cell edge Src dynamics. Nat Chem Biol 2011; 7:437-44. [PMID: 21666688 PMCID: PMC3135387 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent biosensors for living cells currently require laborious optimization and a unique design for each target. They are limited by the availability of naturally occurring ligands with appropriate target specificity. Here we describe a biosensor based on an engineered fibronectin monobody scaffold that can be tailored to bind different targets via high-throughput screening. We made this Src-family kinase (SFK) biosensor by derivatizing a monobody specific for activated SFKs with a bright dye whose fluorescence increases upon target binding. We identified sites for dye attachment and changes to eliminate vesiculation in living cells, providing a generalizable scaffold for biosensor production. This approach minimizes cell perturbation because it senses endogenous, unmodified target, and because sensitivity is enhanced by direct dye excitation. Automated correlation of cell velocities and SFK activity revealed that SFKs are activated specifically during protrusion. Activity correlates with velocity, and peaks 1-2 μm from the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Gulyani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Eric Vitriol
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Richard Allen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Dmitriy Gremyachinskiy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Steven Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3010 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Brian Dewar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Lee M. Graves
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Brian K. Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street (MC 066) Chicago, IL 60607
| | - Brian Kuhlman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3010 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7260, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Tim Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Klaus M. Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 4009 Genetic Medicine, Campus Box 7365, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Song JK, Giniger E. Noncanonical Notch function in motor axon guidance is mediated by Rac GTPase and the GEF1 domain of Trio. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:324-32. [PMID: 21246649 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor Notch interacts with the Abl tyrosine kinase signaling pathway to control axon growth and guidance in Drosophila motor neurons. In part, this is mediated by binding to Trio, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases. We show here that one of the two GEF domains of Trio, the Rac-specific GEF1, is essential for Trio-dependent motor axon guidance and for the genetic suppression of Notch function in motor axon patterning, but the Rho-specific GEF2 domain is not. Consistent with this, we show that Rac, and not Rho1 or Cdc42, interacts genetically with Notch in a manner indistinguishable from that of bona fide Abl signaling components. We infer, therefore, that Rac is a key component of Abl signaling in Drosophila motor axons, and specifically that it is the crucial Rho GTPase in "noncanonical" Notch/Abl signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong K Song
- Axon Guidance and Neural Connectivity Unit, Basic Neuroscience Program, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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41
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Hsu JM, Chen CT, Chou CK, Kuo HP, Li LY, Lin CY, Lee HJ, Wang YN, Liu M, Liao HW, Shi B, Lai CC, Bedford MT, Tsai CH, Hung MC. Crosstalk between Arg 1175 methylation and Tyr 1173 phosphorylation negatively modulates EGFR-mediated ERK activation. Nat Cell Biol 2011; 13:174-81. [PMID: 21258366 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) can undergo post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation, glycosylation and ubiquitylation, leading to diverse physiological consequences and modulation of its biological activity. There is increasing evidence that methylation may parallel other post-translational modifications in the regulation of various biological processes. It is still not known, however, whether EGFR is regulated by this post-translational event. Here, we show that EGFR Arg 1175 is methylated by an arginine methyltransferase, PRMT5. Arg 1175 methylation positively modulates EGF-induced EGFR trans-autophosphorylation at Tyr 1173, which governs ERK activation. Abolishment of Arg 1175 methylation enhances EGF-stimulated ERK activation by reducing SHP1 recruitment to EGFR, resulting in augmented cell proliferation, migration and invasion of EGFR-expressing cells. Therefore, we propose a model in which the regulatory crosstalk between PRMT5-mediated Arg 1175 methylation and EGF-induced Tyr 1173 phosphorylation attenuates EGFR-mediated ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mao Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Wessler S, Backert S. Abl family of tyrosine kinases and microbial pathogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 286:271-300. [PMID: 21199784 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385859-7.00006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abl nonreceptor tyrosine kinases are activated by multiple stimuli and regulate cytoskeletal reorganization, cell proliferation, survival, and stress responses. Several downstream pathways have direct impact on physiological processes, including development and maintenance of the nervous and immune systems and epithelial morphogenesis. Recent studies also indicated that numerous viral and bacterial pathogens highjack Abl signaling for different purposes. Abl kinases are activated to reorganize the host actin cytoskeleton and promote the direct tyrosine phosphorylation of viral surface proteins and injected bacterial type-III and type-IV effector molecules. However, Abl kinases also play other roles in infectious processes of bacteria, viruses, and prions. These activities have crucial impact on microbial invasion and release from host cells, actin-based motility, pedestal formation, as well as cell-cell dissociation involved in epithelial barrier disruption and other responses. Thus, Abl kinases exhibit important functions in pathological signaling during microbial infections. Here, we discuss the different signaling pathways activated by pathogens and highlight possible therapeutic intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Wessler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse, Salzburg, Austria
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43
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Longoni M, Moncini S, Cisternino M, Morella IM, Ferraiuolo S, Russo S, Mannarino S, Brazzelli V, Coi P, Zippel R, Venturin M, Riva P. Noonan syndrome associated with both a new Jnk-activating familial SOS1 and a de novo RAF1 mutations. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2176-84. [PMID: 20683980 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by congenital heart defects, short stature, and characteristic facial features. Familial or de novo mutations in PTPN11, RAF1, SOS1, KRAS, and NRAS are responsible for 60-75% of the cases, thus, additional genes are expected to be involved in the pathogenesis. In addition, the genotype-phenotype correlation has been hindered by the highly variable expressivity of the disease. For all these reasons, expanding the genotyped and clinically evaluated case numbers will benefit the clinical community. A mutation analysis has been performed on RAF1, SOS1, and GRB2, in 24 patients previously found to be negative for PTPN11 and KRAS mutations. We identified four mutations in SOS1 and one in RAF1, while no GRB2 variants have been found. Interestingly, the RAF1 mutation was present in a patient also carrying a newly identified p.R497Q familial SOS1 mutation, segregating with a typical Noonan Syndrome SOS1 cutaneous phenotype. Functional analysis demonstrated that the R497Q SOS1 mutation leads to Jnk activation, but has no effect on the Ras effector Erk1. We propose that this variant might contribute to the onset of the peculiar ectodermal traits displayed by the propositus amidst the more classical Noonan syndrome presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a patient harboring mutations in two genes, with an involvement of both Ras and Rac1 pathways, indicating that SOS1 may have a role of modifier gene that might contribute the variable expressivity of the disease, evidencing a genotype-phenotype correlation in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Longoni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Genetica per le Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Chen H, Wu X, Pan ZK, Huang S. Integrity of SOS1/EPS8/ABI1 tri-complex determines ovarian cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2010; 70:9979-90. [PMID: 21118970 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is mainly confined in peritoneal cavity and its metastasis is often associated with the formation of malignant ascites. As lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is present at high levels in ascites of ovarian cancer patients and potently stimulates cell migration, we reason that LPA-stimulated cell migration may play an important role in ovarian cancer metastasis. Here, we show that only ovarian cancer cell lines with LPA migratory response undergo peritoneal metastatic colonization. LPA-stimulated cell migration is required for metastatic colonization because knockdown of LPA receptor subtype 1 (LPAR(1)) abolishes this event. However, the difference in metastatic potentials is not caused by the absence of LPAR(1) because both metastatic and nonmetastatic lines express similar levels of LPAR(1). Instead, we find that LPA can activate Rac only in metastatic cells and that metastatic colonization of ovarian cancer cells necessitates Rac activity. These results thus suggest that LPA-induced Rac activation is a prerequisite for ovarian cancer metastasis. In metastatic cells, Rac activation is facilitated by SOS1/EPS8/ABI1 tri-complex and the integrity of this tri-complex is essential for LPA-stimulated cell migration and metastatic colonization. We show that at least 1 member of SOS1/EPS8/ABI1 tri-complex is absent in nonmetastatic ovarian cancer cells and reexpressing the missing one conferred them with metastatic capability. Importantly, coexpression of SOS1, EPS8, and ABI1, but not of any individual member of SOS1/EPS8/ABI1 tri-complex, correlates with advanced stages and shorter survival of ovarian cancer patients. Our study implicates that the integrity of SOS1/EPS8/ABI1 tri-complex is a determinant of ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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45
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Paniagua RT, Fiorentino DF, Chung L, Robinson WH. Tyrosine kinases in inflammatory dermatologic disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 65:389-403. [PMID: 20584561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases (TKs) are enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on protein substrates. They are key components of signaling pathways that drive an array of cellular responses including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Specific TKs have recently been identified as critical to the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Small-molecule inhibitors of TKs are emerging as a novel class of therapy that may provide benefit in certain patient subsets. In this review, we highlight TK signaling implicated in inflammatory dermatologic diseases, evaluate strategies aimed at inhibiting these aberrant signaling pathways, and discuss prospects for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo T Paniagua
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Palo Alto Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - David F Fiorentino
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Lorinda Chung
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Palo Alto Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - William H Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Palo Alto Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
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Cao S, Yaqoob U, Das A, Shergill U, Jagavelu K, Huebert RC, Routray C, Abdelmoneim S, Vasdev M, Leof E, Charlton M, Watts RJ, Mukhopadhyay D, Shah VH. Neuropilin-1 promotes cirrhosis of the rodent and human liver by enhancing PDGF/TGF-beta signaling in hepatic stellate cells. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2379-94. [PMID: 20577048 DOI: 10.1172/jci41203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PDGF-dependent hepatic stellate cell (HSC) recruitment is an essential step in liver fibrosis and the sinusoidal vascular changes that accompany this process. However, the mechanisms that regulate PDGF signaling remain incompletely defined. Here, we found that in two rat models of liver fibrosis, the axonal guidance molecule neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) was upregulated in activated HSCs, which exhibit the highly motile myofibroblast phenotype. Additionally, NRP-1 colocalized with PDGF-receptor beta (PDGFRbeta) in HSCs both in the injury models and in human and rat HSC cell lines. In human HSCs, siRNA-mediated knockdown of NRP-1 attenuated PDGF-induced chemotaxis, while NRP-1 overexpression increased cell motility and TGF-beta-dependent collagen production. Similarly, mouse HSCs genetically modified to lack NRP-1 displayed reduced motility in response to PDGF treatment. Immunoprecipitation and biochemical binding studies revealed that NRP-1 increased PDGF binding affinity for PDGFRbeta-expressing cells and promoted downstream signaling. An NRP-1 neutralizing Ab ameliorated recruitment of HSCs, blocked liver fibrosis in a rat model of liver injury, and also attenuated VEGF responses in cultured liver endothelial cells. In addition, NRP-1 overexpression was observed in human specimens of liver cirrhosis caused by both hepatitis C and steatohepatitis. These studies reveal a role for NRP-1 as a modulator of multiple growth factor targets that regulate liver fibrosis and the vascular changes that accompany it and may have broad implications for liver cirrhosis and myofibroblast biology in a variety of other organ systems and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Cao
- Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Michael M, Vehlow A, Navarro C, Krause M. c-Abl, Lamellipodin, and Ena/VASP proteins cooperate in dorsal ruffling of fibroblasts and axonal morphogenesis. Curr Biol 2010; 20:783-91. [PMID: 20417104 PMCID: PMC2946563 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Tight regulation of cell motility is essential for many physiological processes, such as formation of a functional nervous system and wound healing. Drosophila Abl negatively regulates the actin cytoskeleton effector protein Ena during neuronal development in flies, and it has been postulated that this may occur through an unknown intermediary. Lamellipodin (Lpd) regulates cell motility and recruits Ena/VASP proteins (Ena, Mena, VASP, EVL) to the leading edge of cells. However, the regulation of this recruitment has remained unsolved. Results Here we show that Lpd is a substrate of Abl kinases and binds to the Abl SH2 domain. Phosphorylation of Lpd positively regulates the interaction between Lpd and Ena/VASP proteins. Consistently, efficient recruitment of Mena and EVL to Lpd at the leading edge requires Abl kinases. Furthermore, transient Lpd phosphorylation by Abl kinases upon netrin-1 stimulation of primary cortical neurons positively correlates with an increase in Lpd-Mena coprecipitation. Lpd is also transiently phosphorylated by Abl kinases upon platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation, regulates PDGF-induced dorsal ruffling of fibroblasts and axonal morphogenesis, and cooperates with c-Abl in an Ena/VASP-dependent manner. Conclusions Our findings suggest that Abl kinases positively regulate Lpd-Ena/VASP interaction, Ena/VASP recruitment to Lpd at the leading edge, and Lpd-Ena/VASP function in axonal morphogenesis and in PDGF-induced dorsal ruffling. Our data do not support the suggested negative regulatory role of Abl for Ena. Instead, we propose that Lpd is the hitherto unknown intermediary between Abl and Ena/VASP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Michael
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
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48
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Caenorhabditis elegans fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling can occur independently of the multi-substrate adaptor FRS2. Genetics 2010; 185:537-47. [PMID: 20308281 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.113373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The components of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling complexes help to define the specificity of the effects of their activation. The Caenorhabditis elegans fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), EGL-15, regulates a number of processes, including sex myoblast (SM) migration guidance and fluid homeostasis, both of which require a Grb2/Sos/Ras cassette of signaling components. Here we show that SEM-5/Grb2 can bind directly to EGL-15 to mediate SM chemoattraction. A yeast two-hybrid screen identified SEM-5 as able to interact with the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of EGL-15, a domain that is specifically required for SM chemoattraction. This interaction requires the SEM-5 SH2-binding motifs present in the CTD (Y(1009) and Y(1087)), and these sites are required for the CTD role of EGL-15 in SM chemoattraction. SEM-5, but not the SEM-5 binding sites located in the CTD, is required for the fluid homeostasis function of EGL-15, indicating that SEM-5 can link to EGL-15 through an alternative mechanism. The multi-substrate adaptor protein FRS2 serves to link vertebrate FGFRs to Grb2. In C. elegans, an FRS2-like gene, rog-1, functions upstream of a Ras/MAPK pathway for oocyte maturation but is not required for EGL-15 function. Thus, unlike the vertebrate FGFRs, which require the multi-substrate adaptor FRS2 to recruit Grb2, EGL-15 can recruit SEM-5/Grb2 directly.
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El Jamali A, Valente AJ, Clark RA. Regulation of phagocyte NADPH oxidase by hydrogen peroxide through a Ca(2+)/c-Abl signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:798-810. [PMID: 20043988 PMCID: PMC2838729 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The importance of H(2)O(2) as a cellular signaling molecule has been demonstrated in a number of cell types and pathways. Here we explore a positive feedback mechanism of H(2)O(2)-mediated regulation of the phagocyte respiratory burst NADPH oxidase (NOX2). H(2)O(2) induced a dose-dependent stimulation of superoxide production in human neutrophils, as well as in K562 leukemia cells overexpressing NOX2 system components. Stimulation was abrogated by the addition of catalase, the extracellular Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA, the T-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitor mibefradil, the PKCdelta inhibitor rottlerin, or the c-Abl nonreceptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate or by overexpression of a dominant-negative form of c-Abl. H(2)O(2) induced phosphorylation of tyrosine 311 on PKCdelta and this activating phosphorylation was blocked by treatment with rottlerin, imatinib mesylate, or BAPTA. Rac GTPase activation in response to H(2)O(2) was abrogated by BAPTA, imatinib mesylate, or rottlerin. In conclusion, H(2)O(2) stimulates NOX2-mediated superoxide generation in neutrophils and K562/NOX2 cells via a signaling pathway involving Ca(2+) influx and c-Abl tyrosine kinase acting upstream of PKCdelta. This positive feedback regulatory pathway has important implications for amplifying the innate immune response and contributing to oxidative stress in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina El Jamali
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Baruzzi A, Iacobucci I, Soverini S, Lowell CA, Martinelli G, Berton G. c-Abl and Src-family kinases cross-talk in regulation of myeloid cell migration. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:15-21. [PMID: 19903482 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeleton dynamics are regulated by Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs) and c-Abl. We found that the SFK members Hck and c-Fgr regulate tyrosine phosphorylation of c-Abl and c-Abl associates with beta1 integrin-bound Hck or c-Fgr in murine macrophages. Studies with selective inhibitors and cells from SFK-deficient mice showed that c-Abl and SFK regulate migration and activation of the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac in macrophages. Additionally, human neutrophil chemotactic activity was reduced by c-Abl inhibitors, and neutrophils from chronic myeloid leukaemia patients displayed an increased chemotactic ability. Hence, Src-family kinase and c-Abl cross-talk in the regulation of myeloid cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baruzzi
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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