1
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Azbazdar Y, De Robertis EM. Molecular analysis of a self-organizing signaling pathway for Xenopus axial patterning from egg to tailbud. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2408346121. [PMID: 38968117 PMCID: PMC11252917 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408346121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Xenopus embryos provide a favorable material to dissect the sequential steps that lead to dorsal-ventral (D-V) and anterior-posterior (A-P) cell differentiation. Here, we analyze the signaling pathways involved in this process using loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches. The initial step was provided by Hwa, a transmembrane protein that robustly activates early β-catenin signaling when microinjected into the ventral side of the embryo leading to complete twinned axes. The following step was the activation of Xenopus Nodal-related growth factors, which could rescue the depletion of β-catenin and were themselves blocked by the extracellular Nodal antagonists Cerberus-Short and Lefty. During gastrulation, the Spemann-Mangold organizer secretes a cocktail of growth factor antagonists, of which the BMP antagonists Chordin and Noggin could rescue simultaneously D-V and A-P tissues in β-catenin-depleted embryos. Surprisingly, this rescue occurred in the absence of any β-catenin transcriptional activity as measured by β-catenin activated Luciferase reporters. The Wnt antagonist Dickkopf (Dkk1) strongly synergized with the early Hwa signal by inhibiting late Wnt signals. Depletion of Sizzled (Szl), an antagonist of the Tolloid chordinase, was epistatic over the Hwa and Dkk1 synergy. BMP4 mRNA injection blocked Hwa-induced ectopic axes, and Dkk1 inhibited BMP signaling late, but not early, during gastrulation. Several unexpected findings were made, e.g., well-patterned complete embryonic axes are induced by Chordin or Nodal in β-catenin knockdown embryos, dorsalization by Lithium chloride (LiCl) is mediated by Nodals, Dkk1 exerts its anteriorizing and dorsalizing effects by regulating late BMP signaling, and the Dkk1 phenotype requires Szl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Azbazdar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095-1662
| | - Edward M. De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095-1662
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2
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Lalonde RL, Nicolas HA, Cutler RS, Pantekidis I, Zhang W, Yelick PC. Functional comparison of human ACVR1 and zebrafish Acvr1l FOP-associated variants in embryonic zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:605-628. [PMID: 36606464 PMCID: PMC10311797 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare disease characterized by progressive heterotopic ossification of muscle and connective tissues, is caused by autosomal dominant activating mutations in the type I receptor, ACVR1/ALK2. The classic human FOP variant, ACVR1R206H , shows increased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and activation by activins. RESULTS Here, we performed in vivo functional characterization of human ACVR1R206H and orthologous zebrafish Acvr1lR203H using early embryonic zebrafish dorsoventral patterning as a phenotypic readout for receptor activity. Our results showed that human ACVR1R206H and zebrafish Acvr1lR203H exhibit functional differences in early embryonic zebrafish, and that human ACVR1R206H retained its signaling activity in the absence of a ligand-binding domain (LBD). We also showed, for the first time, that zebrafish Acvr2ba/Acvr2bb receptors are required for human ACVR1R206H signaling in early embryonic zebrafish. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data provide new insight into ACVR1R206H signaling pathways that may facilitate the design of new and effective therapies for FOP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Lalonde
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA 02111
| | - Hannah A. Nicolas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Rowan S. Cutler
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA 02111
| | - Irene Pantekidis
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA 02111
| | - Weibo Zhang
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA 02111
| | - Pamela C. Yelick
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Division of Craniofacial and Molecular Genetics, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, USA 02111
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3
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Mizoguchi T, Mikami S, Yatou M, Kondo Y, Omaru S, Kuwabara S, Okura W, Noda S, Tenno T, Hiroaki H, Itoh M. Small-Molecule-Mediated Suppression of BMP Signaling by Selective Inhibition of BMP1-Dependent Chordin Cleavage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4313. [PMID: 36901744 PMCID: PMC10001940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP signaling is critical for many biological processes. Therefore, small molecules that modulate BMP signaling are useful for elucidating the function of BMP signaling and treating BMP signaling-related diseases. Here, we performed a phenotypic screening in zebrafish to examine the in vivo effects of N-substituted-2-amino-benzoic acid analogs NPL1010 and NPL3008 and found that they affect BMP signaling-dependent dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning and bone formation in zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, NPL1010 and NPL3008 suppressed BMP signaling upstream of BMP receptors. BMP1 cleaves Chordin, an antagonist of BMP, and negatively regulates BMP signaling. Docking simulations demonstrated that NPL1010 and NPL3008 bind BMP1. We found that NPL1010 and NPL3008 partially rescued the disruptions in the D-V phenotype caused by bmp1 overexpression and selectively inhibited BMP1-dependent Chordin cleavage. Therefore, NPL1010 and NPL3008 are potentially valuable inhibitors of BMP signaling that act through selective inhibition of Chordin cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Mizoguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shohei Mikami
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mari Yatou
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yui Kondo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Omaru
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kuwabara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Wataru Okura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Syouta Noda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tenno
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Hiroaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- BeCerllBar, LLC., Business Incubation Building, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motoyuki Itoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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4
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Pleiotropic functions of chordin gene causing drastic morphological changes in ornamental goldfish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19961. [PMID: 36402810 PMCID: PMC9675773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeders and fanciers have established many peculiar morphological phenotypes in ornamental goldfish. Among them, the twin-tail and dorsal-finless phenotypes have particularly intrigued early and recent researchers, as equivalent morphologies are extremely rare in nature. These two mutated phenotypes appeared almost simultaneously within a short time frame and were fixed in several strains. However, little is known about how these two different mutations could have co-occurred during such a short time period. Here, we demonstrate that the chordin gene, a key factor in dorsal-ventral patterning, is responsible not only for the twin-tail phenotype but also for the dorsal-finless phenotype. Our F2 backcrossing and functional analyses revealed that the penetrance/expressivity of the dorsal-finless phenotype can be suppressed by the wild-type allele of chdS. Based on these findings, we propose that chdSwt may have masked the expression of the dorsal-finless phenotype, acting as a capacitor buffering gene to allow accumulation of genetic mutations. Once this gene lost its original function in the twin-tail goldfish lineages, the dorsal-finless phenotype could be highly expressed. Thus, this study experimentally demonstrates that the rapid genetic fixation of morphological mutations during a short domestication time period may be related to the robustness of embryonic developmental mechanisms.
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5
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Sharma U, Vadon-Le Goff S, Harlos K, Zhao Y, Mariano N, Bijakowski C, Bourhis JM, Moali C, Hulmes DJS, Aghajari N. Dynamics of the secreted frizzled related protein Sizzled and potential implications for binding to bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1). Sci Rep 2022; 12:14850. [PMID: 36050373 PMCID: PMC9437010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sizzled (Szl) is both a secreted frizzled related protein (sFRP) and a naturally occurring inhibitor of the zinc metalloproteinase bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1), a key regulator of extracellular matrix assembly and growth factor activation. Here we present a new crystal structure for Szl which differs from that previously reported by a large scale (90°) hinge rotation between its cysteine-rich and netrin-like domains. We also present results of a molecular docking analysis showing interactions likely to be involved in the inhibition of BMP-1 activity by Szl. When compared with known structures of BMP-1 in complex with small molecule inhibitors, this reveals features that may be helpful in the design of new inhibitors to prevent the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix that is the hallmark of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi Sharma
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Institutional Area, Sector 62, Noida, 201309, India
| | - Sandrine Vadon-Le Goff
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, UMR 5305 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Karl Harlos
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Division of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Natacha Mariano
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, UMR 5305 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Cecile Bijakowski
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, UMR 5305 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Bourhis
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, UMR 5305 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Moali
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, UMR 5305 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - David J S Hulmes
- Tissue Biology and Therapeutic Engineering Laboratory, UMR 5305 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Nushin Aghajari
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS-University of Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.
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6
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Evo-Devo of Urbilateria and its larval forms. Dev Biol 2022; 487:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Jones WD, Mullins MC. Cell signaling pathways controlling an axis organizing center in the zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 150:149-209. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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8
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Itoh K, Ossipova O, Sokol SY. Pinhead antagonizes Admp to promote notochord formation. iScience 2021; 24:102520. [PMID: 34142034 PMCID: PMC8188501 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsoventral patterning of a vertebrate embryo critically depends on the activity of Smad1 that mediates signaling by BMP proteins, anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein (Admp), and their antagonists. Pinhead (Pnhd), a cystine-knot-containing secreted protein, is expressed in the ventrolateral mesoderm during Xenopus gastrulation; however, its molecular targets and signaling mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Our mass spectrometry-based screen of the gastrula secretome identified Admp as Pnhd-associated protein. We show that Pnhd binds Admp and inhibits its ventralizing activity by reducing Smad1 phosphorylation and its transcriptional targets. Importantly, Pnhd depletion further increased phospho-Smad1 levels in the presence of Admp. Furthermore, Pnhd synergized with Chordin and a truncated BMP4 receptor in the induction of notochord markers in ectoderm cells, and Pnhd-depleted embryos displayed notochord defects. Our findings suggest that Pnhd binds and inactivates Admp to promote notochord development. We propose that the interaction between Admp and Pnhd refines Smad1 activity gradients during vertebrate gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Itoh
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Olga Ossipova
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Sergei Y. Sokol
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
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9
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Tuazon FB, Wang X, Andrade JL, Umulis D, Mullins MC. Proteolytic Restriction of Chordin Range Underlies BMP Gradient Formation. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108039. [PMID: 32814043 PMCID: PMC7731995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in developmental biology is how morphogens, such as bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), form precise signaling gradients to impart positional and functional identity to the cells of the early embryo. We combine rigorous mutant analyses with quantitative immunofluorescence to determine that the proteases Bmp1a and Tolloid spatially restrict the BMP antagonist Chordin in dorsoventral (DV) axial patterning of the early zebrafish gastrula. We show that maternally deposited Bmp1a plays an unexpected and non-redundant role in establishing the BMP signaling gradient, while the Bmp1a/Tolloid antagonist Sizzled is surprisingly dispensable. Combining computational modeling and in vivo analyses with an immobile Chordin construct, we demonstrate that long-range Chordin diffusion is not necessary for BMP gradient formation and DV patterning. Our data do not support a counter-gradient of Chordin and instead favor a Chordin sink, established by Bmp1a and Tolloid, as the primary mechanism that drives BMP gradient formation. The BMP morphogen generates a precise signaling gradient during axial patterning. In the zebrafish embryo, Tuazon et al. find that proteases Bmp1a/Tolloid are key to this process, preventing the long-range diffusion of the BMP antagonist, Chordin. By regionally restricting Chordin, Bmp1a/Tolloid establish the signaling sink that drives BMP gradient formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Tuazon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jonathan Lee Andrade
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David Umulis
- Department of Agriculture and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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10
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Greenfeld H, Lin J, Mullins MC. The BMP signaling gradient is interpreted through concentration thresholds in dorsal-ventral axial patterning. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001059. [PMID: 33481775 PMCID: PMC7857602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) patterns the dorsal–ventral (DV) embryonic axis in all vertebrates, but it is unknown how cells along the DV axis interpret and translate the gradient of BMP signaling into differential gene activation that will give rise to distinct cell fates. To determine the mechanism of BMP morphogen interpretation in the zebrafish gastrula, we identified 57 genes that are directly activated by BMP signaling. By using Seurat analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data, we found that these genes are expressed in at least 3 distinct DV domains of the embryo. We distinguished between 3 models of BMP signal interpretation in which cells activate distinct gene expression through interpretation of thresholds of (1) the BMP signaling gradient slope; (2) the BMP signal duration; or (3) the level of BMP signal activation. We tested these 3 models using quantitative measurements of phosphorylated Smad5 (pSmad5) and by examining the spatial relationship between BMP signaling and activation of different target genes at single-cell resolution across the embryo. We found that BMP signaling gradient slope or BMP exposure duration did not account for the differential target gene expression domains. Instead, we show that cells respond to 3 distinct levels of BMP signaling activity to activate and position target gene expression. Together, we demonstrate that distinct pSmad5 threshold levels activate spatially distinct target genes to pattern the DV axis. This study tested three models of how a BMP morphogen gradient is translated into differential gene activation that specifies distinct cell fates, finding that BMP signal concentration thresholds, not gradient shape or signal duration, position three distinct gene activation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Greenfeld
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Jerome Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Vonica A, Bhat N, Phan K, Guo J, Iancu L, Weber JA, Karger A, Cain JW, Wang ECE, DeStefano GM, O'Donnell-Luria AH, Christiano AM, Riley B, Butler SJ, Luria V. Apcdd1 is a dual BMP/Wnt inhibitor in the developing nervous system and skin. Dev Biol 2020; 464:71-87. [PMID: 32320685 PMCID: PMC7307705 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Animal development and homeostasis depend on precise temporal and spatial intercellular signaling. Components shared between signaling pathways, generally thought to decrease specificity, paradoxically can also provide a solution to pathway coordination. Here we show that the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) and Wnt signaling pathways share Apcdd1 as a common inhibitor and that Apcdd1 is a taxon-restricted gene with novel domains and signaling functions. Previously, we showed that Apcdd1 inhibits Wnt signaling (Shimomura et al., 2010), here we find that Apcdd1 potently inhibits BMP signaling in body axis formation and neural differentiation in chicken, frog, zebrafish. Furthermore, we find that Apcdd1 has an evolutionarily novel protein domain. Our results from experiments and modeling suggest that Apcdd1 may coordinate the outputs of two signaling pathways that are central to animal development and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alin Vonica
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Biology, The Nazareth College, Rochester, NY, 14618, USA
| | - Neha Bhat
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 7783-3258, USA; Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Keith Phan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA
| | - Jinbai Guo
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 7783-3258, USA
| | - Lăcrimioara Iancu
- Institut für Algebra und Zahlentheorie, Universität Stuttgart, D-70569, Stuttgart, Germany; Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Jessica A Weber
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amir Karger
- IT-Research Computing, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - John W Cain
- Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Etienne C E Wang
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gina M DeStefano
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anne H O'Donnell-Luria
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angela M Christiano
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Bruce Riley
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 7783-3258, USA.
| | - Samantha J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7239, USA.
| | - Victor Luria
- Departments of Genetics and Development, and Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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12
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Fuentes R, Tajer B, Kobayashi M, Pelliccia JL, Langdon Y, Abrams EW, Mullins MC. The maternal coordinate system: Molecular-genetics of embryonic axis formation and patterning in the zebrafish. Curr Top Dev Biol 2020; 140:341-389. [PMID: 32591080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Axis specification of the zebrafish embryo begins during oogenesis and relies on proper formation of well-defined cytoplasmic domains within the oocyte. Upon fertilization, maternally-regulated cytoplasmic flow and repositioning of dorsal determinants establish the coordinate system that will build the structure and developmental body plan of the embryo. Failure of specific genes that regulate the embryonic coordinate system leads to catastrophic loss of body structures. Here, we review the genetic principles of axis formation and discuss how maternal factors orchestrate axis patterning during zebrafish early embryogenesis. We focus on the molecular identity and functional contribution of genes controlling critical aspects of oogenesis, egg activation, blastula, and gastrula stages. We examine how polarized cytoplasmic domains form in the oocyte, which set off downstream events such as animal-vegetal polarity and germ line development. After gametes interact and form the zygote, cytoplasmic segregation drives the animal-directed reorganization of maternal determinants through calcium- and cell cycle-dependent signals. We also summarize how maternal genes control dorsoventral, anterior-posterior, mesendodermal, and left-right cell fate specification and how signaling pathways pattern these axes and tissues during early development to instruct the three-dimensional body plan. Advances in reverse genetics and phenotyping approaches in the zebrafish model are revealing positional patterning signatures at the single-cell level, thus enhancing our understanding of genotype-phenotype interactions in axis formation. Our emphasis is on the genetic interrogation of novel and specific maternal regulatory mechanisms of axis specification in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manami Kobayashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jose L Pelliccia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Elliott W Abrams
- Department of Biology, Purchase College, State University of New York, Harrison, NY, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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13
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Esteve P, Crespo I, Kaimakis P, Sandonís A, Bovolenta P. Sfrp1 Modulates Cell-signaling Events Underlying Telencephalic Patterning, Growth and Differentiation. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1059-1074. [PMID: 30084950 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian dorsal telencephalic neuroepithelium develops-from medial to lateral-into the choroid plaque, cortical hem, hippocampal primordium and isocortex under the influence of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling. Correct telencephalic development requires a tight coordination of the extent/duration of these signals, but the identification of possible molecular coordinators is still limited. Here, we postulated that Secreted Frizzled Related Protein 1 (Sfrp1), a multifunctional regulator of Bmp, Wnt and Notch signaling strongly expressed during early telencephalic development, may represent 1 of such molecules. We report that in E10.5-E12.5 Sfrp1-/- embryos, the hem and hippocampal domains are reduced in size whereas the prospective neocortex is medially extended. These changes are associated with a significant reduction of the medio-lateral telencephalic expression of Axin2, a read-out of Wnt/βcatenin signaling activation. Furthermore, in the absence of Sfrp1, Notch signaling is increased, cortical progenitor cell cycle is shorter, with expanded progenitor pools and enhanced generation of early-born neurons. Hence, in postnatal Sfrp1-/- animals the anterior hippocampus is reduced and the neocortex is shorter in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral axis but is thicker. We propose that, by controlling Wnt and Notch signaling in opposite directions, Sfrp1 promotes hippocampal patterning and balances medio-lateral and antero-posterior cortex expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Crespo
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Polynikis Kaimakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Africa Sandonís
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Bovolenta
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), c/Nicolás Cabrera, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Abe G, Lee SH, Li IJ, Ota KG. An alternative evolutionary pathway for the twin-tail goldfish via szl gene mutation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 330:234-241. [PMID: 29947476 PMCID: PMC6033011 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The twin‐tail of ornamental goldfish provides unique evolutionary evidence that the highly conserved midline localization of axial skeleton components can be changed by artificial selection. This morphological change is known to be caused by a nonsense mutation in one of the recently duplicated chordin genes, which are key players in dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning. Since all of the multiple twin‐tail ornamental goldfish strains share the same mutation, it is reasonable to presume that this mutation occurred only once in domesticated goldfish. However, zebrafish with mutated szl gene (another DV patterning‐related gene) also exhibit twin‐tail morphology and higher viability than dino/chordin‐mutant zebrafish. This observation raises the question of whether the szl gene mutation could also reproduce the twin‐tail morphology in goldfish. Here we show that goldfish have at least two subfunctionalized szl genes, designated szlA and szlB, and depletion of these genes in single‐fin goldfish was able to reproduce the bifurcated caudal fin found in twin‐tail ornamental goldfish. Interestingly, several phenotypes were observed in szlA‐depleted fish, while low expressivity of the twin‐tail phenotype was observed in szlB‐depleted goldfish. Thus, even though szl gene mutations may produce twin‐tail goldfish, these szl gene mutations might not be favorable for selection in domestic breeding. These results highlight the uniqueness and rarity of mutations that are able to cause large‐scale morphological changes, such as a bifurcated axial skeleton, with high viability and expressivity in natural and domesticated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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15
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Abstract
TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. During these processes, elaborate regulatory feedback between TGF-β ligands and their antagonists direct the proper specification and patterning of embryonic tissues. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the function and regulation of TGF-β family signaling in these processes. Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zinski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Benjamin Tajer
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
| | - Mary C Mullins
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6058
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16
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Vincent KM, Postovit LM. Matricellular proteins in cancer: a focus on secreted Frizzled-related proteins. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:103-112. [PMID: 28589318 PMCID: PMC5842174 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours are complex entities, wherein cancer cells interact with myriad soluble, insoluble and cell associated factors. These microenvironmental mediators regulate tumour growth, progression and metastasis, and are produced by cancer cells and by stromal components such as fibroblast, adipocytes and immune cells. Through their ability to bind to extracellular matrix proteins, cell surface receptors and growth factors, matricellular proteins enable a dynamic reciprocity between cancer cells and their microenvironment. Hence, matricellular proteins play a critical role in tumour progression by regulating where and when cancer cells are exposed to key growth factors and regulatory proteins. Recent studies suggest that, in addition to altering Wingless (Wnt) signalling, certain members of the Secreted Frizzled Related Protein (sFRP) family are matricellular in nature. In this review, we outline the importance of matricellular proteins in cancer, and discuss how sFRPs may function to both inhibit and promote cancer progression in a context-dependent manner. By considering the matricellular functionality of sFRPs, we may better understand their apparently paradoxical roles in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Marie Vincent
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 114th St and 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Lynne-Marie Postovit
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 114th St and 87th Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1 Canada
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17
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Dasgupta S, Vliet SM, Kupsco A, Leet JK, Altomare D, Volz DC. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate disrupts dorsoventral patterning in zebrafish embryos. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4156. [PMID: 29259843 PMCID: PMC5733366 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a high-production volume organophosphate flame retardant widely used within the United States. Within zebrafish, initiation of TDCIPP exposure at 0.75 h post-fertilization (hpf) results in genome-wide alterations in methylation during cleavage (2 hpf) as well as epiboly delay or arrest (at higher concentrations) during late-blastula and early-gastrula (4–6 hpf). To determine whether these TDCIPP-induced effects were associated with impacts on the transcriptome, embryos were exposed to vehicle (0.1% DMSO) or 2 µM TDCIPP from 0.75 hpf to 6 hpf, and total RNA was extracted from triplicate embryo pools per treatment and hybridized onto duplicate Affymetrix Zebrafish Gene 1.0 ST Arrays per RNA sample. Based on transcriptome-wide profiling, TDCIPP resulted in a significant impact on biological processes involved in dorsoventral patterning and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Consistent with these responses, TDCIPP exposure also resulted in strongly dorsalized embryos by 24 hpf—a phenotype that mimicked the effects of dorsomorphin, a potent and selective BMP inhibitor. Moreover, the majority of dorsalized embryos were preceded by epiboly arrest at 6 hpf. Our microarray data also revealed that the expression of sizzled (szl)—a gene encoding a secreted Frizzled-related protein that limits BMP signaling—was significantly decreased by nearly 4-fold at 6 hpf. Therefore, we used a splice-blocking morpholino to test the hypothesis that knockdown of szl phenocopies TDCIPP-induced delays in epiboly progression. Interestingly, contrary to our hypothesis, injection of szl MOs did not affect epiboly progression but, similar to chordin (chd) morphants, resulted in mildly ventralized embryos by 24 hpf. Overall, our findings suggest that TDCIPP-induced epiboly delay may not be driven by decreased szl expression, and that TDCIPP-induced dorsalization may—similar to dorsomorphin—be due to interference with BMP signaling during early zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Sara M Vliet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America.,Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Allison Kupsco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Jessica K Leet
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - Diego Altomare
- University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States of America
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
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18
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De Robertis EM, Moriyama Y, Colozza G. Generation of animal form by the Chordin/Tolloid/BMP gradient: 100 years after D'Arcy Thompson. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:580-592. [PMID: 28815565 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The classic book "On Growth and Form" by naturalist D'Arcy Thompson was published 100 years ago. To celebrate this landmark, we present experiments in the Xenopus embryo that provide a framework for understanding how simple, quantitative transformations of a morphogen gradient might have affected evolution and morphological diversity of organisms. D'Arcy Thompson proposed that different morphologies might be generated by modifying physical parameters in an underlying system of Cartesian coordinates that pre-existed in Nature and arose during evolutionary history. Chordin is a BMP antagonist secreted by the Spemann organizer located on the dorsal side of the gastrula. Chordin generates a morphogen gradient as first proposed by mathematician Alan Turing. The rate-limiting step of this dorsal-ventral (D-V) morphogen is the degradation of Chordin by the Tolloid metalloproteinase in the ventral side. Chordin is expressed at gastrula on the dorsal side where BMP signaling is low, while at the opposite side peak levels of BMP signaling are reached. In fishes, amphibians, reptiles and birds, high BMP signaling in the ventral region induces transcription of a secreted inhibitor of Tolloid called Sizzled. By depleting Sizzled exclusively in the ventral half of the embryo we were able to expand the ventro-posterior region in an otherwise normal embryo. Conversely, ventral depletion of Tolloid, which stabilizes Chordin, decreased ventral and tail structures, phenocopying the tolloid zebrafish mutation. We explain how historical constraints recorded in the language of DNA become subject to the universal laws of physics when an ancestral reaction-diffusion morphogen gradient dictates form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1662, USA
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19
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Miccoli A, Dalla Valle L, Carnevali O. The maternal control in the embryonic development of zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 245:55-68. [PMID: 27013380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maternal control directing the very first hours of life is of pivotal importance for ensuring proper development to the growing embryo. Thanks to the finely regulated inheritance of maternal factors including mRNAs and proteins produced during oogenesis and stored into the mature oocyte, the embryo is sustained throughout the so-called maternal-to-zygotic transition, a period in development characterized by a species-specific length in time, during which critical biological changes regarding cell cycle and zygotic transcriptional activation occur. In order not to provoke any kind of persistent damage, the process must be delicately balanced. Surprisingly, our knowledge as to the possible effects of beneficial bacteria regarding the modulation of the quality and/or quantity of both maternally-supplied and zygotically-transcribed mRNAs, is very limited. To date, only one group has investigated the consequences of the parentally-supplied Lactobacillus rhamnosus on the storage of mRNAs into mature oocytes, leading to an altered maternal control process in the F1 generation. Particular attention was called on the monitoring of several biomarkers involved in autophagy, apoptosis and axis patterning, while data on miRNA generation and pluripotency maintenance are herein presented for the first time, and can assist in laying the ground for further investigations in this field. In this review, the reader is supplied with the current knowledge on the above-mentioned biological process, first by drawing the general background and then by emphasizing the most important findings that have highlighted their focal role in normal animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Miccoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Oliana Carnevali
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
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20
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Inomata H. Scaling of pattern formations and morphogen gradients. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:41-51. [PMID: 28097650 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The concentration gradient of morphogens provides positional information for an embryo and plays a pivotal role in pattern formation of tissues during the developmental processes. Morphogen-dependent pattern formations show robustness despite various perturbations. Although tissues usually grow and dynamically change their size during histogenesis, proper patterns are formed without the influence of size variations. Furthermore, even when the blastula embryo of Xenopus laevis is bisected into dorsal and ventral halves, the dorsal half of the embryo leads to proportionally patterned half-sized embryos. This robustness of pattern formation despite size variations is termed as scaling. In this review, I focused on the morphogen-dependent dorsal-ventral axis formation in Xenopus and described how morphogens form a proper gradient shape according to the embryo size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Inomata
- Axial Pattern Dynamics Team, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
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21
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Abstract
The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive research that has identified a multitude of extracellular modulators of TGF-β family ligands, uncovered their functions in developmental and pathophysiological processes, defined the mechanisms of their activities, and explored potential modulator-based therapeutic applications in treating human diseases. These studies revealed a diverse repertoire of extracellular and membrane-associated molecules that are capable of modulating TGF-β family signals via control of ligand availability, processing, ligand-receptor interaction, and receptor activation. These molecules include not only soluble ligand-binding proteins that were conventionally considered as agonists and antagonists of TGF-β family of growth factors, but also extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans that can serve as "sink" and control storage and release of both the TGF-β family ligands and their regulators. This extensive network of soluble and ECM modulators helps to ensure dynamic and cell-specific control of TGF-β family signals. This article reviews our knowledge of extracellular modulation of TGF-β growth factors by diverse proteins and their molecular mechanisms to regulate TGF-β family signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Chang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294
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22
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Troilo H, Bayley CP, Barrett AL, Lockhart-Cairns MP, Jowitt TA, Baldock C. Mammalian tolloid proteinases: role in growth factor signalling. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2398-407. [PMID: 27391803 PMCID: PMC4988381 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tolloid proteinases are essential for tissue patterning and extracellular matrix assembly. The members of the family differ in their substrate specificity and activity, despite sharing similar domain organization. The mechanisms underlying substrate specificity and activity are complex, with variation between family members, and depend on both multimerization and substrate interaction. In addition, enhancers, such as Twisted gastrulation (Tsg), promote cleavage of tolloid substrate, chordin, to regulate growth factor signalling. Although Tsg and mammalian tolloid (mTLD) are involved in chordin cleavage, no interaction has been detected between them, suggesting Tsg induces a change in chordin to increase susceptibility to cleavage. All members of the tolloid family bind the N terminus of latent TGFβ‐binding protein‐1, providing support for their role in TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Troilo
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Christopher P Bayley
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Anne L Barrett
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Lockhart-Cairns
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.,Beamline B21, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Thomas A Jowitt
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
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23
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Osteogenesis induced by frizzled-related protein (FRZB) is linked to the netrin-like domain. J Transl Med 2016; 96:570-80. [PMID: 26927515 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal Wnt signaling is associated with bone mass disorders. Frizzled-related protein (FRZB, also known as secreted frizzled-related protein-3 (SFRP3)) is a Wnt modulator that contains an amino-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and a carboxy-terminal Netrin-like (NTN) motif. Frzb(-/-) mice show increased cortical thickness. However, the direct effect of FRZB on osteogenic differentiation and the involvement of the structural domains herein are not fully understood. In this study, we observed that stable overexpression of Frzb in MC3T3-E1 cells increased calcium deposition and osteoblast markers compared with control. Western blot analysis showed that the increased osteogenesis was associated with reduced canonical, but increased non-canonical Wnt signaling. On the contrary, loss of Frzb induced the opposite effects on osteogenesis and Wnt signaling. To translationally validate the positive effects of FRZB on primary human cells, we treated human periosteal and human bone marrow stromal cells with conditioned medium from MC3T3-E1 cells overexpressing Frzb and observed an increase in Alizarin red staining. We further studied the effect of the domains. FrzbNTN overexpression induced similar effects on osteogenesis as full-length Frzb, whereas FrzbCRD overexpressing cells mimicked loss of Frzb experiments. The CRD is considered as the Wnt binding domain, but the NTN domain also has important effects on bone biology. FRZB and other SFRPs or their specific domains may hold surprising potential as therapeutics for bone and joint disorders considering that excess of SFRPs has effects that are not expected under physiological, endogenous expression conditions.
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24
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Ota KG, Abe G. Goldfish morphology as a model for evolutionary developmental biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:272-95. [PMID: 26952007 PMCID: PMC6680352 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological variation of the goldfish is known to have been established by artificial selection for ornamental purposes during the domestication process. Chinese texts that date to the Song dynasty contain descriptions of goldfish breeding for ornamental purposes, indicating that the practice originated over one thousand years ago. Such a well-documented goldfish breeding process, combined with the phylogenetic and embryological proximities of this species with zebrafish, would appear to make the morphologically diverse goldfish strains suitable models for evolutionary developmental (evodevo) studies. However, few modern evodevo studies of goldfish have been conducted. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical background of goldfish breeding, and the differences between this teleost and zebrafish from an evolutionary perspective. We also summarize recent progress in the field of molecular developmental genetics, with a particular focus on the twin-tail goldfish morphology. Furthermore, we discuss unanswered questions relating to the evolution of the genome, developmental robustness, and morphologies in the goldfish lineage, with the goal of blazing a path toward an evodevo study paradigm using this teleost species as a new model species. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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25
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Secreted Frizzled-related protein 3 (sFRP3)-mediated suppression of interleukin-6 receptor release by A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) is abrogated in the osteoarthritis-associated rare double variant of sFRP3. Biochem J 2015; 468:507-18. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20141231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17) activity and secreted Frizzled-related protein 3 (sFRP3) down-regulation or expression of its rare double variant is associated with arthritis. sFRP3 interacts with interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) and ADAM17 and suppresses ADAM17 activity, whereas the rare variant does not; these findings provide explanation for their opposing pathogenic associations.
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26
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Secreted frizzled related proteins modulate pathfinding and fasciculation of mouse retina ganglion cell axons by direct and indirect mechanisms. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4729-40. [PMID: 25788689 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3304-13.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina ganglion cell (RGC) axons grow along a stereotyped pathway undergoing coordinated rounds of fasciculation and defasciculation, which are critical to establishing proper eye-brain connections. How this coordination is achieved is poorly understood, but shedding of guidance cues by metalloproteinases is emerging as a relevant mechanism. Secreted Frizzled Related Proteins (Sfrps) are multifunctional proteins, which, among others, reorient RGC growth cones by regulating intracellular second messengers, and interact with Tolloid and ADAM metalloproteinases, thereby repressing their activity. Here, we show that the combination of these two functions well explain the axon guidance phenotype observed in Sfrp1 and Sfrp2 single and compound mouse mutant embryos, in which RGC axons make subtle but significant mistakes during their intraretinal growth and inappropriately defasciculate along their pathway. The distribution of Sfrp1 and Sfrp2 in the eye is consistent with the idea that Sfrp1/2 normally constrain axon growth into the fiber layer and the optic disc. Disheveled axon growth instead seems linked to Sfrp-mediated modulation of metalloproteinase activity. Indeed, retinal explants from embryos with different Sfrp-null alleles or explants overexpressing ADAM10 extend axons with a disheveled appearance, which is reverted by the addition of Sfrp1 or an ADAM10-specific inhibitor. This mode of growth is associated with an abnormal proteolytic processing of L1 and N-cadherin, two ADAM10 substrates previously implicated in axon guidance. We thus propose that Sfrps contribute to coordinate visual axon growth with a dual mechanism: by directly signaling at the growth cone and by regulating the processing of other relevant cues.
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27
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Tuazon FB, Mullins MC. Temporally coordinated signals progressively pattern the anteroposterior and dorsoventral body axes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:118-33. [PMID: 26123688 PMCID: PMC4562868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan is established through the precise spatiotemporal coordination of morphogen signaling pathways that pattern the anteroposterior (AP) and dorsoventral (DV) axes. Patterning along the AP axis is directed by posteriorizing signals Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Nodal, and retinoic acid (RA), while patterning along the DV axis is directed by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) ventralizing signals. This review addresses the current understanding of how Wnt, FGF, RA and BMP pattern distinct AP and DV cell fates during early development and how their signaling mechanisms are coordinated to concomitantly pattern AP and DV tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Tuazon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1152 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, United States
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1152 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6058, United States.
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28
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Thisse B, Thisse C. Formation of the vertebrate embryo: Moving beyond the Spemann organizer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 42:94-102. [PMID: 25999320 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
During the course of their classic experiments, Hilde Mangold and Hans Spemann discovered that the dorsal blastopore lip of an amphibian gastrula was able to induce formation of a complete embryonic axis when transplanted into the ventral side of a host gastrula embryo. Since then, the inducing activity of the dorsal lip has been known as the Spemann or dorsal organizer. During the past 25 years, studies performed in a variety of species have led to the identification of molecular factors associated with the properties of this tissue. However, none of them is, by itself, able to induce formation of the main body axis from a population of naive pluripotent embryonic cells. Recently, experiments performed using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) revealed that the organizing activities present in the embryo are not restricted to the Spemann organizer but are distributed along the entire blastula/gastrula margin. These organizing activities result from the interaction between two opposing gradients of morphogens, BMP and Nodal, that are the primary signals that trigger the cascade of developmental events leading to the organization of the embryo. These studies mark the end of the era during which developmental biologists saw the Spemann organizer as the core element for the organization of the vertebrate embryonic axis and, instead, provides opportunities for the experimental control of morphogenesis starting with a population of embryonic pluripotent cells that will be instructed using those two morphogen gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christine Thisse
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases synchronize matrix assembly with growth factor activation to promote morphogenesis and tissue remodeling. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Winstanley J, Sawala A, Baldock C, Ashe HL. Synthetic enzyme-substrate tethering obviates the Tolloid-ECM interaction during Drosophila BMP gradient formation. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25642644 PMCID: PMC4337604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Tolloid family of metalloproteinases liberate BMPs from inhibitory complexes to regulate BMP gradient formation during embryonic dorsal-ventral axis patterning. Here, we determine mechanistically how Tolloid activity is regulated by its non-catalytic CUB domains in the Drosophila embryo. We show that Tolloid, via its N-terminal CUB domains, interacts with Collagen IV, which enhances Tolloid activity towards its substrate Sog, and facilitates Tsg-dependent stimulation of cleavage. In contrast, the two most C-terminal Tld CUB domains mediate Sog interaction to facilitate its processing as, based on our structural data, Tolloid curvature positions bound Sog in proximity to the protease domain. Having ascribed functions to the Tolloid non-catalytic domains, we recapitulate embryonic BMP gradient formation in their absence, by artificially tethering the Tld protease domain to Sog. Our studies highlight how the bipartite function of Tolloid CUB domains, in substrate and ECM interactions, fine-tune protease activity to a particular developmental context. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05508.001 The body of an animal is a highly organised structure of tissues and organs that contain cells with specialised roles. To achieve this level of organisation, it is important that the cells in the embryo know their location and receive the correct instructions on how to develop, when to divide or move. Many animals are roughly symmetrical about an imaginary line that runs from their head to their tail; a developing embryo can provide its cells with information about their position along this head-to-tail axis and the axis that runs from its front to its back. Setting up the front-to-back axis in the embryo involves a family of proteins called the bone morphogenetic proteins (or BMPs). These proteins can bind to other proteins that act as signals to provide instructions to cells. However, many of the BMPs are unable to perform this job because they are trapped by inhibitory molecules that bind to them instead. Enzymes belonging to the Tolloid family can break down these inhibitors to release the BMPs. Together, the inhibitors and Tolloid enzymes create a gradient of BMP activity across the embryo. The side of the embryo with the highest levels of active BMPs sets the position of the back of the body, while the opposite side—which has the lowest levels of active BMPs—becomes the front. However, it is not clear how Tolloid is controlled to create the BMP gradient. Different parts of the Tolloid enzyme have different roles; one portion of the enzyme breaks down the inhibitory molecules, and there are also several so-called ‘non-catalytic domains’. Winstanley et al. used a combination of approaches to study how Tolloid is controlled in fruit fly embryos. The experiments show that two non-catalytic domains at one end of Tolloid help the enzyme to bind to the inhibitory molecules. At the other end of the Tolloid enzyme, another non-catalytic domain can bind to a structural protein called Collagen IV. This enhances the ability of the enzyme to break down the inhibitory molecules and release the BMPs. These findings reveal how Tolloid's non-catalytic domains can fine-tune the activity of this enzyme to create the gradient of BMP activity that is needed to set the front-to-back direction in animal embryos. Future studies will focus on identifying other proteins that bind to the non-catalytic domains of Tolloid in order to further control its activity during development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05508.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Winstanley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Annick Sawala
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clair Baldock
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary L Ashe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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van Heijster P, Hardway H, Kaper TJ, Bradham CA. A computational model for BMP movement in sea urchin embryos. J Theor Biol 2014; 363:277-89. [PMID: 25167787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogen proteins (BMPs) are distributed along a dorsal-ventral (DV) gradient in many developing embryos. The spatial distribution of this signaling ligand is critical for correct DV axis specification. In various species, BMP expression is spatially localized, and BMP gradient formation relies on BMP transport, which in turn requires interactions with the extracellular proteins Short gastrulation/Chordin (Chd) and Twisted gastrulation (Tsg). These binding interactions promote BMP movement and concomitantly inhibit BMP signaling. The protease Tolloid (Tld) cleaves Chd, which releases BMP from the complex and permits it to bind the BMP receptor and signal. In sea urchin embryos, BMP is produced in the ventral ectoderm, but signals in the dorsal ectoderm. The transport of BMP from the ventral ectoderm to the dorsal ectoderm in sea urchin embryos is not understood. Therefore, using information from a series of experiments, we adapt the mathematical model of Mizutani et al. (2005) and embed it as the reaction part of a one-dimensional reaction-diffusion model. We use it to study aspects of this transport process in sea urchin embryos. We demonstrate that the receptor-bound BMP concentration exhibits dorsally centered peaks of the same type as those observed experimentally when the ternary transport complex (Chd-Tsg-BMP) forms relatively quickly and BMP receptor binding is relatively slow. Similarly, dorsally centered peaks are created when the diffusivities of BMP, Chd, and Chd-Tsg are relatively low and that of Chd-Tsg-BMP is relatively high, and the model dynamics also suggest that Tld is a principal regulator of the system. At the end of this paper, we briefly compare the observed dynamics in the sea urchin model to a version that applies to the fly embryo, and we find that the same conditions can account for BMP transport in the two types of embryos only if Tld levels are reduced in sea urchin compared to fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Heijster
- Mathematical Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather Hardway
- Department of Mathematics, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA, USA
| | - Tasso J Kaper
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia A Bradham
- Department of Biology, Program in Bioinformatics, Center for BioDynamics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
The dorsal half of bisected Xenopus laevis embryos can regenerate a well-proportioned organism on a smaller scale. A new study indicates that the removal of ventral tissue generates a steeper Chordin gradient by reducing Sizzled, a secreted inhibitor of Tolloid chordinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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Sfrp1a and Sfrp5 function as positive regulators of Wnt and BMP signaling during early retinal development. Dev Biol 2014; 388:192-204. [PMID: 24457098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Axial patterning of the developing eye is critically important for proper axonal pathfinding as well as for key morphogenetic events, such as closure of the optic fissure. The dorsal retina is initially specified by the actions of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling, with such identity subsequently maintained by the Wnt-β catenin pathway. Using zebrafish as a model system, we demonstrate that Secreted frizzled-related protein 1a (Sfrp1a) and Sfrp5 work cooperatively to pattern the retina along the dorso-ventral axis. Sfrp1a/5 depleted embryos display a reduction in dorsal marker gene expression that is consistent with defects in BMP- and Wnt-dependent dorsal retina identity. In accord with this finding, we observe a marked reduction in transgenic reporters of BMP and Wnt signaling within the dorsal retina of Sfrp1a/5 depleted embryos. In contrast to studies in which canonical Wnt signaling is blocked, we note an increase in BMP ligand expression in Sfrp1a/5 depleted embryos, a phenotype similar to that seen in embryos with inhibited BMP signaling. Overexpression of a low dose of sfrp5 mRNA causes an increase in dorsal retina marker gene expression. We propose a model in which Sfrp proteins function as facilitators of both BMP and Wnt signaling within the dorsal retina.
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Plouhinec JL, Zakin L, Moriyama Y, De Robertis EM. Chordin forms a self-organizing morphogen gradient in the extracellular space between ectoderm and mesoderm in the Xenopus embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20372-9. [PMID: 24284174 PMCID: PMC3870759 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319745110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate body plan follows stereotypical dorsal-ventral (D-V) tissue differentiation controlled by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and secreted BMP antagonists, such as Chordin. The three germ layers--ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm--are affected coordinately by the Chordin-BMP morphogen system. However, extracellular morphogen gradients of endogenous proteins have not been directly visualized in vertebrate embryos to date. In this study, we improved immunolocalization methods in Xenopus embryos and analyzed the distribution of endogenous Chordin using a specific antibody. Chordin protein secreted by the dorsal Spemann organizer was found to diffuse along a narrow region that separates the ectoderm from the anterior endoderm and mesoderm. This Fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix is called "Brachet's cleft" in the Xenopus gastrula and is present in all vertebrate embryos. Chordin protein formed a smooth gradient that encircled the embryo, reaching the ventral-most Brachet cleft. Depletion with morpholino oligos showed that this extracellular gradient was regulated by the Chordin protease Tolloid and its inhibitor Sizzled. The Chordin gradient, as well as the BMP signaling gradient, was self-regulating and, importantly, was able to rescale in dorsal half-embryos. Transplantation of Spemann organizer tissue showed that Chordin diffused over long distances along this signaling highway between the ectoderm and mesoderm. Chordin protein must reach very high concentrations in this narrow region. We suggest that as ectoderm and mesoderm undergo morphogenetic movements during gastrulation, cells in both germ layers read their positional information coordinately from a single morphogen gradient located in Brachet's cleft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Plouhinec
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
| | - Lise Zakin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
| | - Edward M. De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662
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35
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Ben-Zvi D, Fainsod A, Shilo BZ, Barkai N. Scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Xenopus laevis embryo. Bioessays 2013; 36:151-6. [PMID: 24323952 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Scaling of pattern with size has been described and studied for over a century, yet its molecular basis is understood in only a few cases. In a recent, elegant study, Inomata and colleagues proposed a new model explaining how bone morphogenic protein (BMP) activity gradient scales with embryo size in the early Xenopus laevis embryo. We discuss their results in conjunction with an alternative model we proposed previously. The expansion-repression mechanism (ExR) provides a conceptual framework unifying both mechanisms. Results of Inomata and colleagues implicate the chordin-stabilizing protein sizzled as the expander molecule enabling scaling, while we attributed this role to the BMP ligand Admp. The two expanders may work in concert, as suggested by the mathematical model of Inomata et al. We discuss approaches for differentiating the contribution of sizzled and Admp to pattern scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ben-Zvi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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36
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Scaling of dorsal-ventral patterning by embryo size-dependent degradation of Spemann's organizer signals. Cell 2013; 153:1296-311. [PMID: 23746842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Spemann's organizer plays a key role in dorsal-ventral (DV) patterning in the amphibian embryo by secreting diffusible proteins such as Chordin, an antagonist to ventralizing bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). The DV patterning is so robust that an amphibian embryo with its ventral half surgically removed can develop into a smaller but proportionally patterned larva. Here, we show that this robust patterning depends on facilitated Chordin degradation and requires the expression of the Chordin-proteinase inhibitor Sizzled on the opposite side. Sizzled, which is stable and diffuses widely along the DV axis, stabilizes Chordin and expands its distribution in the ventral direction. This expanded Chordin distribution, in turn, limits BMP-dependent Sizzled production, forming an axis-wide feedback loop for shaping Chordin's activity. Using bisection assays, we demonstrate that Chordin degradation is dynamically controlled by embryo-size-coupled Sizzled accumulation. We propose a scaling model that enables the DV pattern to adjust proportionally to embryonic axis size.
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37
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Stuckenholz C, Lu L, Thakur PC, Choi TY, Shin D, Bahary N. Sfrp5 modulates both Wnt and BMP signaling and regulates gastrointestinal organogenesis [corrected] in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62470. [PMID: 23638093 PMCID: PMC3639276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sfrp5 belongs to the family of secreted frizzled related proteins (Sfrp), secreted inhibitors of Wingless-MMTV Integration Site (Wnt) signaling, which play an important role in cancer and development. We selected sfrp5 because of its compelling expression profile in the developing endoderm in zebrafish, Danio rerio. In this study, overexpression of sfrp5 in embryos results in defects in both convergent extension (CE) by inhibition of non-canonical Wnt signaling and defects in dorsoventral patterning by inhibition of Tolloid-mediated proteolysis of the BMP inhibitor Chordin. From 25 hours post fertilization (hpf) to 3 days post fertilization (dpf), both overexpression and knockdown of Sfrp5 decrease the size of the endoderm, significantly reducing liver cell number. At 3 dpf, insulin-positive endodermal cells fail to coalesce into a single pancreatic islet. We show that Sfrp5 inhibits both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling during embryonic and endodermal development, resulting in endodermal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Stuckenholz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lili Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Prakash C. Thakur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tae-Young Choi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nathan Bahary
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kenny AP, Rankin SA, Allbee AW, Prewitt AR, Zhang Z, Tabangin ME, Shifley ET, Louza MP, Zorn AM. Sizzled-tolloid interactions maintain foregut progenitors by regulating fibronectin-dependent BMP signaling. Dev Cell 2012; 23:292-304. [PMID: 22863744 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The liver, pancreas, and lungs are induced from endoderm progenitors by a series of dynamic growth factor signals from the mesoderm, but how the temporal-spatial activity of these signals is controlled is poorly understood. We have identified an extracellular regulatory loop required for robust bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in the Xenopus foregut. We show that BMP signaling is required to maintain foregut progenitors and induce expression of the secreted frizzled related protein Sizzled (Szl) and the extracellular metalloprotease Tolloid-like 1 (Tll1). Szl negatively regulates Tll activity to control deposition of a fibronectin (FN) matrix between the mesoderm and endoderm, which is required to maintain BMP signaling. Foregut-specific Szl depletion results in a loss of the FN matrix and failure to maintain robust pSmad1 levels, causing a loss of foregut gene expression and organ agenesis. These results have implications for BMP signaling in diverse contexts and the differentiation of foregut tissue from stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan P Kenny
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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39
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Bijakowski C, Vadon-Le Goff S, Delolme F, Bourhis JM, Lécorché P, Ruggiero F, Becker-Pauly C, Yiallouros I, Stöcker W, Dive V, Hulmes DJS, Moali C. Sizzled is unique among secreted frizzled-related proteins for its ability to specifically inhibit bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP-1)/tolloid-like proteinases. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:33581-93. [PMID: 22825851 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.380816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP-1/tolloid-like proteinases (BTPs) are major enzymes involved in extracellular matrix assembly and activation of bioactive molecules, both growth factors and anti-angiogenic molecules. Although the control of BTP activity by several enhancing molecules is well established, the possibility that regulation also occurs through endogenous inhibitors is still debated. Secreted frizzled-related proteins (sFRPs) have been studied as possible candidates, with highly contradictory results, after the demonstration that sizzled, a sFRP found in Xenopus and zebrafish, was a potent inhibitor of Xenopus and zebrafish tolloid-like proteases. In this study, we demonstrate that mammalian sFRP-1, -2, and -4 do not modify human BMP-1 activity on several of its known substrates including procollagen I, procollagen III, pN-collagen V, and prolysyl oxidase. In contrast, Xenopus sizzled appears as a tight binding inhibitor of human BMP-1, with a K(i) of 1.5 ± 0.5 nM, and is shown to strongly inhibit other human tolloid isoforms mTLD and mTLL-1. Because sizzled is the most potent inhibitor of human tolloid-like proteinases known to date, we have studied its mechanism of action in detail and shown that the frizzled domain of sizzled is both necessary and sufficient for inhibitory activity and that it acts directly on the catalytic domain of BMP-1. Residues in sizzled required for inhibition include Asp-92, which is shared by sFRP-1 and -2, and also Phe-94, Ser-43, and Glu-44, which are specific to sizzled, thereby providing a rational basis for the absence of inhibitory activity of human sFRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bijakowski
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, CNRS/Université de Lyon FRE3310/FR3302, 69367 Lyon cedex 7, France
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40
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Asharani PV, Keupp K, Semler O, Wang W, Li Y, Thiele H, Yigit G, Pohl E, Becker J, Frommolt P, Sonntag C, Altmüller J, Zimmermann K, Greenspan DS, Akarsu NA, Netzer C, Schönau E, Wirth R, Hammerschmidt M, Nürnberg P, Wollnik B, Carney TJ. Attenuated BMP1 function compromises osteogenesis, leading to bone fragility in humans and zebrafish. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:661-74. [PMID: 22482805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) is an astacin metalloprotease with important cellular functions and diverse substrates, including extracellular-matrix proteins and antagonists of some TGFβ superfamily members. Combining whole-exome sequencing and filtering for homozygous stretches of identified variants, we found a homozygous causative BMP1 mutation, c.34G>C, in a consanguineous family affected by increased bone mineral density and multiple recurrent fractures. The mutation is located within the BMP1 signal peptide and leads to impaired secretion and an alteration in posttranslational modification. We also characterize a zebrafish bone mutant harboring lesions in bmp1a, demonstrating conservation of BMP1 function in osteogenesis across species. Genetic, biochemical, and histological analyses of this mutant and a comparison to a second, similar locus reveal that Bmp1a is critically required for mature-collagen generation, downstream of osteoblast maturation, in bone. We thus define the molecular and cellular bases of BMP1-dependent osteogenesis and show the importance of this protein for bone formation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Asharani
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
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Shi J, Zhang H, Dowell RD, Klymkowsky MW. sizzled function and secreted factor network dynamics. Biol Open 2012; 1:286-94. [PMID: 23213419 PMCID: PMC3507283 DOI: 10.1242/bio.2012019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the role of the E-box binding transcription factor Snail2 (Slug) in the induction of neural crest by mesoderm (Shi et al., 2011) revealed an unexpected increase in the level of sizzled RNA in the dorsolateral mesodermal zone (DMLZ) of morphant Xenopus embryos. sizzled encodes a secreted protein with both Wnt and BMP inhibitor activities. Morpholino-mediated down-regulation of sizzled expression in one cell of two cell embryos or the C2/C3 blastomeres of 32-cell embryos, which give rise to the DLMZ, revealed decreased expression of the mesodermal marker brachyury and subsequent defects in neural crest induction, pronephros formation, and muscle patterning. Loss of sizzled expression led to decreases in RNAs encoding the secreted Wnt inhibitor SFRP2 and the secreted BMP inhibitor Noggin; the sizzled morphant phenotype could be rescued by co-injection of RNAs encoding Noggin and either SFRP2 or Dickkopf (a mechanistically distinct Wnt inhibitor). Together, these observations reveal that sizzled, in addition to its established role in dorsal-ventral patterning, is also part of a dynamic BMP and Wnt signaling network involved in both mesodermal patterning and neural crest induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Shi
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309-0347 , USA
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42
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β-catenin signaling: a novel mediator of fibrosis and potential therapeutic target. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012. [PMID: 21885974 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a critical role in development and adult tissue homeostasis. Recent investigations implicate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in abnormal wound repair and fibrogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent key studies that support a role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of patients with fibrotic diseases have demonstrated changes in components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In animal models, perturbations in Wnt/β-catenin signaling appear to aggravate or ameliorate markers of injury and fibrosis in a variety of different tissues. Studies also suggest that fibroblasts from different tissue sources may have markedly divergent responses to Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and transforming growth factor-β pathways is complex and context-dependent, and may promote fibrogenesis through coregulation of fibrogenic gene targets. High throughput screening has identified several novel chemical inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that may be of therapeutic potential. SUMMARY Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears important in normal wound healing and its sustained activation is associated with fibrogenesis. The mechanism by which Wnt/β-catenin signaling may modify the response to injury is cell-type and context-dependent. Better understanding of this signaling pathway may provide a promising new therapeutic approach for human fibrotic diseases.
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43
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β-catenin signaling: a novel mediator of fibrosis and potential therapeutic target. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2012; 23:562-7. [PMID: 21885974 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32834b3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays a critical role in development and adult tissue homeostasis. Recent investigations implicate Wnt/β-catenin signaling in abnormal wound repair and fibrogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent key studies that support a role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in fibrosis. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of patients with fibrotic diseases have demonstrated changes in components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In animal models, perturbations in Wnt/β-catenin signaling appear to aggravate or ameliorate markers of injury and fibrosis in a variety of different tissues. Studies also suggest that fibroblasts from different tissue sources may have markedly divergent responses to Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Cross-talk between Wnt/β-catenin and transforming growth factor-β pathways is complex and context-dependent, and may promote fibrogenesis through coregulation of fibrogenic gene targets. High throughput screening has identified several novel chemical inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling that may be of therapeutic potential. SUMMARY Wnt/β-catenin signaling appears important in normal wound healing and its sustained activation is associated with fibrogenesis. The mechanism by which Wnt/β-catenin signaling may modify the response to injury is cell-type and context-dependent. Better understanding of this signaling pathway may provide a promising new therapeutic approach for human fibrotic diseases.
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Esteve P, Sandonìs A, Ibañez C, Shimono A, Guerrero I, Bovolenta P. Secreted frizzled-related proteins are required for Wnt/β-catenin signalling activation in the vertebrate optic cup. Development 2011; 138:4179-84. [PMID: 21896628 DOI: 10.1242/dev.065839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted frizzled-related proteins (Sfrps) are considered Wnt signalling antagonists but recent studies have shown that specific family members enhance Wnt diffusion and thus positively modulate Wnt signalling. Whether this is a general and physiological property of all Sfrps remains unexplored. It is equally unclear whether disruption of Sfrp expression interferes with developmental events mediated by Wnt signalling activation. Here, we have addressed these questions by investigating the functional consequences of Sfrp disruption in the canonical Wnt signalling-dependent specification of the mouse optic cup periphery. We show that compound genetic inactivation of Sfrp1 and Sfrp2 prevents Wnt/β-catenin signalling activation in this structure, which fails to be specified and acquires neural retina characteristics. Consistent with a positive role of Sfrps in signalling activation, Wnt spreading is impaired in the retina of Sfrp1(-/-);Sfrp2(-/-) mice. Conversely, forced expression of Sfrp1 in the wing imaginal disc of Drosophila, the only species in which the endogenous Wnt distribution can be detected, flattens the Wg gradient, suppresses the expression of high-Wg target genes but expands those typically activated by low Wg concentrations. Collectively, these data demonstrate that, in vivo, the levels of Wnt signalling activation strongly depend on the tissue distribution of Sfrps, which should be viewed as multifunctional regulators of Wnt signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Esteve
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Mii Y, Taira M. Secreted Wnt "inhibitors" are not just inhibitors: regulation of extracellular Wnt by secreted Frizzled-related proteins. Dev Growth Differ 2011; 53:911-23. [PMID: 21995331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01299.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gradient formation and signaling ranges of secreted proteins are crucial problems to understand how morphogens work for positional information and patterning in animal development. Yet, extracellular behaviors of secreted signaling molecules remain unexplored compared to their downstream pathways inside the cell. Recent advances in bioimaging make it possible to directly visualize morphogen molecules, and this simple strategy has, at least partly, succeeded in uncovering molecular behaviors of morphogens, such as Wnt (wingless-type MMTV integration site family member) and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) as well as secreted Wnt binding proteins, sFRPs (secreted Frizzled-related proteins), in embryonic tissues. Here, we review the regulation of Wnt signaling by sFRPs, focusing on extracellular regulation of Wnt ligands in comparison with other morphogens. We also discuss evolutionary aspects with comprehensive syntenic and phylogenetic information about vertebrate sfrp genes. We newly annotated several sfrp genes including sfrp2-like 1 (sfrp2l1) in frogs and fishes and crescent in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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Plouhinec JL, Zakin L, De Robertis EM. Systems control of BMP morphogen flow in vertebrate embryos. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011; 21:696-703. [PMID: 21937218 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic morphogenetic programs coordinate cell behavior to ensure robust pattern formation. Having identified components of those programs by molecular genetics, developmental biology is now borrowing concepts and tools from systems biology to decode their regulatory logic. Dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning of the frog gastrula by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) is one of the best studied examples of a self-regulating embryonic patterning system. Embryological analyses and mathematical modeling are revealing that the BMP activity gradient is maintained by a directed flow of BMP ligands towards the ventral side. Pattern robustness is ensured through feedback control of the levels of extracellular BMP pathway modulators that adjust the flow to the dimensions of the embryonic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Louis Plouhinec
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
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SFRPs act as negative modulators of ADAM10 to regulate retinal neurogenesis. Nat Neurosci 2011; 14:562-9. [PMID: 21478884 DOI: 10.1038/nn.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that retinal neurogenesis in mouse embryos requires the activation of Notch signaling, but is independent of the Wnt signaling pathway. We found that genetic inactivation of Sfrp1 and Sfrp2, two postulated Wnt antagonists, perturbs retinal neurogenesis. In retinas from Sfrp1(-/-); Sfrp2(-/-) embryos, Notch signaling was transiently upregulated because Sfrps bind ADAM10 metalloprotease and downregulate its activity, an important step in Notch activation. The proteolysis of other ADAM10 substrates, including APP, was consistently altered in Sfrp mutants, whereas pharmacological inhibition of ADAM10 partially rescued the Sfrp1(-/-); Sfrp2(-/-) retinal phenotype. Conversely, ectopic Sfrp1 expression in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc prevented the expression of Notch targets, and this was restored by the coexpression of Kuzbanian, the Drosophila ADAM10 homolog. Together, these data indicate that Sfrps inhibit the ADAM10 metalloprotease, which might have important implications in pathological events, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
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Dorsal-ventral patterning: Crescent is a dorsally secreted Frizzled-related protein that competitively inhibits Tolloid proteases. Dev Biol 2011; 352:317-28. [PMID: 21295563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Xenopus, dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning can self-regulate after embryo bisection. This is mediated by an extracellular network of proteins secreted by the dorsal and ventral centers of the gastrula. Different proteins of similar activity can be secreted at these two poles, but under opposite transcriptional control. Here we show that Crescent, a dorsal protein, can compensate for the loss of Sizzled, a ventral protein. Crescent is a secreted Frizzled-Related Protein (sFRP) known to regulate Wnt8 and Wnt11 activity. We now find that Crescent also regulates the BMP pathway. Crescent expression was increased by the BMP antagonist Chordin and repressed by BMP4, while the opposite was true for Sizzled. Crescent knock-down increased the expression of BMP target genes, and synergized with Sizzled morpholinos. Thus, Crescent loss-of-function is compensated by increased expression of its ventral counterpart Sizzled. Crescent overexpression dorsalized whole embryos but not ventral half-embryos, indicating that Crescent requires a dorsal component to exert its anti-BMP activity. Crescent protein lost its dorsalizing activity in Chordin-depleted embryos. When co-injected, Crescent and Chordin proteins greatly synergized in the dorsalization of Xenopus embryos. The molecular mechanism of these phenotypes is explained by the ability of Crescent to inhibit Tolloid metalloproteinases, which normally degrade Chordin. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that Crescent was a competitive inhibitor of Tolloid activity, which bound to Tolloid/BMP1 with a K(D) of 11 nM. In sum, Crescent is a new component of the D-V pathway, which functions as the dorsal counterpart of Sizzled, through the regulation of chordinases of the Tolloid family.
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Alfaro MP, Saraswati S, Young PP. Molecular mediators of mesenchymal stem cell biology. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 87:39-59. [PMID: 22127236 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386015-6.00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages making them an appropriate candidate for stem cell therapy. In spite of achieving considerable success in preclinical models, limited success has been achieved in clinical settings with MSCs. A major impediment that is faced is low survival of MSCs in injured tissues following implantation. In order to enhance the reparative properties of MSCs, it is vital to understand the molecular signals that regulate MSC survival and self-renewal. This review assimilates information that characterizes MSCs and mentions their utilization in myocardial infarction therapy. Additionally, our attempt herein is to gather pertinent published information regarding the role of canonical Wnt and BMP signaling in regulating the potential of MSCs to self-renew, proliferate, differentiate, and survive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Alfaro
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Exogenously administered secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) reduces fibrosis and improves cardiac function in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:21110-5. [PMID: 21078975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1004708107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted frizzled related protein 2 (Sfrp2) is known as an inhibitor for the Wnt signaling. In recent studies, Sfrp2 has been reported to inhibit the activity of Xenopus homolog of mammalian Tolloid-like 1 metalloproteinase. Bone morphogenic protein 1 (Bmp1)/Tolloid-like metalloproteinase plays a key role in the regulation of collagen biosynthesis and maturation after tissue injury. Here, we showed both endogenous Sfrp2 and Bmp1 protein expressions were up-regulated in rat heart after myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesize that Sfrp2 could inhibit mammalian Bmp1 activity and, hence, the exogenous administration of Sfrp2 after MI would inhibit the deposition of mature collagen and improve heart function. Using recombinant proteins, we demonstrated that Sfrp2, but not Sfrp1 or Sfrp3, inhibited Bmp1 activity in vitro as measured by a fluorogenic peptide based procollagen C-proteinase activity assay. We also demonstrated that Sfrp2 at high concentration inhibited human and rat type I procollagen processing by Bmp1 in vitro. We further showed that exogenously added Sfrp2 inhibited type I procollagen maturation in primary cardiac fibroblasts. Two days after direct injection into the rat infarcted myocardium, Sfrp2 inhibited MI-induced type I collagen deposition. As early as 2 wk after injection, Sfrp2 significantly reduced left ventricular (LV) fibrosis as shown by trichrome staining. Four weeks after injection, Sfrp2 prevented the anterior wall thinning and significantly improved cardiac function as revealed by histological analysis and echocardiographic measurement. Our study demonstrates Sfrp2 at therapeutic doses can inhibit fibrosis and improve LV function at a later stage after MI.
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