1
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Nanes BA, Bhatt K, Azarova E, Rajendran D, Munawar S, Isogai T, Dean KM, Danuser G. Shifts in keratin isoform expression activate motility signals during wound healing. Dev Cell 2024:S1534-5807(24)00389-7. [PMID: 39002537 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Keratin intermediate filaments confer structural stability to epithelial tissues, but the reason this simple mechanical function requires a protein family with 54 isoforms is not understood. During skin wound healing, a shift in keratin isoform expression alters the composition of keratin filaments. If and how this change modulates cellular functions that support epidermal remodeling remains unclear. We report an unexpected effect of keratin isoform variation on kinase signal transduction. Increased expression of wound-associated keratin 6A, but not of steady-state keratin 5, potentiated keratinocyte migration and wound closure without compromising mechanical stability by activating myosin motors to increase contractile force generation. These results substantially expand the functional repertoire of intermediate filaments from their canonical role as mechanical scaffolds to include roles as isoform-tuned signaling scaffolds that organize signal transduction cascades in space and time to influence epithelial cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Nanes
- Department of Dermatology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Kushal Bhatt
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Evgenia Azarova
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Divya Rajendran
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabahat Munawar
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Tadamoto Isogai
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kevin M Dean
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics and Cecil H and Ida Green Center for Systems Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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2
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Hostallero DE, Wei L, Wang L, Cairns J, Emad A. Preclinical-to-clinical Anti-cancer Drug Response Prediction and Biomarker Identification Using TINDL. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2023; 21:535-550. [PMID: 36775056 PMCID: PMC10787192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of the response of cancer patients to different treatments and identification of biomarkers of drug response are two major goals of individualized medicine. Here, we developed a deep learning framework called TINDL, completely trained on preclinical cancer cell lines (CCLs), to predict the response of cancer patients to different treatments. TINDL utilizes a tissue-informed normalization to account for the tissue type and cancer type of the tumors and to reduce the statistical discrepancies between CCLs and patient tumors. Moreover, by making the deep learning black box interpretable, this model identifies a small set of genes whose expression levels are predictive of drug response in the trained model, enabling identification of biomarkers of drug response. Using data from two large databases of CCLs and cancer tumors, we showed that this model can distinguish between sensitive and resistant tumors for 10 (out of 14) drugs, outperforming various other machine learning models. In addition, our small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown experiments on 10 genes identified by this model for one of the drugs (tamoxifen) confirmed that tamoxifen sensitivity is substantially influenced by all of these genes in MCF7 cells, and seven of these genes in T47D cells. Furthermore, genes implicated for multiple drugs pointed to shared mechanism of action among drugs and suggested several important signaling pathways. In summary, this study provides a powerful deep learning framework for prediction of drug response and identification of biomarkers of drug response in cancer. The code can be accessed at https://github.com/ddhostallero/tindl.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Earl Hostallero
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A, Canada; Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC H2S, Canada
| | - Lixuan Wei
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Junmei Cairns
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Amin Emad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A, Canada; Mila - Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, QC H2S, Canada; The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A, Canada.
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3
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Wang L, Paudel BB, McKnight RA, Janes KA. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of active HER2 causes fractional escape from the DCIS-like state. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2110. [PMID: 37055441 PMCID: PMC10102026 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37914-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of HER2/ErbB2 coincides with escape from ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) premalignancy and disrupts 3D organization of cultured breast-epithelial spheroids. The 3D phenotype is infrequent, however, and mechanisms for its incomplete penetrance have been elusive. Using inducible HER2/ErbB2-EGFR/ErbB1 heterodimers, we match phenotype penetrance to the frequency of co-occurring transcriptomic changes and uncover a reconfiguration in the karyopherin network regulating ErbB nucleocytoplasmic transport. Induction of the exportin CSE1L inhibits nuclear accumulation of ErbBs, whereas nuclear ErbBs silence the importin KPNA1 by inducing miR-205. When these negative feedbacks are incorporated into a validated systems model of nucleocytoplasmic transport, steady-state localization of ErbB cargo becomes ultrasensitive to initial CSE1L abundance. Erbb2-driven carcinomas with Cse1l deficiency outgrow less irregularly from mammary ducts, and NLS-attenuating mutants or variants of HER2 favor escape in 3D culture. We conclude here that adaptive nucleocytoplasmic relocalization of HER2 creates a systems-level molecular switch at the premalignant-to-malignant transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - B Bishal Paudel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Anthony McKnight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Olympus Veran Technologies, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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4
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Gopalan V, Hannenhalli S. Towards a Synthesis of the Non-Genetic and Genetic Views of Cancer in Understanding Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Initiation and Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15072159. [PMID: 37046820 PMCID: PMC10093726 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15072159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
While much of the research in oncogenesis and cancer therapy has focused on mutations in key cancer driver genes, more recent work suggests a complementary non-genetic paradigm. This paradigm focuses on how transcriptional and phenotypic heterogeneity, even in clonally derived cells, can create sub-populations associated with oncogenesis, metastasis, and therapy resistance. We discuss this complementary paradigm in the context of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A better understanding of cellular transcriptional heterogeneity and its association with oncogenesis can lead to more effective therapies that prevent tumor initiation and slow progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishaka Gopalan
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sridhar Hannenhalli
- Cancer Data Science Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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5
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Ram A, Albeck JG. ERK signaling dynamics: Lights, camera, transduction. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2151-2152. [PMID: 36167056 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional mammary epithelial acini are a model for understanding how microenvironment-driven signaling coordinates cell behavior and tissue morphogenesis. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Ender et al. use live-cell imaging to capture dynamic spatiotemporal patterns of ERK activity that instruct cell migration and survival fates in developing acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhineet Ram
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John G Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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6
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Hsu YJ, Yin YJ, Tsai KF, Jian CC, Liang ZW, Hsu CY, Wang CC. TGFBR3 supports anoikis through suppressing ATF4 signaling. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276173. [PMID: 35912788 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial morphogenesis and oncogenic transformation can cause loss of cell adhesion, and detached cells are eliminated by anoikis. Here, we reveal that transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3) acts as an anoikis mediator through the coordination of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In breast cancer, TGFBR3 is progressively lost, but elevated TGFBR3 is associated with a histologic subtype characterized by cellular adhesion defects. Dissecting the impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) deprivation, we demonstrate that ECM loss promotes TGFBR3 expression, which in turn differentiates cell aggregates to a prosurvival phenotype and drives the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. We demonstrate that inhibition of TGFBR3 impairs epithelial anoikis by activating ATF4 signaling. These preclinical findings provide a rationale for therapeutic inhibition of ATF4 in the subgroup of breast cancer patients with low TGFBR3 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jhen Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jia Yin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Cian-Chun Jian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Wen Liang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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7
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Goldmann O, Sauerwein T, Molinari G, Rohde M, Förstner KU, Medina E. Cytosolic Sensing of Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus by Mast Cells Elicits a Type I IFN Response That Enhances Cell-Autonomous Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1675-1685. [PMID: 35321877 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Strategically located at mucosal sites, mast cells are instrumental in sensing invading pathogens and modulating the quality of the ensuing immune responses depending on the nature of the infecting microbe. It is believed that mast cells produce type I IFN (IFN-I) in response to viruses, but not to bacterial infections, because of the incapacity of bacterial pathogens to internalize within mast cells, where signaling cascades leading to IFN-I production are generated. However, we have previously reported that, in contrast with other bacterial pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus can internalize into mast cells and therefore could trigger a unique response. In this study, we have investigated the molecular cross-talk between internalized S. aureus and the human mast cells HMC-1 using a dual RNA sequencing approach. We found that a proportion of internalized S. aureus underwent profound transcriptional reprogramming within HMC-1 cells to adapt to the nutrients and stress encountered in the intracellular environment and remained viable. HMC-1 cells, in turn, recognized intracellular S. aureus via cGMP-AMP synthase-STING-TANK-binding kinase 1 signaling pathway, leading to the production of IFN-I. Bacterial internalization and viability were crucial for IFN-I induction because inhibition of S. aureus internalization or infection with heat-killed bacteria completely prevented the production of IFN-I by HMC-1 cells. Feeding back in an autocrine manner in S. aureus-harboring HMC-1 cells and in a paracrine manner in noninfected neighboring HMC-1 cells, IFN-I promoted a cell-autonomous antimicrobial state by inducing the transcription of IFN-I-stimulated genes. This study provides unprecedented evidence of the capacity of mast cells to produce IFN-I in response to a bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Till Sauerwein
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED-Information Centre for Life Science, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriella Molinari
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany; and
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- ZB MED-Information Centre for Life Science, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- TH Köln, University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Information Science and Communication Studies, 50678 Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
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8
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Yi YW, You KS, Park JS, Lee SG, Seong YS. Ribosomal Protein S6: A Potential Therapeutic Target against Cancer? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010048. [PMID: 35008473 PMCID: PMC8744729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) is a component of the 40S small ribosomal subunit and participates in the control of mRNA translation. Additionally, phospho (p)-RPS6 has been recognized as a surrogate marker for the activated PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 pathway, which occurs in many cancer types. However, downstream mechanisms regulated by RPS6 or p-RPS remains elusive, and the therapeutic implication of RPS6 is underappreciated despite an approximately half a century history of research on this protein. In addition, substantial evidence from RPS6 knockdown experiments suggests the potential role of RPS6 in maintaining cancer cell proliferation. This motivates us to investigate the current knowledge of RPS6 functions in cancer. In this review article, we reviewed the current information about the transcriptional regulation, upstream regulators, and extra-ribosomal roles of RPS6, with a focus on its involvement in cancer. We also discussed the therapeutic potential of RPS6 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Weon Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Kyu Sic You
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
| | - Jeong-Soo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-G.L.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-961-2355 (S.-G.L.); +82-41-550-3875 (Y.-S.S.); Fax: +82-2-961-9623 (S.-G.L.)
| | - Yeon-Sun Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea; (Y.W.Y.); (K.S.Y.); (J.-S.P.)
- Graduate School of Convergence Medical Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-G.L.); (Y.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-961-2355 (S.-G.L.); +82-41-550-3875 (Y.-S.S.); Fax: +82-2-961-9623 (S.-G.L.)
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9
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Wang CC. Metabolic Stress Adaptations Underlie Mammary Gland Morphogenesis and Breast Cancer Progression. Cells 2021; 10:2641. [PMID: 34685621 PMCID: PMC8534177 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers display dynamic reprogrammed metabolic activities as cancers develop from premalignant lesions to primary tumors, and then metastasize. Numerous advances focus on how tumors develop pro-proliferative metabolic signaling that differs them from adjacent, non-transformed epithelial tissues. This leads to targetable oncogene-driven liabilities among breast cancer subtypes. Other advances demonstrate how microenvironments trigger stress-response at single-cell resolution. Microenvironmental heterogeneities give rise to cell regulatory states in cancer cell spheroids in three-dimensional cultures and at stratified terminal end buds during mammary gland morphogenesis, where stress and survival signaling juxtapose. The cell-state specificity in stress signaling networks recapture metabolic evolution during cancer progression. Understanding lineage-specific metabolic phenotypes in experimental models is useful for gaining a deeper understanding of subtype-selective breast cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan; ; Tel.: +886-3-516-2589
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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10
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Azambuja AP, Simoes-Costa M. The connectome of neural crest enhancers reveals regulatory features of signaling systems. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1268-1282.e6. [PMID: 33852891 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate commitment is controlled by cis-regulatory elements often located in remote regions of the genome. To examine the role of long-range DNA interactions in early development, we generated a high-resolution contact map of active enhancers in avian neural crest cells. This analysis uncovered a diverse repertoire of enhancers that are part of the gene regulatory network underlying specification. We found that neural crest identity is largely regulated by cis-regulatory elements that propagate signaling inputs to network components. These genomic sensors display a combination of optimal and suboptimal TCF/LEF-binding sites, which allow cells to respond to Wnt signaling in a position-dependent manner. We propose that, rather than acting as upstream activators, signaling systems feed into regulatory circuits in a hub-and-spoke architecture. These results shed light on the tridimensional organization of the neural crest genome and define how signaling systems provide progenitors with spatial cues that transform their molecular identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Azambuja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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11
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Post-transcriptional tuning of FGF signaling mediates neural crest induction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33305-33316. [PMID: 33376218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009997117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectodermal patterning is required for the establishment of multiple components of the vertebrate body plan. Previous studies have demonstrated that precise combinations of extracellular signals induce distinct ectodermal cell populations, such as the neural crest and the neural plate. Yet, we still lack understanding of how the response to inductive signals is modulated to generate the proper transcriptional output in target cells. Here we show that posttranscriptional attenuation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for the establishment of the neural crest territory. We found that neural crest progenitors display elevated expression of DICER, which promotes enhanced maturation of a set of cell-type-specific miRNAs. These miRNAs collectively target components of the FGF signaling pathway, a central player in the process of neural induction in amniotes. Inactivation of this posttranscriptional circuit results in a fate switch, in which neural crest cells are converted into progenitors of the central nervous system. Thus, the posttranscriptional attenuation of signaling systems is a prerequisite for proper segregation of ectodermal cell types. These findings demonstrate how posttranscriptional repression may alter the activity of signaling systems to generate distinct spatial domains of progenitor cells.
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12
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Rosenbloom AB, Tarczyński M, Lam N, Kane RS, Bugaj LJ, Schaffer DV. β-Catenin signaling dynamics regulate cell fate in differentiating neural stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28828-28837. [PMID: 33139571 PMCID: PMC7682555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008509117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells undergo differentiation in complex and dynamic environments wherein instructive signals fluctuate on various timescales. Thus, cells must be equipped to properly respond to the timing of signals, for example, to distinguish sustained signaling from transient noise. However, how stem cells respond to dynamic variations in differentiation cues is not well characterized. Here, we use optogenetic activation of β-catenin signaling to probe the dynamic responses of differentiating adult neural stem cells (NSCs). We discover that, while elevated, sustained β-catenin activation sequentially promotes proliferation and differentiation, transient β-catenin induces apoptosis. Genetic perturbations revealed that the neurogenic/apoptotic fate switch was mediated through cell-cycle regulation by Growth Arrest and DNA Damage 45 gamma (Gadd45γ). Our results thus reveal a role for β-catenin dynamics in NSC fate decisions and may suggest a role for signal timing to minimize cell-fate errors, analogous to kinetic proofreading of stem-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Tarczyński
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Nora Lam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ravi S Kane
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332;
| | - Lukasz J Bugaj
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David V Schaffer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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13
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Davies AE, Pargett M, Siebert S, Gillies TE, Choi Y, Tobin SJ, Ram AR, Murthy V, Juliano C, Quon G, Bissell MJ, Albeck JG. Systems-Level Properties of EGFR-RAS-ERK Signaling Amplify Local Signals to Generate Dynamic Gene Expression Heterogeneity. Cell Syst 2020; 11:161-175.e5. [PMID: 32726596 PMCID: PMC7856305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is associated with aggressive tumor behavior, therapy resistance, and poor patient outcomes. Such heterogeneity is thought to be dynamic, shifting over periods of minutes to hours in response to signaling inputs from the tumor microenvironment. However, models of this process have been inferred from indirect or post-hoc measurements of cell state, leaving the temporal details of signaling-driven heterogeneity undefined. Here, we developed a live-cell model system in which microenvironment-driven signaling dynamics can be directly observed and linked to variation in gene expression. Our analysis reveals that paracrine signaling between two cell types is sufficient to drive continual diversification of gene expression programs. This diversification emerges from systems-level properties of the EGFR-RAS-ERK signaling cascade, including intracellular amplification of amphiregulin-mediated paracrine signals and differential kinetic filtering by target genes including Fra-1, c-Myc, and Egr1. Our data enable more precise modeling of paracrine-driven transcriptional variation as a generator of gene expression heterogeneity. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the Supplemental Information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Davies
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Michael Pargett
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Taryn E Gillies
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yongin Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Savannah J Tobin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Abhineet R Ram
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vaibhav Murthy
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Celina Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gerald Quon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mina J Bissell
- Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John G Albeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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14
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Bhattacharya D, Azambuja AP, Simoes-Costa M. Metabolic Reprogramming Promotes Neural Crest Migration via Yap/Tead Signaling. Dev Cell 2020; 53:199-211.e6. [PMID: 32243782 PMCID: PMC7236757 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Warburg effect is one of the metabolic hallmarks of cancer cells, characterized by enhanced glycolysis even under aerobic conditions. This physiological adaptation is associated with metastasis , but we still have a superficial understanding of how it affects cellular processes during embryonic development. Here we report that the neural crest, a migratory stem cell population in vertebrate embryos, undergoes an extensive metabolic remodeling to engage in aerobic glycolysis prior to delamination. This increase in glycolytic flux promotes Yap/Tead signaling, which activates the expression of a set of transcription factors to drive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our results demonstrate how shifts in carbon metabolism can trigger the gene regulatory circuits that control complex cell behaviors. These findings support the hypothesis that the Warburg effect is a precisely regulated developmental mechanism that is anomalously reactivated during tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Azambuja
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Marcos Simoes-Costa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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15
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Pereira EJ, Burns JS, Lee CY, Marohl T, Calderon D, Wang L, Atkins KA, Wang CC, Janes KA. Sporadic activation of an oxidative stress-dependent NRF2-p53 signaling network in breast epithelial spheroids and premalignancies. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/627/eaba4200. [PMID: 32291314 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aba4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast and mammary epithelial cells experience different local environments during tissue development and tumorigenesis. Microenvironmental heterogeneity gives rise to distinct cell regulatory states whose identity and importance are just beginning to be appreciated. Cellular states diversify when clonal three-dimensional (3D) spheroids are cultured in basement membrane, and one such state is associated with stress tolerance and poor response to anticancer therapeutics. Here, we found that this state was jointly coordinated by the NRF2 and p53 pathways, which were costabilized by spontaneous oxidative stress within 3D cultures. Inhibition of NRF2 or p53 individually disrupted some of the transcripts defining the regulatory state but did not yield a notable phenotype in nontransformed breast epithelial cells. In contrast, combined perturbation prevented 3D growth in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. By integrating systems models of NRF2 and p53 signaling in a single oxidative stress network, we recapitulated these observations and made predictions about oxidative stress profiles during 3D growth. NRF2 and p53 signaling were similarly coordinated in normal breast epithelial tissue and hormone-negative ductal carcinoma in situ lesions but were uncoupled in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype in which p53 is usually mutated. Using the integrated model, we correlated the extent of this uncoupling in TNBC cell lines with the importance of NRF2 in the 3D growth of these cell lines and their predicted handling of oxidative stress. Our results point to an oxidative stress tolerance network that is important for single cells during glandular development and the early stages of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Joseph S Burns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christina Y Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Taylor Marohl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Delia Calderon
- Biology and Chemistry Programs, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristen A Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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16
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Przanowska RK, Sobierajska E, Su Z, Jensen K, Przanowski P, Nagdas S, Kashatus JA, Kashatus DF, Bhatnagar S, Lukens JR, Dutta A. miR-206 family is important for mitochondrial and muscle function, but not essential for myogenesis in vitro. FASEB J 2020; 34:7687-7702. [PMID: 32277852 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902855rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
miR-206, miR-1a-1, and miR-1a-2 are induced during differentiation of skeletal myoblasts and promote myogenesis in vitro. miR-206 is required for skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo. Although this miRNA family is hypothesized to play an essential role in differentiation, a triple knock-out (tKO) of the three genes has not been done to test this hypothesis. We report that tKO C2C12 myoblasts generated using CRISPR/Cas9 method differentiate despite the expected derepression of the miRNA targets. Surprisingly, their mitochondrial function is diminished. tKO mice demonstrate partial embryonic lethality, most likely due to the role of miR-1a in cardiac muscle differentiation. Two tKO mice survive and grow normally to adulthood with smaller myofiber diameter, diminished physical performance, and an increase in PAX7 positive satellite cells. Thus, unlike other miRNAs important in other differentiation pathways, the miR-206 family is not absolutely essential for myogenesis and is instead a modulator of optimal differentiation of skeletal myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza K Przanowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ewelina Sobierajska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Zhangli Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kate Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Piotr Przanowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarbajeet Nagdas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sanchita Bhatnagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John R Lukens
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anindya Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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17
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Tai F, Gong K, Song K, He Y, Shi J. Enhanced JunD/RSK3 signalling due to loss of BRD4/FOXD3/miR-548d-3p axis determines BET inhibition resistance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:258. [PMID: 31937753 PMCID: PMC6959298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BET bromodomain inhibitors (BETi), such as JQ1, have been demonstrated to effectively kill multiple types of cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms for BETi resistance remain largely unknown. Our evidences show that JQ1 treatment evicts BRD4 from the FOXD3-localized MIR548D1 gene promoter, leading to repression of miR-548d-3p. The loss of miRNA restores JunD expression and subsequent JunD-dependent transcription of RPS6KA2 gene. ERK1/2/5 kinases phosphorylate RSK3 (RPS6KA2), resulting in the enrichment of activated RSK3 and blockade of JQ1 killing effect. Dual inhibition of MEKs/ERKs or single EGFR inhibition are able to mimic the effect of JunD/RSK3-knockdown to reverse BETi resistance. Collectively, our study indicates that loss of BRD4/FOXD3/miR-548d-3p axis enhances JunD/RSK3 signalling and determines BET inhibition resistance, which can be reversed by targeting EGFR-MEK1/2/5-ERK1/2/5 signalling. The clinical use of BET inhibitors (BETi) is limited by primary and acquired resistance. Here, the authors report that BETi resistance is determined by JunD/RSK3 signalling activation induced by the loss of BRD4/Foxd3/miR-548d-3p, which can be reverted by targeting the EGFR-MEK-ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tai
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Kunxiang Gong
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanling He
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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18
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Yoshida GJ. Applications of patient-derived tumor xenograft models and tumor organoids. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:4. [PMID: 31910904 PMCID: PMC6947974 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDXs), in which tumor fragments surgically dissected from cancer patients are directly transplanted into immunodeficient mice, have emerged as a useful model for translational research aimed at facilitating precision medicine. PDX susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs is closely correlated with clinical data in patients, from whom PDX models have been derived. Accumulating evidence suggests that PDX models are highly effective in predicting the efficacy of both conventional and novel anti-cancer therapeutics. This also allows “co-clinical trials,” in which pre-clinical investigations in vivo and clinical trials could be performed in parallel or sequentially to assess drug efficacy in patients and PDXs. However, tumor heterogeneity present in PDX models and in the original tumor samples constitutes an obstacle for application of PDX models. Moreover, human stromal cells originally present in tumors dissected from patients are gradually replaced by host stromal cells as the xenograft grows. This replacement by murine stroma could preclude analysis of human tumor-stroma interactions, as some mouse stromal cytokines might not affect human carcinoma cells in PDX models. The present review highlights the biological and clinical significance of PDX models and three-dimensional patient-derived tumor organoid cultures of several kinds of solid tumors, such as those of the colon, pancreas, brain, breast, lung, skin, and ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8412, Japan. .,Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8412, Japan.
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19
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Du H, Wang X, Dong R, Hu D, Xiong Y. miR-601 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of prostate cancer stem cells by targeting KRT5 to inactivate the Wnt signaling pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2019; 12:4361-4379. [PMID: 31933840 PMCID: PMC6949885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to verify the hypothesis that downregulation of miR-601 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) by the Wnt signaling pathway through targeting keratin 5 (KRT5). METHODS Bioinformatic tools were applied to predict miRNAs and genes potentially associated with prostate cancer, then miR-601 and KRT5 were selected. Subsequently, PCSCs were investigated with respect to miR-601 overexpression or inhibition, KRT5 overexpression, or treatment with a Wnt pathway inhibitor. A series of experiments including western blotting, RT-qPCR, wound healing experiment, transwell assay, MTT assay, annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometric analysis, nude mice assay and immunohistochemistry were then carried out. RESULTS Compared with negative control group, migration, invasion, and proliferation of PCSCs and Wnt-1 expression were all enhanced, but apoptosis was attenuated in the miR-601 mimic group. Furthermore, results identified in the other groups (KRT5, miR-601 inhibitor, miR-601 inhibitor + KRT5, Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor, PRI-724/PRI-724 + KRT5) were opposite to those identified with the miR-601 mimic group (all P<0.05). Compared with the miR-601 inhibitor + KRT5 group, migration, invasion, and proliferation of PCSCs and Wnt-1 expression were all increased, whereas apoptosis was suppressed in KRT5 or miR-601 inhibitor groups (all P<0.05). Compared with the PRI-724 + KRT5 group, migration, invasion, and proliferation of PCSCs and Wnt-1 expression were also enhanced, whereas apoptosis was inhibited in PRI-724 or KRT5 groups (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Results obtained from the present study have demonstrated that downregulation of miR-601 is able to inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of PCSCs by activating KRT5, and subsequently inhibiting the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbing Du
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Xinghuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Dongliang Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yaoyi Xiong
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Wuhan 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
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20
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Wa Q, Huang S, Pan J, Tang Y, He S, Fu X, Peng X, Chen X, Yang C, Ren D, Huang Y, Liao Z, Huang S, Zou C. miR-204-5p Represses Bone Metastasis via Inactivating NF-κB Signaling in Prostate Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:567-579. [PMID: 31678733 PMCID: PMC6838892 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The prime issue derived from prostate cancer (PCa) is its high prevalence to metastasize to bone. MicroRNA-204-5p (miR-204-5p) has been reported to be involved in the development and metastasis in a variety of cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological functions of miR-204-5p in bone metastasis of PCa are still not reported yet. In this study, we find that miR-204-5p expression is reduced in PCa tissues and serum sample with bone metastasis compared with that in PCa tissues and serum sample without bone metastasis, which is associated with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and poor bone metastasis-free survival in PCa patients. Moreover, upregulation of miR-204-5p inhibits the migration and invasion of PCa cells in vitro, and importantly, upregulating miR-204-5p represses bone metastasis of PCa cells in vivo. Our results further demonstrated that miR-204-5p suppresses invasion, migration, and bone metastasis of PCa cells via inactivating nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling by simultaneously targeting TRAF1, TAB3, and MAP3K3. In clinical PCa samples, miR-204-5p expression negatively correlates with TRAF1, TAB3, and MAP3K3 expression and NF-κB signaling activity. Therefore, our findings reveal a new mechanism underpinning the bone metastasis of PCa, as well as provide evidence that miR-204-5p might serve as a novel serum biomarker in bone metastasis of PCa. This study identifies a novel functional role of miR-204-5p in bone metastasis of prostate cancer and supports the potential clinical value of miR-204-5p as a serum biomarker in bone metastasis of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingde Wa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, 563003 Zunyi, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 563003 Zunyi, China
| | - Jincheng Pan
- Department of Urology Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubo Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaofu He
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Fu
- School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dong Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuangwen Liao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
| | - Changye Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, China.
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21
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Nagdas S, Kashatus JA, Nascimento A, Hussain SS, Trainor RE, Pollock SR, Adair SJ, Michaels AD, Sesaki H, Stelow EB, Bauer TW, Kashatus DF. Drp1 Promotes KRas-Driven Metabolic Changes to Drive Pancreatic Tumor Growth. Cell Rep 2019; 28:1845-1859.e5. [PMID: 31412251 PMCID: PMC6711191 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria undergo fission and fusion to maintain homeostasis, and tumors exhibit the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics. We recently demonstrated that ectopic HRasG12V promotes mitochondrial fragmentation and tumor growth through Erk phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). However, the role of Drp1 in the setting of endogenous oncogenic KRas remains unknown. Here, we show that Drp1 is required for KRas-driven anchorage-independent growth in fibroblasts and patient-derived pancreatic cancer cell lines, and it promotes glycolytic flux, in part through the regulation of hexokinase 2 (HK2). Furthermore, Drp1 deletion imparts a significant survival advantage in a model of KRas-driven pancreatic cancer, and tumors exhibit a strong selective pressure against complete Drp1 deletion. Rare tumors that arise in the absence of Drp1 have restored glycolysis but exhibit defective mitochondrial metabolism. This work demonstrates that Drp1 plays dual roles in KRas-driven tumor growth: supporting both glycolysis and mitochondrial function through independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbajeet Nagdas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jennifer A Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aldo Nascimento
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Syed S Hussain
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Riley E Trainor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sarah R Pollock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Sara J Adair
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Alex D Michaels
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Edward B Stelow
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Todd W Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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22
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Singh S, Wang L, Schaff DL, Sutcliffe MD, Koeppel AF, Kim J, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Park KS, Zong H, Janes KA. In situ 10-cell RNA sequencing in tissue and tumor biopsy samples. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4836. [PMID: 30894605 PMCID: PMC6426952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41235-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomic methods classify new and existing cell types very effectively, but alternative approaches are needed to quantify the individual regulatory states of cells in their native tissue context. We combined the tissue preservation and single-cell resolution of laser capture with an improved preamplification procedure enabling RNA sequencing of 10 microdissected cells. This in situ 10-cell RNA sequencing (10cRNA-seq) can exploit fluorescent reporters of cell type in genetically engineered mice and is compatible with freshly cryoembedded clinical biopsies from patients. Through recombinant RNA spike-ins, we estimate dropout-free technical reliability as low as ~250 copies and a 50% detection sensitivity of ~45 copies per 10-cell reaction. By using small pools of microdissected cells, 10cRNA-seq improves technical per-cell reliability and sensitivity beyond existing approaches for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Detection of low-abundance transcripts by 10cRNA-seq is comparable to random 10-cell groups of scRNA-seq data, suggesting no loss of gene recovery when cells are isolated in situ. Combined with existing approaches to deconvolve small pools of cells, 10cRNA-seq offers a reliable, unbiased, and sensitive way to measure cell-state heterogeneity in tissues and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhavi Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Dylan L Schaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Matthew D Sutcliffe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alex F Koeppel
- Bioinformatics Core, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jungeun Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Suna Onengut-Gumuscu
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kwon-Sik Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Hui Zong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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23
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Fu Y, Yang Z, Huang J, Cheng X, Wang X, Yang S, Ren L, Lian Z, Han H, Zhao Y. Identification of Two Nonrearranging IgSF Genes in Chicken Reveals a Novel Family of Putative Remnants of an Antigen Receptor Precursor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1992-2004. [PMID: 30770416 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified a pair of nonrearranging VJ-joined Ig superfamily genes, termed putative remnants of an Ag receptor precursor (PRARP) genes, in chicken. Both genes encode a single V-set Ig domain consisting of a canonical J-like segment and a potential immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory or switch motif in the cytoplasmic region. In vitro experiments showed that both genes were expressed at the cell surface as membrane proteins, and their recombinant products formed a monomer and a disulfide-linked homodimer or a heterodimer. These two genes were mainly expressed in B and T cells and were upregulated in response to stimulation with poly(I:C) in vitro and vaccination in vivo. Orthologs of PRARP have been identified in bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, and other birds, and a V-C1 structure similar to that of Ig or TCR chains was found in all these genes, with the exception of those in avian species, which appear to contain degenerated C1 domains or divergent Ig domains. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the newly discovered genes do not belong to any known immune receptor family and appear to be a novel gene family. Further elucidation of the functions of PRARP and their origin might provide significant insights into the evolution of the immune system of jawed vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Science, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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24
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Greco G, Agostini M, Tonazzini I, Sallemi D, Barone S, Cecchini M. Surface-Acoustic-Wave (SAW)-Driven Device for Dynamic Cell Cultures. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7450-7457. [PMID: 29791795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, new types of cell cultures have been introduced to provide better cell survival and development, with micro- and nanoenvironmental physicochemical conditions aimed at mimicking those present in vivo. However, despite the efforts made, the systems available to date are often difficult to replicate and use. Here, an easy-to-use surface-acoustic-wave (SAW)-based platform is presented for realizing dynamic cell cultures that is compatible with standard optical microscopes, incubators, and cell-culture dishes. The SAW chip is coupled to a standard Petri dish via a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) disc and consists of a lithium niobate (LN) substrate on which gold interdigital transducers (IDTs) are patterned to generate the SAWs and induce acoustic streaming in the dish. SAW excitation is verified and characterized by laser Doppler vibrometry, and the fluid dynamics is studied by microparticle image velocimetry (μPIV). Heating is measured by an infrared (IR) thermal camera. We finally tested this device with the U-937 monocyte cell line for viability and proliferation and cell-morphological analysis. The data demonstrate that it is possible to induce significant fluid recirculation within the Petri dish while maintaining negligible heating. Remarkably, cell proliferation in this condition was enhanced by 36 ± 12% with respect to those of standard static cultures. Finally, we show that cell death does not increase and that cell morphology is not altered in the presence of SAWs. This device is the first demonstration that SAW-induced streaming can mechanically improve cell proliferation and further supports the great versatility and biocompatibility of the SAW technology for cell manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Greco
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Silvestro 12 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Matteo Agostini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Silvestro 12 , 56127 Pisa , Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Piazza San Silvestro 12 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Ilaria Tonazzini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Silvestro 12 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Damiano Sallemi
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Silvestro 12 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
| | - Stefano Barone
- Centro Procreazione Assistita-Ospedale Versilia-USL Toscana Nordovest , 55043 Viareggio , Italy
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza San Silvestro 12 , 56127 Pisa , Italy
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25
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Automated brightfield morphometry of 3D organoid populations by OrganoSeg. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5319. [PMID: 29593296 PMCID: PMC5871765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spheroid and organoid cultures are powerful in vitro models for biology, but size and shape diversity within the culture is largely ignored. To streamline morphometric profiling, we developed OrganoSeg, an open-source software that integrates segmentation, filtering, and analysis for archived brightfield images of 3D culture. OrganoSeg is more accurate and flexible than existing platforms, and we illustrate its potential by stratifying 5167 breast-cancer spheroid and 5743 colon and colorectal-cancer organoid morphologies. Organoid transcripts grouped by morphometric signature heterogeneity were enriched for biological processes not prominent in the original RNA sequencing data. OrganoSeg enables complete, objective quantification of brightfield phenotypes, which may give insight into the molecular and multicellular mechanisms of organoid regulation.
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26
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Beadnell TC, Nassar KW, Rose MM, Clark EG, Danysh BP, Hofmann MC, Pozdeyev N, Schweppe RE. Src-mediated regulation of the PI3K pathway in advanced papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:23. [PMID: 29487290 PMCID: PMC5833015 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-017-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced stages of papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer continue to be plagued by a dismal prognosis, which is a result of limited effective therapies for these cancers. Due to the high proportion of thyroid cancers harboring mutations in the MAPK pathway, the MAPK pathway has become a focal point for therapeutic intervention in thyroid cancer. Unfortunately, unlike melanoma, a similar responsiveness to MAPK pathway inhibition has yet to be observed in thyroid cancer patients. To address this issue, we have focused on targeting the non-receptor tyrosine kinase, Src, and we and others have demonstrated that targeting Src results in inhibition of growth, invasion, and migration both in vitro and in vivo, which can be enhanced through the combined inhibition of Src and the MAPK pathway. Therefore, we examined the efficacy of the combination therapy across a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines representing common oncogenic drivers (BRAF, RAS, and PIK3CA). Interestingly, combined inhibition of Src and the MAPK pathway overcomes intrinsic dasatinib resistance in cell lines where both the MAPK and PI3K pathways are inhibited, which we show is likely due to the regulation of the PI3K pathway by Src in these responsive cells. Interestingly, we have mapped downstream phosphorylation of rpS6 as a key biomarker of response, and cells that maintain rpS6 phosphorylation likely represent drug tolerant persisters. Altogether, the combined inhibition of Src and the MAPK pathway holds great promise for improving the overall survival of advanced thyroid cancer patients with BRAF and RAS mutations, and activation of the PI3K pathway and rpS6 phosphorylation represent important biomarkers of response for patients treated with this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Beadnell
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Kelsey W. Nassar
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Medical Oncology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Madison M. Rose
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Erin G. Clark
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Brian P. Danysh
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Marie-Claude Hofmann
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Nikita Pozdeyev
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rebecca E. Schweppe
- 0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA ,0000 0001 0703 675Xgrid.430503.1University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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27
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Live-cell measurements of kinase activity in single cells using translocation reporters. Nat Protoc 2017; 13:155-169. [PMID: 29266096 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although kinases are important regulators of many cellular processes, measuring their activity in live cells remains challenging. We have developed kinase translocation reporters (KTRs), which enable multiplexed measurements of the dynamics of kinase activity at a single-cell level. These KTRs are composed of an engineered construct in which a kinase substrate is fused to a bipartite nuclear localization signal (bNLS) and nuclear export signal (NES), as well as to a fluorescent protein for microscopy-based detection of its localization. The negative charge introduced by phosphorylation of the substrate is used to directly modulate nuclear import and export, thereby regulating the reporter's distribution between the cytoplasm and nucleus. The relative cytoplasmic versus nuclear fluorescence of the KTR construct (the C/N ratio) is used as a proxy for the kinase activity in living, single cells. Multiple KTRs can be studied in the same cell by fusing them to different fluorescent proteins. Here, we present a protocol to execute and analyze live-cell microscopy experiments using KTRs. We describe strategies for development of new KTRs and procedures for lentiviral expression of KTRs in a cell line of choice. Cells are then plated in a 96-well plate, from which multichannel fluorescent images are acquired with automated time-lapse microscopy. We provide detailed guidance for a computational analysis and parameterization pipeline. The entire procedure, from virus production to data analysis, can be completed in ∼10 d.
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28
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Bajikar SS, Wang CC, Borten MA, Pereira EJ, Atkins KA, Janes KA. Tumor-Suppressor Inactivation of GDF11 Occurs by Precursor Sequestration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Dev Cell 2017; 43:418-435.e13. [PMID: 29161592 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous carcinoma in which various tumor-suppressor genes are lost by mutation, deletion, or silencing. Here we report a tumor-suppressive mode of action for growth-differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and an unusual mechanism of its inactivation in TNBC. GDF11 promotes an epithelial, anti-invasive phenotype in 3D triple-negative cultures and intraductal xenografts by sustaining expression of E-cadherin and inhibitor of differentiation 2 (ID2). Surprisingly, clinical TNBCs retain the GDF11 locus and expression of the protein itself. GDF11 bioactivity is instead lost because of deficiencies in its convertase, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PCSK5), causing inactive GDF11 precursor to accumulate intracellularly. PCSK5 reconstitution mobilizes the latent TNBC reservoir of GDF11 in vitro and suppresses triple-negative mammary cancer metastasis to the lung of syngeneic hosts. Intracellular GDF11 retention adds to the concept of tumor-suppressor inactivation and reveals a cell-biological vulnerability for TNBCs lacking therapeutically actionable mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Bajikar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Chun-Chao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Institute of Molecular Medicine & Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Michael A Borten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Pereira
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kristen A Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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29
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Rios Garcia M, Steinbauer B, Srivastava K, Singhal M, Mattijssen F, Maida A, Christian S, Hess-Stumpp H, Augustin HG, Müller-Decker K, Nawroth PP, Herzig S, Berriel Diaz M. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1-Dependent Protein Acetylation Controls Breast Cancer Metastasis and Recurrence. Cell Metab 2017; 26:842-855.e5. [PMID: 29056512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast tumor recurrence and metastasis represent the main causes of cancer-related death in women, and treatments are still lacking. Here, we define the lipogenic enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 as a key player in breast cancer metastasis. ACC1 phosphorylation was increased in invading cells both in murine and human breast cancer, serving as a point of convergence for leptin and transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling. ACC1 phosphorylation was mediated by TGFβ-activated kinase (TAK) 1, and ACC1 inhibition was indispensable for the elevation of cellular acetyl-CoA, the subsequent increase in Smad2 transcription factor acetylation and activation, and ultimately epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis induction. ACC1 deficiency worsened tumor recurrence upon primary tumor resection in mice, and ACC1 phosphorylation levels correlated with metastatic potential in breast and lung cancer patients. Given the demonstrated effectiveness of anti-leptin receptor antibody treatment in halting ACC1-dependent tumor invasiveness, our work defines a "metabolocentric" approach in metastatic breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Rios Garcia
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Steinbauer
- Core Facility Tumor Models, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kshitij Srivastava
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mahak Singhal
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frits Mattijssen
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adriano Maida
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sven Christian
- Division Tumor Metabolism and Hypoxia, Bayer Health Care, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Hess-Stumpp
- Division Tumor Metabolism and Hypoxia, Bayer Health Care, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hellmut G Augustin
- Division of Vascular Oncology and Metastasis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Müller-Decker
- Core Facility Tumor Models, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter P Nawroth
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Herzig
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Mauricio Berriel Diaz
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Technical University Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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30
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Abdraboh ME, Abdeen SH, Salama M, El-Husseiny M, El-Sherbini YM, Eldeen NM. Developmental neurotoxic effects of a low dose of TCE on a 3-D neurosphere system. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:50-56. [PMID: 29040813 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the industrial toxic byproducts that now persist in the air, soil, and water. Several studies have already illustrated the toxic effect of high doses of TCE on the biological functions of several organs. This study aims to highlight the toxic impact of a low dose of TCE (1 μmol/L) on the development of rat neural stem cells (NSCs). The subventricular zones (SVZ) of rat pup's brains were collected and minced, and the harvested cells were cultured in the presence of neural growth factors B27/N2 to develop neurospheres. The cells were then exposed to a dose of 1 μmol/L TCE for 1 or 2 weeks. The outcomes indicated a remarkable inhibitory effect of TCE on the differentiation capacity of NSCs, which was confirmed by down-regulation of the astrocyte marker GFAP The inhibitory effect of TCE on the proliferation of NSCs was identified by the reductions in neurosphere diameter, Ki67 expression, and cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Immunolabelling with annexin V indicated the proapoptotic effect of TCE exposure. PCR results revealed a TCE-mediated suppression of the expression of the antioxidant enzyme SOD1. This paper illustrates, for the first time, a detailed examination of the toxic effects of an environmentally low dose of TCE on NCSs at the transcriptional, translational, and functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Abdraboh
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35116, Egypt
| | - S H Abdeen
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35116, Egypt
| | - M Salama
- b Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35116, Egypt
| | - M El-Husseiny
- b Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35116, Egypt
| | - Y M El-Sherbini
- c Faculty of Health and Life Science, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Campus, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - N M Eldeen
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35116, Egypt
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31
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Janes KA, Chandran PL, Ford RM, Lazzara MJ, Papin JA, Peirce SM, Saucerman JJ, Lauffenburger DA. An engineering design approach to systems biology. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 9:574-583. [PMID: 28590470 PMCID: PMC6534349 DOI: 10.1039/c7ib00014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Measuring and modeling the integrated behavior of biomolecular-cellular networks is central to systems biology. Over several decades, systems biology has been shaped by quantitative biologists, physicists, mathematicians, and engineers in different ways. However, the basic and applied versions of systems biology are not typically distinguished, which blurs the separate aspirations of the field and its potential for real-world impact. Here, we articulate an engineering approach to systems biology, which applies educational philosophy, engineering design, and predictive models to solve contemporary problems in an age of biomedical Big Data. A concerted effort to train systems bioengineers will provide a versatile workforce capable of tackling the diverse challenges faced by the biotechnological and pharmaceutical sectors in a modern, information-dense economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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32
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Kawaguchi T, Foster BA, Young J, Takabe K. Current Update of Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Translational Breast Cancer Research. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2017; 22:131-139. [PMID: 28451789 PMCID: PMC5511343 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-017-9378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of patients with breast cancer (BrCa), BrCa remains the third leading cause of cancer death for women in the US due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to therapy. Continued understanding of gene expression profiling and genomic sequencing has clarified underlying intratumoral molecular heterogeneity. Recently, the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have emerged as a novel tool to address the issues of BrCa genomics and tumor heterogeneity, and to critically transform translational BrCa research in the preclinical setting. PDX models are generated by xenografting cancer tissue fragments obtained from patients to immune deficient mice, and can be passaged into next generations of mice. Generally, in contrast to conventional xenograft using cancer cell lines, PDXs are biologically more stable and recapitulate the individual tumor morphology, gene expression, and drug susceptibility of each patient. PDX may better model the original patient's tumor by retaining tumor heterogeneity, gene expression, and similar response to treatment. PDX models are thus thought to be more translationally relevant, especially as a drug development tool, because PDXs can capture the genetic character and heterogeneity that exists within a single patient's tumor and across a population of patients' tumors. PDX models also hold enormous potential for identifying predictive markers for therapeutic response. It has been repeatedly shown that PDX models demonstrate similar levels of activity as compared to the clinical response to therapeutic interventions. Therefore, this enables identification of therapeutic interventions that can most likely benefit a patient. This allows us to address the issues of BrCa genomics and tumor heterogeneity using PDXs in "pre-clinical" trials. Herein, we reviewed recent scientific development and future perspectives using PDX models in BrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kawaguchi
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Barbara A Foster
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Cancer Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Jessica Young
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Kazuaki Takabe
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
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Xiao J, Lu X, Chen X, Zou Y, Liu A, Li W, He B, He S, Chen Q. Eight potential biomarkers for distinguishing between lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71759-71771. [PMID: 29069744 PMCID: PMC5641087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) are the most common non-small cell lung cancer histological phenotypes. Accurate diagnosis distinguishing between these two lung cancer types has clinical significance. For this study, we analyzed four Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE28571, GSE37745, GSE43580, and GSE50081). We then imported the datasets into the Gene-Cloud of Biotechnology Information online platform to identify genes differentially expressed in LADC and LSCC. We identified DSG3 (desmoglein 3), KRT5 (keratin 5), KRT6A (keratin 6A), KRT6B (keratin 6B), NKX2-1 (NK2 homeobox 1), SFTA2 (surfactant associated 2), SFTA3 (surfactant associated 3), and TMC5 (transmembrane channel-like 5) as potential biomarkers for distinguishing between LADC and LSCC. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested that KRT5 had the highest diagnostic value for discriminating between these two cancer types. Using the PrognoScan online survival analysis tool and the Kaplan-Meier Plotter, we found that high KRT6A or KRT6B levels, or low NKX2-1, SFTA3, or TMC5 levels correlated with unfavorable prognoses in LADC patients. Further studies will be needed to verify our findings in additional patient samples, and to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these potential biomarkers in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yong Zou
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Aibin Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bixiu He
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Shuya He
- Department of Biochemistry & Biology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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34
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Abstract
The identification of a vast array of posttranslational modifications of histone proteins during cell cycle, repair, replication, and transcription has created the challenge of determining structure-function relationships for individual modifications and combinations of modifications. Some of this information can be gathered from indirect immunofluorescence, where the location and cell cycle relationships can be readily identified. Here we present an immunofluorescence protocol that is adapted for the use in histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Strickfaden
- Departments of Oncology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6 G 1Z2
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- Departments of Oncology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6 G 1Z2.
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35
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Human Herpesvirus 6B Downregulates Expression of Activating Ligands during Lytic Infection To Escape Elimination by Natural Killer Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:9608-9617. [PMID: 27535049 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01164-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Herpesviridae family consists of eight viruses, most of which infect a majority of the human population. One of the less-studied members is human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) (Roseolovirus), which causes a mild, well-characterized childhood disease. Primary HHV-6 infection is followed by lifelong latency. Reactivation frequently occurs in immunocompromised patients, such as those suffering from HIV infection or cancer or following transplantation, and causes potentially life-threatening complications. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms that HHV-6 utilizes to remain undetected by natural killer (NK) cells, which are key participants in the innate immune response to infections. We revealed viral mechanisms which downregulate ligands for two powerful activating NK cell receptors: ULBP1, ULBP3, and MICB, which trigger NKG2D, and B7-H6, which activates NKp30. Accordingly, this downregulation impaired the ability of NK cells to recognize HHV-6-infected cells. Thus, we describe for the first time immune evasion mechanisms of HHV-6 that protect lytically infected cells from NK elimination. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) latently infects a large portion of the human population and can reactivate in humans lacking a functional immune system, such as cancer or AIDS patients. Under these conditions, it can cause life-threatening diseases. To date, the actions and interplay of immune cells, and particularly cells of the innate immune system, during HHV-6 infection are poorly defined. In this study, we aimed to understand how cells undergoing lytic HHV-6 infection interact with natural killer (NK) cells, innate lymphocytes constituting the first line of defense against viral intruders. We show that HHV-6 suppresses the expression of surface proteins that alert the immune cells by triggering two major receptors on NK cells, NKG2D and NKp30. As a consequence, HHV-6 can replicate undetected by the innate immune system and potentially spread infection throughout the body. This study advances the understanding of HHV-6 biology and the measures it uses to successfully escape immune elimination.
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Xu Y, Chen J, Xiao L, Chung HK, Zhang Y, Robinson JC, Rao JN, Wang JY. Transcriptional regulation of importin-α1 by JunD modulates subcellular localization of RNA-binding protein HuR in intestinal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C874-C883. [PMID: 27733365 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00209.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein HuR is crucial for normal intestinal mucosal regeneration by modulating the stability and translation of target mRNAs, but the exact mechanism underlying HuR trafficking between the cytoplasm and nucleus remains largely unknown. Here we report a novel function of transcription factor JunD in the regulation of HuR subcellular localization through the control of importin-α1 expression in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Ectopically expressed JunD specifically inhibited importin-α1 at the transcription level, and this repression is mediated via interaction with CREB-binding site that was located at the proximal region of importin-α1 promoter. Reduction in the levels of importin-α1 by JunD increased cytoplasmic levels of HuR, although it failed to alter whole cell HuR levels. Increased levels of endogenous JunD by depleting cellular polyamines also inhibited importin-α1 expression and increased cytoplasmic HuR levels, whereas JunD silencing rescued importin-α1 expression and enhanced HuR nuclear translocation in polyamine-deficient cells. Moreover, importin-α1 silencing protected IECs against apoptosis, which was prevented by HuR silencing. These results indicate that JunD regulates HuR subcellular distribution by downregulating importin-α1, thus contributing to the maintenance of gut epithelium homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jie Chen
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lan Xiao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hee Kyoung Chung
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph C Robinson
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jaladanki N Rao
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jian-Ying Wang
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; .,Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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37
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Normal mammary epithelial cells promote carcinoma basement membrane invasion by inducing microtubule-rich protrusions. Oncotarget 2016; 6:32634-45. [PMID: 26334095 PMCID: PMC4741718 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggests that the dissemination of tumor cells may occur in parallel with, and even preceed, tumor growth. The mechanism for this early invasion is largely unknown. Here, we find that mammary epithelial cells (MECs) induce neighboring breast carcinoma cells (BCCs) to cross the basement membrane by secreting soluble laminin. Laminin continuously produced by MECs induce long membrane cellular protrusions in BCCs that promote their contractility and invasion into the surrounding matrix. These protrusions depend on microtubule bundles assembled de novo through laminin-integrin β1 signaling. These results describe how non-cancerous MECs can actively participate in the invasive process of BCCs.
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38
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Exploiting Single-Cell Quantitative Data to Map Genetic Variants Having Probabilistic Effects. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006213. [PMID: 27479122 PMCID: PMC4968810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in sequencing technologies, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) remain limited by a statistical-power issue: many polymorphisms contribute little to common trait variation and therefore escape detection. The small contribution sometimes corresponds to incomplete penetrance, which may result from probabilistic effects on molecular regulations. In such cases, genetic mapping may benefit from the wealth of data produced by single-cell technologies. We present here the development of a novel genetic mapping method that allows to scan genomes for single-cell Probabilistic Trait Loci that modify the statistical properties of cellular-level quantitative traits. Phenotypic values are acquired on thousands of individual cells, and genetic association is obtained from a multivariate analysis of a matrix of Kantorovich distances. No prior assumption is required on the mode of action of the genetic loci involved and, by exploiting all single-cell values, the method can reveal non-deterministic effects. Using both simulations and yeast experimental datasets, we show that it can detect linkages that are missed by classical genetic mapping. A probabilistic effect of a single SNP on cell shape was detected and validated. The method also detected a novel locus associated with elevated gene expression noise of the yeast galactose regulon. Our results illustrate how single-cell technologies can be exploited to improve the genetic dissection of certain common traits. The method is available as an open source R package called ptlmapper.
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Day EK, Sosale NG, Lazzara MJ. Cell signaling regulation by protein phosphorylation: a multivariate, heterogeneous, and context-dependent process. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 40:185-192. [PMID: 27393828 PMCID: PMC4975652 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper spatiotemporal regulation of protein phosphorylation in cells and tissues is required for normal development and homeostasis, but aberrant protein phosphorylation regulation leads to various diseases. The study of signaling regulation by protein phosphorylation is complicated in part by the sheer scope of the kinome and phosphoproteome, dependence of signaling protein functionality on cellular localization, and the complex multivariate relationships that exist between protein phosphorylation dynamics and the cellular phenotypes they control. Additional complexities arise from the ability of microenvironmental factors to influence phosphorylation-dependent signaling and from the tendency for some signaling processes to occur heterogeneously among cells. These considerations should be taken into account when measuring cell signaling regulation by protein phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K Day
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nisha G Sosale
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Matthew J Lazzara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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40
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Shehzad A, Islam SU, Ahn EM, Lee YM, Lee YS. Decursinol angelate inhibits PGE2-induced survival of the human leukemia HL-60 cell line via regulation of the EP2 receptor and NFκB pathway. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:985-93. [PMID: 27414656 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1210740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decursinol angelate (DA), an active pyranocoumarin compound from the roots of Angelica gigas, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In a previous study, we demonstrated that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) plays a survival role in HL-60 cells by protecting them from the induction of apoptosis via oxidative stress. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining revealed that PGE2 suppresses menadione-induced apoptosis, cell shrinkage, and chromatin condensation, by blocking the generation of reactive oxygen species. Treatment of DA was found to reverse the survival effect of PGE2 as well as restoring the menadione-mediated cleavage of caspase-3, lamin B, and PARP. DA blocked PGE2-induced activation of the EP2 receptor signaling pathway, including the activation of PKA and the phosphorylation of CREB. DA also inhibited PGE2-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the activation of the Ras/Raf/ Erk pathway, which activates downstream targets for cell survival. Finally, DA greatly reduced the PGE2-induced activation of NF-κB p50 and p65 subunits. These results elucidate a novel mechanism for the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis, and open a gateway for further development and combinatory treatments that can inhibit PGE2 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeeb Shehzad
- a School of Life Sciences , BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Korea.,b Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences , SMME, National University of Sciences and Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Salman Ul Islam
- a School of Life Sciences , BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Ahn
- c Department of Herbal Foodceutical Science , Daegu Haany University , Daegu , Korea
| | - You Mie Lee
- d College of Pharmacy , National Basic Research Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Regulation, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Korea
| | - Young Sup Lee
- a School of Life Sciences , BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University , Daegu , Korea
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41
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Alcalá-Corona SA, Velázquez-Caldelas TE, Espinal-Enríquez J, Hernández-Lemus E. Community Structure Reveals Biologically Functional Modules in MEF2C Transcriptional Regulatory Network. Front Physiol 2016; 7:184. [PMID: 27252657 PMCID: PMC4878384 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks are useful to understand the activity behind the complex mechanisms in transcriptional regulation. A main goal in contemporary biology is using such networks to understand the systemic regulation of gene expression. In this work, we carried out a systematic study of a transcriptional regulatory network derived from a comprehensive selection of all potential transcription factor interactions downstream from MEF2C, a human transcription factor master regulator. By analyzing the connectivity structure of such network, we were able to find different biologically functional processes and specific biochemical pathways statistically enriched in communities of genes into the network, such processes are related to cell signaling, cell cycle and metabolism. In this way we further support the hypothesis that structural properties of biological networks encode an important part of their functional behavior in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Alcalá-Corona
- Computational Genomics Department, National Institute of Genomic MedicineMexico City, Mexico; Complexity in Systems Biology, Center for Complexity Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Espinal-Enríquez
- Computational Genomics Department, National Institute of Genomic MedicineMexico City, Mexico; Complexity in Systems Biology, Center for Complexity Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Hernández-Lemus
- Computational Genomics Department, National Institute of Genomic MedicineMexico City, Mexico; Complexity in Systems Biology, Center for Complexity Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico City, Mexico
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42
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Lo PK, Wolfson B, Zhou Q. Cancer stem cells and early stage basal-like breast cancer. World J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 5:150-161. [PMID: 28239564 PMCID: PMC5321620 DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v5.i2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a category of early stage, non-invasive breast tumor defined by the intraductal proliferation of malignant breast epithelial cells. DCIS is a heterogeneous disease composed of multiple molecular subtypes including luminal, HER2 and basal-like types, which are characterized by immunohistochemical analyses and gene expression profiling. Following surgical and radiation therapies, patients with luminal-type, estrogen receptor-positive DCIS breast tumors can benefit from adjuvant endocrine-based treatment. However, there are no available targeted therapies for patients with basal-like DCIS (BL-DCIS) tumors due to their frequent lack of endocrine receptors and HER2 amplification, rendering them potentially susceptible to recurrence. Moreover, multiple lines of evidence suggest that DCIS is a non-obligate precursor of invasive breast carcinoma. This raises the possibility that targeting precursor BL-DCIS is a promising strategy to prevent BL-DCIS patients from the development of invasive basal-like breast cancer. An accumulating body of evidence demonstrates the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) in BL-DCIS, which potentially determine the features of BL-DCIS and their ability to progress into invasive cancer. This review encompasses the current knowledge in regard to the characteristics of BL-DCIS, identification of CSCs, and their biological properties in BL-DCIS. We summarize recently discovered relevant molecular signaling alterations that promote the generation of CSCs in BL-DCIS and the progression of BL-DCIS to invasive breast cancer, as well as the influence of the tissue microenvironment on CSCs and the invasive transition. Finally, we discuss the translational implications of these findings for the prognosis and prevention of BL-DCIS relapse and progression.
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43
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Illendula A, Gilmour J, Grembecka J, Tirumala VSS, Boulton A, Kuntimaddi A, Schmidt C, Wang L, Pulikkan JA, Zong H, Parlak M, Kuscu C, Pickin A, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Mishra L, Adli M, Castilla LH, Rajewski RA, Janes KA, Guzman ML, Bonifer C, Bushweller JH. Small Molecule Inhibitor of CBFβ-RUNX Binding for RUNX Transcription Factor Driven Cancers. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:117-131. [PMID: 27428424 PMCID: PMC4919611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors have traditionally been viewed with skepticism as viable drug targets, but they offer the potential for completely novel mechanisms of action that could more effectively address the stem cell like properties, such as self-renewal and chemo-resistance, that lead to the failure of traditional chemotherapy approaches. Core binding factor is a heterodimeric transcription factor comprised of one of 3 RUNX proteins (RUNX1-3) and a CBFβ binding partner. CBFβ enhances DNA binding of RUNX subunits by relieving auto-inhibition. Both RUNX1 and CBFβ are frequently mutated in human leukemia. More recently, RUNX proteins have been shown to be key players in epithelial cancers, suggesting the targeting of this pathway could have broad utility. In order to test this, we developed small molecules which bind to CBFβ and inhibit its binding to RUNX. Treatment with these inhibitors reduces binding of RUNX1 to target genes, alters the expression of RUNX1 target genes, and impacts cell survival and differentiation. These inhibitors show efficacy against leukemia cells as well as basal-like (triple-negative) breast cancer cells. These inhibitors provide effective tools to probe the utility of targeting RUNX transcription factor function in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Illendula
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jane Gilmour
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Adam Boulton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Aravinda Kuntimaddi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Charles Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - John A Pulikkan
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hongliang Zong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mahmut Parlak
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anna Pickin
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yunpeng Zhou
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lauren Mishra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lucio H Castilla
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Roger A Rajewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Monica L Guzman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- School of Cancer Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Abstract
How stochastic is gene expression in mammalian cells? Not very, according to Battich et al., who report that single-cell variability in cytoplasmic mRNAs is remarkably predictable given measurements of a cell's phenotypic state and microenvironment. The noise from transcriptional bursts is buffered by a hallmark of eukaryotes-the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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45
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Janes KA. Single-cell states versus single-cell atlases - two classes of heterogeneity that differ in meaning and method. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 39:120-125. [PMID: 27042975 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances have created new opportunities to dissect cellular heterogeneity at the omics level. The enthusiasm for deep single-cell profiling has obscured a discussion of different types of heterogeneity and the most-appropriate techniques for studying each type. Here, I distinguish heterogeneity in regulation from heterogeneity in lineage. Snapshots of lineage heterogeneity provide a cell atlas that catalogs cellular diversity within complex tissues. Profiles of regulatory heterogeneity seek to interrogate one lineage deeply to capture an ensemble of single-cell states. Single-cell atlases require molecular signatures from many cells at a throughput afforded by mass cytometry-based, microfluidic-based, and microencapsulation-based methods. Single-cell states are more dependent on time, microenvironment, and low-abundance transcripts, emphasizing in situ methods that stress depth of profiling and quantitative accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Janes
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA.
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46
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Huang YJ, Hoffmann G, Wheeler B, Schiapparelli P, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Searson P. Cellular microenvironment modulates the galvanotaxis of brain tumor initiating cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21583. [PMID: 26898606 PMCID: PMC4761929 DOI: 10.1038/srep21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galvanotaxis is a complex process that represents the collective outcome of various contributing mechanisms, including asymmetric ion influxes, preferential activation of voltage-gated channels, and electrophoretic redistribution of membrane components. While a large number of studies have focused on various up- and downstream signaling pathways, little is known about how the surrounding microenvironment may interact and contribute to the directional response. Using a customized galvanotaxis chip capable of carrying out experiments in both two- and three-dimensional microenvironments, we show that cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions modulate the galvanotaxis of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs). Five different BTICs across three different glioblastoma subtypes were examined and shown to all migrate toward the anode in the presence of a direct-current electric field (dcEF) when cultured on a poly-L-ornithine/laminin coated surface, while the fetal-derived neural progenitor cells (fNPCs) migrated toward the cathode. Interestingly, when embedded in a 3D ECM composed of hyaluronic acid and collagen, BTICs exhibited opposite directional response and migrated toward the cathode. Pharmacological inhibition against a panel of key molecules involved in galvanotaxis further revealed the mechanistic differences between 2- and 3D galvanotaxis in BTICs. Both myosin II and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) were found to hold strikingly different roles in different microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ja Huang
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn Hoffmann
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Wheeler
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paula Schiapparelli
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Searson
- Institute for Nanobiotechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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47
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Tan LH, Sykes PH, Alkaisi MM, Evans JJ. The characteristics of Ishikawa endometrial cancer cells are modified by substrate topography with cell-like features and the polymer surface. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4883-95. [PMID: 26346435 PMCID: PMC4531047 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s86336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional in vitro culture studies on flat surfaces do not reproduce tissue environments, which have inherent topographical mechanical signals. To understand the impact of these mechanical signals better, we use a cell imprinting technique to replicate cell features onto hard polymer culture surfaces as an alternative platform for investigating biomechanical effects on cells; the high-resolution replication of cells offers the micro- and nanotopography experienced in typical cell–cell interactions. We call this platform a Bioimprint. Cells of an endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, Ishikawa, were cultured on a bioimprinted substrate, in which Ishikawa cells were replicated on polymethacrylate (pMA) and polystyrene (pST), and compared to cells cultured on flat surfaces. Characteristics of cells, incorporating morphology and cell responses, including expression of adhesion-associated molecules and cell proliferation, were studied. In this project, we fabricated two different topographies for the cells to grow on: a negative imprint that creates cell-shaped hollows and a positive imprint that recreates the raised surface topography of a cell layer. We used two different substrate materials, pMA and pST. We observed that cells on imprinted substrates of both polymers, compared to cells on flat surfaces, exhibited higher expression of β1-integrin, focal adhesion kinase, and cytokeratin-18. Compared to cells on flat surfaces, cells were larger on imprinted pMA and more in number, whereas on pST-imprinted surfaces, cells were smaller and fewer than those on a flat pST surface. This method, which provided substrates in vitro with cell-like features, enabled the study of effects of topographies that are similar to those experienced by cells in vivo. The observations establish that such a physical environment has an effect on cancer cell behavior independent of the characteristics of the substrate. The results support the concept that the physical topography of a cell’s environment may modulate crucial oncological signaling pathways; this suggests the possibility of cancer therapies that target pathways associated with the response to mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hui Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand ; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Peter H Sykes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Maan M Alkaisi
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand ; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John J Evans
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand ; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand ; Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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48
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Cassidy JW, Caldas C, Bruna A. Maintaining Tumor Heterogeneity in Patient-Derived Tumor Xenografts. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2963-8. [PMID: 26180079 PMCID: PMC4539570 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical models often fail to capture the diverse heterogeneity of human malignancies and as such lack clinical predictive power. Patient-derived tumor xenografts (PDX) have emerged as a powerful technology: capable of retaining the molecular heterogeneity of their originating sample. However, heterogeneity within a tumor is governed by both cell-autonomous (e.g., genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity) and non-cell-autonomous (e.g., stromal heterogeneity) drivers. Although PDXs can largely recapitulate the polygenomic architecture of human tumors, they do not fully account for heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. Hence, these models have substantial utility in basic and translational research in cancer biology; however, study of stromal or immune drivers of malignant progression may be limited. Similarly, PDX models offer the ability to conduct patient-specific in vivo and ex vivo drug screens, but stromal contributions to treatment responses may be under-represented. This review discusses the sources and consequences of intratumor heterogeneity and how these are recapitulated in the PDX model. Limitations of the current generation of PDXs are discussed and strategies to improve several aspects of the model with respect to preserving heterogeneity are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Cassidy
- Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Bruna
- Breast Cancer Functional Genomics, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Li Ka-Shing Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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49
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Wei W, Lewis MT. Identifying and targeting tumor-initiating cells in the treatment of breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:R135-55. [PMID: 25876646 PMCID: PMC4447610 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women (excluding skin cancer), and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although conventional and targeted therapies have improved survival rates, there are still considerable challenges in treating breast cancer, including treatment resistance, disease recurrence, and metastasis. Treatment resistance can be either de novo - because of traits that tumor cells possess before treatment - or acquired - because of traits that tumor cells gain in response to treatment. A recently proposed mechanism of de novo resistance invokes the existence of a specialized subset of cancer cells defined as tumor-initiating cells (TICs), or cancer stem cells (CSCs). TICs have the capacity to self-renew and to generate new tumors that consist entirely of clonally derived cell types present in the parental tumor. There are data to suggest that TICs are resistant to many conventional cancer therapies and that they can survive treatment in spite of dramatic shrinkage of the tumor. Residual TICs can then eventually regrow, which results in disease relapse. It has also been hypothesized that TIC may be responsible for metastatic disease. If these hypotheses are correct, targeting TICs may be imperative for achieving a cure. In the present review, we discuss evidence for breast TICs and their apparent resistance to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as to various targeted therapies. We also address the potential impact of breast TIC plasticity and metastatic potential on therapeutic strategies. Finally, we describe several genes and signaling pathways that appear to be important for TIC function and may represent promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Baylor College of MedicineLester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Houston, Texas, USADepartments of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRadiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM600, Room N1210, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Baylor College of MedicineLester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Houston, Texas, USADepartments of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRadiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM600, Room N1210, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael T Lewis
- Baylor College of MedicineLester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Houston, Texas, USADepartments of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRadiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM600, Room N1210, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Baylor College of MedicineLester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Houston, Texas, USADepartments of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRadiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM600, Room N1210, Houston, Texas 77030, USA Baylor College of MedicineLester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Houston, Texas, USADepartments of Molecular and Cellular BiologyRadiologyBaylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM600, Room N1210, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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50
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Kashatus JA, Nascimento A, Myers LJ, Sher A, Byrne FL, Hoehn KL, Counter CM, Kashatus DF. Erk2 phosphorylation of Drp1 promotes mitochondrial fission and MAPK-driven tumor growth. Mol Cell 2015; 57:537-51. [PMID: 25658205 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 499] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ras is mutated in up to 30% of cancers, including 90% of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, causing it to be constitutively GTP-bound, and leading to activation of downstream effectors that promote a tumorigenic phenotype. As targeting Ras directly is difficult, there is a significant effort to understand the downstream biological processes that underlie its protumorigenic activity. Here, we show that expression of oncogenic Ras or direct activation of the MAPK pathway leads to increased mitochondrial fragmentation and that blocking this phenotype, through knockdown of the mitochondrial fission-mediating GTPase Drp1, inhibits tumor growth. This fission is driven by Erk2-mediated phosphorylation of Drp1 on Serine 616, and both this phosphorylation and mitochondrial fragmentation are increased in human pancreatic cancer. Finally, this phosphorylation is required for Ras-associated mitochondrial fission, and its inhibition is sufficient to block xenograft growth. Collectively, these data suggest mitochondrial fission may be a target for treating MAPK-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Aldo Nascimento
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Lindsey J Myers
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Annie Sher
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Frances L Byrne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Kyle L Hoehn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Christopher M Counter
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David F Kashatus
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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