1
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Fernandez MK, Sinha M, Zidan M, Renz M. Nuclear actin filaments - a historical perspective. Nucleus 2024; 15:2320656. [PMID: 38384139 PMCID: PMC10885181 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2024.2320656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The view on nuclear filaments formed by non-skeletal β-actin has significantly changed over the decades. Initially, filamentous actin was observed in amphibian oocyte nuclei and only under specific cell stress conditions in mammalian cell nuclei. Improved labeling and imaging technologies have permitted insights into a transient but microscopically apparent filament network that is relevant for chromatin organization, biomechanics of the mammalian cell nucleus, gene expression, and DNA damage repair. Here, we will provide a historical perspective on the developing insight into nuclear actin filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Molika Sinha
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mia Zidan
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Malte Renz
- Gynecologic Oncology Division, School of Medicine Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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2
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Aquino-Perez C, Safaralizade M, Podhajecky R, Wang H, Lansky Z, Grosse R, Macurek L. FAM110A promotes mitotic spindle formation by linking microtubules with actin cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321647121. [PMID: 38995965 PMCID: PMC11260166 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321647121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise segregation of chromosomes during mitosis requires assembly of a bipolar mitotic spindle followed by correct attachment of microtubules to the kinetochores. This highly spatiotemporally organized process is controlled by various mitotic kinases and molecular motors. We have recently shown that Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) promotes timely progression through mitosis by phosphorylating FAM110A leading to its enrichment at spindle poles. However, the mechanism by which FAM110A exerts its function in mitosis is unknown. Using structure prediction and a set of deletion mutants, we mapped here the interaction of the N- and C-terminal domains of FAM110A with actin and tubulin, respectively. Next, we found that the FAM110A-Δ40-61 mutant deficient in actin binding failed to rescue defects in chromosomal alignment caused by depletion of endogenous FAM110A. Depletion of FAM110A impaired assembly of F-actin in the proximity of spindle poles and was rescued by expression of the wild-type FAM110A, but not the FAM110A-Δ40-61 mutant. Purified FAM110A promoted binding of F-actin to microtubules as well as bundling of actin filaments in vitro. Finally, we found that the inhibition of CK1 impaired spindle actin formation and delayed progression through mitosis. We propose that CK1 and FAM110A promote timely progression through mitosis by mediating the interaction between spindle microtubules and filamentous actin to ensure proper mitotic spindle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Aquino-Perez
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, PragueCZ14220, Czech Republic
| | - Mahira Safaralizade
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Roman Podhajecky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, VestecCZ25250, Czech Republic
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Zdenek Lansky
- Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Biocev, VestecCZ25250, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg79104, Germany
| | - Libor Macurek
- Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, PragueCZ14220, Czech Republic
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3
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Tamura I, Miyamoto K, Hatanaka C, Shiroshita A, Fujimura T, Shirafuta Y, Mihara Y, Maekawa R, Taketani T, Sato S, Matsumoto K, Tamura H, Sugino N. Nuclear actin assembly is an integral part of decidualization in human endometrial stromal cells. Commun Biol 2024; 7:830. [PMID: 38992143 PMCID: PMC11239864 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06492-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Decidualization of the human endometrium is critical for establishing pregnancy and is entailed by differentiation of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) into decidual cells. During decidualization, the actin cytoskeleton is dynamically reorganized for the ESCs' morphological and functional changes. Although actin dynamically alters its polymerized state upon external stimuli not only in the cytoplasm, but also in the nucleus, nuclear actin dynamics during decidualization have not been elucidated. Here, we show that nuclear actin was specifically assembled during decidualization of human ESCs. This decidualization-specific formation of nuclear actin filaments was disassembled following the withdrawal of the decidualization stimulus, suggesting its reversible process. Mechanistically, RNA-seq analyses revealed that the forced disassembly of nuclear actin resulted in the suppression of decidualization, accompanied with the abnormal upregulation of cell proliferation genes, leading to incomplete cell cycle arrest. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPβ), an important regulator for decidualization, was responsible for downregulation of the nuclear actin exporter, thus accelerating nuclear actin accumulation and its assembly for decidualization. Taken together, we demonstrate that decidualization-specific nuclear actin assembly induces cell cycle arrest for establishing the decidualized state of ESCs. We propose that not only the cytoplasmic actin, but also nuclear actin dynamics profoundly affect decidualization process in humans for ensuring pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan.
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Chiharu Hatanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Amon Shiroshita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Taishi Fujimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Shirafuta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yumiko Mihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ryo Maekawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Taketani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shun Sato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, 649-6493, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sugino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Minamikogushi 1-1-1, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
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4
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He X, Brakebusch C. Regulation of Precise DNA Repair by Nuclear Actin Polymerization: A Chance for Improving Gene Therapy? Cells 2024; 13:1093. [PMID: 38994946 PMCID: PMC11240418 DOI: 10.3390/cells13131093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although more difficult to detect than in the cytoplasm, it is now clear that actin polymerization occurs in the nucleus and that it plays a role in the specific processes of the nucleus such as transcription, replication, and DNA repair. A number of studies suggest that nuclear actin polymerization is promoting precise DNA repair by homologous recombination, which could potentially be of help for precise genome editing and gene therapy. This review summarizes the findings and describes the challenges and chances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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5
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Mokin YI, Povarova OI, Antifeeva IA, Artemov AV, Uversky VN, Turoverov KK, Kuznetsova IM, Fonin AV. Bioinformatics Analysis of Actin Interactome: Characterization of the Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Actin-Binding Proteins. Protein J 2024:10.1007/s10930-024-10207-y. [PMID: 38824467 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Actin is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus of every eukaryotic cell. In the cytoplasm, framework and motor functions of actin are associated with its ability to polymerize to form F-actin. In the nucleus, globular actin plays a significant functional role. For a globular protein, actin has a uniquely large number of proteins with which it interacts. Bioinformatics analysis of the actin interactome showed that only a part of actin-binding proteins are both cytoplasmic and nuclear. There are proteins that interact only with cytoplasmic, or only with nuclear actin. The first pool includes proteins associated with the formation, regulation, and functioning of the actin cytoskeleton predominate, while nuclear actin-binding proteins are involved in the majority of key nuclear processes, from regulation of transcription to DNA damage response. Bioinformatics analysis of the structure of actin-binding proteins showed that these are mainly intrinsically disordered proteins, many of which are part of membrane-less organelles. Interestingly, although the number of intrinsically disordered actin-binding proteins in the nucleus is greater than in the cytoplasm, the drivers for the formation of the membrane-less organelles in the cytoplasm are significantly (four times) greater than in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov I Mokin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Iuliia A Antifeeva
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Artemov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation.
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Alasaadi DN, Mayor R. Mechanically guided cell fate determination in early development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:242. [PMID: 38811420 PMCID: PMC11136904 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Cell fate determination, a vital process in early development and adulthood, has been the focal point of intensive investigation over the past decades. Its importance lies in its critical role in shaping various and diverse cell types during embryonic development and beyond. Exploration of cell fate determination started with molecular and genetic investigations unveiling central signaling pathways and molecular regulatory networks. The molecular studies into cell fate determination yielded an overwhelming amount of information invoking the notion of the complexity of cell fate determination. However, recent advances in the framework of biomechanics have introduced a paradigm shift in our understanding of this intricate process. The physical forces and biochemical interplay, known as mechanotransduction, have been identified as a pivotal drive influencing cell fate decisions. Certainly, the integration of biomechanics into the process of cell fate pushed our understanding of the developmental process and potentially holds promise for therapeutic applications. This integration was achieved by identifying physical forces like hydrostatic pressure, fluid dynamics, tissue stiffness, and topography, among others, and examining their interplay with biochemical signals. This review focuses on recent advances investigating the relationship between physical cues and biochemical signals that control cell fate determination during early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delan N Alasaadi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Chen H, Yan G, Wen MH, Brooks KN, Zhang Y, Huang PS, Chen TY. Advancements and Practical Considerations for Biophysical Research: Navigating the Challenges and Future of Super-resolution Microscopy. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2024; 2:331-344. [PMID: 38817319 PMCID: PMC11134610 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.4c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The introduction of super-resolution microscopy (SRM) has significantly advanced our understanding of cellular and molecular dynamics, offering a detailed view previously beyond our reach. Implementing SRM in biophysical research, however, presents numerous challenges. This review addresses the crucial aspects of utilizing SRM effectively, from selecting appropriate fluorophores and preparing samples to analyzing complex data sets. We explore recent technological advancements and methodological improvements that enhance the capabilities of SRM. Emphasizing the integration of SRM with other analytical methods, we aim to overcome inherent limitations and expand the scope of biological insights achievable. By providing a comprehensive guide for choosing the most suitable SRM methods based on specific research objectives, we aim to empower researchers to explore complex biological processes with enhanced precision and clarity, thereby advancing the frontiers of biophysical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Guangjie Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Meng-Hsuan Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kameron N. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Yuteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Pei-San Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Tai-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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8
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Sen B, Xie Z, Thomas MD, Pattenden SG, Howard S, McGrath C, Styner M, Uzer G, Furey TS, Rubin J. Nuclear actin structure regulates chromatin accessibility. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4095. [PMID: 38750021 PMCID: PMC11096319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymerized β-actin may provide a structural basis for chromatin accessibility and actin transport into the nucleus can guide mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation. Using MSC, we show that using CK666 to inhibit Arp2/3 directed secondary actin branching results in decreased nuclear actin structure, and significantly alters chromatin access measured with ATACseq at 24 h. The ATAC-seq results due to CK666 are distinct from those caused by cytochalasin D (CytoD), which enhances nuclear actin structure. In addition, nuclear visualization shows Arp2/3 inhibition decreases pericentric H3K9me3 marks. CytoD, alternatively, induces redistribution of H3K27me3 marks centrally. Such alterations in chromatin landscape are consistent with differential gene expression associated with distinctive differentiation patterns. Further, knockdown of the non-enzymatic monomeric actin binding protein, Arp4, leads to extensive chromatin unpacking, but only a modest increase in transcription, indicating an active role for actin-Arp4 in transcription. These data indicate that dynamic actin remodeling can regulate chromatin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buer Sen
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhihui Xie
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Michelle D Thomas
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Samantha G Pattenden
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sean Howard
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Cody McGrath
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maya Styner
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
| | - Terrence S Furey
- Departments of Genetics and Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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9
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Wang F, Yu X, Qian J, Cao Y, Dong S, Zhan S, Lu Z, Bast RC, Song Q, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J. A novel SIK2 inhibitor SIC-19 exhibits synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 74:101077. [PMID: 38518726 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ovarian cancer patients with HR proficiency (HRP) have had limited benefits from PARP inhibitor treatment, highlighting the need for improved therapeutic strategies. In this study, we developed a novel SIK2 inhibitor, SIC-19, and investigated its potential to enhance the sensitivity and expand the clinical utility of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer. METHODS The SIK2 protein was modeled using a Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), and the most favorable model was selected based on a GBVI/WSA dG scoring function. The Chembridge Compound Library was screened, and the top 20 candidate compounds were tested for their interaction with SIK2 and downstream substrates, AKT-pS473 and MYLK-pS343. SIC-19 emerged as the most promising drug candidate and was further evaluated using multiple assays. RESULTS SIC-19 exhibited selective and potent inhibition of SIK2, leading to its degradation through the ubiquitination pathway. The IC50 of SIC-19 correlated inversely with endogenous SIK2 expression in ovarian cancer cell lines. Treatment with SIC-19 significantly inhibited cancer cell growth and sensitized cells to PARP inhibitors in vitro, as well as in ovarian cancer organoids and xenograft models. Mechanistically, SIK2 knockdown and SIC-19 treatment reduced RAD50 phosphorylation at Ser635, prevented nuclear translocation of RAD50, disrupted nuclear filament assembly, and impaired DNA homologous recombination repair, ultimately inducing apoptosis. These findings highlight the crucial role of SIK2 in the DNA HR repair pathway and demonstrate the significant PARP inhibitor sensitization achieved by SIC-19 in ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS SIC-19, a novel SIK2 inhibitor, effectively inhibits tumor cell growth in ovarian cancer by interfering with RAD50-mediated DNA HR repair. Furthermore, SIC-19 enhances the efficacy of PARP inhibitors, providing a promising therapeutic strategy to improve outcomes for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejiao Yu
- Department of Imaging Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yumin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shunli Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shenghua Zhan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert C Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingxia Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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10
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Warner H, Franciosa G, van der Borg G, Coenen B, Faas F, Koenig C, de Boer R, Classens R, Maassen S, Baranov MV, Mahajan S, Dabral D, Bianchi F, van Hilten N, Risselada HJ, Roos WH, Olsen JV, Cano LQ, van den Bogaart G. Atypical cofilin signaling drives dendritic cell migration through the extracellular matrix via nuclear deformation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113866. [PMID: 38416638 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
To mount an adaptive immune response, dendritic cells must migrate to lymph nodes to present antigens to T cells. Critical to 3D migration is the nucleus, which is the size-limiting barrier for migration through the extracellular matrix. Here, we show that inflammatory activation of dendritic cells leads to the nucleus becoming spherically deformed and enables dendritic cells to overcome the typical 2- to 3-μm diameter limit for 3D migration through gaps in the extracellular matrix. We show that the nuclear shape change is partially attained through reduced cell adhesion, whereas improved 3D migration is achieved through reprogramming of the actin cytoskeleton. Specifically, our data point to a model whereby the phosphorylation of cofilin-1 at serine 41 drives the assembly of a cofilin-actomyosin ring proximal to the nucleus and enhances migration through 3D collagen gels. In summary, these data describe signaling events through which dendritic cells deform their nucleus and enhance their migratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Warner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Giulia Franciosa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guus van der Borg
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Britt Coenen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Felix Faas
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Claire Koenig
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - René Classens
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors Maassen
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maksim V Baranov
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shweta Mahajan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deepti Dabral
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans Bianchi
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Niek van Hilten
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Herre Jelger Risselada
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Physics, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Wouter H Roos
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper Velgaard Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laia Querol Cano
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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11
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Ulferts S, Lopes M, Miyamoto K, Grosse R. Nuclear actin dynamics and functions at a glance. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261630. [PMID: 38563209 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Actin is well known for its cytoskeletal functions, where it helps to control and maintain cell shape and architecture, as well as regulating cell migration and intracellular cargo transport, among others. However, actin is also prevalent in the nucleus, where genome-regulating roles have been described, including it being part of chromatin-remodeling complexes. More recently, with the help of advances in microscopy techniques and specialized imaging probes, direct visualization of nuclear actin filament dynamics has helped elucidate new roles for nuclear actin, such as in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication and repair, chromatin organization and transcriptional condensate formation. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarize the known signaling events driving the dynamic assembly of actin into filaments of various structures within the nuclear compartment for essential genome functions. Additionally, we highlight the physiological role of nuclear F-actin in meiosis and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Ulferts
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology I, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Ferrer P, Upadhyay S, Cai JJ, Clement TM. Novel Nuclear Roles for Testis-Specific ACTL7A and ACTL7B Supported by In Vivo Characterizations and AI Facilitated In Silico Mechanistic Modeling with Implications for Epigenetic Regulation in Spermiogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582797. [PMID: 38464253 PMCID: PMC10925299 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A mechanistic role for nuclear function of testis-specific actin related proteins (ARPs) is proposed here through contributions of ARP subunit swapping in canonical chromatin regulatory complexes. This is significant to our understanding of both mechanisms controlling regulation of spermiogenesis, and the expanding functional roles of the ARPs in cell biology. Among these roles, actins and ARPs are pivotal not only in cytoskeletal regulation, but also in intranuclear chromatin organization, influencing gene regulation and nucleosome remodeling. This study focuses on two testis-specific ARPs, ACTL7A and ACTL7B, exploring their intranuclear activities and broader implications utilizing combined in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. ACTL7A and ACTL7B, previously associated with structural roles, are hypothesized here to serve in chromatin regulation during germline development. This study confirms the intranuclear presence of ACTL7B in spermatocytes and round spermatids, revealing a potential role in intranuclear processes, and identifies a putative nuclear localization sequence conserved across mammalian ACTL7B, indicating a potentially unique mode of nuclear transport which differs from conventional actin. Ablation of ACTL7B leads to varied transcriptional changes reported here. Additionally, in the absence of ACTL7A or ACTL7B there is a loss of intranuclear localization of HDAC1 and HDAC3, which are known regulators of epigenetic associated acetylation changes that in turn regulate gene expression. Thus, these HDACs are implicated as contributors to the aberrant gene expression observed in the KO mouse testis transcriptomic analysis. Furthermore, this study employed and confirmed the accuracy of in silico models to predict ARP interactions with Helicase-SANT-associated (HSA) domains, uncovering putative roles for testis-specific ARPs in nucleosome remodeling complexes. In these models, ACTL7A and ACTL7B were found capable of binding to INO80 and SWI/SNF nucleosome remodeler family members in a manner akin to nuclear actin and ACTL6A. These models thus implicate germline-specific ARP subunit swapping within chromatin regulatory complexes as a potential regulatory mechanism for chromatin and associated molecular machinery adaptations in nuclear reorganizations required during spermiogenesis. These results hold implications for male fertility and epigenetic programing in the male-germline that warrant significant future investigation. In summary, this study reveals that ACTL7A and ACTL7B play intranuclear gene regulation roles in male gametogenesis, adding to the multifaceted roles identified also spanning structural, acrosomal, and flagellar stability. ACTL7A and ACTL7B unique nuclear transport, impact on HDAC nuclear associations, impact on transcriptional processes, and proposed mechanism for involvement in nucleosome remodeling complexes supported by AI facilitated in silico modeling contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the indispensable functions of ARPs broadly in cell biology, and specifically in male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Ferrer
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Srijana Upadhyay
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - James J Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Tracy M Clement
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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13
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Sobo JM, Alagna NS, Sun SX, Wilson KL, Reddy KL. Lamins: The backbone of the nucleocytoskeleton interface. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102313. [PMID: 38262116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The nuclear lamina (NL) is a crucial component of the inner nuclear membrane (INM) and consists of lamin filaments and associated proteins. Lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins essential for maintaining the integrity and mechanical properties of the nucleus. In human cells, 'B-type' lamins (lamin B1 and lamin B2) are ubiquitously expressed, while 'A-type' lamins (lamin A, lamin C, and minor isoforms) are expressed in a tissue- and development-specific manner. Lamins homopolymerize to form filaments that localize primarily near the INM, but A-type lamins also localize to and function in the nucleoplasm. Lamins play central roles in the assembly, structure, positioning, and mechanics of the nucleus, modulating cell signaling and influencing development, differentiation, and other activities. This review highlights recent findings on the structure and regulation of lamin filaments, providing insights into their multifaceted functions, including their role as "mechanosensors", delving into the emerging significance of lamin filaments as vital links between cytoskeletal and nuclear structures, chromatin organization, and the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Sobo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas S Alagna
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sean X Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katherine L Wilson
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen L Reddy
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Center for Epigenetics, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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14
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Ryzhykau YL, Povarova OI, Dronova EA, Kuklina DD, Antifeeva IA, Ilyinsky NS, Okhrimenko IS, Semenov YS, Kuklin AI, Ivanovich V, Fonin AV, Uversky VN, Turoverov KK, Kuznetsova IM. Small-angle X-ray scattering structural insights into alternative pathway of actin oligomerization associated with inactivated state. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 693:149340. [PMID: 38141525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the well-known monomeric globular (G-actin) and polymeric fibrillar (F-actin) forms, actin can exist in the so-called inactivated form (I-actin). Hsp70 chaperon, prefoldin, and CCT chaperonin are required to obtain native globular state. In contrast, I-actin is spontaneously formed in the absence of intracellular folding machinery. I-actin can be obtained from G-actin by elimination of divalent ion, incubation in presence of small concentrations of denaturants, and by heat exposure. Since G-actin is a quasi-stationary, thermodynamically unstable form, it can gradually transform into inactivated state in the absence of chelating/denaturating agents or heat exposure, but the transition is much slower. I-actin was shown to associate into oligomers up to the molecular weight of 14-16 G-actin monomers, though the structure of these oligomers remains uncharacterized. This study employs small-angle X-ray scattering to reveal novel insights into the oligomerization process of such spontaneously formed inactivated actin. These oligomers are differentiated from F-actin through comparative analysis, highlighting a unique oligomerization pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury L Ryzhykau
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation; Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta A Dronova
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Daria D Kuklina
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Iuliia A Antifeeva
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay S Ilyinsky
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Ivan S Okhrimenko
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Yury S Semenov
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander I Kuklin
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation; Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin Ivanovich
- Research Center for Molecular Mechanisms of Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation.
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15
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Chen P, Mishra S, Prabha H, Sengupta S, Levy DL. Nuclear growth and import can be uncoupled. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar1. [PMID: 37903226 PMCID: PMC10881164 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-04-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
What drives nuclear growth? Studying nuclei assembled in Xenopus egg extract and focusing on importin α/β-mediated nuclear import, we show that, while import is required for nuclear growth, nuclear growth and import can be uncoupled when chromatin structure is manipulated. Nuclei treated with micrococcal nuclease to fragment DNA grew slowly despite exhibiting little to no change in import rates. Nuclei assembled around axolotl chromatin with 20-fold more DNA than Xenopus grew larger but imported more slowly. Treating nuclei with reagents known to alter histone methylation or acetylation caused nuclei to grow less while still importing to a similar extent or to grow larger without significantly increasing import. Nuclear growth but not import was increased in live sea urchin embryos treated with the DNA methylator N-nitrosodimethylamine. These data suggest that nuclear import is not the primary driving force for nuclear growth. Instead, we observed that nuclear blebs expanded preferentially at sites of high chromatin density and lamin addition, whereas small Benzonase-treated nuclei lacking DNA exhibited reduced lamin incorporation into the nuclear envelope. In summary, we report experimental conditions where nuclear import is not sufficient to drive nuclear growth, hypothesizing that this uncoupling is a result of altered chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Sampada Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Haritha Prabha
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Sourabh Sengupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Daniel L. Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
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16
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Spegg V, Altmeyer M. Genome maintenance meets mechanobiology. Chromosoma 2024; 133:15-36. [PMID: 37581649 PMCID: PMC10904543 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00807-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Genome stability is key for healthy cells in healthy organisms, and deregulated maintenance of genome integrity is a hallmark of aging and of age-associated diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. To maintain a stable genome, genome surveillance and repair pathways are closely intertwined with cell cycle regulation and with DNA transactions that occur during transcription and DNA replication. Coordination of these processes across different time and length scales involves dynamic changes of chromatin topology, clustering of fragile genomic regions and repair factors into nuclear repair centers, mobilization of the nuclear cytoskeleton, and activation of cell cycle checkpoints. Here, we provide a general overview of cell cycle regulation and of the processes involved in genome duplication in human cells, followed by an introduction to replication stress and to the cellular responses elicited by perturbed DNA synthesis. We discuss fragile genomic regions that experience high levels of replication stress, with a particular focus on telomere fragility caused by replication stress at the ends of linear chromosomes. Using alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) in cancer cells and ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs) as examples of replication stress-associated clustered DNA damage, we discuss compartmentalization of DNA repair reactions and the role of protein properties implicated in phase separation. Finally, we highlight emerging connections between DNA repair and mechanobiology and discuss how biomolecular condensates, components of the nuclear cytoskeleton, and interfaces between membrane-bound organelles and membraneless macromolecular condensates may cooperate to coordinate genome maintenance in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Spegg
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Altmeyer
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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17
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Palumbieri MD, Merigliano C, González-Acosta D, Kuster D, Krietsch J, Stoy H, von Känel T, Ulferts S, Welter B, Frey J, Doerdelmann C, Sanchi A, Grosse R, Chiolo I, Lopes M. Nuclear actin polymerization rapidly mediates replication fork remodeling upon stress by limiting PrimPol activity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7819. [PMID: 38016948 PMCID: PMC10684888 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells rapidly respond to replication stress actively slowing fork progression and inducing fork reversal. How replication fork plasticity is achieved in the context of nuclear organization is currently unknown. Using nuclear actin probes in living and fixed cells, we visualized nuclear actin filaments in unperturbed S phase and observed their rapid extension in number and length upon genotoxic treatments, frequently taking contact with replication factories. Chemically or genetically impairing nuclear actin polymerization shortly before these treatments prevents active fork slowing and abolishes fork reversal. Defective fork remodeling is linked to deregulated chromatin loading of PrimPol, which promotes unrestrained and discontinuous DNA synthesis and limits the recruitment of RAD51 and SMARCAL1 to nascent DNA. Moreover, defective nuclear actin polymerization upon mild replication interference induces chromosomal instability in a PRIMPOL-dependent manner. Hence, by limiting PrimPol activity, nuclear F-actin orchestrates replication fork plasticity and is a key molecular determinant in the rapid cellular response to genotoxic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Merigliano
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Danina Kuster
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jana Krietsch
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henriette Stoy
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas von Känel
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bettina Welter
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joël Frey
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyril Doerdelmann
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Sanchi
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert Grosse
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Irene Chiolo
- Molecular and Computational Biology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Massimo Lopes
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Wollscheid HP, Ulrich HD. Chromatin meets the cytoskeleton: the importance of nuclear actin dynamics and associated motors for genome stability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2023; 131:103571. [PMID: 37738698 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is of fundamental importance for numerous cellular processes, including intracellular transport, cell plasticity, and cell migration. However, functions of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the nucleus remain understudied due to the comparatively low abundance of nuclear actin and the resulting experimental limitations to its visualization. Owing to recent technological advances such as super-resolution microscopy and the development of nuclear-specific actin probes, essential roles of the actin cytoskeleton in the context of genome maintenance are now emerging. In addition to the contributions of monomeric actin as a component of multiple important nuclear protein complexes, nuclear actin has been found to undergo polymerization in response to DNA damage and DNA replication stress. Consequently, nuclear F-actin plays important roles in the regulation of intra-nuclear mobility of repair and replication foci as well as the maintenance of nuclear shape, two important aspects of efficient stress tolerance. Beyond actin itself, there is accumulating evidence for the participation of multiple actin-binding proteins (ABPs) in the surveillance of genome integrity, including nucleation factors and motor proteins of the myosin family. Here we summarize recent findings highlighting the importance of actin cytoskeletal factors within the nucleus in key genome maintenance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Wollscheid
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, Mainz D - 55128, Germany.
| | - Helle D Ulrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, Mainz D - 55128, Germany.
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19
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Ihashi S, Hamanaka M, Kaji M, Mori R, Nishizaki S, Mori M, Imasato Y, Inoue K, Matoba S, Ogonuki N, Takasu A, Nakamura M, Matsumoto K, Anzai M, Ogura A, Ikawa M, Miyamoto K. Incomplete activation of Alyref and Gabpb1 leads to preimplantation arrest in cloned mouse embryos. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302296. [PMID: 37640449 PMCID: PMC10462978 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated cell nuclei can be reprogrammed after nuclear transfer (NT) to oocytes and the produced NT embryos can give rise to cloned animals. However, development of NT embryos is often hampered by recurrent reprogramming failures, including the incomplete activation of developmental genes, yet specific genes responsible for the arrest of NT embryos are not well understood. Here, we searched for developmentally important genes among the reprogramming-resistant H3K9me3-repressed genes and identified Alyref and Gabpb1 by siRNA screening. Gene knockout of Alyref and Gabpb1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in early developmental arrest in mice. Alyref was needed for the proper formation of inner cell mass by regulating Nanog, whereas Gabpb1 deficiency led to apoptosis. The supplement of Alyref and Gabpb1 mRNA supported efficient preimplantation development of cloned embryos. Alyref and Gabpb1 were silenced in NT embryos partially because of the repressed expression of Klf16 by H3K9me3. Thus, our study shows that the H3K9me3-repressed genes contain developmentally required genes, and the incomplete activation of such genes results in preimplantation arrest of cloned embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Ihashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mizuto Hamanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Kaji
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ryunosuke Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Nishizaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Miki Mori
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuma Imasato
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kimiko Inoue
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shogo Matoba
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - Narumi Ogonuki
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takasu
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Misaki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuya Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Anzai
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- https://ror.org/00s05em53 Bioresource Engineering Division, RIKEN Bioresource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahito Ikawa
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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20
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Yuan G, Gao H, Yang T. Exploring the Role of the Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: From Signaling to Cellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15480. [PMID: 37895158 PMCID: PMC10607326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant actin cytoskeleton is characterized by the basic properties of dynamic array, which plays a central role in numerous conserved processes that are required for diverse cellular functions. Here, we focus on how actins and actin-related proteins (ARPs), which represent two classical branches of a greatly diverse superfamily of ATPases, are involved in fundamental functions underlying signal regulation of plant growth and development. Moreover, we review the structure, assembly dynamics, and biological functions of filamentous actin (F-actin) from a molecular perspective. The various accessory proteins known as actin-binding proteins (ABPs) partner with F-actin to finely tune actin dynamics, often in response to various cell signaling pathways. Our understanding of the significance of the actin cytoskeleton in vital cellular activities has been furthered by comparison of conserved functions of actin filaments across different species combined with advanced microscopic techniques and experimental methods. We discuss the current model of the plant actin cytoskeleton, followed by examples of the signaling mechanisms under the supervision of F-actin related to cell morphogenesis, polar growth, and cytoplasmic streaming. Determination of the theoretical basis of how the cytoskeleton works is important in itself and is beneficial to future applications aimed at improving crop biomass and production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tao Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (G.Y.); (H.G.)
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21
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Nieminuszczy J, Martin PR, Broderick R, Krwawicz J, Kanellou A, Mocanu C, Bousgouni V, Smith C, Wen KK, Woodward B, Bakal C, Shackley F, Aguilera A, Stewart G, Vyas Y, Niedzwiedz W. Actin nucleators safeguard replication forks by limiting nascent strand degradation. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:6337-6354. [PMID: 37224534 PMCID: PMC10325910 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate genome replication is essential for all life and a key mechanism of disease prevention, underpinned by the ability of cells to respond to replicative stress (RS) and protect replication forks. These responses rely on the formation of Replication Protein A (RPA)-single stranded (ss) DNA complexes, yet this process remains largely uncharacterized. Here, we establish that actin nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) associate with replication forks, promote efficient DNA replication and facilitate association of RPA with ssDNA at sites of RS. Accordingly, their loss leads to deprotection of ssDNA at perturbed forks, impaired ATR activation, global replication defects and fork collapse. Supplying an excess of RPA restores RPA foci formation and fork protection, suggesting a chaperoning role for actin nucleators (ANs) (i.e. Arp2/3, DIAPH1) and NPFs (i.e, WASp, N-WASp) in regulating RPA availability upon RS. We also discover that β-actin interacts with RPA directly in vitro, and in vivo a hyper-depolymerizing β-actin mutant displays a heightened association with RPA and the same dysfunctional replication phenotypes as loss of ANs/NPFs, which contrasts with the phenotype of a hyper-polymerizing β-actin mutant. Thus, we identify components of actin polymerization pathways that are essential for preventing ectopic nucleolytic degradation of perturbed forks by modulating RPA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Nieminuszczy
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Peter R Martin
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ronan Broderick
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joanna Krwawicz
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alexandra Kanellou
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Camelia Mocanu
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Vicky Bousgouni
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Charlotte Smith
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kuo-Kuang Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Beth L Woodward
- Genome Stability and Human Disease Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Fiona Shackley
- Paediatric Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Genome Stability and Human Disease Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yatin M Vyas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Wojciech Niedzwiedz
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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22
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Han JDJ. LncRNAs: the missing link to senescence nuclear architecture. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:618-628. [PMID: 37069045 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
During cellular senescence and organismal aging, cells display various molecular and morphological changes. Although many aging-related long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are highly associated with senescence-associated secretory phenotype, the roles of lncRNAs in senescence-associated nuclear architecture and morphological changes are just starting to emerge. Here I review lncRNAs associated with nuclear structure establishment and maintenance, their aging-related changes, and then focus on the pervasive, yet underappreciated, role of RNA double-strand DNA triplexes for lncRNAs to recognize targeted genomic regions, making lncRNAs the nexus between DNA and proteins to regulate nuclear structural changes. Finally, I discuss the future of deciphering direct links of lncRNA changes to various nuclear morphology changes assisted by artificial intelligence and genetic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Dong J Han
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Center for Quantitative Biology (CQB), Peking University, Beijing, China; International Center for Aging and Cancer (ICAC), The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China.
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23
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Shi J, Hauschulte K, Mikicic I, Maharjan S, Arz V, Strauch T, Heidelberger JB, Schaefer JV, Dreier B, Plückthun A, Beli P, Ulrich HD, Wollscheid HP. Nuclear myosin VI maintains replication fork stability. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3787. [PMID: 37355687 PMCID: PMC10290672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is of fundamental importance for cellular structure and plasticity. However, abundance and function of filamentous actin in the nucleus are still controversial. Here we show that the actin-based molecular motor myosin VI contributes to the stabilization of stalled or reversed replication forks. In response to DNA replication stress, myosin VI associates with stalled replication intermediates and cooperates with the AAA ATPase Werner helicase interacting protein 1 (WRNIP1) in protecting these structures from DNA2-mediated nucleolytic attack. Using functionalized affinity probes to manipulate myosin VI levels in a compartment-specific manner, we provide evidence for the direct involvement of myosin VI in the nucleus and against a contribution of the abundant cytoplasmic pool during the replication stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shi
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kristine Hauschulte
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ivan Mikicic
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Srijana Maharjan
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Mainz Biomed N.V., Robert-Koch-Str. 50, D - 55129, Mainz, Germany
| | - Valerie Arz
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tina Strauch
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan B Heidelberger
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, D - 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas V Schaefer
- University of Zurich, Department of Biochemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH - 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- University of Zurich, Department of Biochemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH - 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- University of Zurich, Department of Biochemistry, Winterthurerstr. 190, CH - 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helle D Ulrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Wollscheid
- Institute of Molecular Biology gGmbH (IMB), Ackermannweg 4, D - 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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24
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Sadhu L, Tsopoulidis N, Hasanuzzaman M, Laketa V, Way M, Fackler OT. ARPC5 isoforms and their regulation by calcium-calmodulin-N-WASP drive distinct Arp2/3-dependent actin remodeling events in CD4 T cells. eLife 2023; 12:e82450. [PMID: 37162507 PMCID: PMC10171864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell activation induces nuclear and cytoplasmic actin polymerization via the Arp2/3 complex to activate cytokine expression and strengthen T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Actin polymerization dynamics and filament morphology differ between nucleus and cytoplasm. However, it is unclear how the Arp2/3 complex mediates distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic actin polymerization in response to a common stimulus. In humans, the ARP3, ARPC1, and ARPC5 subunits of the Arp2/3 complex exist as two different isoforms, resulting in complexes with different properties. Here, we show that the Arp2/3 subunit isoforms ARPC5 and ARPC5L play a central role in coordinating distinct actin polymerization events in CD4 T cells. While ARPC5L is heterogeneously expressed in individual CD4 T cells, it specifically drives nuclear actin polymerization upon T cell activation. In contrast, ARPC5 is evenly expressed in CD4 T cell populations and is required for cytoplasmic actin dynamics. Interestingly, nuclear actin polymerization triggered by a different stimulus, DNA replication stress, specifically requires ARPC5 but not ARPC5L. TCR signaling but not DNA replication stress induces nuclear actin polymerization via nuclear calcium-calmodulin signaling and N-WASP. Diversity in the molecular properties and individual expression patterns of ARPC5 subunit isoforms thus tailors Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization to different physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lopamudra Sadhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Md Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Vibor Laketa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Way
- Cellular Signalling and Cytoskeletal Function Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Oliver T Fackler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Integrative Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
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25
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Chen P, Mishra S, Levy DL. Nuclear growth and import can be uncoupled. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.19.537556. [PMID: 37131802 PMCID: PMC10153267 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
What drives nuclear growth? Studying nuclei assembled in Xenopus egg extract and focusing on importin α/β-mediated nuclear import, we show that, while nuclear growth depends on nuclear import, nuclear growth and import can be uncoupled. Nuclei containing fragmented DNA grew slowly despite exhibiting normal import rates, suggesting nuclear import itself is insufficient to drive nuclear growth. Nuclei containing more DNA grew larger but imported more slowly. Altering chromatin modifications caused nuclei to grow less while still importing to the same extent or to grow larger without increasing nuclear import. Increasing heterochromatin in vivo in sea urchin embryos increased nuclear growth but not import. These data suggest that nuclear import is not the primary driving force for nuclear growth. Instead, live imaging showed that nuclear growth preferentially occurred at sites of high chromatin density and lamin addition, whereas small nuclei lacking DNA exhibited less lamin incorporation. Our hypothesized model is that lamin incorporation and nuclear growth are driven by chromatin mechanical properties, which depend on and can be tuned by nuclear import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Sampada Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Daniel L. Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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26
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Jeruzalska E, Mazur AJ. The Role of non-muscle actin paralogs in cell cycle progression and proliferation. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151315. [PMID: 37099935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation leads to several pathologies, including cancer. Thus, this process must be tightly regulated. The cell cycle accounts for cell proliferation, and its progression is coordinated with changes in cell shape, for which cytoskeleton reorganization is responsible. Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton allows for its participation in the precise division of genetic material and cytokinesis. One of the main cytoskeletal components is filamentous actin-based structures. Mammalian cells have at least six actin paralogs, four of which are muscle-specific, while two, named β- and γ-actin, are abundantly present in all types of cells. This review summarizes the findings that establish the role of non-muscle actin paralogs in regulating cell cycle progression and proliferation. We discuss studies showing that the level of a given non-muscle actin paralog in a cell influences the cell's ability to progress through the cell cycle and, thus, proliferation. Moreover, we elaborate on the non-muscle actins' role in regulating gene transcription, interactions of actin paralogs with proteins involved in controlling cell proliferation, and the contribution of non-muscle actins to different structures in a dividing cell. The data cited in this review show that non-muscle actins regulate the cell cycle and proliferation through varying mechanisms. We point to the need for further studies addressing these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estera Jeruzalska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Antonina J Mazur
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Poland.
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27
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Palumbieri MD, Merigliano C, Acosta DG, von Känel T, Welter B, Stoy H, Krietsch J, Ulferts S, Sanchi A, Grosse R, Chiolo I, Lopes M. Replication fork plasticity upon replication stress requires rapid nuclear actin polymerization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.24.534097. [PMID: 36993227 PMCID: PMC10055433 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.24.534097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells rapidly respond to replication stress actively slowing fork progression and inducing fork reversal. How replication fork plasticity is achieved in the context of nuclear organization is currently unknown. Using nuclear actin probes in living and fixed cells, we visualized nuclear actin filaments in unperturbed S phase, rapidly extending in number and thickness upon genotoxic treatments, and taking frequent contact with replication factories. Chemically or genetically impairing nuclear actin polymerization shortly before these treatments prevents active fork slowing and abolishes fork reversal. Defective fork plasticity is linked to reduced recruitment of RAD51 and SMARCAL1 to nascent DNA. Conversely, PRIMPOL gains access to replicating chromatin, promoting unrestrained and discontinuous DNA synthesis, which is associated with increased chromosomal instability and decreased cellular resistance to replication stress. Hence, nuclear F-actin orchestrates replication fork plasticity and is a key molecular determinant in the rapid cellular response to genotoxic treatments.
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28
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Kristó I, Borkúti P, Kovács Z, Szabó A, Szikora S, Vilmos P. Detection of Actin in Nuclear Protein Fraction Isolated from Adult Drosophila Ovary. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:353-364. [PMID: 36715915 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Much evidence supports the presence of cytoskeletal elements in the nucleus; however, the exact functions of these proteins in the nucleus are still uncertain. Of the cytoskeletal proteins, the activity and biological significance of nuclear actin has been the most extensively researched. It is now clear that actin performs essential tasks both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, and that the dynamic balance between the large cytoplasmic and the significantly smaller nuclear actin pools is maintained by robust transport mechanisms. Therefore, the compartment-specific manipulation or investigation of actin has been an enormous challenge. Here, we present a protocol for the detection of actin in isolated nuclear protein fractions from Drosophila ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Kristó
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Borkúti
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Szabó
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Szikora
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Vilmos
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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29
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Chen P, Levy DL. Regulation of organelle size and organization during development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:53-64. [PMID: 35148938 PMCID: PMC9357868 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During early embryogenesis, as cells divide in the developing embryo, the size of intracellular organelles generally decreases to scale with the decrease in overall cell size. Organelle size scaling is thought to be important to establish and maintain proper cellular function, and defective scaling may lead to impaired development and disease. However, how the cell regulates organelle size and organization are largely unanswered questions. In this review, we summarize the process of size scaling at both the cell and organelle levels and discuss recently discovered mechanisms that regulate this process during early embryogenesis. In addition, we describe how some recently developed techniques and Xenopus as an animal model can be used to investigate the underlying mechanisms of size regulation and to uncover the significance of proper organelle size scaling and organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
| | - Daniel L Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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30
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Nieminuszczy J, Martin PR, Broderick R, Krwawicz J, Kanellou A, Mocanu C, Bousgouni V, Smith C, Wen KK, Woodward BL, Bakal C, Shackley F, Aguilera A, Stewart GS, Vyas YM, Niedzwiedz W. Actin nucleators safeguard replication forks by limiting nascent strand degradation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.12.523639. [PMID: 36711944 PMCID: PMC9882250 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.12.523639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate genome replication is essential for all life and a key mechanism of disease prevention, underpinned by the ability of cells to respond to replicative stress (RS) and protect replication forks. These responses rely on the formation of Replication Protein A (RPA)-single stranded (ss) DNA complexes, yet this process remains largely uncharacterized. Here we establish that actin nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) associate with replication forks, promote efficient DNA replication and facilitate association of RPA with ssDNA at sites of RS. Accordingly, their loss leads to deprotection of ssDNA at perturbed forks, impaired ATR activation, global replication defects and fork collapse. Supplying an excess of RPA restores RPA foci formation and fork protection, suggesting a chaperoning role for actin nucleators (ANs) (i.e., Arp2/3, DIAPH1) and NPFs (i.e, WASp, N-WASp) in regulating RPA availability upon RS. We also discover that β-actin interacts with RPA directly in vitro , and in vivo a hyper-depolymerizing β-actin mutant displays a heightened association with RPA and the same dysfunctional replication phenotypes as loss of ANs/NPFs, which contrasts with the phenotype of a hyper-polymerizing β-actin mutant. Thus, we identify components of actin polymerization pathways that are essential for preventing ectopic nucleolytic degradation of perturbed forks by modulating RPA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter R. Martin
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Ronan Broderick
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Joanna Krwawicz
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | | | - Camelia Mocanu
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Vicky Bousgouni
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Charlotte Smith
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Kuo-Kuang Wen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, PennState College of Medicine, PennState Health Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Beth L. Woodward
- Genome Stability and Human Disease Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Bakal
- Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Fiona Shackley
- Paediatric Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andres Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biologia Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Grant S. Stewart
- Genome Stability and Human Disease Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yatin M. Vyas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, PennState College of Medicine, PennState Health Children’s Hospital, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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31
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Moreno-Andrés D, Holl K, Antonin W. The second half of mitosis and its implications in cancer biology. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 88:1-17. [PMID: 36436712 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus undergoes dramatic structural and functional changes during cell division. With the entry into mitosis, in human cells the nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes rearrange into rod-like structures which are collected and segregated by the spindle apparatus. While these processes in the first half of mitosis have been intensively studied, much less is known about the second half of mitosis, when a functional nucleus reforms in each of the emerging cells. Here we review our current understanding of mitotic exit and nuclear reformation with spotlights on the links to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moreno-Andrés
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristin Holl
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Antonin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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32
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Shang S, Liu J, Hua F. Protein acylation: mechanisms, biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:396. [PMID: 36577755 PMCID: PMC9797573 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is involved in the pathogenesis of not only cancers but also neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and infectious diseases. With the progress of metabonomics and proteomics, metabolites have been found to affect protein acylations through providing acyl groups or changing the activities of acyltransferases or deacylases. Reciprocally, protein acylation is involved in key cellular processes relevant to physiology and diseases, such as protein stability, protein subcellular localization, enzyme activity, transcriptional activity, protein-protein interactions and protein-DNA interactions. Herein, we summarize the functional diversity and mechanisms of eight kinds of nonhistone protein acylations in the physiological processes and progression of several diseases. We also highlight the recent progress in the development of inhibitors for acyltransferase, deacylase, and acylation reader proteins for their potential applications in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fang Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, P.R. China
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33
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Cobb AM, De Silva SA, Hayward R, Sek K, Ulferts S, Grosse R, Shanahan CM. Filamentous nuclear actin regulation of PML NBs during the DNA damage response is deregulated by prelamin A. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1042. [PMID: 36522328 PMCID: PMC9755150 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05491-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear actin participates in a continuously expanding list of core processes within eukaryotic nuclei, including the maintenance of genomic integrity. In response to DNA damage, nuclear actin polymerises into filaments that are involved in the repair of damaged DNA through incompletely defined mechanisms. We present data to show that the formation of nuclear F-actin in response to genotoxic stress acts as a scaffold for PML NBs and that these filamentous networks are essential for PML NB fission and recruitment of microbodies to DNA lesions. Further to this, we demonstrate that the accumulation of the toxic lamin A precursor prelamin A induces mislocalisation of nuclear actin to the nuclear envelope and prevents the establishment of nucleoplasmic F-actin networks in response to stress. Consequently, PML NB dynamics and recruitment to DNA lesions is ablated, resulting in impaired DNA damage repair. Inhibition of nuclear export of formin mDia2 restores nuclear F-actin formation by augmenting polymerisation of nuclear actin in response to stress and rescues PML NB localisation to sites of DNA repair, leading to reduced levels of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Cobb
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU United Kingdom
| | - Shanelle A. De Silva
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hayward
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU United Kingdom
| | - Karolina Sek
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU United Kingdom
| | - Svenja Ulferts
- grid.5963.9Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Grosse
- grid.5963.9Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Catherine M. Shanahan
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King’s College London, The James Black Centre, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU United Kingdom
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34
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Tomikawa J, Miyamoto K. Structural alteration of the nucleus for the reprogramming of gene expression. FEBS J 2022; 289:7221-7233. [PMID: 33891358 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is a critical process for establishing and maintaining cellular identity. Gene expression is controlled through a chromatin-based mechanism in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Recent studies suggest that chromatin accessibility and the higher-order structure of chromatin affect transcriptional outcome. This is especially evident when cells change their fate during development and nuclear reprogramming. Furthermore, non-chromosomal contents of the cell nucleus, namely nucleoskeleton proteins, can also affect chromatin and nuclear structures, resulting in transcriptional alterations. Here, we review our current mechanistic understanding about how chromatin and nuclear structures impact transcription in the course of embryonic development, cellular differentiation and nuclear reprogramming, and also discuss unresolved questions that remain to be addressed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tomikawa
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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35
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Forlani G, Antwi EB, Weis D, Öztürk MA, Queck BA, Brecht D, Di Ventura B. Analysis of Slow-Cycling Variants of the Light-Inducible Nuclear Protein Export System LEXY in Mammalian Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3529-3533. [PMID: 36180042 PMCID: PMC9594308 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The optogenetic tool LEXY consists of the second light oxygen voltage (LOV) domain of Avena sativa phototropin 1 mutated to contain a nuclear export signal. It allows exporting from the nucleus with blue light proteins of interest (POIs) genetically fused to it. Mutations slowing the dark recovery rate of the LOV domain within LEXY were recently shown to allow for better depletion of some POIs from the nucleus in Drosophila embryos and for the usage of low light illumination regimes. We investigated these variants in mammalian cells and found they increase the cytoplasmic localization of the proteins we tested after illumination, but also during the dark phases, which corresponds to higher leakiness of the system. These data suggest that, when aiming to sequester into the nucleus a protein with a cytoplasmic function, the original LEXY is preferable. The iLEXY variants are, instead, advantageous when wanting to deplete the nucleus of the POI as much as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Forlani
- Centers
for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,Spemann
Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Enoch B. Antwi
- Centers
for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,E-mail:
| | - Daniel Weis
- Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Mehmet A. Öztürk
- Centers
for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Bastian A.W. Queck
- Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,Department
of Bio- and Environmental Sciences, International Institute Zittau, Technische Universität Dresden, Zittau, 01069, Germany
| | - Dominik Brecht
- Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Barbara Di Ventura
- Centers
for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,Faculty
of Biology, Institute of Biology II, Albert
Ludwigs University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany,E-mail:
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36
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Septin barriers protect mammalian host cells against Pseudomonas aeruginosa invasion. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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37
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Wang H, Hu J, Yi K, Ma Z, Song X, Lee Y, Kalab P, Bershadsky AD, Miao Y, Li R. Dual control of formin-nucleated actin assembly by the chromatin and ER in mouse oocytes. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4013-4024.e6. [PMID: 35981539 PMCID: PMC9549573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first asymmetric meiotic cell divisions in mouse oocytes are driven by formin 2 (FMN2)-nucleated actin polymerization around the spindle. In this study, we investigated how FMN2 is recruited to the spindle peripheral ER and how its activity is regulated in mouse meiosis I (MI) oocytes. We show that this process is regulated by the Ran GTPase, a conserved mediator of chromatin signal, and the ER-associated protein VAPA. FMN2 contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) within a domain (SLD) previously shown to be required for FMN2 localization to the spindle periphery. FMN2 NLS is bound to the importin α1/β complex, and the disruption of this interaction by RanGTP is required for FMN2 accumulation in the area proximal to the chromatin and the MI spindle. The importin-free FMN2 is then recruited to the surface of ER around the spindle through the binding of the SLD with the ER-membrane protein VAPA. We further show that FMN2 is autoinhibited through an intramolecular interaction between the SLD with the C-terminal formin homology 2 (FH2) domain that nucleates actin filaments. VAPA binding to SLD relieves the autoinhibition of FMN2, leading to localized actin polymerization. This dual control of formin-mediated actin assembly allows actin polymerization to initiate the movement of the meiotic spindle toward the cortex, an essential step in the maturation of the mammalian female gamete.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiYang Wang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Jinrong Hu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Kexi Yi
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - XinJie Song
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Yaelim Lee
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Petr Kalab
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Alexander D Bershadsky
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Rong Li
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117558, Singapore; Center for Cell Dynamics and Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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38
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Lawson CD, Peel S, Jayo A, Corrigan A, Iyer P, Baxter Dalrymple M, Marsh RJ, Cox S, Van Audenhove I, Gettemans J, Parsons M. Nuclear fascin regulates cancer cell survival. eLife 2022; 11:79283. [PMID: 36039640 PMCID: PMC9427113 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin is an important regulator of F-actin bundling leading to enhanced filopodia assembly. Fascin is also overexpressed in most solid tumours where it supports invasion through control of F-actin structures at the periphery and nuclear envelope. Recently, fascin has been identified in the nucleus of a broad range of cell types but the contributions of nuclear fascin to cancer cell behaviour remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that fascin bundles F-actin within the nucleus to support chromatin organisation and efficient DDR. Fascin associates directly with phosphorylated Histone H3 leading to regulated levels of nuclear fascin to support these phenotypes. Forcing nuclear fascin accumulation through the expression of nuclear-targeted fascin-specific nanobodies or inhibition of Histone H3 kinases results in enhanced and sustained nuclear F-actin bundling leading to reduced invasion, viability, and nuclear fascin-specific/driven apoptosis. These findings represent an additional important route through which fascin can support tumourigenesis and provide insight into potential pathways for targeted fascin-dependent cancer cell killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Campbell D Lawson
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Samantha Peel
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | - Asier Jayo
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Adam Corrigan
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca (United Kingdom)
| | - Preeti Iyer
- Molecular AI, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca (Sweden)
| | | | - Richard J Marsh
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
| | - Isabel Van Audenhove
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University
| | - Jan Gettemans
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus
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39
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Warner H, Mahajan S, van den Bogaart G. Rerouting trafficking circuits through posttranslational SNARE modifications. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276344. [PMID: 35972760 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs) are membrane-associated trafficking proteins that confer identity to lipid membranes and facilitate membrane fusion. These functions are achieved through the complexing of Q-SNAREs with a specific cognate target R-SNARE, leading to the fusion of their associated membranes. These SNARE complexes then dissociate so that the Q-SNAREs and R-SNAREs can repeat this cycle. Whilst the basic function of SNAREs has been long appreciated, it is becoming increasingly clear that the cell can control the localisation and function of SNARE proteins through posttranslational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation and ubiquitylation. Whilst numerous proteomic methods have shown that SNARE proteins are subject to these modifications, little is known about how these modifications regulate SNARE function. However, it is clear that these PTMs provide cells with an incredible functional plasticity; SNARE PTMs enable cells to respond to an ever-changing extracellular environment through the rerouting of membrane traffic. In this Review, we summarise key findings regarding SNARE regulation by PTMs and discuss how these modifications reprogramme membrane trafficking pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Warner
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shweta Mahajan
- Division of Immunobiology, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Shi F, Xu Y, Zhang S, Fu Z, Yu Q, Zhang S, Sun M, Zhao X, Feng X. Decabromodiphenyl ethane affects embryonic development by interfering with nuclear F-actin in zygotes and leads to cognitive and social disorders in offspring mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22445. [PMID: 35816173 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200586r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is a novel retardant. DBDPE is used in various flammable consumer products such as electronics, building materials, textiles, and children's toys. The presence of DBDPE in humans makes it extremely urgent to assess the health effects of DBDPE exposure. Here, we used female mice as an animal model to investigate the effects of DBDPE on embryonic development and offspring health. The results showed that 50 μg/kg bw/day of DBDPE exposure did not affect spindle rotation in oocytes after fertilization, but led to a decrease of pronuclei (PN) in zygotes. Further investigation found that DBDPE interferes with the self-assembly of F-actin in PN, resulting in PN reduction, DNA damage, and reduced expression of zygotic genome activating genes, and finally leading to abnormal embryonic development. More importantly, we found that maternal DBDPE exposure did not affect the growth and development of the first generation of offspring (F1) mice, but resulted in behavioral defects in F1 mice. Female F1 mice from DBDPE-exposed mothers exhibited increased motor activity and deficits in social behavior. Both female and male F1 mice from DBDPE-exposed mothers exhibited cognitive memory impairment. These results suggest that DBDPE has developmental toxicity on embryos and has a cross-generational interference effect. It is suggested that people should pay attention to the reproductive toxicity of DBDPE. In addition, it also provides a reference for studying the origin of neurological diseases and indicates that adult diseases caused by environmental pollutants may have begun in the embryonic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Shi
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yixin Xu
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhui Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenhua Fu
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Yu
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaozhi Zhang
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- The Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information Systems, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xizeng Feng
- College of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, The Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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41
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Mishra S, Levy DL. Nuclear F-actin and Lamin A antagonistically modulate nuclear shape. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275607. [PMID: 35665815 PMCID: PMC9377710 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear shape influences cell migration, gene expression and cell cycle progression, and is altered in disease states like laminopathies and cancer. What factors and forces determine nuclear shape? We find that nuclei assembled in Xenopus egg extracts in the presence of dynamic F-actin exhibit a striking bilobed nuclear morphology with distinct membrane compositions in the two lobes and accumulation of F-actin at the inner nuclear envelope. The addition of Lamin A (encoded by lmna), which is absent from Xenopus eggs, results in rounder nuclei, suggesting that opposing nuclear F-actin and Lamin A forces contribute to the regulation of nuclear shape. Nuclear F-actin also promotes altered nuclear shape in Lamin A-knockdown HeLa cells and, in both systems, abnormal nuclear shape is driven by formins and not Arp2/3 or myosin. Although the underlying mechanisms might differ in Xenopus and HeLa cells, we propose that nuclear F-actin filaments nucleated by formins impart outward forces that lead to altered nuclear morphology unless Lamin A is present. Targeting nuclear actin dynamics might represent a novel approach to rescuing disease-associated defects in nuclear shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampada Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Daniel L. Levy
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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42
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Focal Adhesion Protein Vinculin Is Required for Proper Meiotic Progression during Mouse Spermatogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132013. [PMID: 35805097 PMCID: PMC9265697 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal adhesion protein Vinculin (VCL) is ascribed to various cytoplasmic functions; however, its nuclear role has so far been ambiguous. We observed that VCL localizes to the nuclei of mouse primary spermatocytes undergoing first meiotic division. Specifically, VCL localizes along the meiosis-specific structure synaptonemal complex (SC) during prophase I and the centromeric regions, where it remains until metaphase I. To study the role of VCL in meiotic division, we prepared a conditional knock-out mouse (VCLcKO). We found that the VCLcKO male mice were semi-fertile, with a decreased number of offspring compared to wild-type animals. This study of events in late prophase I indicated premature splitting of homologous chromosomes, accompanied by an untimely loss of SCP1. This caused erroneous kinetochore formation, followed by failure of the meiotic spindle assembly and metaphase I arrest. To assess the mechanism of VCL involvement in meiosis, we searched for its possible interacting partners. A mass spectrometry approach identified several putative interactors which belong to the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPS). The depletion of VLC leads to the dysregulation of a key subunit of the proteasome complex in the meiotic nuclei and an altered nuclear SUMOylation level. Taken together, we show for the first time the presence of VCL in the nucleus of spermatocytes and its involvement in proper meiotic progress. It also suggests the direction for future studies regarding the role of VCL in spermatogenesis through regulation of UPS.
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43
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Gunasekaran S, Miyagawa Y, Miyamoto K. Actin nucleoskeleton in embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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44
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Wu W, Xing X, Wang M, Feng Y, Wietek N, Chong K, El-Sahhar S, Ahmed AA, Zang R, Zheng Y. Investigation of the Potential Mechanisms Underlying Nuclear F-Actin Organization in Ovarian Cancer Cells by High-Throughput Screening in Combination With Deep Learning. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:869531. [PMID: 35693931 PMCID: PMC9178185 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.869531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that filamentous actin (F-actin) and globular actin exist in the nuclei of somatic cells, and are involved in chromatin remodeling, gene transcription regulation and DNA damage repair. However, the underlying mechanisms of how nuclear F-actin are polymerized in cells remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify potential kinase targets that participate in nuclear F-actin polymerization in ovarian cancer cells using small-molecule inhibitor library screening in combination with a deep learning approach. The analysis of the targets of the inhibitors used in this study suggest that the PI3K-AKT pathway are involved in regulating nuclear F-actin organization in ovarian cancer cells. Our work lays the foundation for uncovering the important roles of nuclear F-actin in the context of ovarian cancer, and for understanding how nuclear F-actin structures are organized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xing
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhou Feng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nina Wietek
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kay Chong
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Salma El-Sahhar
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Ashour Ahmed
- Ovarian Cancer Cell Laboratory, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Ashour Ahmed, ; Rongyu Zang, ; Yiyan Zheng,
| | - Rongyu Zang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Ashour Ahmed, ; Rongyu Zang, ; Yiyan Zheng,
| | - Yiyan Zheng
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Ashour Ahmed, ; Rongyu Zang, ; Yiyan Zheng,
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45
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Huang Q, Wu D, Zhao J, Yan Z, Chen L, Guo S, Wang D, Yuan C, Wang Y, Liu X, Xing J. TFAM loss induces nuclear actin assembly upon mDia2 malonylation to promote liver cancer metastasis. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110324. [PMID: 35451091 PMCID: PMC9156967 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying cancer metastasis remain poorly understood. Here, we report that TFAM deficiency rapidly and stably induced spontaneous lung metastasis in mice with liver cancer. Interestingly, unexpected polymerization of nuclear actin was observed in TFAM-knockdown HCC cells when cytoskeleton was examined. Polymerization of nuclear actin is causally linked to the high-metastatic ability of HCC cells by modulating chromatin accessibility and coordinating the expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, and cell migration. Mechanistically, TFAM deficiency blocked the TCA cycle and increased the intracellular malonyl-CoA levels. Malonylation of mDia2, which drives actin assembly, promotes its nuclear translocation. Importantly, inhibition of malonyl-CoA production or nuclear actin polymerization significantly impeded the spread of HCC cells in mice. Moreover, TFAM was significantly downregulated in metastatic HCC tissues and was associated with overall survival and time to tumor recurrence of HCC patients. Taken together, our study connects mitochondria to the metastasis of human cancer via uncovered mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling, indicating that TFAM may serve as an effective target to block HCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zeyu Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dalin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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46
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Fernandez A, Bautista M, Wu L, Pinaud F. Emerin self-assembly and nucleoskeletal coupling regulate nuclear envelope mechanics against stress. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274432. [PMID: 35178558 PMCID: PMC8995096 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerin is an integral nuclear envelope protein participating in the maintenance of nuclear shape. When mutated or absent, emerin causes X-linked Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD). To define how emerin takes parts in molecular scaffolding at the nuclear envelope and helps protect the nucleus against mechanical stress, we established its nanoscale organization using single molecule tracking and super-resolution microscopy. We show that emerin monomers form localized oligomeric nanoclusters stabilized by both lamin A/C and SUN1 LINC complex. Interactions of emerin with nuclear actin and BAF additionally modulate its membrane mobility and its ability to oligomerize. In nuclei subjected to mechanical challenges, the mechanotransducing functions of emerin are coupled to changes in its oligomeric state, and the incremental self-assembly of emerin determines nuclear shape adaptation against forces. We also show that the abnormal nuclear envelope deformations induced by EDMD emerin mutants stem from an improper formation of lamin A/C and LINC complex-stabilized emerin oligomers. These findings place emerin at the center of the molecular processes that regulate nuclear shape remodeling in response to mechanical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fernandez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Markville Bautista
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Liying Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fabien Pinaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, 1050 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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47
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Rubin J, van Wijnen AJ, Uzer G. Architectural control of mesenchymal stem cell phenotype through nuclear actin. Nucleus 2022; 13:35-48. [PMID: 35133922 PMCID: PMC8837231 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2022.2029297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that architectural components of the nucleus regulate gene accessibility by altering chromatin organization. While nuclear membrane connector proteins link the mechanosensitive actin cytoskeleton to the nucleoskeleton, actin’s contribution to the inner architecture of the nucleus remains enigmatic. Control of actin transport into the nucleus, plus the presence of proteins that control actin structure (the actin tool-box) within the nucleus, suggests that nuclear actin may support biomechanical regulation of gene expression. Cellular actin structure is mechanoresponsive: actin cables generated through forces experienced at the plasma membrane transmit force into the nucleus. We posit that dynamic actin remodeling in response to such biomechanical cues provides a novel level of structural control over the epigenetic landscape. We here propose to bring awareness to the fact that mechanical forces can promote actin transfer into the nucleus and control structural arrangements as illustrated in mesenchymal stem cells, thereby modulating lineage commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Rubin
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Vermont Medical School, Burlington, Vt, USA
| | - Gunes Uzer
- Department of Mechanical & Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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48
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Scheffler K, Giannini F, Lemonnier T, Mogessie B. The prophase oocyte nucleus is a homeostatic G-actin buffer. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274227. [PMID: 35112707 PMCID: PMC8977058 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of healthy mammalian eggs from oocytes requires specialised F-actin structures. F-actin disruption produces aneuploid eggs, which are a leading cause of human embryo deaths, genetic disorders, and infertility. We found that oocytes contain prominent nuclear F-actin structures that are correlated with meiotic developmental capacity. We demonstrate that nuclear F-actin is a conserved feature of healthy mammalian oocytes and declines significantly with female reproductive ageing. Actin monomers used for nuclear F-actin assembly are sourced from an excess pool in the oocyte cytoplasm. Increasing monomeric G-actin transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus or directly enriching the nucleus with monomers leads to assembly of stable nuclear F-actin bundles that significantly restrict chromatin mobility. Conversely, reducing G-actin monomer transfer by blocking nuclear import triggers assembly of a dense cytoplasmic F-actin network that is incompatible with healthy oocyte development. Our data overall suggest that the large oocyte nucleus helps to maintain cytoplasmic F-actin organisation and that defects in this function could be linked with reproductive age-related female infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Lemonnier
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK
| | - Binyam Mogessie
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TD, Bristol, UK.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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49
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Abstract
Actin is a highly conserved protein in mammals. The actin dynamics is regulated by actin-binding proteins and actin-related proteins. Nuclear actin and these regulatory proteins participate in multiple nuclear processes, including chromosome architecture organization, chromatin remodeling, transcription machinery regulation, and DNA repair. It is well known that the dysfunctions of these processes contribute to the development of cancer. Moreover, emerging evidence has shown that the deregulated actin dynamics is also related to cancer. This chapter discusses how the deregulation of nuclear actin dynamics contributes to tumorigenesis via such various nuclear events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjian Huang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengzhe Zhang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jae-Il Park
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center and Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- Program in Genetics and Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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50
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Mahmood SR, El Said NH, Percipalle P. The Role of Nuclear Actin in Genome Organization and Gene Expression Regulation During Differentiation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:607-624. [PMID: 36348124 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the cell nucleus, actin participates in numerous essential processes. Actin is involved in chromatin as part of specific ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes and associates with the RNA polymerase machinery to regulate transcription at multiple levels. Emerging evidence has also shown that the nuclear actin pool controls the architecture of the mammalian genome playing an important role in its hierarchical organization into transcriptionally active and repressed compartments, contributing to the clustering of RNA polymerase II into transcriptional hubs. Here, we review the most recent literature and discuss how actin involvement in genome organization impacts the regulation of gene programs that are activated or repressed during differentiation and development. As in the cytoplasm, we propose that nuclear actin is involved in key nuclear tasks in complex with different types of actin-binding proteins that regulate actin function and bridge interactions between actin and various nuclear components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Raza Mahmood
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nadine Hosny El Said
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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