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Scorzoni L, Fuchs BB, Junqueira JC, Mylonakis E. Current and promising pharmacotherapeutic options for candidiasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2021; 22:867-887. [PMID: 33538201 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2021.1873951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Candida spp. are commensal yeasts capable of causing infections such as superficial, oral, vaginal, or systemic infections. Despite medical advances, the antifungal pharmacopeia remains limited and the development of alternative strategies is needed.Areas covered: We discuss available treatments for Candida spp. infections, highlighting advantages and limitations related to pharmacokinetics, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial resistance. Moreover, we present new perspectives to improve the activity of the available antifungals, discussing their immunomodulatory potential and advances on drug delivery carriers. New therapeutic approaches are presented including recent synthesized antifungal compounds (Enchochleated-Amphotericin B, tetrazoles, rezafungin, enfumafungin, manogepix and arylamidine); drug repurposing using a diversity of antibacterial, antiviral and non-antimicrobial drugs; combination therapies with different compounds or photodynamic therapy; and innovations based on nano-particulate delivery systems.Expert opinion: With the lack of novel drugs, the available assets must be leveraged to their best advantage through modifications that enhance delivery, efficacy, and solubility. However, these efforts are met with continuous challenges presented by microbes in their infinite plight to resist and survive therapeutic drugs. The pharmacotherapeutic options in development need to focus on new antimicrobial targets. The success of each antimicrobial agent brings strategic insights to the next phased approach in treatingCandida spp. infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, SP Brazil
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, SP Brazil
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
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Mescola A, Ragazzini G, Alessandrini A. Daptomycin Strongly Affects the Phase Behavior of Model Lipid Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8562-8571. [PMID: 32886515 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Daptomycin (DAP) is a calcium-dependent cyclic lipopeptide with great affinity for negatively charged phospholipids bearing the phosphatidylglycerol (PG) headgroup and has been used since 2003 as a last resort antibiotic in the treatment of severe infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The first step of its mechanism of action involves the interaction with the bacterial membrane, which not only represents a physical barrier but also accommodates transmembrane proteins, such as receptors, transporters, and enzymes, whose activity is crucial for the survival of bacteria. This results in a less efficient development of resistance strategies by pathogens compared to common antibiotics that activate or inhibit biochemical pathways connected to specific target proteins. Although already on the market, the molecular mechanism of action of DAP is still a controversial subject of investigation and it is most likely the result of a combination of distinct effects. Understanding how DAP targets the membrane of pathogens could be of great help in finding its analogues that could better avoid the development of resistance. Here, exploiting fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we demonstrated that DAP affects the thermodynamic behavior of lipid mixtures containing PG moieties. Regardless of whether the PG lipids are in the liquid or solid phase, DAP preferably interacts with this headgroup and is able to penetrate more deeply into the lipid bilayer in the regions where this headgroup is present. In particular, considering the results of an AFM/spectroscopy investigation, DAP appears to produce a stiffening effect of the domains where PG lipids are mainly in the fluid phase, whereas it causes fluidification of the domains where PG lipids are in the solid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mescola
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gregorio Ragazzini
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy.,Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Alessandrini
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy.,Department of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Role of Lipid Composition, Physicochemical Interactions, and Membrane Mechanics in the Molecular Actions of Microbial Cyclic Lipopeptides. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:131-157. [PMID: 31098678 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00067-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several experimental and theoretical studies have extensively investigated the effects of a large diversity of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on model lipid bilayers and living cells. Many of these peptides disturb cells by forming pores in the plasma membrane that eventually lead to the cell death. The complexity of these peptide-lipid interactions is mainly related to electrostatic, hydrophobic and topological issues of these counterparts. Diverse studies have shed some light on how AMPs act on lipid bilayers composed by different phospholipids, and how mechanical properties of membranes could affect the antimicrobial effects of such compounds. On the other hand, cyclic lipopeptides (cLPs), an important class of microbial secondary metabolites, have received comparatively less attention. Due to their amphipathic structures, cLPs exhibit interesting biological activities including interactions with biofilms, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, and anti-tumoral properties, which deserve more investigation. Understanding how physicochemical properties of lipid bilayers contribute and determining the antagonistic activity of these secondary metabolites over a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens could establish a framework to design and select effective strategies of biological control. This implies unravelling-at the biophysical level-the complex interactions established between cLPs and lipid bilayers. This review presents, in a systematic manner, the diversity of lipidated antibiotics produced by different microorganisms, with a critical analysis of the perturbing actions that have been reported in the literature for this specific set of membrane-active lipopeptides during their interactions with model membranes and in vivo. With an overview on the mechanical properties of lipid bilayers that can be experimentally determined, we also discuss which parameters are relevant in the understanding of those perturbation effects. Finally, we expose in brief, how this knowledge can help to design novel strategies to use these biosurfactants in the agronomic and pharmaceutical industries.
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Kristanc L, Božič B, Jokhadar ŠZ, Dolenc MS, Gomišček G. The pore-forming action of polyenes: From model membranes to living organisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:418-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Combination treatment of ergosterol followed by amphotericin B induces necrotic cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72727-72738. [PMID: 29069821 PMCID: PMC5641164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liver cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths has increased over the past few decades. Although recent treatments such as sorafenib are promising in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the response rates remain poor thereby warranting the identification of novel therapeutic agents against liver cancer. Herein, we investigated the anti-cancer effect of ergosterol (a secondary metabolite in medicinal fungus) pretreatment followed by amphotericin B (AmB) treatment on liver cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that pretreatment with a nontoxic dose of ergosterol synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of AmB in both Hep3B and HepJ5 cells. The combination treatment-mediated suppression of cancer cell viability occurred through necrosis characterized by disrupted cell membrane and significant amounts of debris accumulation. In addition, we also observed a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and LC3-II levels in HepJ5 cells treated with ergosterol and AmB. Our results suggest that ergosterol-AmB combination treatment effectively induced necrotic cell death in cancer cells, and deserves further evaluation for development as an anti-cancer agent.
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Grisin T, Bories C, Loiseau PM, Bouchemal K. Cyclodextrin-mediated self-associating chitosan micro-platelets act as a drug booster against Candida glabrata mucosal infection in immunocompetent mice. Int J Pharm 2017; 519:381-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Supramolecular Chitosan Micro-Platelets Synergistically Enhance Anti-Candida albicans Activity of Amphotericin B Using an Immunocompetent Murine Model. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1067-1082. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ceresa C, Rinaldi M, Fracchia L. Synergistic activity of antifungal drugs and lipopeptide AC7 against Candida albicans biofilm on silicone. AIMS BIOENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2017.2.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Malanovic N, Lohner K. Antimicrobial Peptides Targeting Gram-Positive Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E59. [PMID: 27657092 PMCID: PMC5039512 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have remarkably different structures as well as biological activity profiles, whereupon most of these peptides are supposed to kill bacteria via membrane damage. In order to understand their molecular mechanism and target cell specificity for Gram-positive bacteria, it is essential to consider the architecture of their cell envelopes. Before AMPs can interact with the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria, they have to traverse the cell wall composed of wall- and lipoteichoic acids and peptidoglycan. While interaction of AMPs with peptidoglycan might rather facilitate penetration, interaction with anionic teichoic acids may act as either a trap for AMPs or a ladder for a route to the cytoplasmic membrane. Interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane frequently leads to lipid segregation affecting membrane domain organization, which affects membrane permeability, inhibits cell division processes or leads to delocalization of essential peripheral membrane proteins. Further, precursors of cell wall components, especially the highly conserved lipid II, are directly targeted by AMPs. Thereby, the peptides do not inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis via binding to proteins like common antibiotics, but form a complex with the precursor molecule, which in addition can promote pore formation and membrane disruption. Thus, the multifaceted mode of actions will make AMPs superior to antibiotics that act only on one specific target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermina Malanovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Austria.
| | - Karl Lohner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Biophysics Division, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50/III, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Harm S, Gabor F, Hartmann J. Low-dose polymyxin: an option for therapy of Gram-negative sepsis. Innate Immun 2016; 22:274-83. [PMID: 26993088 PMCID: PMC4834512 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916639120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endotoxins are the major components of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and are one of the main targets in inflammatory diseases. The presence of endotoxins in blood can provoke septic shock in case of pronounced immune response. Here we show in vitro inactivation of endotoxins by polymyxin B (PMB). The inflammatory activity of the LPS–PMB complex in blood was examined in vitro in freshly drawn blood samples. Plasma protein binding of PMB was determined by ultracentrifugation using membranes with different molecular cut-offs, and PMB clearance during dialysis was calculated after in vitro experiments using the AV1000S filter. The formed LPS–PMB complex has lower inflammatory activity in blood, which results in highly reduced cytokine secretion. According to in vitro measurements, the appropriate plasma level of PMB for LPS inactivation is between 100 and 200 ng/ml. Furthermore, the combination of cytokine removal by adsorbent treatment with LPS inactivation by PMB dosage leads to strong suppression of inflammatory effects in blood in an in vitro model. Inactivation of endotoxins by low-dose intravenous PMB infusion or infusion into the extracorporeal circuit during blood purification can be applied to overcome the urgent need for endotoxin elimination not only in treatment of sepsis, but also in liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Harm
- Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
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