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Wang P, Wang T, Yang M, Wang Q, Yuan X, Cui Z, Gao N, Liu J, Cheng S, Jiang Z, Jin H, Li H. Oxygen-Terminated Polycrystalline Boron-Doped Diamond Superhydrophobic Surface with Excellent Mechanical and Thermal Stabilities. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402481. [PMID: 38953414 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic surfaces are of great interest because of their remarkable properties. Due to its maximal hardness and chemical inertness, diamond film has great potential in fabricating robust superhydrophobic surfaces. In the present study, an oxygen-terminated polycrystalline boron-doped diamond (O-PBDD) superhydrophobic surface with micro/nano-hierarchical porous structures is developed. The preparation method is very simple, requiring only sputtering and dewetting procedures. The former involves sputtering gold and copper particles onto the hydrogen-terminated polycrystalline boron-doped diamond (H-PBDD) to form gold/copper films, whereas the latter involves placing the samples in an atmospheric tube furnace to form hierarchical pores. By controlling the etching parameters, the wettability of the O-PBDD surface can be adjusted from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic, which is significantly different to the normal hydrophilicity feature of O-termination diamonds. The water contact angle of the obtained O-PBDD surface can reach 165 ± 5°, which is higher than the superhydrophobic diamond surfaces that are reported in the literature. In addition, the O-PBDD surface exhibits excellent durability; it can maintain satisfactory superhydrophobicity even after high-pressure, high-temperature, and sandpaper friction tests. This work provides a new research direction for fabricating robust superhydrophobic materials with diamond film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Mingchao Yang
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Qiliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiaoxi Yuan
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Quantum Information Technology, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, 130052, China
| | - Zheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Nan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Junsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Shaoheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Zhigang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Huichao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hongdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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Okotrub AV, Sedelnikova OV, Gorodetskiy DV, Fedorenko AD, Asanov IP, Palyanov YN, Lapega AV, Gurova OA, Bulusheva LG. Effect of Titanium and Molybdenum Cover on the Surface Restructuration of Diamond Single Crystal during Annealing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1650. [PMID: 36837276 PMCID: PMC9965767 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is an important material for electrical and electronic devices. Because the diamond is in contact with the metal in these applications, it becomes necessary to study the metal-diamond interaction and the structure of the interface, in particular, at elevated temperatures. In this work, we study the interaction of the (100) and (111) surfaces of a synthetic diamond single crystal with spattered titanium and molybdenum films. Atomic force microscopy reveals a uniform coating of titanium and the formation of flattened molybdenum nanoparticles. A thin titanium film is completely oxidized upon contact with air and passes from the oxidized state to the carbide state upon annealing in an ultrahigh vacuum at 800 °C. Molybdenum interacts with the (111) diamond surface already at 500 °C, which leads to the carbidization of its nanoparticles and catalytic graphitization of the diamond surface. This process is much slower on the (100) diamond surface; sp2-hybridized carbon is formed on the diamond and the top of molybdenum carbide nanoparticles, only when the annealing temperature is raised to 800 °C. The conductivity of the resulting sample is improved when compared to the Ti-coated diamond substrates and the Mo-coated (111) substrate annealed at 800 °C. The presented results could be useful for the development of graphene-on-diamond electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga V. Sedelnikova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Igor P. Asanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Yury N. Palyanov
- Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Olga A. Gurova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov G. Bulusheva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Romanov RI, Fominski DV, Demin MV, Gritskevich MD, Doroshina NV, Volkov VS, Fominski VY. Tribological Properties of WS 2 Thin Films Containing Graphite-like Carbon and Ni Interlayers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:282. [PMID: 36614621 PMCID: PMC9822394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development and production of thin-film coatings having very low friction is an urgent problem of materials science. One of the most promising solutions is the fabrication of special nanocomposites containing transition-metal dichalcogenides and various carbon-based nanophases. This study aims to explore the influence of graphite-like carbon (g-C) and Ni interface layers on the tribological properties of thin WS2 films. Nanocrystalline WS2 films were created by reactive pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in H2S at 500 °C. Between the two WS2 nanolayers, g-C and Ni nanofilms were fabricated by PLD at 700 and 22 °C, respectively. Tribotesting was carried out in a nitrogen-enriched atmosphere by the reciprocal sliding of a steel counterbody under a relatively low load of 1 N. For single-layer WS2 films, the friction coefficient was ~0.04. The application of g-C films did not noticeably improve the tribological properties of WS2-based films. However, the application of thin films of g-C and Ni reduced the friction coefficient to 0.013, thus, approaching superlubricity. The island morphology of the Ni nanofilm ensured WS2 retention and altered the contact area between the counterbody and the film surface. The catalytic properties of nickel facilitated the introduction of S and H atoms into g-C. The sliding of WS2 nanoplates against an amorphous g-C(S, H) nanolayer caused a lower coefficient of friction than the relative sliding of WS2 nanoplates. The detected behavior of the prepared thin films suggests a new strategy of designing antifriction coatings for practical applications and highlights the ample opportunities of laser techniques in the formation of promising thin-film coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman I. Romanov
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Dmitry V. Fominski
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Maxim V. Demin
- Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo St 14, Kaliningrad 236016, Russia
| | - Mariya D. Gritskevich
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Doroshina
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Valentyn S. Volkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav Yu. Fominski
- National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Kashirskoe sh., 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
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4
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Berman D, Erdemir A. Achieving Ultralow Friction and Wear by Tribocatalysis: Enabled by In-Operando Formation of Nanocarbon Films. ACS NANO 2021; 15:18865-18879. [PMID: 34914361 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Under the high-contact-pressure and shear conditions of tribological interfaces lubricated by gaseous, liquid, and solid forms of carbon precursors, a variety of highly favorable tribocatalytic processes may take place and result in the in situ formation of nanocarbon-based tribofilms providing ultralow friction and wear even under extreme test conditions. Structurally, these tribofilms are rather complex and may consist of all known forms of nanocarbon including amorphous or disordered carbon, graphite, graphene, nano-onion, nanotube, etc. Tribologically, they shear readily to provide ultralow friction and protection against wear. In this paper, we review some of the latest developments in catalyst-enabled tribochemical films resulting from gaseous, liquid, and solid sources of carbon. Particular focus is given to the nature and lubrication mechanisms of such in situ derived tribofilms with the hope that future tribological surfaces can be designed in such a way to exploit the beneficial impact of catalysis in friction and wear control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Berman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Ali Erdemir
- J. Mike Walker '66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Vejpravová J. Mixed sp 2-sp 3 Nanocarbon Materials: A Status Quo Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2469. [PMID: 34684910 PMCID: PMC8539693 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials with a different character of the chemical bond-graphene (sp2) and nanodiamond (sp3)-are the building bricks for a new class of all-carbon hybrid nanomaterials, where the two different carbon networks with sp3 and sp2 hybridization coexist, interacting and even transforming into one another. The extraordinary physiochemical properties defined by the unique electronic band structure of the two border nanoallotropes ensure the immense application potential and versatility of these all-carbon nanomaterials. The review summarizes the status quo of sp2 - sp3 nanomaterials, including graphene/graphene-oxide-nanodiamond composites and hybrids, graphene/graphene-oxide-diamond heterojunctions, and other sp2-sp3 nanocarbon hybrids for sensing, electronic, and other emergent applications. Novel sp2-sp3 transitional nanocarbon phases and architectures are also discussed. Furthermore, the two-way sp2 (graphene) to sp3 (diamond surface and nanodiamond) transformations at the nanoscale, essential for innovative fabrication, and stability and chemical reactivity assessment are discussed based on extensive theoretical, computational and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Vejpravová
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague, Czech Republic
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6
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Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Tang Y. Ultrathin Diamond Nanofilms-Development, Challenges, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007529. [PMID: 34041849 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diamond is a highly attractive material for ample applications in material science, engineering, chemistry, and biology because of its favorable properties. The advent of conductive diamond coatings and the steady demand for miniaturization in a plethora of economic and scientific fields resulted in the impetus for interdisciplinary research to develop intricate deposition techniques for thin (≤1000 nm) and ultra-thin (≤100 nm) diamond films on non-diamond substrates. By virtue of the lowered thickness, diamond coatings feature high optical transparency in UV-IR range. Combined with their semi-conductivity and mechanical robustness, they are promising candidates for solar cells, optical devices, transparent electrodes, and photochemical applications. In this review, the difficulty of (ultra-thin) diamond film development and production, introduction of important stepping stones for thin diamond synthesis, and summarization of the main nucleation procedures for diamond film synthesis are elucidated. Thereafter, applications of thin diamond coatings are highlighted with a focus on applications relying on ultrathin diamond coatings, and the excellent properties of the diamond exploited in said applications are discussed, thus guiding the reader and enabling the reader to quickly get acquainted with the research field of ultrathin diamond coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing & Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Cuniberto E, Alharbi A, Huang Z, Wu T, Kiani R, Shahrjerdi D. Anomalous sensitivity enhancement of nano-graphitic electrochemical micro-sensors with reducing the operating voltage. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112966. [PMID: 33450612 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic interactions between electrochemical sensors and biomolecules critically influence the sensitivity. Here, we report an unexpected dependence of the sensitivity on the upper potential limit (UPL) in voltammetry experiments. In particular, we find that the sensitivity of substrate-supported nano-graphitic micro-sensors in response to dopamine increases almost linearly with the inverse of UPL in voltammetry experiments with rapid potential sweeps. Our experiments and multi-physics simulations reveal that the main cause behind this phenomenon is the UPL-induced electrostatic force that influences the steady-state number of dopamine molecules on the sensor surface. Our findings illustrate a new strategy for enhancing the performance of planar electrochemical micro-sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cuniberto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Abdullah Alharbi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; National Center for Nanotechnology and Semiconductors, KACST, Riyadh, 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhujun Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Ting Wu
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Davood Shahrjerdi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA; Center for Quantum Phenomena, Physics Department, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
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8
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Nano-engineering the material structure of preferentially oriented nano-graphitic carbon for making high-performance electrochemical micro-sensors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9444. [PMID: 32523076 PMCID: PMC7286892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct synthesis of thin-film carbon nanomaterials on oxide-coated silicon substrates provides a viable pathway for building a dense array of miniaturized (micron-scale) electrochemical sensors with high performance. However, material synthesis generally involves many parameters, making material engineering based on trial and error highly inefficient. Here, we report a two-pronged strategy for producing engineered thin-film carbon nanomaterials that have a nano-graphitic structure. First, we introduce a variant of the metal-induced graphitization technique that generates micron-scale islands of nano-graphitic carbon materials directly on oxide-coated silicon substrates. A novel feature of our material synthesis is that, through substrate engineering, the orientation of graphitic planes within the film aligns preferentially with the silicon substrate. This feature allows us to use the Raman spectroscopy for quantifying structural properties of the sensor surface, where the electrochemical processes occur. Second, we find phenomenological models for predicting the amplitudes of the redox current and the sensor capacitance from the material structure, quantified by Raman. Our results indicate that the key to achieving high-performance micro-sensors from nano-graphitic carbon is to increase both the density of point defects and the size of the graphitic crystallites. Our study offers a viable strategy for building planar electrochemical micro-sensors with high-performance.
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Abstract
In this Perspective, I present a concise account concerning the emergence of the research field investigating the phononic and thermal properties of graphene and related materials, covering the refinement of our understanding of phonon transport in two-dimensional material systems. The initial interest in graphene originated from its unique linear energy dispersion for electrons, revealed in exceptionally high electron mobility, and other exotic electronic and optical properties. Electrons are not the only elemental excitations influenced by a reduction in dimensionality. Phonons-quanta of crystal lattice vibrations-also demonstrate an extreme sensitivity to the number of atomic planes in the few-layer graphene, resulting in unusual heat conduction properties. I outline recent theoretical and experimental developments in the field and discuss how the prospects for the mainstream electronic application of graphene, enabled by its high electron mobility, gradually gave way to emerging real-life products based on few-layer graphene, which utilize its unique heat conduction rather than its electrical conduction properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Balandin
- Phonon Optimized Engineered Materials (POEM) Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside Riverside, California 92521 United States
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10
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Tulić S, Waitz T, Romanyuk O, Varga M, Čaplovičová M, Habler G, Vretenár V, Kotlár M, Kromka A, Rezek B, Skákalová V. Ni-mediated reactions in nanocrystalline diamond on Si substrates: the role of the oxide barrier. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8224-8232. [PMID: 35497871 PMCID: PMC9049891 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00809e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films grown on Si substrates by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MWPECVD) were subjected to Ni-mediated graphitization to cover them with a conductive layer. Results of transmission electron microscopy including electron energy-loss spectroscopy of cross-sectional samples demonstrate that the oxide layer on Si substrates (∼5 nm native SiO2) has been damaged by microwave plasma during the early stage of NCD growth. During the heat treatment for graphitizing the NCD layer, the permeability or absence of the oxide barrier allow Ni nanoparticles to diffuse into the Si substrate and cause additional solid-state reactions producing pyramidal crystals of NiSi2 and SiC nanocrystals. The latter are found impinged into the NiSi2 pyramids but only when the interfacial oxide layer is absent, replaced by amorphous SiC. The complex phase morphology of the samples is also reflected in the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, where multiple pathways of the electronic transport dominate in different temperature regions. We present models explaining the observed cascade of solid-state reactions and resulting electronic transport properties of such heterostructures. Nanocrystalline diamond films grown on Si/native oxide substrates were subjected to Ni-mediated graphitization. Transmission electron microscopy study revealed crystals of NiSi2 and SiC across the carbon/silicon interface in addition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Tulić
- Physics of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Thomas Waitz
- Physics of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Oleksandr Romanyuk
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marián Varga
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- Slovak University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics Vazovova 5 812 43 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Gerlinde Habler
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Viliam Vretenár
- Slovak University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics Vazovova 5 812 43 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Slovak University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics Vazovova 5 812 43 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences Cukrovarnická 10 Prague 6 Czech Republic.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University Technická 2 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Viera Skákalová
- Physics of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna Boltzmanngasse 5 1090 Vienna Austria .,Slovak University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics Vazovova 5 812 43 Bratislava Slovakia
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11
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Murata H, Saitoh N, Yoshizawa N, Suemasu T, Toko K. Impact of the carbon membrane inserted below Ni in the layer exchange of multilayer graphene. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00394h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High-quality multilayer graphene on glass is achieved at a low temperature (400 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Murata
- Institute of Applied Physics
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - N. Saitoh
- Electron Microscope Facility
- TIA
- AIST
- Tsukuba 305-8569
- Japan
| | - N. Yoshizawa
- Electron Microscope Facility
- TIA
- AIST
- Tsukuba 305-8569
- Japan
| | - T. Suemasu
- Institute of Applied Physics
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - K. Toko
- Institute of Applied Physics
- University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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12
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Shirani A, Hu Q, Su Y, Joy T, Zhu D, Berman D. Combined Tribological and Bactericidal Effect of Nanodiamonds as a Potential Lubricant for Artificial Joints. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43500-43508. [PMID: 31657539 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The artificial joints, for example, knee and hip implants, are widely used for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases and trauma. The current most common material choice for clinically used implants is the combination of polymer-on-metal structures. Unfortunately, these joints often suffer from high friction and wear, leading to associated inflammation and infection and ultimate failure of the artificial joints. Here, we propose an alternative solution to this tribologically induced failure of the joint materials. We demonstrate that the friction and wear behavior of ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and titanium tribopair, used to mimic the artificial joint interface, can be improved by introducing nanodiamond (ND) particles in the sliding contact. Characterization of the wear track using energy-dispersive spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the tribofilm formed from embedded NDs during sliding significantly suppressed the wear of the UHMWPE surface. In addition to the improved lubrication characteristics, NDs exhibit high biocompatibility with the bone cells and promising antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, the most common strain associated with artificial joint infection. These results indicate that NDs can be used as a promising nontoxic human-body lubricant with antiwear and antibacterial features, thus demonstrating their great potential to treat artificial joint complications through intra-articular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yingchao Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11749 , United States
| | | | - Donghui Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11749 , United States
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13
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Yin X, Jin J, Chen X, Rosenkranz A, Luo J. Ultra-Wear-Resistant MXene-Based Composite Coating via in Situ Formed Nanostructured Tribofilm. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32569-32576. [PMID: 31414588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Newly emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials of MXenes possess lots of merits, which provide potential solutions for the lubrication issues in harsh conditions. Here, preliminary efforts were devoted to developing an MXene-based 2D composite coating and its antiwear interfacial performance in ambient environments. Macroscale and atomic-scale characterizations were utilized to explore the lubrication behaviors of the composite coating to clarify the influence of the coating composition and tribo-test parameters in the establishment of ultra-wear-resistant sliding interfaces. The results highlighted a unique lubrication mechanism for the 2D MXene composite coating. They suggested that the MXene/nanodiamond coating exhibited almost no wear when rubbed against a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ball. A nanostructured tribofilm with unprecedented bonding features was in situ formed along the sliding interface. The ultra-wear resistance highly depended on the combined effects of shielding and self-lubrication of PTFE, layer shearing of MXenes, and self-rolling of nanodiamond. These discoveries clearly enrich the 2D material-based lubrication theories and offer technical guidance for designing and exploiting high-performance ultra-wear-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Jie Jin
- School of Mechanical, Electronic and Control Engineering , Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044 , China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Andreas Rosenkranz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials, FCFM , Universidad de Chile , Santiago 8370456 , Chile
| | - Jianbin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , China
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14
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Murata H, Saitoh N, Yoshizawa N, Suemasu T, Toko K. Impact of Amorphous-C/Ni Multilayers on Ni-Induced Layer Exchange for Multilayer Graphene on Insulators. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14251-14254. [PMID: 31508548 PMCID: PMC6733173 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Layer exchange growth of amorphous carbon (a-C) is a unique technique for fabricating high-quality multilayer graphene (MLG) on insulators at low temperatures. We investigated the effects of the a-C/Ni multilayer structure on the quality of MLG formed by Ni-induced layer exchange. The crystal quality and electrical conductivity of MLG improved dramatically as the number of a-C/Ni multilayers increased. A 600 °C-annealed sample in which 15 layers of 4-nm-thick a-C and 0.5-nm-thick Ni were laminated recorded an electrical conductivity of 1430 S/cm. This value is close to that of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite synthesized at approximately 3000 °C. This improvement is likely related to the bond weakening in a-C due to the screening effect of Ni. We expect that these results will contribute to low-temperature synthesis of MLG using a solid-phase reaction with metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Murata
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Saitoh
- Electron
Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshizawa
- Electron
Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Takashi Suemasu
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toko
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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15
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The effect of heat treatment time on the carbon-coated nickel nanoparticles modified boron-doped diamond composite electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Nakajima Y, Murata H, Saitoh N, Yoshizawa N, Suemasu T, Toko K. Low-Temperature (400 °C) Synthesis of Multilayer Graphene by Metal-Assisted Sputtering Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:6677-6680. [PMID: 31459793 PMCID: PMC6649283 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature synthesis of multilayer graphene (MLG) is essential for combining advanced electronic devices with carbon materials. We investigated the vapor-phase synthesis of MLG by sputtering deposition of C atoms on metal-coated insulators. Ni, Co, and Fe catalysts, which have high C solid solubility, enabled us to form MLG at 400 °C. The domain size and surface coverage of MLG were determined by the supplied amount of C atoms and the thickness of the metal layer associated with the solid solution amount of C. An average domain size of 2.5 μm and surface coverage of approximately 50% were obtained for a 1 μm thick Ni layer. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the high crystalline quality of the MLG layer despite the low processing temperature. Therefore, this simple sputtering technique has great potential for integrating graphene-based devices on various platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nakajima
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Murata
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- E-mail: (H.M.)
| | - Noriyuki Saitoh
- Electron
Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshizawa
- Electron
Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Takashi Suemasu
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toko
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
- E-mail: (K.T.)
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17
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Tulić S, Waitz T, Čaplovičová M, Habler G, Varga M, Kotlár M, Vretenár V, Romanyuk O, Kromka A, Rezek B, Skákalová V. Covalent Diamond-Graphite Bonding: Mechanism of Catalytic Transformation. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4621-4630. [PMID: 30883098 PMCID: PMC6482437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy of the atomic structure of diamond-graphite interface after Ni-induced catalytic transformation reveals graphitic planes bound covalently to the diamond in the upright orientation. The covalent attachment, together with a significant volume expansion of graphite transformed from diamond, gives rise to uniaxial stress that is released through plastic deformation. We propose a comprehensive model explaining the Ni-mediated transformation of diamond to graphite and covalent bonding at the interface as well as the mechanism of relaxation of uniaxial stress. We also explain the mechanism of electrical transport through the graphitized surface of diamond. The result may thus provide a foundation for the catalytically driven formation of graphene-diamond nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir Tulić
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Waitz
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mária Čaplovičová
- Slovak
University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Gerlinde Habler
- Department
of Lithospheric Research, University of
Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marián Varga
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Mário Kotlár
- Slovak
University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Viliam Vretenár
- Slovak
University of Technology, Centre for Nanodiagnostics, Vazovova 5, 812 43 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Oleksandr Romanyuk
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bohuslav Rezek
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Cukrovarnická 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical
University, Technická
2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Skákalová
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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18
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Shellaiah M, Chen YC, Simon T, Li LC, Sun KW, Ko FH. Effect of Metal Ions on Hybrid Graphite-Diamond Nanowire Growth: Conductivity Measurements from a Single Nanowire Device. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9030415. [PMID: 30862083 PMCID: PMC6473948 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Novel Cd2+ ions mediated reproducible hybrid graphite-diamond nanowire (G-DNWs; Cd2+-NDS1 NW) growth from 4-Amino-5-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (S1) functionalized diamond nanoparticles (NDS1) via supramolecular assembly is reported and demonstrated through TEM and AFM images. FTIR, EDX and XPS studies reveal the supramolecular coordination between functional units of NDS1 and Cd2+ ions towards NWs growth. Investigations of XPS, XRD and Raman data show the covering of graphite sheath over DNWs. Moreover, HR-TEM studies on Cd2+-NDS1 NW confirm the coexistence of less perfect sp2 graphite layer and sp3 diamond carbon along with impurity channels and flatten surface morphology. Possible mechanisms behind the G-DNWs growth are proposed and clarified. Subsequently, conductivity of the as-grown G-DNWs is determined through the fabrication of a single Cd2+-NDS1 NW device, in which the G-DNW portion L2 demonstrates a better conductivity of 2.31 × 10−4 mS/cm. In addition, we investigate the temperature-dependent carrier transport mechanisms and the corresponding activation energy in details. Finally, comparisons in electrical resistivities with other carbon-based materials are made to validate the importance of our conductivity measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chou Chen
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Turibius Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Chen Li
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Hsiang Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan.
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19
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Murata H, Nakajima Y, Saitoh N, Yoshizawa N, Suemasu T, Toko K. High-Electrical-Conductivity Multilayer Graphene Formed by Layer Exchange with Controlled Thickness and Interlayer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4068. [PMID: 30858422 PMCID: PMC6411750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The layer exchange technique enables high-quality multilayer graphene (MLG) on arbitrary substrates, which is a key to combining advanced electronic devices with carbon materials. We synthesize uniform MLG layers of various thicknesses, t, ranging from 5 nm to 200 nm using Ni-induced layer exchange at 800 °C. Raman and transmission electron microscopy studies show the crystal quality of MLG is relatively low for t ≤ 20 nm and dramatically improves for t ≥ 50 nm when we prepare a diffusion controlling Al2O3 interlayer between the C and Ni layers. Hall effect measurements reveal the carrier mobility for t = 50 nm is 550 cm2/Vs, which is the highest Hall mobility in MLG directly formed on an insulator. The electrical conductivity (2700 S/cm) also exceeds a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite synthesized at 3000 °C or higher. Synthesis technology of MLG with a wide range of thicknesses will enable exploration of extensive device applications of carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Murata
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nakajima
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Saitoh
- Electron Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshizawa
- Electron Microscope Facility, TIA, AIST, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Takashi Suemasu
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan
| | - Kaoru Toko
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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20
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Abstract
Graphene has shown great potential for ultra-high frequency electronics. However, using graphene in electronic devices creates a requirement for electrodes with low contact resistance. Thermal annealing is sometimes used to improve the performance of contact electrodes. However, high-temperature annealing may introduce additional doping or defects to graphene. Moreover, an extensive increase in temperature may damage electrodes by destroying the metal–graphene contact. In this work, we studied the effect of high-temperature annealing on graphene and nickel–graphene contacts. Annealing was done in the temperature range of 200–800 °C and the effect of the annealing temperature was observed by two and four-point probe resistance measurements and by Raman spectroscopy. We observed that the annealing of a graphene sample above 300 °C increased the level of doping, but did not always improve electrical contacts. Above 600 °C, the nickel–graphene contact started to degrade, while graphene survived even higher process temperatures.
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21
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Wu T, Alharbi A, Kiani R, Shahrjerdi D. Quantitative Principles for Precise Engineering of Sensitivity in Graphene Electrochemical Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805752. [PMID: 30548684 PMCID: PMC6823930 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A major difficulty in implementing carbon-based electrode arrays with high device-packing density is to ensure homogeneous and high sensitivities across the array. Overcoming this obstacle requires quantitative microscopic models that can accurately predict electrode sensitivity from its material structure. Such models are currently lacking. Here, it is shown that the sensitivity of graphene electrodes to dopamine and serotonin neurochemicals in fast-scan cyclic voltammetry measurements is strongly linked to point defects, whereas it is unaffected by line defects. Using the physics of point defects in graphene, a microscopic model is introduced that explains how point defects determine sensitivity. The predictions of this model match the empirical observation that sensitivity linearly increases with the density of point defects. This model is used to guide the nanoengineering of graphene structures for optimum sensitivity. This approach achieves reproducible fabrication of miniaturized sensors with extraordinarily higher sensitivity than conventional materials. These results lay the foundation for new integrated electrochemical sensor arrays based on nanoengineered graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Abdullah Alharbi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
| | - Roozbeh Kiani
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Davood Shahrjerdi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY, 11201, USA
- Center for Quantum Phenomena, Physics Department, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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22
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Nakajima Y, Murata H, Saitoh N, Yoshizawa N, Suemasu T, Toko K. Metal Catalysts for Layer-Exchange Growth of Multilayer Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41664-41669. [PMID: 30403335 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal-induced layer-exchange growth of amorphous carbon (a-C) is a unique technique for fabricating high-quality, uniform multilayer graphene (MLG) directly on an insulating material. Here, we investigated the effect of transition-metal species on the interaction between metals and a-C in the temperature range of 600-1000 °C. As a result, metals were classified into four groups: (1) layer exchange (Co, Ni, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ru, Ir, and Pt), (2) carbonization (Ti, Mo, and W), (3) local MLG formation (Pd), and (4) no graphitization (Cu, Ag, and Au). Some layer-exchange metals allowed for low-temperature MLG synthesis at 600 °C, whereas others allowed for high-quality MLG with a Raman G/D peak ratio of up to 8.3. Based on the periodic table, we constructed metal selection guidelines for growing MLG on an insulator, opening the door for applications that combine advanced electronic devices with carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Nakajima
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8573 , Japan
| | - Hiromasa Murata
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8573 , Japan
| | - Noriyuki Saitoh
- Electron Microscope Facility , TIA, AIST , 16-1 Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8569 , Japan
| | - Noriko Yoshizawa
- Electron Microscope Facility , TIA, AIST , 16-1 Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8569 , Japan
| | - Takashi Suemasu
- PRESTO , Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
| | - Kaoru Toko
- Institute of Applied Physics , University of Tsukuba , 1-1-1 Tennodai , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8573 , Japan
- PRESTO , Japan Science and Technology Agency , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
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23
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Lin L, Deng B, Sun J, Peng H, Liu Z. Bridging the Gap between Reality and Ideal in Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Graphene. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9281-9343. [PMID: 30207458 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Graphene, in its ideal form, is a two-dimensional (2D) material consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. The richness in morphological, physical, mechanical, and optical properties of ideal graphene has stimulated enormous scientific and industrial interest, since its first exfoliation in 2004. In turn, the production of graphene in a reliable, controllable, and scalable manner has become significantly important to bring us closer to practical applications of graphene. To this end, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) offers tantalizing opportunities for the synthesis of large-area, uniform, and high-quality graphene films. However, quite different from the ideal 2D structure of graphene, in reality, the currently available CVD-grown graphene films are still suffering from intrinsic defective grain boundaries, surface contaminations, and wrinkles, together with low growth rate and the requirement of inevitable transfer. Clearly, a gap still exits between the reality of CVD-derived graphene, especially in industrial production, and ideal graphene with outstanding properties. This Review will emphasize the recent advances and strategies in CVD production of graphene for settling these issues to bridge the giant gap. We begin with brief background information about the synthesis of nanoscale carbon allotropes, followed by the discussion of fundamental growth mechanism and kinetics of CVD growth of graphene. We then discuss the strategies for perfecting the quality of CVD-derived graphene with regard to domain size, cleanness, flatness, growth rate, scalability, and direct growth of graphene on functional substrate. Finally, a perspective on future development in the research relevant to scalable growth of high-quality graphene is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Deng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations (SIEMIS), College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China.,Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies , Soochow University , Suzhou 215006 , P. R. China
| | - Hailin Peng
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100095 , P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , P. R. China.,Beijing Graphene Institute (BGI) , Beijing 100095 , P. R. China
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24
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Romanyuk O, Varga M, Tulic S, Izak T, Jiricek P, Kromka A, Skakalova V, Rezek B. Study of Ni-Catalyzed Graphitization Process of Diamond by in Situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2018; 122:6629-6636. [PMID: 30263086 PMCID: PMC6152612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene on diamond has been attracting considerable attention due to the unique and highly beneficial features of this heterostructure for a range of electronic applications. Here, ultrahigh-vacuum X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used for in situ analysis of the temperature dependence of the Ni-assisted thermally induced graphitization process of intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond thin films (65 nm thickness, 50-80 nm grain size) on silicon wafer substrates. Three major stages of diamond film transformation are determined from XPS during the thermal annealing in the temperature range from 300 °C to 800 °C. Heating from 300 °C causes removal of oxygen; formation of the disordered carbon phase is observed at 400 °C; the disordered carbon progressively transforms to graphitic phase whereas the diamond phase disappears from the surface from 500 °C. In the well-controllable temperature regime between 600 °C and 700 °C, the nanocrystalline diamond thin film is mainly preserved, while graphitic layers form on the surface as the predominant carbon phase. Moreover, the graphitization is facilitated by a disordered carbon interlayer that inherently forms between diamond and graphitic layers by Ni catalyst. Thus, the process results in formation of a multilayer heterostructure on silicon substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Romanyuk
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, 162 00 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - M. Varga
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, 162 00 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - S. Tulic
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - T. Izak
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, 162 00 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - P. Jiricek
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, 162 00 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - A. Kromka
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, 162 00 Prague
6, Czech Republic
| | - V. Skakalova
- Physics
of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - B. Rezek
- Institute
of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech
Republic, Cukrovarnická
10, 162 00 Prague
6, Czech Republic
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical
University, Technická
2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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25
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Panda K, Hyeok JJ, Park JY, Sankaran KJ, Balakrishnan S, Lin IN. Nanoscale investigation of enhanced electron field emission for silver ion implanted/post-annealed ultrananocrystalline diamond films. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16325. [PMID: 29176566 PMCID: PMC5701233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver (Ag) ions are implanted in ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films to enhance the electron field emission (EFE) properties, resulting in low turn-on field of 8.5 V/μm with high EFE current density of 6.2 mA/cm2 (at an applied field of 20.5 V/μm). Detailed nanoscale investigation by atomic force microscopy based peak force-controlled tunneling atomic force microscopy (PF-TUNA) and ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) based current imaging tunneling spectroscopy (CITS) reveal that the UNCD grain boundaries are the preferred electron emission sites. The two scanning probe microscopic results supplement each other well. However, the PF-TUNA measurement is found to be better for explaining the local electron emission behavior than the STM-based CITS technique. The formation of Ag nanoparticles induced abundant sp2 nanographitic phases along the grain boundaries facilitate the easy transport of electrons and is believed to be a prime factor in enhancing the conductivity/EFE properties of UNCD films. The nanoscale understanding on the origin of electron emission sites in Ag-ion implanted/annealed UNCD films using the scanning probe microscopic techniques will certainly help in developing high-brightness electron sources for flat-panel displays applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpataru Panda
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | - Jeong Jin Hyeok
- Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong Young Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Korea. .,Graduate School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
| | | | - Sundaravel Balakrishnan
- Materials Physics Division, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, 603 102, India
| | - I-Nan Lin
- Department of Physics, Tamkang University, Tamsui, 251, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Shellaiah M, Chen TH, Simon T, Li LC, Sun KW, Ko FH. An Affordable Wet Chemical Route to Grow Conducting Hybrid Graphite-Diamond Nanowires: Demonstration by A Single Nanowire Device. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11243. [PMID: 28894276 PMCID: PMC5593905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11741-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an affordable wet chemical route for the reproducible hybrid graphite-diamond nanowires (G-DNWs) growth from cysteamine functionalized diamond nanoparticles (ND-Cys) via pH induced self-assembly, which has been visualized through SEM and TEM images. Interestingly, the mechanistic aspects behind that self-assembly directed G-DNWs formation was discussed in details. Notably, above self-assembly was validated by AFM and TEM data. Further interrogations by XRD and Raman data were revealed the possible graphite sheath wrapping over DNWs. Moreover, the HR-TEM studies also verified the coexistence of less perfect sp2 graphite layer wrapped over the sp3 diamond carbon and the impurity channels as well. Very importantly, conductivity of hybrid G-DNWs was verified via fabrication of a single G-DNW. Wherein, the better conductivity of G-DNW portion L2 was found as 2.4 ± 1.92 × 10−6 mS/cm and revealed its effective applicability in near future. In addition to note, temperature dependent carrier transport mechanisms and activation energy calculations were reported in details in this work. Ultimately, to demonstrate the importance of our conductivity measurements, the possible mechanism behind the electrical transport and the comparative account on electrical resistivities of carbon based materials were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiah Shellaiah
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Tin Hao Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Turibius Simon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chen Li
- Center for Nano Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. .,Center for Nano Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan. .,Department of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
| | - Fu-Hsiang Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
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All-angle negative refraction of highly squeezed plasmon and phonon polaritons in graphene-boron nitride heterostructures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6717-6721. [PMID: 28611222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701830114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental building block for nanophotonics is the ability to achieve negative refraction of polaritons, because this could enable the demonstration of many unique nanoscale applications such as deep-subwavelength imaging, superlens, and novel guiding. However, to achieve negative refraction of highly squeezed polaritons, such as plasmon polaritons in graphene and phonon polaritons in boron nitride (BN) with their wavelengths squeezed by a factor over 100, requires the ability to flip the sign of their group velocity at will, which is challenging. Here we reveal that the strong coupling between plasmon and phonon polaritons in graphene-BN heterostructures can be used to flip the sign of the group velocity of the resulting hybrid (plasmon-phonon-polariton) modes. We predict all-angle negative refraction between plasmon and phonon polaritons and, even more surprisingly, between hybrid graphene plasmons and between hybrid phonon polaritons. Graphene-BN heterostructures thus provide a versatile platform for the design of nanometasurfaces and nanoimaging elements.
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