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Vlok M, Solis N, Sadasivan J, Mohamud Y, Warsaba R, Kizhakkedathu J, Luo H, Overall CM, Jan E. Identification of the proteolytic signature in CVB3-infected cells. J Virol 2024; 98:e0049824. [PMID: 38953667 PMCID: PMC11265341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00498-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) encodes proteinases that are essential for processing of the translated viral polyprotein. Viral proteinases also target host proteins to manipulate cellular processes and evade innate antiviral responses to promote replication and infection. While some host protein substrates of the CVB3 3C and 2A cysteine proteinases have been identified, the full repertoire of targets is not known. Here, we utilize an unbiased quantitative proteomics-based approach termed terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS) to conduct a global analysis of CVB3 protease-generated N-terminal peptides in both human HeLa and mouse cardiomyocyte (HL-1) cell lines infected with CVB3. We identified >800 proteins that are cleaved in CVB3-infected HeLa and HL-1 cells including the viral polyprotein, known substrates of viral 3C proteinase such as PABP, DDX58, and HNRNPs M, K, and D and novel cellular proteins. Network and GO-term analysis showed an enrichment in biological processes including immune response and activation, RNA processing, and lipid metabolism. We validated a subset of candidate substrates that are cleaved under CVB3 infection and some are direct targets of 3C proteinase in vitro. Moreover, depletion of a subset of TAILS-identified target proteins decreased viral yield. Characterization of two target proteins showed that expression of 3Cpro-targeted cleaved fragments of emerin and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 2 modulated autophagy and the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, respectively. The comprehensive identification of host proteins targeted during virus infection provides insights into the cellular pathways manipulated to facilitate infection. IMPORTANCE RNA viruses encode proteases that are responsible for processing viral proteins into their mature form. Viral proteases also target and cleave host cellular proteins; however, the full catalog of these target proteins is incomplete. We use a technique called terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS), an N-terminomics to identify host proteins that are cleaved under virus infection. We identify hundreds of cellular proteins that are cleaved under infection, some of which are targeted directly by viral protease. Revealing these target proteins provides insights into the host cellular pathways and antiviral signaling factors that are modulated to promote virus infection and potentially leading to virus-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli Vlok
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nestor Solis
- Department of Oral and Biological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jibin Sadasivan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasir Mohamud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Reid Warsaba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jayachandran Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Heart and Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Overall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Oral and Biological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Yonsei Frontier Lab, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eric Jan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Liu R, Gu J, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Lin Q, Yuan S, Chen Y, Lu X, Tong Y, Lv S, Chen L, Sun G. A Natural Compound Containing a Disaccharide Structure of Glucose and Rhamnose Identified as Potential N-Glycanase 1 (NGLY1) Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:7758. [PMID: 38067490 PMCID: PMC10707914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycanase 1 (NGLY1) is an essential enzyme involved in the deglycosylation of misfolded glycoproteins through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which could hydrolyze N-glycan from N-glycoprotein or N-glycopeptide in the cytosol. Recent studies indicated that NGLY1 inhibition is a potential novel drug target for antiviral therapy. In this study, structure-based virtual analysis was applied to screen candidate NGLY1 inhibitors from 2960 natural compounds. Three natural compounds, Poliumoside, Soyasaponin Bb, and Saikosaponin B2 showed significantly inhibitory activity of NGLY1, isolated from traditional heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese herbs. Furthermore, the core structural motif of the three NGLY1 inhibitors was a disaccharide structure with glucose and rhamnose, which might exert its action by binding to important active sites of NGLY1, such as Lys238 and Trp244. In traditional Chinese medicine, many compounds containing this disaccharide structure probably targeted NGLY1. This study unveiled the leading compound of NGLY1 inhibitors with its core structure, which could guide future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Liu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Jingjing Gu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Yilin Ye
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shaoxing Zhang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qiange Lin
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (Q.L.)
| | - Shuying Yuan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing 314001, China;
| | - Yanwen Chen
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo Hospital, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Ningbo 315336, China;
| | - Xinrong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Yongliang Tong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Shaoxian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (X.L.); (Y.T.); (S.L.)
| | - Guiqin Sun
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China; (R.L.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (Q.L.)
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3
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Wei R, Cao Y, Wu H, Liu X, Jiang M, Luo X, Deng Z, Wang Z, Ke M, Zhu Y, Chen S, Gu C, Yang Y. Inhibition of VCP modulates NF-κB signaling pathway to suppress multiple myeloma cell proliferation and osteoclast differentiation. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:8220-8236. [PMID: 37606987 PMCID: PMC10497005 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy, in which the dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is associated with the pathogenesis. The valosin containing protein (VCP)/p97, a member of the AAA+ ATPase family, possesses multiple functions to regulate the protein quality control including ubiquitin-proteasome system and molecular chaperone. VCP is involved in the occurrence and development of various tumors while still elusive in MM. VCP inhibitors have gradually shown great potential for cancer treatment. This study aims to identify if VCP is a therapeutic target in MM and confirm the effect of a novel inhibitor of VCP (VCP20) on MM. We found that VCP was elevated in MM patients and correlated with shorter survival in clinical TT2 cohort. Silencing VCP using siRNA resulted in decreased MM cell proliferation via NF-κB signaling pathway. VCP20 evidently inhibited MM cell proliferation and osteoclast differentiation. Moreover, exosomes containing VCP derived from MM cells partially alleviated the inhibitory effect of VCP20 on cell proliferation and osteoclast differentiation. Mechanism study revealed that VCP20 inactivated the NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting ubiquitination degradation of IκBα. Furthermore, VCP20 suppressed MM cell proliferation, prolonged the survival of MM model mice and improved bone destruction in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggest that VCP is a novel target in MM progression. Targeting VCP with VCP20 suppresses malignancy progression of MM via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfang Wei
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhao Cao
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongjie Wu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingmei Jiang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Luo
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhendong Deng
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ze Wang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengying Ke
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Kulkarni V, Jayakumar S, Mohan M, Kulkarni S. Aid or Antagonize: Nuclear Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Host Responses and Outcomes of Viral Infections. Cells 2023; 12:987. [PMID: 37048060 PMCID: PMC10093752 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are transcripts measuring >200 bp in length and devoid of protein-coding potential. LncRNAs exceed the number of protein-coding mRNAs and regulate cellular, developmental, and immune pathways through diverse molecular mechanisms. In recent years, lncRNAs have emerged as epigenetic regulators with prominent roles in health and disease. Many lncRNAs, either host or virus-encoded, have been implicated in critical cellular defense processes, such as cytokine and antiviral gene expression, the regulation of cell signaling pathways, and the activation of transcription factors. In addition, cellular and viral lncRNAs regulate virus gene expression. Viral infections and associated immune responses alter the expression of host lncRNAs regulating immune responses, host metabolism, and viral replication. The influence of lncRNAs on the pathogenesis and outcomes of viral infections is being widely explored because virus-induced lncRNAs can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Future studies should focus on thoroughly characterizing lncRNA expressions in virus-infected primary cells, investigating their role in disease prognosis, and developing biologically relevant animal or organoid models to determine their suitability for specific therapeutic targeting. Many cellular and viral lncRNAs localize in the nucleus and epigenetically modulate viral transcription, latency, and host responses to infection. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of nuclear lncRNAs in the pathogenesis and outcomes of viral infections, such as the Influenza A virus, Sendai Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Herpes Simplex Virus. We also address significant advances and barriers in characterizing lncRNA function and explore the potential of lncRNAs as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Kulkarni
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA;
| | - Sahana Jayakumar
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (S.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (S.J.); (M.M.)
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; (S.J.); (M.M.)
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5
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Shi H, Liu S, Tan Z, Yin L, Zeng L, Liu T, Zhang S, Zhang L. Proteomic and metabonomic analysis uncovering Enterovirus A71 reprogramming host cell metabolic pathway. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2200362. [PMID: 36254857 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202200362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV71) infection can cause hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and severe neurological complications in children. However, the biological processes regulated by EV71 remain poorly understood. Herein, proteomics and metabonomics studies were conducted to uncover the mechanism of EV71 infection in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and identify potential drug targets. Differential expressed proteins from enriched membrane were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics technology. Twenty-six differential proteins with 1.5-fold (p < 0.05) change were detected, including 14 upregulated proteins and 12 downregulated proteins. The upregulated proteins are mainly involved in metabolic process, especially in the glycolysis pathway. Alpha-enolase (ENO1) protein was found to increase with temporal dependence following EV71 infection. The targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that glucose absorption and glycolysis metabolites were increased after EV71 infection. The glycolysis pathway was inhibited by knocking down ENO1 or the use of a glycolysis inhibitor (dichloroacetic acid [DCA]); and we found that EV71 infection was inhibited by depleting ENO1 or using DCA. Our study indicates that EV71 may reprogram glucose metabolism by activating glycolysis, and EV71 infection can be inhibited by interrupting the glycolysis pathway. ENO1 may be a potential target against EV71, and DCA could act as an inhibitor of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichun Shi
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- The College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimi Tan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Yin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Zeng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiefu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Yang Q, Wu C, Zhu G, Ren F, Lin B, Huang R, Hu X, Zhao D, Peng K, Wu Y, Wang Q, Huang C, Zhang D. ML390 inhibits enterovirus 71 replication by targeting de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Antiviral Res 2023; 209:105498. [PMID: 36563943 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a small, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the enterovirus genus in the family Picornaviridae, causes hand, foot, and mouth disease. Although EV71 seriously threatens to public health, no effective antiviral drugs are available for treating this disease. In this study, we found that ML390, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor, has potential anti-EV71 activity. ML390 dose-dependently inhibited EV71 replication with IC50 and selectivity index values of 0.06601 μM and 156.5, respectively. Supplementation with the downstream product orotate significantly suppressed the ability of ML390 to inhibit EV71 replication. Moreover, an adequate supply of exogenous uridine and cytosine suppressed the anti-EV71 activity of ML390. Thus, the antiviral activity of ML390 is mediated by the inhibition of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway. In an EV71-infected mouse model, ML390 reduced the load of EV71 in the brain, liver, heart, spleen, front legs, and hind legs, and significantly increased the survival rate of the mice infected by EV71. ML390 shows potential for the treatment of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, China; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Guangyan Zhu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Fuli Ren
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Binbin Lin
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China; Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Rui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xujuan Hu
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Dingran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Institute of Medical Virology, TaiKang Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiongya Wang
- Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, China; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Dingyu Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430023, China; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Zhao X, Li C, Chiu MC, Qiao R, Jiang S, Wang P, Zhou J. Rock1 is a novel host dependency factor of human enterovirus A71: Implication as a drug target. J Med Virol 2022; 94:5415-5424. [PMID: 35791459 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) commonly associated with severe neurological diseases, particularly in children under 5 years of age. Several investigational therapeutic agents and vaccine candidates are being developed. However, no approved drug against EV-A71 infection is available, and no proven drug target has been identified. Since host kinases are key regulators of multiple signaling pathways in response to viral infections, here we screened a kinase inhibitor library and identified potent inhibitors against EV-A71 infection. Among the hits, GSK269962A, a Rho Associated Coiled-Coil Containing Protein Kinase (Rock) inhibitor with potent antiviral activity, was selected for further analysis. We found that this Rock inhibitor not only efficiently suppressed the replication of EV-A71 in RD cells, but also in human intestinal organoids, in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, small interfering RNA depletion of Rock1, but not Rock2, significantly restricted viral replication in RD cells, indicating that Rock1 is a novel host dependency factor for EV-A71 replication and can serve as a target for the development of anti-EV-A71 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cun Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Chun Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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9
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Zhao Y, Li L, Wang X, He S, Shi W, Chen S. Temporal Proteomic and Phosphoproteomic Analysis of EV-A71-Infected Human Cells. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2367-2384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Lin Li
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sudan He
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, Jiangsu, China
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Center, National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
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10
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Guo D, Yu X, Wang D, Li Z, Zhou Y, Xu G, Yuan B, Qin Y, Chen M. SLC35B2 Acts in a Dual Role in the Host Sulfation Required for EV71 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0204221. [PMID: 35420441 PMCID: PMC9093107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02042-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As an important neurotropic enterovirus, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is occasionally associated with severe neurological diseases and high mortality rates in infants and young children. Understanding the interaction between host factors and EV71 will play a vital role in developing antivirals and optimizing vaccines. Here, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen and revealed that scavenger receptor class B member 2 (SCARB2), solute carrier family 35 member B2 (SLC35B2), and beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 3 (B3GAT3) are essential in facilitating EV71 replication. Subsequently, the exploration of molecular mechanisms suggested that the knockout of SLC35B2 or B3GAT3, not SCARB2, led to a remarkable decrease in the binding of EV71 to cells and internalization into cells. Furthermore, we found that the infection efficiency for EV71 was positively correlated with the level of host cell sulfation, not simply with the amount of heparan sulfate, suggesting that an unidentified sulfated protein(s) must contribute to EV71 infection. In support of this idea, we screened possible sulfated proteins among the proteinous receptors for EV71 and confirmed that SCARB2 could uniquely interact with both tyrosyl protein sulfotransferases in humans. We then performed mass spectrometric analysis of SCARB2, identifying five sites with tyrosine sulfation. The function verification test indicated that there were more than five tyrosine-sulfated sites on SCARB2. Finally, we constructed a model for EV71 entry in which both heparan sulfate and SCARB2 are regulated by SLC35B2 and act cooperatively to support viral binding, internalization, and uncoating. Taken together, this is the first time that we performed the pooled CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screening to investigate the interplay of host cells and EV71. Furthermore, we found that a novel host factor, SLC35B2, played a dual role in regulating the overall sulfation comprising heparan sulfate sulfation and protein tyrosine sulfation, which are critical for EV71 entry. IMPORTANCE As the most important nonpolio neurotropic enterovirus lacking specific treatments, EV71 can transmit to the central nervous system, leading to severe and fatal neurological complications in infants and young children. The identification of new factors that facilitate or inhibit EV71 replication is crucial to uncover the mechanisms of viral infection and pathogenesis. To date, only a few host factors involved in EV71 infection have been characterized. Herein, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 functional knockout (GeCKO) screen for the first time to study EV71 in HeLa cells. The screening results are presented as a ranked list of candidates, including 518 hits in the positive selection that facilitate EV71 replication and 1,044 hits in the negative selection that may be essential for cell growth and survival or for suppressing EV71 infection. We subsequently concentrated on the top three hits in the positive selection: SCARB2, SLC35B2, and B3GAT3. The knockout of any of these three genes confers strong resistance against EV71 infection. We confirmed that EV71 infection is codependent on two receptors, heparan sulfate and SCARB2. We also identified a host entry factor, SLC35B2, indirectly facilitating EV71 infection through regulation of the host cell sulfation, and determined a novel posttranslational modification, protein tyrosine sulfation existing in SCARB2. This study revealed that EV71 infectivity exhibits a significant positive correlation with the level of cellular sulfation regulated by SLC35B2. Due to the sulfation pathway being required for many distinct viruses, including but not limited to EV71 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which were tested in this study, SLC35B2 represents a target of broad-spectrum antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinghai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guodong Xu
- Wuhan Canvest Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Wuhan Canvest Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Das P, Dudley JP. How Viruses Use the VCP/p97 ATPase Molecular Machine. Viruses 2021; 13:1881. [PMID: 34578461 PMCID: PMC8473244 DOI: 10.3390/v13091881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that are dependent on host factors for their replication. One such host protein, p97 or the valosin-containing protein (VCP), is a highly conserved AAA ATPase that facilitates replication of diverse RNA- and DNA-containing viruses. The wide range of cellular functions attributed to this ATPase is consistent with its participation in multiple steps of the virus life cycle from entry and uncoating to viral egress. Studies of VCP/p97 interactions with viruses will provide important information about host processes and cell biology, but also viral strategies that take advantage of these host functions. The critical role of p97 in viral replication might be exploited as a target for development of pan-antiviral drugs that exceed the capability of virus-specific vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Das
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Jaquelin P. Dudley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Disease, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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12
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Xi J, Ma C, Wei Z, Yin B, Zhao S, Quan W, Yang J, Yuan J, Qiang B, Ye F, Peng X. A single mutation in the cis-acting replication element identified within the EV-A71 2C-coding region causes defects in virus production in cell culture. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1988-1999. [PMID: 34511027 PMCID: PMC8526025 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1977590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand, foot and mouth disease with neurological and systemic complications, most frequently affecting children and infants. We describe a cis-acting replication element (cre) with a conserved stem-loop structure within the EV-A71 2C-coding region. By site-directed mutagenesis and reverse genetics using the EV-A71 full-length genome and the EV-A71 replicon containing the firefly luciferase reporter gene in place of the P1 region, the stem-loop structure and the AAACA in the loop of the cre were confirmed to be required for the EV-A71 replication phenotype. EV-A71 genomes containing a mutation at the first or third A residue of AAACA could not be recovered. Insertion of a wild-type cre from EV-A71 or poliovirus in the 5'UTR led to successful recovery of the replication of nonviable mutants. Furthermore, the cre mutants showed lower binding capacity with the host cellular factor IGF2BP2, knockdown of which resulted in a significant decrease in EV-A71 production. All the available evidence shows the location independence but functional importance of the interaction of the cre with the cellular host for efficient production of EV-A71, contributing to the growing body of knowledge regarding picornavirus cres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juemin Xi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhong Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yin
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwen Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqi Quan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Yuan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Boqin Qiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Ye
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China.,The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Russell T, Samolej J, Hollinshead M, Smith GL, Kite J, Elliott G. Novel Role for ESCRT-III Component CHMP4C in the Integrity of the Endocytic Network Utilized for Herpes Simplex Virus Envelopment. mBio 2021; 12:e02183-20. [PMID: 33975940 PMCID: PMC8262985 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02183-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses exploit cellular trafficking pathways for their morphogenesis, providing potential scope for the development of new antiviral therapies. We have previously shown that herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) utilizes recycling endocytic membranes as the source of its envelope, in a process involving four Rab GTPases. To identify novel factors involved in HSV1 envelopment, we have screened a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting over 80 human trafficking proteins, including coat proteins, adaptor proteins, fusion factors, fission factors, and Rab effectors. The depletion of 11 factors reduced virus yields by 20- to 100-fold, including three early secretory pathway proteins, four late secretory pathway proteins, and four endocytic pathway proteins, three of which are membrane fission factors. Five of the 11 targets were chosen for further analysis in virus infection, where it was found that the absence of only 1, the fission factor CHMP4C, but not the CHMP4A or CHMP4B paralogues, reduced virus production at the final stage of morphogenesis. Ultrastructural and confocal microscopy of CHMP4C-depleted, HSV1-infected cells showed an accumulation of endocytic membranes; extensive tubulation of recycling, transferrin receptor-positive endosomes indicative of aberrant fission; and a failure in virus envelopment. No effect on the late endocytic pathway was detected, while exogenous CHMP4C was shown to localize to recycling endosomes. Taken together, these data reveal a novel role for the CHMP4C fission factor in the integrity of the recycling endosomal network, which has been unveiled through the dependence of HSV1 on these membranes for the acquisition of their envelopes.IMPORTANCE Cellular transport pathways play a fundamental role in secretion and membrane biogenesis. Enveloped viruses exploit these pathways to direct their membrane proteins to sites of envelopment and, as such, are powerful tools for unraveling subtle activities of trafficking factors, potentially pinpointing therapeutic targets. Using the sensitive biological readout of virus production, over 80 trafficking factors involved in diverse and poorly defined cellular processes have been screened for involvement in the complex process of HSV1 envelopment. Out of 11 potential targets, CHMP4C, a key component in the cell cycle abscission checkpoint, stood out as being required for the process of virus wrapping in endocytic tubules, where it localized. In the absence of CHMP4C, recycling endocytic membranes failed to undergo scission in infected cells, causing transient tubulation and accumulation of membranes and unwrapped virus. These data reveal a new role for this important cellular factor in the biogenesis of recycling endocytic membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Russell
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Kite
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Elliott
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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14
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Valosin-containing protein/p97 plays critical roles in the Japanese encephalitis virus life cycle. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02336-20. [PMID: 33731458 PMCID: PMC8139707 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02336-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Host factors provide critical support for every aspect of the virus life cycle. We recently identified the valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97, an abundant cellular ATPase with diverse cellular functions, as a host factor important for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication. In cultured cells, using siRNA-mediated protein depletion and pharmacological inhibitors, we show that VCP is crucial for replication of three flaviviruses: JEV, Dengue, and West Nile viruses. An FDA-approved VCP inhibitor, CB-5083, extended survival of mice in the animal model of JEV infection. While VCP depletion did not inhibit JEV attachment on cells, it delayed capsid degradation, potentially through the entrapment of the endocytosed virus in clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Early during infection, VCP-depleted cells showed an increased colocalization of JEV capsid with clathrin, and also higher viral RNA levels in purified CCVs. We show that VCP interacts with the JEV nonstructural protein NS5 and is an essential component of the virus replication complex. The depletion of the major VCP cofactor UFD-1 also significantly inhibited JEV replication. Mechanistically, thus, VCP affected two crucial steps of the JEV life cycle - nucleocapsid release and RNA replication. Our study establishes VCP as a common host factor with a broad antiviral potential against flaviviruses.ImportanceJEV is the leading cause of viral encephalitis epidemics in South-east Asia, affecting majorly children with high morbidity and mortality. Identification of host factors is thus essential for the rational design of anti-virals that are urgently need as therapeutics. Here we have identified the VCP protein as one such host-factor. This protein is highly abundant in cells and engages in diverse functions and cellular pathways by its ability to interact with different co-factors. Using siRNA mediated protein knockdown, we show that this protein is essential for release of the viral RNA into the cell so that it can initiate replication. The protein plays a second crucial role for the formation of the JEV replication complex. FDA-approved drugs targeting VCP show enhanced mouse survival in JE model of disease, suggesting that this could be a druggable target for flavivirus infections.
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15
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Song G, Lee EM, Pan J, Xu M, Rho HS, Cheng Y, Whitt N, Yang S, Kouznetsova J, Klumpp-Thomas C, Michael SG, Moore C, Yoon KJ, Christian KM, Simeonov A, Huang W, Xia M, Huang R, Lal-Nag M, Tang H, Zheng W, Qian J, Song H, Ming GL, Zhu H. An Integrated Systems Biology Approach Identifies the Proteasome as A Critical Host Machinery for ZIKV and DENV Replication. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:108-122. [PMID: 33610792 PMCID: PMC8498969 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) and dengue virus (DENV) flaviviruses exhibit similar replicative processes but have distinct clinical outcomes. A systematic understanding of virus-host protein-protein interaction networks can reveal cellular pathways critical to viral replication and disease pathogenesis. Here we employed three independent systems biology approaches toward this goal. First, protein array analysis of direct interactions between individual ZIKV/DENV viral proteins and 20,240 human proteins revealed multiple conserved cellular pathways and protein complexes, including proteasome complexes. Second, an RNAi screen of 10,415 druggable genes identified the host proteins required for ZIKV infection and uncovered that proteasome proteins were crucial in this process. Third, high-throughput screening of 6016 bioactive compounds for ZIKV inhibition yielded 134 effective compounds, including six proteasome inhibitors that suppress both ZIKV and DENV replication. Integrative analyses of these orthogonal datasets pinpoint proteasomes as critical host machinery for ZIKV/DENV replication. Our study provides multi-omics datasets for further studies of flavivirus-host interactions, disease pathogenesis, and new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Song
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily M. Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Jianbo Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Hee-Sool Rho
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yichen Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nadia Whitt
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jennifer Kouznetsova
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Carleen Klumpp-Thomas
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel G. Michael
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cedric Moore
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ki-Jun Yoon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Christian
- Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Madhu Lal-Nag
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Hengli Tang
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,The Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Guo-li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Department of Neuroscience and Mahoney Institute for Neurosciences, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School for Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Corresponding authors.
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,Corresponding authors.
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16
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Jheng JR, Chen YS, Horng JT. Regulation of the proteostasis network during enterovirus infection: A feedforward mechanism for EV-A71 and EV-D68. Antiviral Res 2021; 188:105019. [PMID: 33484748 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The proteostasis network guarantees successful protein synthesis, folding, transportation, and degradation. Mounting evidence has revealed that this network maintains proteome integrity and is linked to cellular physiology, pathology, and virus infection. Human enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and EV-D68 are suspected causative agents of acute flaccid myelitis, a severe poliomyelitis-like neurologic syndrome with no known cure. In this context, further clarification of the molecular mechanisms underlying EV-A71 and EV-D68 infection is paramount. Here, we summarize the components of the proteostasis network that are intercepted by EV-A71 and EV-D68, as well as antivirals that target this network and may help develop improved antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Jheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Siao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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17
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Abstract
Folding of proteins is essential so that they can exert their functions. For proteins that transit the secretory pathway, folding occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and various chaperone systems assist in acquiring their correct folding/subunit formation. N-glycosylation is one of the most conserved posttranslational modification for proteins, and in eukaryotes it occurs in the ER. Consequently, eukaryotic cells have developed various systems that utilize N-glycans to dictate and assist protein folding, or if they consistently fail to fold properly, to destroy proteins for quality control and the maintenance of homeostasis of proteins in the ER.
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18
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Wang SH, Wang K, Zhao K, Hua SC, Du J. The Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Action of Enterovirus Non-structural Protein 2C. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:615965. [PMID: 33381104 PMCID: PMC7767853 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are a group of RNA viruses belonging to the family Picornaviridae. They include human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as non-human enteroviruses. Enterovirus infections can lead to hand, foot, and mouth disease and herpangina, whose clinical manifestations are often mild, although some strains can result in severe neurological complications such as encephalitis, myocarditis, meningitis, and poliomyelitis. To date, research on enterovirus non-structural proteins has mainly focused on the 2A and 3C proteases and 3D polymerase. However, another non-structural protein, 2C, is the most highly conserved protein, and plays a vital role in the enterovirus life cycle. There are relatively few studies on this protein. Previous studies have demonstrated that enterovirus 2C is involved in virus uncoating, host cell membrane rearrangements, RNA replication, encapsidation, morphogenesis, ATPase, helicase, and chaperoning activities. Despite ongoing research, little is known about the pathogenesis of enterovirus 2C proteins in viral replication or in the host innate immune system. In this review, we discuss and summarize the current understanding of the structure, function, and mechanism of the enterovirus 2C proteins, focusing on the key mutations and motifs involved in viral infection, replication, and immune regulation. We also focus on recent progress in research into the role of 2C proteins in regulating the pattern recognition receptors and type I interferon signaling pathway to facilitate viral replication. Given these functions and mechanisms, the potential application of the 2C proteins as a target for anti-viral drug development is also discussed. Future studies will focus on the determination of more crystal structures of enterovirus 2C proteins, which might provide more potential targets for anti-viral drug development against enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hua Wang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kuan Wang
- Department of Neurotrauma, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shu-Cheng Hua
- Department of Internal Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Juan Du
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Declercq M, Biquand E, Karim M, Pietrosemoli N, Jacob Y, Demeret C, Barbezange C, van der Werf S. Influenza A virus co-opts ERI1 exonuclease bound to histone mRNA to promote viral transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10428-10440. [PMID: 32960265 PMCID: PMC7544206 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular exonucleases involved in the processes that regulate RNA stability and quality control have been shown to restrict or to promote the multiplication cycle of numerous RNA viruses. Influenza A viruses are major human pathogens that are responsible for seasonal epidemics, but the interplay between viral proteins and cellular exonucleases has never been specifically studied. Here, using a stringent interactomics screening strategy and an siRNA-silencing approach, we identified eight cellular factors among a set of 75 cellular proteins carrying exo(ribo)nuclease activities or involved in RNA decay processes that support influenza A virus multiplication. We show that the exoribonuclease ERI1 interacts with the PB2, PB1 and NP components of the viral ribonucleoproteins and is required for viral mRNA transcription. More specifically, we demonstrate that the protein-protein interaction is RNA dependent and that both the RNA binding and exonuclease activities of ERI1 are required to promote influenza A virus transcription. Finally, we provide evidence that during infection, the SLBP protein and histone mRNAs co-purify with vRNPs alongside ERI1, indicating that ERI1 is most probably recruited when it is present in the histone pre-mRNA processing complex in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Declercq
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elise Biquand
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marwah Karim
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Pietrosemoli
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Department of Computational Biology, Institut Pasteur, USR 3756 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yves Jacob
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Demeret
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Barbezange
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie van der Werf
- Unité Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, UMR3569 CNRS, Université de Paris, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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20
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Bauer M, Flatt JW, Seiler D, Cardel B, Emmenlauer M, Boucke K, Suomalainen M, Hemmi S, Greber UF. The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Mind Bomb 1 Controls Adenovirus Genome Release at the Nuclear Pore Complex. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3785-3795.e8. [PMID: 31851912 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviruses (AdVs) cause respiratory, ocular, and gastrointestinal tract infection and inflammation in immunocompetent people and life-threatening disease upon immunosuppression. AdV vectors are widely used in gene therapy and vaccination. Incoming particles attach to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) of post-mitotic cells, then rupture and deliver viral DNA (vDNA) to the nucleus or misdeliver to the cytosol. Our genome-wide RNAi screen in AdV-infected cells identified the RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase Mind bomb 1 (Mib1) as a proviral host factor for AdV infection. Mib1 is implicated in Notch-Delta signaling, ciliary biogenesis, and RNA innate immunity. Mib1 depletion arrested incoming AdVs at NPCs. Induced expression of full-length but not ligase-defective Mib1 in knockout cells triggered vDNA uncoating from NPC-tethered virions, nuclear import, misdelivery of vDNA, and vDNA expression. Mib1 is an essential host factor for AdV uncoating in human cells, and it provides a new concept for licensing virion DNA delivery through the NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bauer
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH and University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Justin W Flatt
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daria Seiler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Cardel
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Karin Boucke
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maarit Suomalainen
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Hemmi
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs F Greber
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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21
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Kobayashi A. Roles of NRF3 in the Hallmarks of Cancer: Proteasomal Inactivation of Tumor Suppressors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092681. [PMID: 32962187 PMCID: PMC7563620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the physiological roles of the NFE2-related factor 2 (NRF2)-related transcription factor NRF3 in cancer. NRF3 confers cells with six so-called “hallmarks of cancer” through upregulating gene expression of specific target genes, leading to tumorigenesis and cancer malignancy. These driver gene-like functions of NRF3 in cancer are distinct from those of NRF2. Abstract The physiological roles of the NRF2-related transcription factor NRF3 (NFE2L3) have remained unknown for decades. The remarkable development of human cancer genome databases has led to strong suggestions that NRF3 has functional significance in cancer; specifically, high NRF3 mRNA levels are induced in many cancer types, such as colorectal cancer and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and are associated with poor prognosis. On the basis of this information, the involvement of NRF3 in tumorigenesis and cancer malignancy has been recently proposed. NRF3 confers cancer cells with selective growth advantages by enhancing 20S proteasome assembly through induction of the chaperone gene proteasome maturation protein (POMP) and consequently promoting degradation of the tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) in a ubiquitin-independent manner. This new finding offers insight into the proteasomal but not the genetic inactivation mechanism of tumor suppressors. Moreover, NRF3 promotes cancer malignancy-related processes, including metastasis and angiogenesis. Finally, the molecular mechanisms underlying NRF3 activation have been elucidated, and this knowledge is expected to provide many insights that are useful for the development of anticancer drugs that attenuate NRF3 transcriptional activity. Collectively, the evidence indicates that NRF3 confers cells with six so-called “hallmarks of cancer”, implying that it exhibits cancer driver gene-like function. This review describes recent research advances regarding the newly discovered addiction of cancer cells to NRF3 compared to NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Genetic Code, Graduate School of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-774-65-6273
- Department of Medical Life Systems, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
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22
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Beclin1 Binds to Enterovirus 71 3D Protein to Promote the Virus Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070756. [PMID: 32674313 PMCID: PMC7411969 DOI: 10.3390/v12070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogen causing hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) in infants and children, which can also lead to severe neurological diseases and even death. Therefore, understanding the replication mechanism of EV71 is of great significance for the prevention and control of EV71-induced diseases. Beclin1 (BECN1, a mammalian homologue of ATG6 in yeast) is an important core protein for the initiation and the normal process of autophagy in cells. In addition to its involvement in autophagy, Beclin1 has also been reported to play an important role in cancer and innate immune signaling pathways. However, the role of Beclin1 in EV71 replication remains elusive. Here, we primarily found that Beclin1 facilitates EV71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and the autophagy was actually induced, but Beclin1 was not significantly affected at either mRNA level or protein level during early EV71 infection. Further studies discovered that Beclin1 could interacts with EV71 non-structural protein 3D mainly through its evolutionary conserved domain (ECD) and coiled-coiled domain (CCD), thus promoting the replication of EV71 in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and human astroglioma (U251) cells. Collectively, we reveal a novel regulatory mechanism associated with Beclin1 to promote EV71 replication, thus providing a potential therapeutic target for the prevention and control of EV71-associated diseases.
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23
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Yan J, Wang M, Wang M, Dun Y, Zhu L, Yi Z, Zhang S. Involvement of VCP/UFD1/Nucleolin in the viral entry of Enterovirus A species. Virus Res 2020; 283:197974. [PMID: 32289342 PMCID: PMC7151541 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP) plays roles in various cellular activities. Recently, Enterovirus A71 (EVA71) infection was found to hijack the VCP protein. However, the mechanism by which VCP participates in the EVA71 life cycle remains unclear. Using chemical inhibitor, RNA interference and dominant negative mutant, we confirmed that the VCP and its ATPase activity were critical for EVA71 infection. To identify the factors downstream of VCP in enterovirus infection, 31 known VCP-cofactors were screened in the siRNA knockdown experiments. The results showed that UFD1 (ubiquitin recognition factor in ER associated degradation 1), but not NPL4 (NPL4 homolog, ubiquitin recognition factor), played critical roles in infections by EVA71. UFD1 knockdown suppressed the activity of EVA71 pseudovirus (causing single round infection) while it did not affect the viral replication in replicon RNA transfection assays. In addition, knockdown of VCP and UFD1 reduced viral infections by multiple human Enterovirus A serotypes. Mechanistically, we found that knockdown of UFD1 significantly decreased the binding and the subsequent entry of EVA71 to host cells through modulating the levels of nucleolin protein, a coreceptor of EVA71. Together, these data reveal novel roles of VCP and its cofactor UFD1 in the virus entry by EVA71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Dun
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuyao Zhu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Department of Pathogen Diagnosis and Biosafety, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuye Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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24
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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25
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Carissimo G, Chan YH, Utt A, Chua TK, Bakar FA, Merits A, Ng LFP. VCP/p97 Is a Proviral Host Factor for Replication of Chikungunya Virus and Other Alphaviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2236. [PMID: 31636613 PMCID: PMC6787436 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved AAA+ ATPase valosin-containing protein (VCP) was previously shown to be a proviral host factor for several viruses from different viral families such as Flaviviridae, Picornaviridae, and Herpesviridae. VCP was shown to affect trafficking of Sindbis virus receptor and functions as a component of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) replicase compartment. However, the role of this cellular protein was not evaluated during replication of alphaviruses including chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Using siRNA, chemical inhibitors, and trans-replication assays, we show here that VCP is a proviral factor involved in the replication of CHIKV. Immunofluorescence assays confirmed that VCP co-localized with non-structural replicase proteins but not with dsRNA foci possibly due to VCP epitope unavailability. VCP pro-viral role is also observed with other alphaviruses such as o’nyong’nyong virus (ONNV) and SFV in different human cell lines. VCP proviral roles on several viral families now extend to replication of alphaviruses CHIKV and ONNV, emphasizing the pivotal role of VCP in virus–host interaction biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Carissimo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Hao Chan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Age Utt
- Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tze-Kwang Chua
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farhana Abu Bakar
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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26
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Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Ng JWQ, Mahendran V, Alonso S. Recent progress and challenges in drug development to fight hand, foot and mouth disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:359-371. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1659241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin Lim
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Wei Qing Ng
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikneswari Mahendran
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology&Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Immunology program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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27
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Zhou F, Wan Q, Lu J, Chen Y, Lu G, He ML. Pim1 Impacts Enterovirus A71 Replication and Represents a Potential Target in Antiviral Therapy. iScience 2019; 19:715-727. [PMID: 31476618 PMCID: PMC6726883 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases, and there are no effective treatments. Host factors play key roles in establishing viral infection and determining the disease progression and outcome of antiviral therapies. In this study, we found that the expression of Pim1 was significantly upregulated in EV-A71 infection. Ectopic expression or silencing of Pim1 promoted or inhibited EV-A71 replication through two distinct mechanisms. Pim1 enhanced viral IRES activity by increasing viral 2A protease-mediated eIF4G cleavage and blocked AUF1, a suppressor of IRES, translocation from the nucleus to cytosol. More importantly, we discovered that Pim1 inhibitors (SGI-1776, AZD-1208, and CX-6258) reduced EV-A71 reproduction. Particularly, CX-6258 remarkably reduced EV-A71 reproduction more than 1,000 times, providing a potential therapeutic agent for EV-A71 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China
| | - Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China
| | - Gui Lu
- School of Pharmacology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 1A-202, 2/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, Hong Kong, 518000, China; CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China.
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28
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Owino CO, Chu JJH. Recent advances on the role of host factors during non-poliovirus enteroviral infections. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:47. [PMID: 31215493 PMCID: PMC6582496 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses are emerging viruses known to cause outbreaks of polio-like infections in different parts of the world with several cases already reported in Asia Pacific, Europe and in United States of America. These outbreaks normally result in overstretching of health facilities as well as death in children under the age of five. Most of these infections are usually self-limiting except for the neurological complications associated with human enterovirus A 71 (EV-A71). The infection dynamics of these viruses have not been fully understood, with most inferences made from previous studies conducted with poliovirus.Non-poliovirus enteroviral infections are responsible for major outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) often associated with neurological complications and severe respiratory diseases. The myriad of disease presentations observed so far in children calls for an urgent need to fully elucidate the replication processes of these viruses. There are concerted efforts from different research groups to fully map out the role of human host factors in the replication cycle of these viral infections. Understanding the interaction between viral proteins and human host factors will unravel important insights on the lifecycle of this groups of viruses.This review provides the latest update on the interplay between human host factors/processes and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV). We focus on the interactions involved in viral attachment, entry, internalization, uncoating, replication, virion assembly and eventual egress of the NPEV from the infected cells. We emphasize on the virus- human host interplay and highlight existing knowledge gaps that needs further studies. Understanding the NPEV-human host factors interactions will be key in the design and development of vaccines as well as antivirals against enteroviral infections. Dissecting the role of human host factors during NPEV infection cycle will provide a clear picture of how NPEVs usurp the human cellular processes to establish an efficient infection. This will be a boost to the drug and vaccine development against enteroviruses which will be key in control and eventual elimination of the viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collins Oduor Owino
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
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29
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Brechot C, Bryant J, Endtz H, Garry RF, Griffin DE, Lewin SR, Mercer N, Osterhaus A, Picot V, Vahlne A, Verjans GMGM, Weaver S. 2018 international meeting of the Global Virus Network. Antiviral Res 2019; 163:140-148. [PMID: 30690044 PMCID: PMC7127431 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 45 GVN Centers of Excellence and 7 Affiliate laboratories in 29 countries. The 10th International GVN meeting was held from November 28–30, 2018 in Veyrier du Lac, France and was co-hosted by the two GVN Centers of Excellence, the Mérieux Foundation and the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo). The theme of this 10th International GVN meeting was “Eradication and control of (re-) emerging viruses”. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including strategies for the eradication of smallpox, measles, polio, SARS and vector-borne or zoonotic infections, emergence and intervention strategies for retroviruses and arboviruses, preparedness for outbreaks of Filo- and other hemophilic viruses, pathogenesis, impact and prevention of respiratory viruses, as well as, viruses affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Also threats in crisis settings like refugee camps were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hubert Endtz
- Mérieux Foundation and the Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Diane E Griffin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Anders Vahlne
- The Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA; Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; TiHo-RIZ, Hannover, Germany
| | - Scott Weaver
- The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, USA
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30
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Sun AL. A potentiometric immunosensor for enterovirus 71 based on bis-MPA-COOH dendrimer-doped AgCl nanospheres with a silver ion-selective electrode. Analyst 2018; 143:487-492. [PMID: 29227478 DOI: 10.1039/c7an01305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein a new potentiometric immunoassay for the point-of-care detection of enterovirus 71 (EV71) was developed by using a silver (Ag+) ion-selective electrode (ISE). Initially, the carboxylated dendrimer-doped AgCl nanospheres were synthesized by the reverse micelle method. Then the synthesized nanospheres were used to label a polyclonal mouse anti-EV71 antibody via a typical carbodiimide coupling method. The immunoreaction was executed on a monoclonal anti-EV71 antibody-coated microplate by using biofunctional AgCl nanospheres as the detection antibody. With a sandwich-type immunoassay format, the carried AgCl nanospheres could be dissolved in the presence of NH3·H2O, and the released silver ions were determined with an external silver ion-selective electrode. Under optimal conditions, the shift in the potential increased with the increase in the EV71 concentration, in a wide linear range of 0.3-300 ng mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.058 ng mL-1. Intra- and inter-assay relative standard deviations with identical batches were less than 4.15% and 6.15%, respectively. By validating the spiked serum samples, our system shows consistency with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Li Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453000, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Lyupina YV, Erokhov PA, Kravchuk OI, Finoshin AD, Abaturova SB, Orlova OV, Beljelarskaya SN, Kostyuchenko MV, Mikhailov VS. Essential function of VCP/p97 in infection cycle of the nucleopolyhedrovirus AcMNPV in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 cells. Virus Res 2018; 253:68-76. [PMID: 29890203 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protein VCP/p97 (also named CDC48 and TER94) belongs to a type II subfamily of the AAA+ATPases and controls cellular proteostasis by acting upstream of proteasomes in the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation pathway. The function of VCP/p97 in the baculovirus infection cycle in insect cells remains unknown. Here, we identified VCP/p97 in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells and analyzed the replication of the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus, AcMNPV, in Sf9 cells in which the VCP/p97 function was inhibited. The specific allosteric inhibitor of the VCP/p97 ATPase activity, NMS-873, did not deplete VCP/p97 in infected cells but caused a dose-dependent inhibition of viral DNA synthesis and efficiently suppressed expression of viral proteins and production of budded virions. NMS-873 caused accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in a manner similar to the inhibitor of proteasome activity, Bortezomib. This suggests the essential function of VCP/p97 in the baculovirus infection cycle might be associated, at least in part, with the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V Lyupina
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Pavel A Erokhov
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Oksana I Kravchuk
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Alexander D Finoshin
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Svetlana B Abaturova
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Olga V Orlova
- V.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Svetlana N Beljelarskaya
- V.A. Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Margarita V Kostyuchenko
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Victor S Mikhailov
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Str., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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32
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Peng N, Yang X, Zhu C, Zhou L, Yu H, Li M, Lin Y, Wang X, Li Q, She Y, Wang J, Zhao Q, Lu M, Zhu Y, Liu S. MicroRNA-302 Cluster Downregulates Enterovirus 71-Induced Innate Immune Response by Targeting KPNA2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:145-156. [PMID: 29777028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) induces significantly elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines, leading to local or systemic inflammation and severe complications. As shown in our previous study, microRNA (miR) 302c regulates influenza A virus-induced IFN expression by targeting NF-κB-inducing kinase. However, little is known about the role of the miR-302 cluster in EV71-mediated proinflammatory responses. In this study, we found that the miR-302 cluster controls EV71-induced cytokine expression. Further studies demonstrated that karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) is a direct target of the miR-302 cluster. Interestingly, we also found that EV71 infection upregulates KPNA2 expression by downregulating miR-302 cluster expression. Upon investigating the mechanisms behind this event, we found that KPNA2 intracellularly associates with JNK1/JNK2 and p38, leading to translocation of those transcription factors from the cytosol into the nucleus. In EV71-infected patients, miR-302 cluster expression was downregulated and KPNA2 expression was upregulated compared with controls, and their expression levels were closely correlated. Taken together, our work establishes a link between the miR-302/ KPNA2 axis and EV71-induced cytokine expression and represents a promising target for future antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanfang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuecheng Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Animal Biosafety Level III Laboratory, Center for Animal Experiment, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Qian Li
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Yinglong She
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214005, China; and
| | - Qian Zhao
- Basic and Clinical Medicine Institute of Yunnan Province, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
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Teo FMS, Nyo M, Wong AA, Tan NWH, Koh MT, Chan YF, Chong CY, Chu JJH. Cytokine and Chemokine Profiling in Patients with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease in Singapore and Malaysia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4087. [PMID: 29511232 PMCID: PMC5840398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a prevalent contagious childhood disease typically associated with fever, oral lesions and limb exanthema. While HFMD is caused by a plethora of serotypes of viruses under the genus Enterovirus within the Picornaviridae family, Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) are considered the main etiological agents. In recent years however, other viruses have also been isolated in considerable numbers from infected individuals in many regions, joining the legion commonly associated with HFMD. The present study investigated the cytokine and chemokine profiles of HFMD patients from Singapore and Malaysia for the first time. Comparative cohort studies of EV-A71-associated HFMD cases revealed that the Malaysia cohort had a distinct profile from the Singapore cohort, and this could be partly attributed by different EV-A71 genotypes. As the isolation of CV-A6, instead of CV-A16, had become prevalent in the Singapore cohort, it was also of particular interest to study the differential cytokine and chemokine profiles. Our data revealed that overlapping as well as unique profiles exist between the two major causative clinical isolates in the Singapore cohort. Having a better understanding of the respective immunological profiles could be useful for more accurate HFMD diagnosis, which is imperative for disease transmission control until multi-valent vaccines and/or broad-spectrum anti-viral drugs become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Mei Shan Teo
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min Nyo
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anng Anng Wong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natalie Woon Hui Tan
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mia Tuang Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Pediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Collaborative and Translation Unit for HFMD, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Too IHK, Bonne I, Tan EL, Chu JJH, Alonso S. Prohibitin plays a critical role in Enterovirus 71 neuropathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006778. [PMID: 29324904 PMCID: PMC5764453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A close relative of poliovirus, enterovirus 71 (EV71) is regarded as an important neurotropic virus of serious public health concern. EV71 causes Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease and has been associated with neurological complications in young children. Our limited understanding of the mechanisms involved in its neuropathogenesis has hampered the development of effective therapeutic options. Here, using a two-dimensional proteomics approach combined with mass spectrometry, we have identified a unique panel of host proteins that were differentially and dynamically modulated during EV71 infection of motor-neuron NSC-34 cells, which are found at the neuromuscular junctions where EV71 is believed to enter the central nervous system. Meta-analysis with previously published proteomics studies in neuroblastoma or muscle cell lines revealed minimal overlapping which suggests unique host-pathogen interactions in NSC-34 cells. Among the candidate proteins, we focused our attention on prohibitin (PHB), a protein that is involved in multiple cellular functions and the target of anti-cancer drug Rocaglamide (Roc-A). We demonstrated that cell surface-expressed PHB is involved in EV71 entry into neuronal cells specifically, while membrane-bound mitochondrial PHB associates with the virus replication complex and facilitates viral replication. Furthermore, Roc-A treatment of EV71-infected neuronal cells reduced significantly virus yields. However, the inhibitory effect of Roc-A on PHB in NSC-34 cells was not through blocking the CRAF/MEK/ERK pathway as previously reported. Instead, Roc-A treated NSC-34 cells had lower mitochondria-associated PHB and lower ATP levels that correlated with impaired mitochondria integrity. In vivo, EV71-infected mice treated with Roc-A survived longer than the vehicle-treated animals and had significantly lower virus loads in their spinal cord and brain, whereas virus titers in their limb muscles were comparable to controls. Together, this study uncovers PHB as the first host factor that is specifically involved in EV71 neuropathogenesis and a potential drug target to limit neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issac Horng Khit Too
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng Lee Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Biomedical & Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Wang T, Wang B, Huang H, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Pei B, Cheng C, Sun L, Wang J, Jin Q, Zhao Z. Enterovirus 71 protease 2Apro and 3Cpro differentially inhibit the cellular endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway via distinct mechanisms, and enterovirus 71 hijacks ERAD component p97 to promote its replication. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006674. [PMID: 28985237 PMCID: PMC5650186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) is an important function for cellular homeostasis. The mechanism of how picornavirus infection interferes with ERAD remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection significantly inhibits cellular ERAD by targeting multiple key ERAD molecules with its proteases 2Apro and 3Cpro using different mechanisms. Ubc6e was identified as the key E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in EV71 disturbed ERAD. EV71 3Cpro cleaves Ubc6e at Q219G, Q260S, and Q273G. EV71 2Apro mainly inhibits the de novo synthesis of key ERAD molecules Herp and VIMP at the protein translational level. Herp differentially participates in the degradation of different glycosylated ERAD substrates α-1 antitrypsin Null Hong Kong (NHK) and the C-terminus of sonic hedgehog (SHH-C) via unknown mechanisms. p97 was identified as a host factor in EV71 replication; it redistributed and co-exists with the viral protein and other known replication-related molecules in EV71-induced replication organelles. Electron microscopy and multiple-color confocal assays also showed that EV71-induced membranous vesicles were closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and the ER membrane molecule RTN3 was redistributed to the viral replication complex during EV71 infection. Therefore, we propose that EV71 rearranges ER membranes and hijacks p97 from cellular ERAD to benefit its replication. These findings add to our understanding of how viruses disturb ERAD and provide potential anti-viral targets for EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - He Huang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuanmei Zhu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Bin Pei
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chaofei Cheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- Center for Biological Imaging, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, IPB, CAMS-Fondation Mérieux, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
| | - Qi Jin
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
| | - Zhendong Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- CAMS-Oxford University International Center for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail: (JWW); (QJ); (ZDZ)
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Yi Z, Yuan Z. Aggregation of a hepatitis C virus replicase module induced by ablation of p97/VCP. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1667-1678. [PMID: 28691899 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hijacking host membranes to assemble a membrane-associated viral replicase is a hallmark of almost all positive-strand RNA viruses. However, how the virus co-opts host factors to facilitate this energy-unfavourable process is incompletely understood. In a previous study, using hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a model and employing affinity purification of the viral replicase, we identified a valosin-containing protein (p97/VCP), a member of the ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities (AAA+ ATPase family), as a viral replicase-associated host factor. It is required for viral replication, depending on its ATPase activity. In this study, we used VCP pharmacological inhibitors and short hairpin (sh) RNA-mediated knockdown to ablate VCP function and then dissected the roles of VCP in viral replicase assembly in an HCV subgenomic replicon system and a viral replicase assembly surrogate system. Ablation of VCP specifically resulted in the pronounced formation of an SDS-resistant aggregation of HCV NS5A and the reduction of hyperphosphorylation of NS5A. The NS5A dimerization domain was indispensable for aggregation and the NS5A disordered regions also contributed to a lesser extent. The reduction of the hyperphosphorylation of NS5A coincided with the aggregation of NS5A. We propose that HCV may co-opt VCP to disaggregate an aggregation-prone replicase module to facilitate its replicase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Institutes of Medical Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Lai JKF, Sam IC, Verlhac P, Baguet J, Eskelinen EL, Faure M, Chan YF. 2BC Non-Structural Protein of Enterovirus A71 Interacts with SNARE Proteins to Trigger Autolysosome Formation. Viruses 2017; 9:E169. [PMID: 28677644 PMCID: PMC5537661 DOI: 10.3390/v9070169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved unique strategies to evade or subvert autophagy machinery. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) induces autophagy during infection in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we report that EV-A71 triggers autolysosome formation during infection in human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells to facilitate its replication. Blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion with chloroquine inhibited virus RNA replication, resulting in lower viral titres, viral RNA copies and viral proteins. Overexpression of the non-structural protein 2BC of EV-A71 induced autolysosome formation. Yeast 2-hybrid and co-affinity purification assays showed that 2BC physically and specifically interacted with a N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) protein, syntaxin-17 (STX17). Co-immunoprecipitation assay further showed that 2BC binds to SNARE proteins, STX17 and synaptosome associated protein 29 (SNAP29). Transient knockdown of STX17, SNAP29, and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B (LC3B), crucial proteins in the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes) as well as the lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) impaired production of infectious EV-A71 in RD cells. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the generation of autolysosomes triggered by the 2BC non-structural protein is important for EV-A71 replication, revealing a potential molecular pathway targeted by the virus to exploit autophagy. This study opens the possibility for the development of novel antivirals that specifically target 2BC to inhibit formation of autolysosomes during EV-A71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K F Lai
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pauline Verlhac
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69365 Lyon, France.
| | - Joël Baguet
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69365 Lyon, France.
| | - Eeva-Liisa Eskelinen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Mathias Faure
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- INSERM, U1111, 69007 Lyon, France.
- CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France.
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, 69365 Lyon, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France.
- Equipe labellisée Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale FRM, 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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38
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Gunaseelan S, Chu JJH. Identifying novel antiviral targets against enterovirus 71: where are we? Future Virol 2017. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) has been considered as an essential human pathogen, which causes hand, foot and mouth disease in young children. Several HEV71 outbreaks have been observed in many Asia-Pacific countries for the past two decades with significant fatalities. However, there are no competent vaccines or antivirals against HEV71 infection to date. Thus, it is of critical priority to delve into the search for anti-HEV71 agents. Prior to this, there is a need to gain knowledge about the distinct targets of HEV71 that are available and that have been exploited for antiviral therapy. This review aims to provide a better understanding of HEV71 virology and feature potential antivirals for progressive clinical development with respect to their elucidated mechanistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Gunaseelan
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology & Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
- Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos #06–05, Singapore 138673
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