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Synanidis AP, Gonçalves PAD, Ropers C, de Abajo FJG. Quantum effects in the interaction of low-energy electrons with light. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp4096. [PMID: 38905338 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The interaction between free electrons and optical fields constitutes a unique platform to investigate ultrafast processes in matter and explore fundamental quantum phenomena. Specifically, optically modulated electrons in ultrafast electron microscopy act as noninvasive probes that push space-time-energy resolution to the picometer-attosecond-microelectronvolt range. Electron energies well above the involved photon energies are commonly used, rendering a low electron-light coupling and, thus, only providing limited access to the wealth of quantum nonlinear phenomena underlying the dynamical response of nanostructures. Here, we theoretically investigate electron-light interactions between photons and electrons of comparable energies, revealing quantum and recoil effects that include a nonvanishing coupling of surface-scattered electrons to light plane waves, inelastic electron backscattering from confined optical fields, and strong electron-light coupling under grazing electron diffraction by an illuminated crystal surface. Our exploration of electron-light-matter interactions holds potential for applications in ultrafast electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adamantios P Synanidis
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - P A D Gonçalves
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- 4th Physical Institute-Solids and Nanostructures, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Dey A, Silveira VR, Vadell RB, Lindblad A, Lindblad R, Shtender V, Görlin M, Sá J. Exploiting hot electrons from a plasmon nanohybrid system for the photoelectroreduction of CO 2. Commun Chem 2024; 7:59. [PMID: 38509134 PMCID: PMC10954701 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic materials convert light into hot carriers and heat to mediate catalytic transformation. The participation of hot carriers (photocatalysis) remains a subject of vigorous debate, often argued on the basis that carriers have ultrashort lifetime incompatible with drive photochemical processes. This study utilises plasmon hot electrons directly in the photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO via a Ppasmonic nanohybrid. Through the deliberate construction of a plasmonic nanohybrid system comprising NiO/Au/ReI(phen-NH2)(CO)3Cl (phen-NH2 = 1,10-Phenanthrolin-5-amine) that is unstable above 580 K; it was possible to demonstrate hot electrons are the main culprit in CO2 reduction. The engagement of hot electrons in the catalytic process is derived from many approaches that cover the processes in real-time, from ultrafast charge generation and separation to catalysis occurring on the minute scale. Unbiased in situ FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the stepwise reduction of the catalytic system. This, coupled with the low thermal stability of the ReI(phen-NH2)(CO)3Cl complex, explicitly establishes plasmonic hot carriers as the primary contributors to the process. Therefore, mediating catalytic reactions by plasmon hot carriers is feasible and holds promise for further exploration. Plasmonic nanohybrid systems can leverage plasmon's unique photophysics and capabilities because they expedite the carrier's lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Dey
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitor R Silveira
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Bericat Vadell
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lindblad
- Department of Physics, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecka Lindblad
- Department of Physics, Division of X-ray Photon Science, Uppsala University, 751 21, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vitalii Shtender
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Division of Applied Materials Science, Uppsala University, 75103, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela Görlin
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Structural Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jacinto Sá
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Physical Chemistry division, Uppsala University, 751 20, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Marcina Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
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3
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Sun X, Williams J, Sharma S, Kunjir S, Morris D, Zhao S, Ruan CY. Precision-controlled ultrafast electron microscope platforms. A case study: Multiple-order coherent phonon dynamics in 1T-TaSe 2 probed at 50 fs-10 fm scales. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2024; 11:024305. [PMID: 38566810 PMCID: PMC10987196 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We report on the first detailed beam tests attesting the fundamental principle behind the development of high-current-efficiency ultrafast electron microscope systems where a radio frequency (RF) cavity is incorporated as a condenser lens in the beam delivery system. To allow for the experiment to be carried out with a sufficient resolution to probe the performance at the emittance floor, a new cascade loop RF controller system is developed to reduce the RF noise floor. Temporal resolution at 50 fs in full-width-at-half-maximum and detection sensitivity better than 1% are demonstrated on exfoliated 1T-TaSe2 system under a moderate repetition rate. To benchmark the performance, multi-terahertz edge-mode coherent phonon excitation is employed as the standard candle. The high temporal resolution and the significant visibility to very low dynamical contrast in diffraction signals via high-precision phase-space manipulation give strong support to the working principle for the new high-brightness femtosecond electron microscope systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Joseph Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shriraj Kunjir
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Dan Morris
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Shen Zhao
- Facility for Rare Isotope Beams, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Chong-Yu Ruan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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4
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Bucher T, Ruimy R, Tsesses S, Dahan R, Bartal G, Vanacore GM, Kaminer I. Free-electron Ramsey-type interferometry for enhanced amplitude and phase imaging of nearfields. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5729. [PMID: 38134276 PMCID: PMC10745688 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The complex range of interactions between electrons and electromagnetic fields gave rise to countless scientific and technological advances. A prime example is photon-induced nearfield electron microscopy (PINEM), enabling the detection of confined electric fields in illuminated nanostructures with unprecedented spatial resolution. However, PINEM is limited by its dependence on strong fields, making it unsuitable for sensitive samples, and its inability to resolve complex phasor information. Here, we leverage the nonlinear, overconstrained nature of PINEM to present an algorithmic microscopy approach, achieving far superior nearfield imaging capabilities. Our algorithm relies on free-electron Ramsey-type interferometry to produce orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity and ambiguity-immune nearfield phase reconstruction, both of which are optimal when the electron exhibits a fully quantum behavior. Our results demonstrate the potential of combining algorithmic approaches with state-of-the-art modalities in electron microscopy and may lead to various applications from imaging sensitive biological samples to performing full-field tomography of confined light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Bucher
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ron Ruimy
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Physics and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Guy Bartal
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Department of Material Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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5
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Kempers ST, Borrelli S, Kieft ER, van Doorn HA, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Photodiode-based time zero determination for ultrafast electron microscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:064301. [PMID: 37941992 PMCID: PMC10629968 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pump-probe experiments in ultrafast electron microscopy require temporal overlap between the pump and probe pulses. Accurate measurements of the time delay between them allows for the determination of the time zero, the moment in time where both pulses perfectly overlap. In this work, we present the use of a photodiode-based alignment method for these time zero measurements. The cheap and easy-to-use device consists of a photodiode in a sample holder and enables us to temporally align individual, single-electron pulses with femtosecond laser pulses. In a first device, a temporal resolution of 24 ps is obtained, limited by the photodiode design. Future work will utilize a smaller photodiode with a lower capacitance, which will increase the temporal resolution and add spatial resolution as well. This upgrade will bring the method toward the micrometer and picosecond spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. T. Kempers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - S. Borrelli
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - E. R. Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GC Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - H. A. van Doorn
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - P. H. A. Mutsaers
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - O. J. Luiten
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Coherence and Quantum Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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6
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Yannai M, Adiv Y, Dahan R, Wang K, Gorlach A, Rivera N, Fishman T, Krüger M, Kaminer I. Lossless Monochromator in an Ultrafast Electron Microscope Using Near-Field THz Radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:145002. [PMID: 37862634 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.145002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form monoenergetic electron beams is vital for high-resolution electron spectroscopy and imaging. Such capabilities are commonly achieved using an electron monochromator, which energy filters a dispersed electron beam, thus reducing the electron flux to yield down to meV energy resolution. This reduction in flux hinders the use of monochromators in many applications, such as ultrafast transmission electron microscopes (UTEMs). Here, we develop and demonstrate a mechanism for electron energy monochromation that does not reduce the flux-a lossless monochromator. The mechanism is based on the interaction of free-electron pulses with single-cycle THz near fields, created by nonlinear conversion of an optical laser pulse near the electron beam path inside a UTEM. Our experiment reduces the electron energy spread by a factor of up to 2.9 without compromising the beam flux. Moreover, as the electron-THz interaction takes place over an extended region of many tens of microns in free space, the realized technique is highly robust-granting uniform monochromation over a wide area, larger than the electron beam diameter. We further demonstrate the wide tunability of our method by monochromating the electron beam at multiple primary electron energies from 60 to 200 keV, studying the effect of various electron and THz parameters on its performance. Our findings have direct applications in the fast-growing field of ultrafast electron microscopy, allowing time- and energy-resolved studies of exciton physics, phononic vibrational resonances, charge transport effects, and optical excitations in the mid IR to the far IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yannai
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201815, China
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tal Fishman
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Michael Krüger
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Physics, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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7
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Gross N, Kuhs CT, Ostovar B, Chiang WY, Wilson KS, Volek TS, Faitz ZM, Carlin CC, Dionne JA, Zanni MT, Gruebele M, Roberts ST, Link S, Landes CF. Progress and Prospects in Optical Ultrafast Microscopy in the Visible Spectral Region: Transient Absorption and Two-Dimensional Microscopy. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:14557-14586. [PMID: 37554548 PMCID: PMC10406104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c02091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafast optical microscopy, generally employed by incorporating ultrafast laser pulses into microscopes, can provide spatially resolved mechanistic insight into scientific problems ranging from hot carrier dynamics to biological imaging. This Review discusses the progress in different ultrafast microscopy techniques, with a focus on transient absorption and two-dimensional microscopy. We review the underlying principles of these techniques and discuss their respective advantages and applicability to different scientific questions. We also examine in detail how instrument parameters such as sensitivity, laser power, and temporal and spatial resolution must be addressed. Finally, we comment on future developments and emerging opportunities in the field of ultrafast microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Gross
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christopher T. Kuhs
- Army
Research Laboratory-South, U.S. Army DEVCOM, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Wei-Yi Chiang
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kelly S. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tanner S. Volek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zachary M. Faitz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Claire C. Carlin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Dionne
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford
University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Martin T. Zanni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Martin Gruebele
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Center
for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Sean T. Roberts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Stephan Link
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Christy F. Landes
- Department
of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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8
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Pan D, Xu H. Polarizing Free Electrons in Optical Near Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:186901. [PMID: 37204889 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.186901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polarizing electron beams using light is highly desirable but exceedingly challenging, as the approaches proposed in previous studies using free-space light usually require enormous laser intensities. Here, we propose the use of a transverse electric optical near field, extended on nanostructures, to efficiently polarize an adjacent electron beam by exploiting the strong inelastic electron scattering in phase-matched optical near fields. Intriguingly, the two spin components of an unpolarized incident electron beam-parallel and antiparallel to the electric field-are spin-flipped and inelastically scattered to different energy states, providing an analog of the Stern-Gerlach experiment in the energy dimension. Our calculations show that when a dramatically reduced laser intensity of ∼10^{12} W/cm^{2} and a short interaction length of 16 μm are used, an unpolarized incident electron beam interacting with the excited optical near field can produce two spin-polarized electron beams, both exhibiting near unity spin purity and a 6% brightness relative to the input beam. Our findings are important for optical control of free-electron spins, preparation of spin-polarized electron beams, and applications in material science and high-energy physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- Institute of Quantum Materials and Physics, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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9
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He W, Chen C, Liu Y, Tomasino A, Mousavi Masouleh SS, Valdez J, Guner T, Morandotti R, Moores A, Botton GA, Zhou Y, Yurtsever A, Ma D. Imaging Photon-Induced Near-Field Distributions of a Plasmonic, Self-Assembled Vesicle by a Laser-Integrated Electron Microscope. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 36995289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic polymeric nanoassemblies offer valuable opportunities in photoconversion applications. Localized surface plasmon mechanisms behind such nanoassemblies govern their functionalities under light illumination. However, an in-depth investigation at the single nanoparticle (NP) level is still challenging, especially when the buried interface is involved, due to the availability of suitable techniques. Here, we synthesized an anisotropic heterodimer composed of a self-assembled polymer vesicle (THPG) capped with a single gold NP, enabling an 8-fold enhancement in hydrogen generation compared to the nonplasmonic THPG vesicle. We explored the anisotropic heterodimer at the single particle level by employing advanced transmission electron microscopes, including one equipped with a femtosecond pulsed laser, which allows us to visualize the polarization- and frequency-dependent distribution of the enhanced electric near fields at the vicinity of Au cap and Au-polymer interface. These elaborated fundamental findings may guide designing new hybrid nanostructures tailored for plasmon-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting He
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Chuanshuang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Liu
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Department of Synthetic Materials and Functional Devices, Max-Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle 06120, Germany
| | - Alessandro Tomasino
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | | | - Jesus Valdez
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR), McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 037, Canada
| | - Tugrul Guner
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Roberto Morandotti
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Facility for Electron Microscopy Research (FEMR), McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 037, Canada
| | - Gianluigi A Botton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Aycan Yurtsever
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
| | - Dongling Ma
- Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Varennes, QC J3X 1P7, Canada
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10
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Yannai M, Dahan R, Gorlach A, Adiv Y, Wang K, Madan I, Gargiulo S, Barantani F, Dias EJC, Vanacore GM, Rivera N, Carbone F, García de Abajo FJ, Kaminer I. Ultrafast Electron Microscopy of Nanoscale Charge Dynamics in Semiconductors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3645-3656. [PMID: 36736033 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of charge carriers in solids plays a pivotal role in emerging optoelectronics, photonics, energy harvesting, and quantum technology applications. However, the investigation and direct visualization of such nonequilibrium phenomena remains as a long-standing challenge, owing to the nanometer-femtosecond spatiotemporal scales at which the charge carriers evolve. Here, we propose and demonstrate an interaction mechanism enabling nanoscale imaging of the femtosecond dynamics of charge carriers in solids. This imaging modality, which we name charge dynamics electron microscopy (CDEM), exploits the strong interaction of free-electron pulses with terahertz (THz) near fields produced by the moving charges in an ultrafast scanning transmission electron microscope. The measured free-electron energy at different spatiotemporal coordinates allows us to directly retrieve the THz near-field amplitude and phase, from which we reconstruct movies of the generated charges by comparison to microscopic theory. The CDEM technique thus allows us to investigate previously inaccessible spatiotemporal regimes of charge dynamics in solids, providing insight into the photo-Dember effect and showing oscillations of photogenerated electron-hole distributions inside a semiconductor. Our work facilitates the exploration of a wide range of previously inaccessible charge-transport phenomena in condensed matter using ultrafast electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Yannai
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alexey Gorlach
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ivan Madan
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Simone Gargiulo
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Barantani
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 24 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eduardo J C Dias
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giovanni Maria Vanacore
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, 20121 Milano, Italy
| | - Nicholas Rivera
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fabrizio Carbone
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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11
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Akbari K, Di Giulio V, García de Abajo FJ. Optical manipulation of matter waves. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq2659. [PMID: 36260664 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Light is used to steer the motion of atoms in free space, enabling cooling and trapping of matter waves through ponderomotive forces and Doppler-mediated photon scattering. Likewise, light interaction with free electrons has recently emerged as a versatile approach to modulate the electron wave function for applications in ultrafast electron microscopy. Here, we combine these two worlds, theoretically demonstrating that matter waves can be optically manipulated via inelastic interactions with optical fields. This allows us to modulate the translational part of the wave function and produce temporally and spatially compressed atomic beam pulses. We realize such modulation through stimulated photon absorption and emission by atoms traversing phase-matching evanescent optical fields generated upon light scattering by a nanostructure and via stimulated Compton scattering in free space without any assistance from material media. Our results support optical manipulation of matter waves as a powerful tool for microscopy, spectroscopy, and exploration of fundamental phenomena associated with light-atom interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Akbari
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Johnson CW, Turner AE, García de Abajo FJ, McMorran BJ. Inelastic Mach-Zehnder Interferometry with Free Electrons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:147401. [PMID: 35476465 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We use a novel scanning electron Mach-Zehnder interferometer constructed in a conventional transmission electron microscope to perform inelastic interferometric imaging with free electrons. An electron wave function is prepared in two paths that pass on opposite sides of a gold nanoparticle, where plasmons are excited before the paths are recombined to produce electron interference. We show that the measured spectra are consistent with theoretical predictions, specifically that the interference signal formed by inelastically scattered electrons is π out of phase with respect to that formed by elastically scattered electrons. This technique is sensitive to the phase of localized optical modes, because the interference signal amounts to a substantial fraction of the transmitted electrons. Thus, we argue that inelastic interferometric imaging with our scanning electron Mach-Zehnder interferometer provides a new platform for controlling the transverse momentum of free electrons and studying coherent electron-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron W Johnson
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Amy E Turner
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Fu X, Sun Z, Ji S, Liu F, Feng M, Yoo BK, Zhu Y. Nanoscale-Femtosecond Imaging of Evanescent Surface Plasmons on Silver Film by Photon-Induced Near-Field Electron Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2009-2015. [PMID: 35226510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmons on silver nanostructures have a broad range of tunable resonance properties in visible and near-infrared regimes, which possess wide applications in nanophotonics and optoelectronics. Here we use a femtosecond laser to excite surface plasmons on a silver film and trace the subsequent transient dynamics via photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM). A polarization experiment of PINEM demonstrates a conspicuous polarization dependence of the transient surface plasmon field on the silver film; however, unlike silver nanowires and nanorods, there is no polarization dependence for the PINEM intensity. This compelling finding suggests a thin film platform can be more easily used to identify the temporal and spatial overlaps between the pump laser and probe electron pulses in 4D ultrafast electron microscopy (UEM). Our work illustrates the femtosecond excitation and transient behavior of the surface plasmons on silver film and paves a universal, simple way for identifying the time zero in 4D UEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Fu
- Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zepeng Sun
- Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shaozheng Ji
- Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Min Feng
- Ultrafast Electron Microscopy Laboratory, The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Byung-Kuk Yoo
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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14
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Zheng D, Huang S, Zhu C, Xu P, Li Z, Wang H, Li J, Tian H, Yang H, Li J. Nanoscale Visualization of a Photoinduced Plasmonic Near-Field in a Single Nanowire by Free Electrons. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10238-10243. [PMID: 34860026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swift electrons can undergo inelastic interactions not only with electrons but also with near-fields, which may result in an energy loss or gain. Developments in photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) enable direct imaging of the plasmon near-field distribution with nanometer resolution. Here, we report an analysis of the surface plasmonic near-field structure based on PINEM observations of silver nanowires. Single-photon order-selected electron images revealed the wavelike and banded structure of electric equipotential regions for a confined near-field integral associated with typical absorption of photon quanta (nℏω). Multimodal plasmon oscillations and second-harmonic generation were simultaneously observed, and the polarization dependence of plasmon wavelength and symmetry properties were analyzed. Based on advanced imaging techniques, our work has implications for future studies of the localized-field structures at interfaces and visualization of novel phenomena in nanostructures, nanosensors, and plasmonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingguo Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunhui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huanfang Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huaixin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu 213300, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
- Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu 213300, China
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15
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Curtis WA, Flannigan DJ. Toward Å-fs-meV resolution in electron microscopy: systematic simulation of the temporal spread of single-electron packets. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:23544-23553. [PMID: 34648611 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03518e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Though efforts to improve the temporal resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) have waxed and waned for decades, with relatively recent advances routinely reaching sub-picosecond scales, fundamental and practical challenges have hindered the advance of combined Å-fs-meV resolutions, particularly for core-loss spectroscopy and real-space imaging. This is due in no small part to the complexity of the approach required to access timescales upon which electrons, atoms, molecules, and materials first begin to respond and transform - attoseconds to picoseconds. Here we present part of a larger effort devoted to systematically mapping the instrument parameter space of a TEM modified to reach ultrafast timescales. With General Particle Tracer, we studied the statistical temporal distributions of single-electron packets as a function of various fs pulsed-laser parameters and electron-gun configurations and fields for the exact architecture and dimensions of a Thermo Fisher Tecnai Femto ultrafast electron microscope. We focused on easily-adjustable parameters, such as laser pulse duration, laser spot size, photon energy, Wehnelt aperture diameter, and photocathode size. In addition to establishing trends and dispersion behaviors, we identify regimes within which packet duration can be 100s of fs and approach the 300 fs laser limit employed here. Overall, the results provide a detailed picture of the temporal behavior of single-electron packets in the Tecnai Femto gun region, forming the initial contribution of a larger effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt A Curtis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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16
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Kurman Y, Dahan R, Sheinfux HH, Wang K, Yannai M, Adiv Y, Reinhardt O, Tizei LHG, Woo SY, Li J, Edgar JH, Kociak M, Koppens FHL, Kaminer I. Spatiotemporal imaging of 2D polariton wave packet dynamics using free electrons. Science 2021; 372:1181-1186. [PMID: 34112689 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coherent optical excitations in two-dimensional (2D) materials, 2D polaritons, can generate a plethora of optical phenomena that arise from the extraordinary dispersion relations that do not exist in regular materials. Probing of the dynamical phenomena of 2D polaritons requires simultaneous spatial and temporal imaging capabilities and could reveal unknown coherent optical phenomena in 2D materials. Here, we present a spatiotemporal measurement of 2D wave packet dynamics, from its formation to its decay, using an ultrafast transmission electron microscope driven by femtosecond midinfrared pulses. The ability to coherently excite phonon-polariton wave packets and probe their evolution in a nondestructive manner reveals intriguing dispersion-dependent dynamics that includes splitting of multibranch wave packets and, unexpectedly, wave packet deceleration and acceleration. Having access to the full spatiotemporal dynamics of 2D wave packets can be used to illuminate puzzles in topological polaritons and discover exotic nonlinear optical phenomena in 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Kurman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanan Herzig Sheinfux
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Yannai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ori Reinhardt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Luiz H G Tizei
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Steffi Y Woo
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jiahan Li
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain. .,ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
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17
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Liu W, Li Y, Yu H, Wang J, Hu A, Jia S, Li X, Yang H, Dai L, Lu G, Liu Y, Wang S, Gong Q. Imaging and Controlling Photonic Modes in Perovskite Microcavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100775. [PMID: 33987871 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite microcavities have excellent photophysical properties for integrated optoelectronic devices, such as nanolasers. Imaging and controlling the photonic modes within the cavity are fundamentally important to understand and develop applications. Here, photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is used to image the photonic modes within optical microcavities with a nanometer-scale spatial resolution. From a CsPbBr3 microcavity, hybrid mode patterns are observed. Spatial frequency spectrum analysis on the patterns uncovers the characteristic cavity modes, which are modeled with transverse magnetic (TM) and transverse electric (TE) waves, and assigned to exciton-polariton modes. Based on this understanding, the light focus in a designed microcavity is imaged in real space and controlled by the light field polarization. The study confirms that the cavity modes in perovskites can be effectively observed by the PEEM technique under resonant excitation, which, in turn, promotes the design of optoelectronic devices based on perovskite microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ju Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Aiqin Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shangtong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lun Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
| | - Shufeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
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18
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Di Giulio V, Kfir O, Ropers C, García de Abajo FJ. Modulation of Cathodoluminescence Emission by Interference with External Light. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7290-7304. [PMID: 33724007 PMCID: PMC8939848 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous processes triggered in a sample by free electrons, such as cathodoluminescence, are commonly regarded and detected as stochastic events. Here, we supplement this picture by showing through first-principles theory that light and free-electron pulses can interfere when interacting with a nanostructure, giving rise to a modulation in the spectral distribution of the cathodoluminescence light emission that is strongly dependent on the electron wave function. Specifically, for a temporally focused electron, cathodoluminescence can be canceled upon illumination with a spectrally modulated dimmed laser that is phase-locked relative to the electron density profile. We illustrate this idea with realistic simulations under attainable conditions in currently available ultrafast electron microscopes. We further argue that the interference between excitations produced by light and free electrons enables the manipulation of the ultrafast materials response by combining the spectral and temporal selectivity of the light with the atomic resolution of electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ofer Kfir
- IV Physical Institute,
Solids and Nanostructures, University of
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus Ropers
- IV Physical Institute,
Solids and Nanostructures, University of
Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIBPC), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F. Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de
Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis
Avançats, Passeig
Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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García
de Abajo FJ, Di Giulio V. Optical Excitations with Electron Beams: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:945-974. [PMID: 35356759 PMCID: PMC8939335 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Free electron beams such as those employed in electron microscopes have evolved into powerful tools to investigate photonic nanostructures with an unrivaled combination of spatial and spectral precision through the analysis of electron energy losses and cathodoluminescence light emission. In combination with ultrafast optics, the emerging field of ultrafast electron microscopy utilizes synchronized femtosecond electron and light pulses that are aimed at the sampled structures, holding the promise to bring simultaneous sub-Å-sub-fs-sub-meV space-time-energy resolution to the study of material and optical-field dynamics. In addition, these advances enable the manipulation of the wave function of individual free electrons in unprecedented ways, opening sound prospects to probe and control quantum excitations at the nanoscale. Here, we provide an overview of photonics research based on free electrons, supplemented by original theoretical insights and discussion of several stimulating challenges and opportunities. In particular, we show that the excitation probability by a single electron is independent of its wave function, apart from a classical average over the transverse beam density profile, whereas the probability for two or more modulated electrons depends on their relative spatial arrangement, thus reflecting the quantum nature of their interactions. We derive first-principles analytical expressions that embody these results and have general validity for arbitrarily shaped electrons and any type of electron-sample interaction. We conclude with some perspectives on various exciting directions that include disruptive approaches to noninvasive spectroscopy and microscopy, the possibility of sampling the nonlinear optical response at the nanoscale, the manipulation of the density matrices associated with free electrons and optical sample modes, and appealing applications in optical modulation of electron beams, all of which could potentially revolutionize the use of free electrons in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier García
de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
| | - Valerio Di Giulio
- ICFO-Institut
de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute
of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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García de Abajo FJ, Konečná A. Optical Modulation of Electron Beams in Free Space. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:123901. [PMID: 33834791 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.123901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We exploit free-space interactions between electron beams and tailored light fields to imprint on-demand phase profiles on the electron wave functions. Through rigorous semiclassical theory involving a quantum description of the electrons, we show that monochromatic optical fields focused in vacuum can be used to correct electron beam aberrations and produce selected focal shapes. Stimulated elastic Compton scattering is exploited to imprint the required electron phase, which is proportional to the integral of the optical field intensity along the electron path and depends on the transverse beam position. The required light intensities are attainable in currently available ultrafast electron microscope setups, thus opening the field of free-space optical manipulation of electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Konečná
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
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21
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Talebi N. Strong Interaction of Slow Electrons with Near-Field Light Visited from First Principles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:080401. [PMID: 32909773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.080401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong interaction between light and matter waves, such as electron beams in electron microscopes, has recently emerged as a new tool for manipulating the electron wave packets. Here, we systematically investigate electron-light interactions from first principles. We show that enhanced coupling can be achieved for systems involving slow electron wave packets interacting with plasmonic nanoparticles, due to simultaneous classical recoil and quantum mechanical photon absorption and emission processes. For slow electrons with longitudinal broadenings longer than the dimensions of nanoparticles, phase matching between slow electrons and plasmonic oscillations is manifested as an additional degree of freedom to control the strength of coupling. Our findings pave the way toward a systematic and realistic understanding of electron-light interactions beyond adiabatic approximations, and lay the ground for the realization of matter-wave interferometry and boson-sampling devices involving light and matter waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Talebi
- Institute for Experimental and Applied Physics, Christian Albrechts University, Leibnizstrasse 19, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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22
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Konečná A, de Abajo FJG. Electron Beam Aberration Correction Using Optical Near Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:030801. [PMID: 32745398 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between free electrons and optical near fields is attracting increasing attention as a way to manipulate the electron wave function in space, time, and energy. Relying on currently attainable experimental capabilities, we design optical near-field plates to imprint a lateral phase on the electron wave function that can largely correct spherical aberration without the involvement of electric or magnetic lenses in the electron optics, and further generate on-demand lateral focal spot profiles. Our work introduces a disruptive and powerful approach toward aberration correction based on light-electron interactions that could lead to compact and versatile time-resolved free-electron microscopy and spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Konečná
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Coherent interaction between free electrons and a photonic cavity. Nature 2020; 582:50-54. [PMID: 32494081 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the research of interactions between ultrafast free electrons and light have introduced a previously unknown kind of quantum matter, quantum free-electron wavepackets1-5. So far, studies of the interactions of cavity-confined light with quantum matter have focused on bound electron systems, such as atoms, quantum dots and quantum circuits, which are considerably limited by their fixed energy states, spectral range and selection rules. By contrast, quantum free-electron wavepackets have no such limits, but so far no experiment has shown the influence of a photonic cavity on quantum free-electron wavepackets. Here we develop a platform for multidimensional nanoscale imaging and spectroscopy of free-electron interactions with photonic cavities. We directly measure the cavity-photon lifetime via a coherent free-electron probe and observe an enhancement of more than an order of magnitude in the interaction strength relative to previous experiments of electron-photon interactions. Our free-electron probe resolves the spatiotemporal and energy-momentum information of the interaction. The quantum nature of the electrons is verified by spatially mapping Rabi oscillations of the electron spectrum. The interactions between free electrons and cavity photons could enable low-dose, ultrafast electron microscopy of soft matter or other beam-sensitive materials. Such interactions may also open paths towards using free electrons for quantum information processing and quantum sensing. Future studies could achieve free-electron strong coupling6,7, photon quantum state synthesis8 and quantum nonlinear phenomena such as cavity electro-optomechanics9.
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24
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Zhu C, Zheng D, Wang H, Zhang M, Li Z, Sun S, Xu P, Tian H, Li Z, Yang H, Li J. Development of analytical ultrafast transmission electron microscopy based on laser-driven Schottky field emission. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 209:112887. [PMID: 31739190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new design scheme for ultrafast transmission electron microscopy (UTEM) has been developed based on a Schottky-type field emission gun (FEG) at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IOP CAS). In this UTEM setup, electron pulse emission is achieved by integrating a laser port between the electron gun and the column and the resulting microscope can operate in either continuous or pulsed mode. In pulsed mode, the optimized electron beam properties are an energy width of ~0.65 eV, micrometer-scale coherence lengths and sub-picosecond pulse durations. The potential applications of this UTEM, which include electron diffraction, high-resolution imaging, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and photon-induced near-field electron microscopy, are demonstrated using ultrafast electron pulses. Furthermore, we use a nanosecond laser (~10 ns) to show that the laser-driven FEG can support high-quality TEM imaging and electron holography when using a stroboscopic configuration. Our results also indicate that FEG-based ultrafast electron sources may enable high-performance analytical UTEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Dingguo Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhongwen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shuaishuai Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huanfang Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huaixin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Yangtze River Delta Physics Research Center Co., Ltd., Liyang, Jiangsu, 213300, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
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25
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Madan I, Vanacore GM, Pomarico E, Berruto G, Lamb RJ, McGrouther D, Lummen TTA, Latychevskaia T, García de Abajo FJ, Carbone F. Holographic imaging of electromagnetic fields via electron-light quantum interference. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8358. [PMID: 31058225 PMCID: PMC6499551 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Holography relies on the interference between a known reference and a signal of interest to reconstruct both the amplitude and the phase of that signal. With electrons, the extension of holography to the ultrafast time domain remains a challenge, although it would yield the highest possible combined spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we show that holograms of local electromagnetic fields can be obtained with combined attosecond/nanometer resolution in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope (UEM). Unlike conventional holography, where signal and reference are spatially separated and then recombined to interfere, our method relies on electromagnetic fields to split an electron wave function in a quantum coherent superposition of different energy states. In the image plane, spatial modulation of the electron energy distribution reflects the phase relation between reference and signal fields. Beyond imaging applications, this approach allows implementing quantum measurements in parallel, providing an efficient and versatile tool for electron quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Madan
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. M. Vanacore
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - E. Pomarico
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G. Berruto
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R. J. Lamb
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - D. McGrouther
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - T. T. A. Lummen
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T. Latychevskaia
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F. J. García de Abajo
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA–Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - F. Carbone
- Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
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26
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Verhoeven W, van Rens JFM, Toonen WF, Kieft ER, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. Time-of-flight electron energy loss spectroscopy by longitudinal phase space manipulation with microwave cavities. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:051101. [PMID: 30363957 PMCID: PMC6185865 DOI: 10.1063/1.5052217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to perform high-resolution time-resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy has the potential to impact a broad range of research fields. Resolving small energy losses with ultrashort electron pulses, however, is an enormous challenge due to the low average brightness of a pulsed beam. In this paper, we propose to use time-of-flight measurements combined with longitudinal phase space manipulation using resonant microwave cavities. This allows for both an accurate detection of energy losses with a high current throughput and efficient monochromation. First, a proof-of-principle experiment is presented, showing that with the incorporation of a compression cavity the flight time resolution can be improved significantly. Then, it is shown through simulations that by adding a cavity-based monochromation technique, a full-width-at-half-maximum energy resolution of 22 meV can be achieved with 3.1 ps pulses at a beam energy of 30 keV with currently available technology. By combining state-of-the-art energy resolutions with a pulsed electron beam, the technique proposed here opens up the way to detecting short-lived excitations within the regime of highly collective physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Verhoeven
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - J F M van Rens
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - W F Toonen
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - E R Kieft
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord 5, 5651 GG Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - P H A Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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27
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Vogelsang J, Hergert G, Wang D, Groß P, Lienau C. Observing charge separation in nanoantennas via ultrafast point-projection electron microscopy. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:55. [PMID: 30839605 PMCID: PMC6107015 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-018-0054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Observing the motion of electrons on their natural nanometer length and femtosecond time scales is a fundamental goal of and an open challenge for contemporary ultrafast science1-5. At present, optical techniques and electron microscopy mostly provide either ultrahigh temporal or spatial resolution, and microscopy techniques with combined space-time resolution require further development6-11. In this study, we create an ultrafast electron source via plasmon nanofocusing on a sharp gold taper and implement this source in an ultrafast point-projection electron microscope. This source is used in an optical pump-electron probe experiment to study ultrafast photoemissions from a nanometer-sized plasmonic antenna12-15. We probe the real space motion of the photoemitted electrons with a 20-nm spatial resolution and a 25-fs time resolution and reveal the deflection of probe electrons by residual holes in the metal. This is a step toward time-resolved microscopy of electronic motion in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vogelsang
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, 26129 Oldenburg, Niedersachsen Germany
- Present Address: Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Germann Hergert
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, 26129 Oldenburg, Niedersachsen Germany
| | - Dong Wang
- TU Ilmenau, Institut für Werkstofftechnik und Institut für Mikro- und Nanotechnologien, 98693 Ilmenau, Thüringen Germany
| | - Petra Groß
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, 26129 Oldenburg, Niedersachsen Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, 26129 Oldenburg, Niedersachsen Germany
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, 26129 Oldenburg, Niedersachsen Germany
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28
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Wu Y, Li G, Camden JP. Probing Nanoparticle Plasmons with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2017; 118:2994-3031. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Guoliang Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Jon P. Camden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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29
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Carbone F, Hengsberger M, Castiglioni L, Osterwalder J. Femtosecond manipulation of spins, charges, and ions in nanostructures, thin films, and surfaces. Struct Dyn 2017; 4:061504. [PMID: 29308416 PMCID: PMC5736395 DOI: 10.1063/1.4995541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F. Carbone
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrafast Microscopy and Electron Scattering (LUMES), EPFL Campus, Lausanne, Dorigny CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - M. Hengsberger
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L. Castiglioni
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Osterwalder
- Department of Physics, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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30
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Kaplan M, Yoo B, Tang J, Karam TE, Liao B, Majumdar D, Baltimore D, Jensen GJ, Zewail AH. Photon‐Induced Near‐Field Electron Microscopy of Eukaryotic Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kaplan
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Byung‐Kuk Yoo
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Jau Tang
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Tony E. Karam
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Bolin Liao
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Devdoot Majumdar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - Grant J. Jensen
- California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Ahmed H. Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
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31
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Ji S, Piazza L, Cao G, Park ST, Reed BW, Masiel DJ, Weissenrieder J. Influence of cathode geometry on electron dynamics in an ultrafast electron microscope. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:054303. [PMID: 28781982 PMCID: PMC5515673 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to understand matter at ever-increasing spatial and temporal resolutions have led to the development of instruments such as the ultrafast transmission electron microscope (UEM) that can capture transient processes with combined nanometer and picosecond resolutions. However, analysis by UEM is often associated with extended acquisition times, mainly due to the limitations of the electron gun. Improvements are hampered by tradeoffs in realizing combinations of the conflicting objectives for source size, emittance, and energy and temporal dispersion. Fundamentally, the performance of the gun is a function of the cathode material, the gun and cathode geometry, and the local fields. Especially shank emission from a truncated tip cathode results in severe broadening effects and therefore such electrons must be filtered by applying a Wehnelt bias. Here we study the influence of the cathode geometry and the Wehnelt bias on the performance of a photoelectron gun in a thermionic configuration. We combine experimental analysis with finite element simulations tracing the paths of individual photoelectrons in the relevant 3D geometry. Specifically, we compare the performance of guard ring cathodes with no shank emission to conventional truncated tip geometries. We find that a guard ring cathode allows operation at minimum Wehnelt bias and improve the temporal resolution under realistic operation conditions in an UEM. At low bias, the Wehnelt exhibits stronger focus for guard ring than truncated tip cathodes. The increase in temporal spread with bias is mainly a result from a decrease in the accelerating field near the cathode surface. Furthermore, simulations reveal that the temporal dispersion is also influenced by the intrinsic angular distribution in the photoemission process and the initial energy spread. However, a smaller emission spot on the cathode is not a dominant driver for enhancing time resolution. Space charge induced temporal broadening shows a close to linear relation with the number of electrons up to at least 10 000 electrons per pulse. The Wehnelt bias will affect the energy distribution by changing the Rayleigh length, and thus the interaction time, at the crossover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozheng Ji
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Material Physics, Electrum 229, SE-16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Luca Piazza
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Material Physics, Electrum 229, SE-16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Gaolong Cao
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Material Physics, Electrum 229, SE-16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Sang Tae Park
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc. (IDES), Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Bryan W Reed
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc. (IDES), Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Daniel J Masiel
- Integrated Dynamic Electron Solutions, Inc. (IDES), Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Jonas Weissenrieder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Material Physics, Electrum 229, SE-16440 Kista, Sweden
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32
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Zhou F, Williams J, Ruan CY. Femtosecond electron spectroscopy in an electron microscope with high brightness beams. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Kaplan M, Yoo BK, Tang J, Karam TE, Liao B, Majumdar D, Baltimore D, Jensen GJ, Zewail AH. Photon-Induced Near-Field Electron Microscopy of Eukaryotic Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11498-11501. [PMID: 28736869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photon-induced near-field electron microscopy (PINEM) is a technique to produce and then image evanescent electromagnetic fields on the surfaces of nanostructures. Most previous applications of PINEM have imaged surface plasmon-polariton waves on conducting nanomaterials. Here, the application of PINEM on whole human cancer cells and membrane vesicles isolated from them is reported. We show that photons induce time-, orientation-, and polarization-dependent evanescent fields on the surfaces of A431 cancer cells and isolated membrane vesicles. Furthermore, the addition of a ligand to the major surface receptor on these cells and vesicles (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) reduces the intensity of these fields in both preparations. We propose that in the absence of plasmon waves in biological samples, these evanescent fields reflect the changes in EGFR kinase domain polarization upon ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Kaplan
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Byung-Kuk Yoo
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Jau Tang
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Tony E Karam
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Bolin Liao
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Devdoot Majumdar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Grant J Jensen
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Ahmed H Zewail
- Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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34
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Williams J, Zhou F, Sun T, Tao Z, Chang K, Makino K, Berz M, Duxbury PM, Ruan CY. Active control of bright electron beams with RF optics for femtosecond microscopy. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2017; 4:044035. [PMID: 28868325 PMCID: PMC5565489 DOI: 10.1063/1.4999456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A frontier challenge in implementing femtosecond electron microscopy is to gain precise optical control of intense beams to mitigate collective space charge effects for significantly improving the throughput. Here, we explore the flexible uses of an RF cavity as a longitudinal lens in a high-intensity beam column for condensing the electron beams both temporally and spectrally, relevant to the design of ultrafast electron microscopy. Through the introduction of a novel atomic grating approach for characterization of electron bunch phase space and control optics, we elucidate the principles for predicting and controlling the phase space dynamics to reach optimal compressions at various electron densities and generating conditions. We provide strategies to identify high-brightness modes, achieving ∼100 fs and ∼1 eV resolutions with 106 electrons per bunch, and establish the scaling of performance for different bunch charges. These results benchmark the sensitivity and resolution from the fundamental beam brightness perspective and also validate the adaptive optics concept to enable delicate control of the density-dependent phase space structures to optimize the performance, including delivering ultrashort, monochromatic, high-dose, or coherent electron bunches.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Williams
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - F Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - T Sun
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Z Tao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Chang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - K Makino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - M Berz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - P M Duxbury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - C-Y Ruan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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35
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Adhikari A, Eliason JK, Sun J, Bose R, Flannigan DJ, Mohammed OF. Four-Dimensional Ultrafast Electron Microscopy: Insights into an Emerging Technique. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3-16. [PMID: 27976852 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Four-dimensional ultrafast electron microscopy (4D-UEM) is a novel analytical technique that aims to fulfill the long-held dream of researchers to investigate materials at extremely short spatial and temporal resolutions by integrating the excellent spatial resolution of electron microscopes with the temporal resolution of ultrafast femtosecond laser-based spectroscopy. The ingenious use of pulsed photoelectrons to probe surfaces and volumes of materials enables time-resolved snapshots of the dynamics to be captured in a way hitherto impossible by other conventional techniques. The flexibility of 4D-UEM lies in the fact that it can be used in both the scanning (S-UEM) and transmission (UEM) modes depending upon the type of electron microscope involved. While UEM can be employed to monitor elementary structural changes and phase transitions in samples using real-space mapping, diffraction, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and tomography, S-UEM is well suited to map ultrafast dynamical events on materials surfaces in space and time. This review provides an overview of the unique features that distinguish these techniques and also illustrates the applications of both S-UEM and UEM to a multitude of problems relevant to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Adhikari
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeffrey K Eliason
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jingya Sun
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Riya Bose
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - David J Flannigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota , 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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